ACCAHAESC关于诊治室上性心律失常的指南(下)

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2006年ACCAHAESC室性心律失常治疗和心脏性猝死预防指南的解读

2006年ACCAHAESC室性心律失常治疗和心脏性猝死预防指南的解读

2006年ACCAHAESC室性心律失常治疗和心脏性猝死预防指南的解读2006年ACC/AHA/ESC室性心律失常治疗和心脏性猝死预防指南的解读美国心脏病学会、美国心脏病协会和欧洲心脏病学会(ACC/AHA/ESC)于2006 年9月正式在Journal of the American College of Cardiology、Circulation 和Curopean Heart Jourmal杂志发表了室性心律失常治疗和心脏性猝死(SCD)预防指南,这是美国和欧洲联合发布的第三个指南,其他两个是室性心律失常治疗指南(2003年)和心房颤动治疗指南(2006年)。

该指南为ACC、AHA、ESC(包括欧洲心律协会(EHRA)和欧洲心律学会(HRS))合并和更新过去重叠且有差异的包括室性心律失常治疗和预防SCD 内容的19 个临床指南和4 个专家共识,依据目前医学可提供的临床证据和专家共识,共同制定的一个新的意见一致的指南。

指南明确指出,不推荐临床医师像对待教科书一样,必须逐条按推荐执行室性心律失常和SCD 风险患者的评估和治疗,在具体执行指南推荐的治疗原则时,可因不同国家、不同地区的社会、经济、文化等诸多差异的情况有所改变。

指南中的室性心律失常主要指起源于心室的快速心律失常,可导致SCD。

指南内容包括非侵入性和侵入性检查如心电图和心脏电生理检查(EP)等。

介绍了药物治疗、埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)和双室同步起搏(CRT)+ICD、导管消融、外科手术和冠状动脉(简称冠脉)血管成形术的治疗选择;指南指出,除了临床表现外,器质性心脏病的严重程度、症状负荷决定治疗和预后;除了有特殊心律失常急性治疗推荐外,也有特殊病理、心肌病和心力衰竭(简称心衰)以及遗传等情况下治疗推荐,还有对心脏结构正常特殊人群如运动员、孕妇、老人和儿童等的治疗推荐。

即指南从室性心律失常、疾病、患者、治疗手段若干切入点全面论述。

室上性快速心律失常治疗指南

室上性快速心律失常治疗指南

室上性快速心律失常治疗指南中华医学会心血管病学分会中国生物医学工程学会心脏病学分会;《中华心血管病杂志》编辑委员会中国心脏起搏与心电生理;蒋文平【期刊名称】《中华心血管病杂志》【年(卷),期】2005(033)001【摘要】经中华医学会心血管病学分会和中国生物医学工程学会心脏起搏与电生理分会及其相关杂志共同合作,组织国内有关专家,编写室上性快速心律失常治疗指南,目的是为了使我国对此类心律失常的诊断和处理有合理而正确的共识。

编写组参考美国心脏病学院(ACC)、美国心脏学会(AHA)及欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)于2003年发表的室上性心律失常治疗指南,并将国外发表的循证医学资料与我国成功的经验加以综合。

【总页数】14页(P2-15)【作者】中华医学会心血管病学分会中国生物医学工程学会心脏病学分会;《中华心血管病杂志》编辑委员会中国心脏起搏与心电生理;蒋文平【作者单位】苏州大学附属第一医院心内科,215006;中华医学会心血管病学分会中国生物医学工程学会心脏起搏与心电生理分会中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志编辑委员会【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R5【相关文献】1.ACC/AHA/ESC的《室上性心律失常治疗指南》 [J], 沈洪;郭继鸿2.室上性心动过速伴室上性快速性心律失常7例 [J], 刘泽生3.室上性快速心律失常治疗指南 [J], 中华医学会心血管病学分会;中国生物医学工程学会心脏起搏与电生理分会;《中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志》编辑委员会;中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会;蒋文平;吴宁4.司洛尔与胺碘酮治疗重症患者快速性室上性心律失常的临床研究 [J], 胡健; 李运明5.抗心律失常药物普罗帕酮与胺碘酮治疗室上性快速心律失常的临床疗效 [J], 周延飞因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。

2003年ACCAHAESC窦性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读

2003年ACCAHAESC窦性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读

作者单位:深圳市人民医院暨南大学医学院第二附属医院I CU ,广东深圳518020E 2mail:wshn2003@yahoo 1com 1cn【文章编号】1005-2194(2007)14-1083-022003年ACC /AHA /ES C 室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读———窦性快速性心律失常吴胜楠【中图分类号】R5 【文献标志码】A 吴胜楠,男。

主任医师。

现任暨南大学医学院第二附属医院内科教研室主任、内科主任兼I CU 主任。

兼任广东省医学会危重病专业委员会常务委员、深圳市医学会危重病专业委员会副主任委员、深圳市医学会心血管专业委员会委员、广东省医师协会重症医学医师工作委员会副主任委员、《中国实用内科杂志》编委等。

发表论文30余篇。

获深圳市科技进步奖2项。

【关键词】 心律失常,窦性;治疗;指南Keywords A rrhyth m ia,sinus;Treat m ent;Guideline 窦性快速性心律失常是室上性快速性心律失常中最常见的一种,是指激动起源于窦房结,频率超过100/m in (成人)的一类心律失常。

