英语 语言学 名词解释

名词解释

nguage: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :

i.Arbitrariness:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their

meaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .

ii.Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。

举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses

iii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）

iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.

v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.

3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on the

systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.

4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.

ngue:F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the

members of a speech community.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。

（abstract）

6.Parole: the realization of langue in actual use. 言语则指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中

说出的具体话语。（concrete）

petence: Chomsky. Competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

8.Performance: Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic

communication.

9.Phoneme(音位）：A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is the smallest unit of sound in a

language, of distinctive value, abstract. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain context.

10.Allophones(音位变体）：The non-distinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme. For

example, in English, when the phoneme/p/ occurs at the beginning of words like put and pair, it is aspirated; but when /p/ occurs in words like span and spare, it is unaspirated。The aspirated and unaspirated /p/ are allophones of the same phoneme.

11.Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：Word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.

For example, in English, pill and bill are a minimal pair

plementary distribution(互补分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same

environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment, for example, the unaspirated/p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places. 13.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：stress（重音）(word stress & sentence stress), tone

（音调）and intonation（语调）.