现在完成时的构成
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3.他已经回来三天了。 He has come back for 3 days. W He has been back for 3 days/since 3 days ago. 4.自从六点钟他就来这儿了。 He has come here since 6 o’clock. W He has been here since 6 o’clock. 5.我离开家乡已十年了。 I have left hometown for 10 years. W I have been away from hometown for 10 years.
与一般过去时的用法比较
一.现在完成时和一般过去时都是说过 去的事情,但现在wenku.baidu.com成时注意的不
是事情本身,而是强调事情与现在 保持的某种密切联系(如现在的结 果,影响,一直延续到现在等);而一
般过去时,则只表示发生在过去的 动作和事情与现在没有关系。
eg:He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。 He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。
次见到那地方以来它发生了多大变化。
I have learnt English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。
现在完成时的主要用法
三.表示人曾有过或到目前为止从未 有过的经历.
Have you ever been to the Summer Palace?
“Has the bus left yet”? “Yes. It has already left.” (“No. It hasn’t left yet.)
“汽车开走了吗?” “是的,已经开走了。” “不,还没有开走。 ”
★九、so far(到目前为止), these
days(这些天) 也是现在完成时 常见的时间状语。
来 代替短暂性动词。
become →be, begin→have , borrow → keep, buy → have, come (go, arrive, get) →be here/there/in…,die→be dead, fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill), finish→ be over, get to know→know, join→be in …(be a member of … ), leave→be away(from…), marry→be married等;
(“你曾经看过这部影片吗?” “没有, 从来没看 过。”)
Nobody in our class has ever been there. (我们班没有人去过那。)
★八、already和yet常见于现在完成时
中,有“已经”之意。前者一般用 在肯定句中,后者用在疑问句中。 yet在否定句中有“还”之意。
这是他第一次开车。
现在完成时的主要用法
五.现在完成时和最高级连用表示到现 在为止是最…的。
What a boring film!
一部多么令人厌烦的电影啊!
It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen.这是我看过的最令人厌烦的电影。
现在完成时的时间状语
◆常与不确定的时间状语连用,如:already,
(他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。)
★二、for短语表示动作延续多长时
间,for的宾语为时间段。
We have known each other for twenty years.
(我们认识有二十年了。)
I haven’t seen her for a long time.
(我好久没有见到她了。)
★三、just,
lately, recently是完成时的 时间状语,just now 有a moment ago 之意,是一般过去时的时间状语。 The train has just arrived.
(火车刚到。)
Did you see Joan just now?
(你刚才看到琼了吗?)
Have you heard from your family lately/recently?
与时间段连用,这些动词是:become,
begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry 等。
●为了表述这种意思,我们常用相应的
延续性动词have,keep等或短语“be+ 名词(形容词、位置副词、介词短语)”
have been 与have gone
的用法比较
have been to a place 意思是“到过,去 过”,表示曾经到过某处,但现在人不 在那儿。 have gone to 意思是“去了”,表示已经 去了某地,现在人可能在去的途中或已 在那儿了。
Has she ever been to Nanjing? 她曾去过南京吗? You have never been there, have you? 你以前从未去过那儿,是吗? I have been to Guiling ,I went there last year. 我去过桂林,我去年去的。 She has gone to Nanjing. 她已经去南京了。
(过去几年来,我的家乡发生了很大的变化。)
Where did you work in the past?
(你过去在哪里工作?)
★五、even
since then与from then on (after that)都有“打那以后”之意, 前者是完成时的时间状语,后者常 用作一般过去时的时间状语。 She’s lived here ever since then.
(你曾去过颐和园吗?)
I have never had a car.
(我从未有过汽车。)
现在完成时的主要用法
四.现在完成时还常与句型 This is the first time…,It’s the first time …连用。
This is the first time he has driven a car .
p.p cost read met caught ridden spoken kept drunk eaten
现在完成时的主要用法
一.表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延 续到现在的动作或事情,但动作或事 情现在已经结束。
Someone has just turned off the light.
(有人刚把灯关了。)
电影开始五分钟了。
The film has been on for five minutes. It is five minutes since the film began The film began five minutes ago.
●但在否定句中,短暂性动词可
以与时间段连用。
如:I haven’t bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还不到一年。 She hasn’t come here for an hour. 她来这儿还没有一个小时。
Grammar focus
现在完成时的构成
助动词have (has)+ 过 去分词
过去分词的构成
Type
AAA ABB ABC
original cost read meet catch ride speak keep drink eat
p.t cost read met caught rode spoke kept drank ate
So far, no man has travelled farther than the moon.
(到目前为止, 还没有人到月球以外旅行。)
What have you done these days?
(这些天来,你做了什么事?)
★十、now, today, this morning, this
(打那以后,她一直住在这。)
I didn’t hear of Jim from then on/after that.
(打那以后,我就没有吉姆的消息。)
★ 六、before泛指“以前”时,可用
于现在完成时中;ago表示“现在的 一段时间以前”,是一般过去时的 时间状语。
I’ve never been to Japan before.
●也可以仍用原短暂性动词,
用句型“It is … since从句 (从句中用一般过去时)” 或用“一般过去时+ …ago” 这一结构来表述延续性的动 作或状 态。
他入党五年了。
He has been in the Party for five years. He has been a Party member for five years. It is five years since he joined the Party. He joined the Party five years ago .
(你最近收到家人的来信了吗?)
★四、in
the past few years 意思是 “过去几年来”,可作现在完成时 的时间状语;in the past意思是“在 过去”,常作一般过去时的时间状 语。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.
★一、since短语或从句表示过去的动
作延续至今,since之后的时间为一点。
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
(1984年以来,史密斯先生一直在这工作。)
He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.
never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now, so far, for the last few weeks等, 表示“到目前为止”所发生的动作. ◆还可以和包括现在在内(到说话时仍未结束) 的,表示一段时间的状语连用,如:now, today, this morning (afternoon, evening, week, month, year), these days, since, for a long time等.
year等有时可以用现在完成时中, 以表示到说话时这一时间尚未结束。
I have learned how to swim now.
(我现在终于学会了怎样游泳。)
Have you seen Han Meimei this morning?
(你今天上午看到韩梅梅了吗?)
短暂性动词与时间段的关系
●短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能
翻 译 练 习:
1.我买了这块手表五年了。 I have bought this watch for five years.W I have had this watch for five years/since 5 years ago.
2.这位老人已经死了十年了。
The old man has died for ten years. W The old man has been dead for ten years/since 10 years ago.
I have already finished my homework.
(我已经完成了家庭作业。)
现在完成时的主要用法
二.表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延 续到现在的动作或事情,但动作或 事情可能仍在继续。
I want to see how much the place changed since I saw it last.我想看看从上
(我以前没去过日本。)
She went to Japan a year ago.
(她一年前去了日本。)
★七、ever和never也是现在完成时常
见的时间状语。前者意思是“曾 经”,多见于疑问句或否定句中; 后者意思是“从来没有”,表示全 部否定。 “Have you ever seen the film?” “No. I have never seen it.”