大多数情况下,这类心律失常本身并无严重后果。

因此,不少临床医生对其并不十分重视。

但在某些病理情况下,如未能及时正确处理也可导致心肌耗氧增多,诱发其他心律失常,诱发或加重心肌缺血,使心力衰竭加重等不良后果。

本文结合国内外室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南,就此类心律失常诊治方面的有关问题进行讨论。

窦性快速性心律失常的分类:国内外指南均将窦性快速性心律失常分为窦性心动过速(以下简称窦速)和窦房结折返性心动过速2类,前者又包含生理和病理因素所引起的窦速以及不适当的窦速。

临床上窦速远比窦房结折返性心动过速常见,而在窦速中生理及病理因素所致的窦速又远比不适当的窦速常见。

1 窦速窦速是最常见的一种心动过速。

是指体力活动、情绪激动、病理或药物应激等情况下,成人窦性频率超过100/m in 。

ACCAHAESC心房颤动治疗指南

ACCAHAESC心房颤动治疗指南

ACC/AHA/ESC心房颤动治疗指南关键词:ACC AHA ESC 房颤美国心脏病学院(ACC)、美国心脏协会(AHA)和欧洲心脏协会(ESC)共同修订了心房颤动的治美国心脏病学院(ACC)、美国心脏协会(AHA)和欧洲心脏协会(ESC)共同修订了心房颤动的治疗指南,以下是该指南关于心房颤动治疗的主要建议。

一、药物控制心房颤动(简称房颤,AF)心室率I类建议1.持续性或永久性房颤患者,测量静息状态和服药后的心室率(ß受体阻滞剂或非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂)。

(B)2.如果患者没有预激,紧急情况下建议静脉应用ß受体阻滞剂或非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂以减慢心室率,注意观察患者有无低血压或心力衰竭。

(B)3.没有旁道的房颤合并心力衰竭患者,建议静脉应用地高辛或胺碘酮以控制心室率。

(B)4.活动时有房颤症状的患者,应评估运动时心室率是否合适,调整药物剂量以使心室率保持在生理范围。

(C)5.口服地高辛能够有效控制房颤患者的静息心率,可用于心力衰竭、左室功能不全和惯于久坐的患者。

(C)IIa类建议1.地高辛与ß受体阻滞剂或非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂联合使用控制房颤患者的运动和静息心率是合理的。

药物选择应个体化,注意药物剂量避免出现心动过缓。

(B)2.药物治疗效果不佳或副作用严重时,可以考虑房室结或旁道射频消融治疗以控制心室率。

(B)3.当其他方法治疗效果不佳或有禁忌证时,可静脉应用胺碘酮控制心室率。

(C)4.对于有旁道的房颤患者电复律不是必须的,静脉应用普鲁卡因胺或伊布利特是合理的替代选择。

(C)IIb类建议1. ß受体阻滞剂、非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂或地高辛,单用或联合应用,均不能充分控制患者的静息和运动心室率时,建议口服胺碘酮。

(C)2. 血流动力学稳定经旁道传导的房颤患者,可以考虑静脉应用普鲁卡因胺、丙吡胺、伊布利特或胺碘酮。

(B)3.当药物不能控制心室率或怀疑心动过速性心肌病时,可以考虑经导管射频消融房室结。

ACCAHAHRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南解读(全文)

ACCAHAHRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南解读(全文)

ACC/AHA/HRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南解读(全文)美国心脏病学会(ACC)、美国心脏协会(AHA)和美国心律协会(HRS)联合发布《ACC/AHA/HRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南》。

该指南纳入了近年来高质量的大规模临床研究,与2003年ACC/AHA/ESC指南相比更注重临床实践。

新版室上性心动过速(Supraventricular tachycardia,SVT)指南详尽描述了SVT的完整定义、流行病学特点、临床表现、急症处理与长期治疗,具有很强的临床指导价值。

指南最后还将特殊患者的内容如儿科患者、成人先天性心脏病患者、妊娠及老年患者做简要概述,本文旨在对该指南进行解读。

一、SVT完整定义室上性心动过速指起源于希氏束或希氏束部位以上的心率>100/min的心律失常。

SVT主要包括房室结折返性心动过速(Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)、房室折返性心动过速(Atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)、局灶性房性心动过速(Atrial tachycardia,AT)。

但也涵盖规律的窄QRS心动过速、不规则SVT(如不规则房扑和多源性房速)、少见的窦房结折返性心动过速、异位交界性心动过速等。

指南同时也提及,尽管心房颤动(Atrial fibrillation,AF)从严格定义上归属SVT,但由于房颤有相应的管理指南,因此2015年SVT指南明确指出房颤不在所述范围中。

二、机制未明的SVT急、慢性处理原则指南指出,每年约有50000例的SVT患者于急诊就诊,急诊科医生无疑是第一个接触并评估这些SVT患者的临床医生。

在对SVT机制的判断上,12导联心电图比临床症状价值更高。

而对复杂的机制不明确的SVT,则需要电生理检查才能准确获知,并于术中进行导管消融终止心动过速。

指南针对各种机制未明的急性或慢性SVT清晰地以流程图形式给出了全面的治疗建议。

ACCAHAHRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南解读(全文)

ACCAHAHRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南解读(全文)

ACC/AHA/HRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南解读(全文)美国心脏病学会(ACC)、美国心脏协会(AHA)和美国心律协会(HRS)联合发布《ACC/AHA/HRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南》。

该指南纳入了近年来高质量的大规模临床研究,与2003年ACC/AHA/ESC指南相比更注重临床实践。

新版室上性心动过速(Supraventricular tachycardia,SVT)指南详尽描述了SVT的完整定义、流行病学特点、临床表现、急症处理与长期治疗,具有很强的临床指导价值。

指南最后还将特殊患者的内容如儿科患者、成人先天性心脏病患者、妊娠及老年患者做简要概述,本文旨在对该指南进行解读。

一、SVT完整定义室上性心动过速指起源于希氏束或希氏束部位以上的心率>100/min的心律失常。

SVT主要包括房室结折返性心动过速(Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)、房室折返性心动过速(Atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)、局灶性房性心动过速(Atrial tachycardia,AT)。

但也涵盖规律的窄QRS心动过速、不规则SVT(如不规则房扑和多源性房速)、少见的窦房结折返性心动过速、异位交界性心动过速等。

指南同时也提及,尽管心房颤动(Atrial fibrillation,AF)从严格定义上归属SVT,但由于房颤有相应的管理指南,因此2015年SVT指南明确指出房颤不在所述范围中。

二、机制未明的SVT急、慢性处理原则指南指出,每年约有50000例的SVT患者于急诊就诊,急诊科医生无疑是第一个接触并评估这些SVT患者的临床医生。

在对SVT机制的判断上,12导联心电图比临床症状价值更高。

而对复杂的机制不明确的SVT,则需要电生理检查才能准确获知,并于术中进行导管消融终止心动过速。

指南针对各种机制未明的急性或慢性SVT清晰地以流程图形式给出了全面的治疗建议。

室上性心律失常患者的治疗指南

室上性心律失常患者的治疗指南

第一节室上性心律失常患者的治疗指南I.前言室上性心律失常(SV As)包括冲动发自或包括窦房结、心房(房性心动过速(ATs)、心房扑动)和交界区(房室结折返性心动过速(A VNRT))的心律失常。

房室旁路介导的房室折返性心动过速(A VRT)也包括在内。

室上性心律失常可发生于任何年龄,一般仅有轻微症状,如心悸,但也可有晕厥。

在一些情况下(如患者伴旁路),心律失常可以是致命性的。

阵发性室上性心动过速的发生率为2-3/1000。

在过去的10年里,治疗性措施(导管消融)取得了巨大的进展。

此手册旨在对SVT患者的药物和消融治疗指南进行总结。

心房颤动的治疗指南已经于近期公布,因此不包括在本手册内。

此外,小儿的SVT亦不包括在内。

ACC/AHA/ESC心房颤动患者的处理指南讨论了抗心律失常药物的剂量和副作用,因为本手册不再重复。

该指南来自欧洲心脏病学会(ESC),美国心脏病学会(ACC)及美国心脏协会(AHA)的专家委员会。

对特定患者的处理必须根据患者具体的临床情况由医生做出。

在某些情况下背离指南可以是恰当的。

II.一般检查和治疗A.心律失常发作未明确的患者(图1)临床病史分辨心悸是否规则停顿或漏搏后出现一次搏动增强感支持为早搏。

不规则心悸可能是早搏,心房颤动或多源房性心动过速。

突发突止并反复发作的规则心悸称之为阵发性(也称为PSVT)。

迷走神经刺激动作可终止提示为包括房室结组织的折返性心动过速(如A VNRT,A VRT)。

窦性心动过速为非阵发性,渐发渐止。

B.心律失常发作明确的患者1.窄QRS波群心动过速如果心室激动波(QRS波)较窄(小于120毫秒[ms]),那么心动过速基本上为室上性,要根据各心律失常的机制进行鉴别诊断(图2)。

临床医生必须判断P波和心室波的关系(图3)。

窄QRS波群心动过速对腺苷(图4)或颈动脉窦按摩的反应有助于鉴别诊断。

2.宽QRS波群心动过速(图5)有时候,患者表现为快速的宽QRS波群心动过速(超过120ms),临床医生必须决定患者为:a)SVT伴束支传导阻滞(BBB)(或差异传导),b)SVT伴房室旁路前传,c)室性心动过速(VT)鉴别分类不仅要根据P波和QRS波群的关系,并且要根据心电图的特定波形,尤其是胸前导联。

ESC、ACCAHA慢性心力衰竭诊疗指南解读(全文版)

ESC、ACCAHA慢性心力衰竭诊疗指南解读(全文版)

ESC、ACC/AHA慢性心力衰竭诊疗指南解读(全文版)心力衰竭是各种心血管疾病进展的最后阶段,随着对心血管疾病治疗方法的改进和人口寿命的延长,心力衰竭的发生率逐年增加,已成为主要的公共卫生问题。

在过去的10~15年间,心力衰竭的治疗模式发生了很大变化,治疗目的已从过去的“改善血液动力学”转变为“阻断神经内分泌的过度激活和心脏重塑、提高生活质量和延长寿命”。

随着循证医学证据的不断增加,有关心力衰竭的诊疗指南和建议不断推出与更新,其中影响较大并为大多数人接受的有美国心脏病学会/美国心脏学会(ACC/AHA)的《成人慢性心力衰竭诊疗指南》和欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)的《慢性心力衰竭诊疗指南》。

这两个指南都对慢性心力衰竭的诊断和治疗进行了详细的论述,从慢性心力衰竭的诊断、治疗到预后评估;从使用某类药物的循证医学证据到应用原则、使用方法和注意事项;从药物治疗到非药物治疗;甚至对病人及家属的宣教、护理与随访等。

两指南随着证据的更新与增加不断修订,而在写作格式和侧重点上又各有特点。

两指南2005年修订版均对慢性心力衰竭的定义、临床表现、诊断和防治进行了详细的论述,其中ESC指南用较大篇幅介绍了心力衰竭的诊断,对各种诊断手段在心力衰竭诊断中的应用和价值进行了更为详细的阐述,对临床医师选择诊断措施具有更强的指导意义。

ESC指南在治疗方面以各类药物为线索,详细介绍各类药物在心力衰竭治疗中的具体应用。

相比之下,ACC/AHA指南在诊断方面的阐述较为简略,而对治疗的介绍更为详尽。

ACC/AHA指南从2001年版开始按疾病的发生、发展过程对慢性心力衰竭提出了新的补充分期,将心力衰竭分为A、B、C、D 4个阶段。

该分级方法是对纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级方法的补充,而不是替代(NYHA分级主要是对该分级阶段中阶段C和D病人症状严重性的分级)。

补充分级方法包括进展为心力衰竭的危险因素(A阶段)和心脏结构变化(B 阶段),提出在左室功能不全或症状出现之前采取治疗措施可降低心力衰竭的病残率和死亡率,强调医患均应高度重视并控制这些危险因素,从源头阻断心血管事件链,切实做到以预防为主,阻断心力衰竭的发生和发展。

2003年ACCAHAESC室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读——大折返性房速

2003年ACCAHAESC室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读——大折返性房速

t"国实用内科杂志2007年7月第27卷第14期消融治疗成功率高,危险性低,已经成为预激综合征患者的首选治疗方法。

导管消融与诊断性电生理检查结合进行.电生理试验证实旁路的存在及部位,判断其传导特点,确定其在患者临床心律失常发作中的作用,一旦心律失常位置确定,可以进行消融治疗。

尽管目前还无前瞻性、随机临床试验评估旁路经导管消融治疗的安全胜和有效性,但是,已经有许多单中心研究结果”。

据我国七干余例旁路消融治疗的注册资料和国外较大系列临麻研究,左右房室旁路射频消融成功率分别为9l%~97%和87%一92%,术后复发率约5%,复发病例可以再次进行消融治疗:消融治疗并发症包括放射线暴露、血管穿刺相关损伤(如血肿、深静脉血栓形成、动脉穿孔、动静脉瘘、气胸等)、导管操作相关损伤(如瓣膜损伤、微栓塞、冠状窭或心肌壁穿孔、冠状动脉夹层、血栓形成等)和消融能量相关损伤(如房室传导阻滞、心肌穿孔、冠状动脉痉挛或闭塞、脑血管意外等)。

与消融有关并发症发生率和病死率分别为21%和o2%。

最常见并发症是完全性房室阻滞和心脏压塞,不可逆完全房室阻滞发生率为0.17%一1.0%,最常发生于邻近房室交界部的间隔旁路消融过程中,心脏压塞发生率O.13%~1.1%。

消融旁路失败的常见原因包括心脏解剖结构异常(如Ebstain畸形,心外膜旁路)、特殊类型旁路(如Mallaim旁路和PjRT)、标测靶点图识别困难等。

不同部位旁路的消融选用一些特殊器械(如左詹间隔消融导管、长鞘等),应用损伤更大的消融能量(盐水灌注导管、8mrn消融电极等)等有助于提高成功枣。

心外膜旁路可阱通过在心房侧消融(右侧心外膜旁路)、经冠状窦途衽消融(左侧心外膜旁路)、经心包穿刺或胸腔镜将消融导管送达心外膜等途径进行消融。

另外,三维标测系统有助于阐明心动过速机制、指导消融靶点选择、导航消融导管操作、判断消融损伤救果、直观显示心脏三维解剖、准确定位心腔固有解剖结构和心动过速基质等。

accahahrs心脏节律异常装置治疗指南解读共31页课件

accahahrs心脏节律异常装置治疗指南解读共31页课件
• 基于CRT的临床试验已充分证实CRT不但能改善充 血性心力衰竭患者的心功能和生活质量,而且还能 降低其死亡率,指南将心功能不全、LVEF下降且 QRS时限延长的患者列为CRT治疗的I类适应证,提 高了CRT的治疗地位。值得注意的是,指南同时强 调患者为窦性心律者。
CRT/CRTD适应证的进展
• 阐述了CRT的IIa类适应证——房颤患者和起搏依赖 患者
ICD适应证的进展
• 5、ICD一级预防的指征制定主要是参考大规模、多 中心、前瞻性临床研究,其中非缺血性心肌病者主 要依据SCD-HeFT、DEFINITE研究;缺血性心肌 病者依据MUSTT、MADIT、SCD-Heft、MADITII研究。本指南放宽了缺血性及非缺血性心肌病患 者的ICD治疗适应条件,尤其是将MADIT II研究提 示的适应人群即心肌梗后LVEF下降者由2019年的 IIa类升级为I类适应证。
• 中重度心力衰竭患者的房颤发生率为25%~50%。指 南强调了对于心律为房颤节律者,若满足LVEF、心 功能和QRS指标仍可考虑植入CRT/CRTD,提升了 CRT在特定人群中的应用地位。同时,对于起搏依赖 且心功能已明显受损者亦推荐直接植入CRT,而不建 议双腔起搏,以免进一步恶化心功能。此适应证明显 扩大了CRT的适应人群,拓展了CRT的适应范畴。
• IIa类 (1)症状与明确的心动过缓关系不明确时,心率
<40bpm的SND。(LOE:C) (2)不明原因的晕厥,但临床或电生理检查证实存在
窦房结功能异常。(LOE:C) • IIb类
症状轻微,清醒状态下长期心率<40bpm。(LOE: C)
成人获得性AVB患者永久性 心脏起搏器的推荐
• I类 (1)任何解剖部位的III度和高II度AVB患者,出

ACC AHA ESC关于诊治室上性心律失常的指南(上)

ACC AHA ESC关于诊治室上性心律失常的指南(上)

ACC/AHA/ESC关于诊治室上性心律失常的指南(上)方丕华 编译阜外心血管病医院心律失常诊治中心(100037) 室上性心律失常是一组常见的心律失常,最常用的治疗方法是药物和导管消融。

过去10年,已证明导管消融相当有效,而且常常是根治性的。

为了提高和优化对室上性心律失常的处理,美国心脏病学会(ACC)、美国心脏协会(AH A)和欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)联合组成了一个专家委员会,于2003年制定了一个以便更好地处理室上性心律失常的指南。

该指南有62页,除心房颤动(AF)以外,对所有室上性心律失常的流行病学、发病机制、诊断标准和治疗方法进行了系统的论述。

目的是要给临床医生提供一个诊治室上性心律失常的实用的权威性指南。

因篇幅所限,现将该指南摘要提供给读者参考。

1 流行病学在MES A研究中,阵发性室上性心动过速(PS VT)在人群中的患病率是2.25/1000人,而发病率是35/ 100000人/年。

年龄对PS VT有一定的影响,PS VT发作的平均年龄是57岁(从婴幼儿到90岁以上)。

房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)发作的年龄大于房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)(32±18岁VS23±14岁)。

性别在PS VT中亦起一定的作用,女性发生PS VT的相对危险性是男性的2倍(RR=2.0,95%CI=1.0~4.2)。

有关心房扑动(AF L)的流行病学研究中,大约60%的AF L患者第一次发作都有某种特定的诱发因素(如外科手术、肺炎或急性心肌梗死等)。

其余患者AF L的发生与慢性疾病有关(如心力衰竭、高血压病和慢性肺部疾病),只有1.7%的患者没有器质性心脏病或诱发因素(孤立性AF L)。

AF L的总发病率是0.088%,其中58%的患者也有AF。

AF L的发病率随年龄增大而明显增高,从年龄50岁的5/100000增加到80岁的587/100000。

AF L患者男性是女性的2.5倍,而且诊断AF L的患者是PS VT的2倍。

2003年ACCAHAESC室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读——房室结折返性心动过速

2003年ACCAHAESC室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读——房室结折返性心动过速

・1080・CHINESEJOURNALOFPRACTICALlNTERNALMEDICINEJul2007VoI.27No.14墨爰霉缝弩"9麓一2j∞《20071姆4一1080一眵_i_-2003年ACC/AHA/ESC室上性快速性心律失常治疗指南解读——房室结折返性心动过速吴书林,方成宏【中图分类号】R5【文献标志码】A吴书林,男。

主任医师、博士生导师。

现任广东省人民医院心内科副主任、广东省心血管病研究所副所长。

兼任中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会常委、广东省医学会心血管病分会副主任委员、中国生物医学工程学会心律分会常委。

主编著作1部,副主编2部,在国内外期刊发表论文130余篇。

获广东省科技进步二等奖2项,中华医学科技三等奖l项。

主要研究方向为心律失常的机制和药物与非药物治疗,心血管内科疾病的诊治。

【关键词】心动过速,房室结折返性;治疗;指南K删rdsTachycardia,atdoventricularnodalreentrant;Treatment:Guideljne房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)是室上性心动过速中最常见的一种形式,约占50%,多见于成年人,女性较男性多见,婴幼儿较少见。

以反复发作的快速性心悸为特征,心电图上可见到P波缺如或QRS波终末部变形的P波。

绝大多数不伴有器质性心脏病,心率变化范围为100~280/min。

期突然增加至少50ms,诊断为房室结双径路。

房性期前收缩下传时,激动阻滞在快径路而循慢径路下传,然后自恢复传导的快径路逆传,形成典型的AVNRT。

少见的情况下,快径路的不应期短于慢径路,与前述相反,激动从快径路』|顾传,而从慢径路逆传,可产生不典型的AVNRT。

虽然最初认为,折返环局限于真房室结,但现代观点更多地认为结周心房组织参与了折返环的形成。

电生理检查证实AVNRT不需要心房组织参与而能维持心动过速。

2房室结折返性心动过速的临床表现和心电图特征AVNRT通常无明显病因,Hayes等¨。

accahahrs 心脏节律异常装置治疗指南的解读

accahahrs 心脏节律异常装置治疗指南的解读

ACC/AHA/HRS 心脏节律异常装置治疗指南的解读美国心脏病学会、美国心脏病协会和美国心律协会(ACC/AHA/HRS)于2008年5月正式发布心脏节律异常的装置治疗指南,这是美国ACC/AHA/HRS三个协会联合,依据目前医学可提供的临床证据和专家共识,对2002年ACC/AHA/NASPE发布的抗心律失常装置植入心脏起搏器指南6年后的新版本。

抗心律失常装置植入心脏起搏器指南首次在1984年发布1991, 1998年分别发布了更新版本。

更新背景:几年来新的研究深化了对缓慢性心律失常和快速心律失常的认识,提供最佳的装置治疗;心力衰竭的药物治疗和装置治疗方面有了显著的进展;已发展的装置可用于治疗缓慢性心律失常、快速性心律失常和心力衰竭,并可治愈及减少发病率和死亡率。

本指南修订内容令人注意的十个方面:1,无症状,特别是夜间心动过缓患者不建议植入起搏器;2,优化起搏参数,减少不必要的右室起搏;3,因为一级预防与二级预防存在重叠,故把ICD植入指征合并;4,非缺血性心肌病植入ICD一级预防指征的依据是SCD-HeFT研究(如,缺血性和非缺血性心肌病,左室射血分数≤35%, NYHA II-III);5,列出了遗传性心律失常综合症和选择的非缺血性心肌病ICD植入指征;6,MADIT II研究的ICD 植入指征(心肌梗塞后≥40天,左室射血分数≤30%, NYHA I) 由IIa 类升级到I类;7,ICD 一级预防的左室射血分数标准以进入指南推荐为基础的临床试验患者入选标准;8,强调ICD 的心脏性猝死(SCD)一级预防患者必须有理想药物治疗和预期好的生活质量下生存时间>1年;9,ICD植入前独立的危险因素评估,包括要考虑患者的意愿;10,专设一章阐述生命终末期ICD和起搏器的程控。

该指南内容包括:1,窦房结功能异常起搏治疗建议,2,成人获得性房室传导阻滞起搏治疗建议,3,慢性双分支传导阻滞起搏治疗建议,4,急性心肌梗死房室阻滞起搏治疗建议,5,高敏感性颈动脉综合症和神经心源性晕厥起搏治疗建议,6,心脏移植,神经肌肉病,睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,心脏结节病特殊情况起搏治疗建议,7,心动过速自动检测和起搏治疗预防心动过速,8,肥厚型心肌病起搏治疗建议,9,严重收缩功能不全性心力衰竭双室同步起搏(CRT)治疗建议,10,埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)治疗建议,11,儿童、青少年、成年先天性心脏病患者永久起搏和埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)治疗建议。

ACCAHAHRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南要点

ACCAHAHRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南要点

ACC/AHA/HRS成人室上性心动过速管理指南要点美国心脏病学会(ACC)、美国心脏协会(AHA)和美国心律学会(HRS)联合发布了“成人室上性心动过速(SVT)管理指南”。

新指南覆盖了除房颤以外所有类型的SVT,包括规则的窄QRS心动过速和不规则SVT(如不规则房扑和多源性房速)。

本文就指南中有关SVT患者的临床评估、药物治疗原则以及常见的不适当的窦性心动过速(IST)、房室结折返性心动过速和房室旁路的管理策略进行介绍。

1. SVT患者的评估SVT的诊断通常是在急诊室,但在初始心电图描记之前,常见能提示SVT的症状。

SVT患者发生晕厥较罕见,常见的症状是头晕目眩。

在心动过速和窦性节律期间获得的12导联心电图可能揭示心动过速的病因。

对于描述之前而不是现在存在心悸症状的患者,静息心电图可以识别预激综合征,初诊医生应将患者及时转诊给心脏生理专家。

对于出现SVT的患者,12导联心电图有助于识别心律失常的机制(图1)。

2.SVT患者的药物治疗原则2.1急救治疗推荐使用迷走神经刺激(推荐等级Ⅰ,证据等级B-R)或腺苷(推荐等级Ⅰ,证据等级B-R)作为常规SVT患者的急救治疗方案。

若SVT患者血流动力学不稳定,且迷走神经刺激与腺苷治疗均不奏效或不可行,推荐使用同步电复律治疗(推荐等级Ⅰ,证据等级B-NR)。

若SVT患者血流动力学稳定,静脉注射地尔硫卓或维拉帕米是一种可行的急救治疗手段(推荐等级Ⅱa,证据等级B-R),静脉注射β受体阻滞剂治疗是合理的(推荐等级Ⅱa,证据等级C-LD)。

2.2后续治疗对于有症状的SVT患者,同时窦性心律时无心室预激表现,推荐口服β受体阻滞剂、地尔硫卓或维拉帕米(推荐等级Ⅰ,证据等级B-R)。

电生理检查和消融治疗有助于SVT的诊断,而且也是一种潜在的治疗方案(推荐等级Ⅰ,证据等级B-NR)。

SVT患者应接受一定的临床教育,学会如何正确自我迷走神经刺激治疗(推荐等级Ⅰ,证据等级C-LD)。

2019accahahrs心脏节律异常装置治疗指南解读-精选文档

2019accahahrs心脏节律异常装置治疗指南解读-精选文档

起搏预防心动过速患者 永久性心脏起搏器植入指征
• I类 无论是否合并QT间期延长的停搏依赖性VT患者。 (LOE:C) • IIa类 先天性长QT间期综合征的高危患者。(LOE:C) • IIb类 合并SND的症状性、药物无效的反复发作房颤患者。 (LOE:B)
肥厚型心肌病患者 永久性心脏起搏器植入指征
成人获得性AVB患者永久性 心脏起搏器的推荐

IIa类
(1)无症状且没有心脏扩大的持续III度AVB患者,伴 随逸搏心率>40bpm。(LOE:C) (2)电生理检查证实的His术内或束下的无症状II度 AVB患者。(LOE:B)
(3)伴随血流动力学不稳或类似起搏器综合征症状的I 度或II度AVB患者。(LOE:B)
心肌梗死急性期后患者永久性 起搏器植入指征
• I类
(1)ST段抬高心肌梗死后发生His-Purkinje系统交替 束支传导阻滞的持续II度AVB,或His-Purkinje系统 内或之下发生的III度AVB患者。(LOE:B) (2)一过性的房室结下高II或III度AVB患者,合并相 关的束支传导阻滞。如果阻滞部位不明确,应行电 生理检查。(LOE:B) (3)持续性、症状性的II或III度AVB患者。(LOE: C)
成人获得性AVB患者永久性 心脏起搏器的推荐
• I类 (3)任何解剖部位的III度和高II度无症状的窦律 AVB患者,在清醒状态下记录到停搏≥3秒,或任何 <40bpm的逸搏心律,或出现房室结以下的逸搏节律。 (LOE:C) (4)任何解剖部位的III度和高II度无症状的房颤 AVB患者,清醒状态下出现≥1次至少5秒钟的心动过 缓。(LOE:C)
• IIa类 (1)症状与明确的心动过缓关系不明确时,心率 <40bpm的SND。(LOE:C)

室上性心动过速指南 (2)

室上性心动过速指南 (2)

2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: Executive SummaryA Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association TaskForce on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm SocietyWRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS*Richard L. Page, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS, ChairJosé A. Joglar, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS, Vice ChairMary A. Caldwell, RN, MBA, PhD, FAHA Stephen C. Hammill, MD, FACC, FHRS‡Hugh Calkins, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS*‡Julia H. Indik, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS‡Jamie B. Conti, MD, FACC*†§ Bruce D. Lindsay, MD, FACC, FHRS*‡Barbara J. Deal, MD†Brian Olshansky, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS*†N.A. Mark Estes III, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS*†Andrea M. Russo, MD, FACC, FHRS*§ Michael E. Field, MD, FACC, FHRS†Win-Kuang Shen, MD, FACC, FAHA, FHRS║Zachary D. Goldberger, MD, MS, FACC, FAHA, FHRS†Cynthia M. Tracy, MD, FACC†Sana M. Al-Khatib, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA, FHRS, Evidence Review Committee Chair†ACC/AHA TASK FORCE MEMBERSJonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, ChairGlenn N. Levine, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-ElectJeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Immediate Past Chair¶Nancy M. Albert, PhD, RN, FAHA¶ Mark A. Hlatky, MD, FACCSana M. Al-Khatib, MD, MHS, FACC, FAHA John Ikonomidis, MD, PhD, FAHAKim K. Birtcher, PharmD, AACC Jose Joglar, MD, FACC, FAHABiykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA Richard J. Kovacs, MD, FACC, FAHA¶Ralph G. Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC E. Magnus Ohman, MD, FACC¶Joaquin E. Cigarroa, MD, FACC Susan J. Pressler, PhD, RN, FAHALesley H. Curtis, PhD, FAHA Frank W. Sellke, MD, FACC, FAHA¶Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC, FAHA Win-Kuang Shen, MD, FACC, FAHA¶Federico Gentile, MD, FACC Duminda N. Wijeysundera, MD, PhDSamuel Gidding, MD, FAHA*Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry and other entities may apply; see Appendix 1 for recusal information.†ACC/AHA Representative. ‡HRS Representative. §ACC/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. ║ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. ¶Former Task Force member; current member during this writing effort.This document was approved by the American College of Cardiology Board of Trustees and Executive Committee, the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee and Executive Committee, and the Heart Rhythm Society Board of Trustees in August 2015.The American College of Cardiology requests that this document be cited as follows: Page RL, Joglar JA, Al-Khatib SM, Caldwell MA, Calkins H, Conti JB, Deal BJ, Estes NAM 3rd, Field ME, Goldberger ZD, Hammill SC, Indik JH, Lindsay BD, Olshansky B, Russo AM, Shen W-K, Tracy CM. 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015.This article has been copublished in Circulation and Heart Rhythm.Copies: This document is available on the World Wide Web sites of the American College of Cardiology (), the American Heart Association (), and the Heart Rhythm Society (). For copies of this document, please contact the Elsevier Inc. Reprint Department via fax (212-633-3820) or e-mail (reprints@).Permissions: Multiple copies, modification, alteration, enhancement, and/or distribution of this document are not permitted without the express permission of the American College of Cardiology. Requests may be completed online via the Elsevier site(/about/policies/author-agreement/obtaining-permission).© 2015 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the American Heart Association, Inc., and the Heart Rhythm Society.PreambleSince 1980, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) have translated scientific evidence into clinical practice guidelines with recommendations to improve cardiovascular health. These guidelines, based on systematic methods to evaluate and classify evidence, provide a cornerstone of quality cardiovascular care.In response to reports from the Institute of Medicine (1, 2) and a mandate to evaluate new knowledge and maintain relevance at the point of care, the ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines (Task Force) modified its methodology (3-5). The relationships between guidelines, data standards, appropriate use criteria, and performance measures are addressed elsewhere (4).Intended UsePractice guidelines provide recommendations applicable to patients with or at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The focus is on medical practice in the United States, but guidelines developed in collaboration with other organizations may have a broader target. Although guidelines may inform regulatory or payer decisions, they are intended to improve quality of care in the interest of patients.Evidence ReviewGuideline Writing Committee (GWC) members review the literature; weigh the quality of evidence for or against particular tests, treatments, or procedures; and estimate expected health outcomes. In developing recommendations, the GWC uses evidence-based methodologies that are based on all available data (4-6). Literature searches focus on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) but also include registries, nonrandomized comparative and descriptive studies, case series, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and expert opinion. Only selected references are cited.The Task Force recognizes the need for objective, independent Evidence Review Committees (ERCs) that include methodologists, epidemiologists, clinicians, and biostatisticians who systematically survey, abstract, and assess the evidence to address key clinical questions posed in the PICOTS format (P=population,I=intervention, C=comparator, O=outcome, T=timing, S=setting) (4, 5). Practical considerations, including time and resource constraints, limit the ERCs to evidence that is relevant to key clinical questions and lends itself tosystematic review and analysis that could affect the strength of corresponding recommendations. Recommendations developed by the GWC on the basis of the systematic review are marked ―SR‖.Guideline-Directed Medical TherapyThe term ―guideline-directed medical therapy‖ refers to care defined mainly by ACC/AHA Class I recommendations. For these and all recommended drug treatment regimens, the reader should confirm dosage with product insert material and carefully evaluate for contraindications and interactions. Recommendations are limited to treatments, drugs, and devices approved for clinical use in the United States.Class of Recommendation and Level of EvidenceThe Class of Recommendation (COR; i.e., the strength of the recommendation) encompasses the anticipated magnitude and certainty of benefit in proportion to risk. The Level of Evidence (LOE) rates evidence supporting the effect of the intervention on the basis of the type, quality, quantity, and consistency of data from clinical trials and other reports (Table 1) (5, 7). Unless otherwise stated, recommendations are sequenced by COR and then by LOE. Where comparative data exist, preferred strategies take precedence. When >1 drug, strategy, or therapy exists within the same COR and LOE and no comparative data are available, options are listed alphabetically. Each recommendation is followed by supplemental text linked to supporting references and evidence tables.Relationships With Industry and Other EntitiesThe ACC and AHA sponsor the guidelines without commercial support, and members volunteer their time. The Task Force zealously avoids actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that might arise through relationships with industry or other entities (RWI). All GWC members and reviewers are required to disclose current industry relationships or personal interests from 12 months before initiation of the writing effort. Management of RWI involves selecting a balanced GWC and assuring that the chair and a majority of committee members have no relevant RWI (Appendix 1). Members are restricted with regard to writing or voting on sections to which their RWI apply. For transparency, members’ comprehensive disclosure information is available online/Clinical_Document/2015_SVT_Author_Comprehensive_RWI_Table.doc. Comprehensive disclosure information for the Task Force is available at /guidelines/about-guidelines-and-clinical-documents/guidelines-and-documents-task-forces. The Task Force strives to avoid bias by selecting experts from a broad array of backgrounds representing different geographic regions, sexes, ethnicities, intellectual perspectives/biases, and scopes of clinical practice, and by inviting organizations and professional societies with related interests and expertise to participate as partners or collaborators.Individualizing Care in Patients With Associated Conditions and Comorbidities Managing patients with multiple conditions can be complex, especially when recommendations applicable to coexisting illnesses are discordant or interacting (8). The guidelines are intended to define practices meeting the needs of patients in most, but not all, circumstances. The recommendations should not replace clinical judgment.Clinical ImplementationManagement in accordance with guideline recommendations is effective only when followed. Adherence to recommendations can be enhanced by shared decision making between clinicians and patients, with patient engagement in selecting interventions based on individual values, preferences, and associated conditions and comorbidities. Consequently, circumstances may arise in which deviations from these guidelines are appropriate.PolicyThe recommendations in this guideline represent the official policy of the ACC and AHA until superseded by published addenda, statements of clarification, focused updates, or revised full-text guidelines. To ensure that guidelines remain current, new data are reviewed biannually to determine whether recommendations should be modified. In general, full revisions are posted in 5-year cycles (3, 5).The reader is encouraged to consult the full-text guideline (9) for additional guidance and details with regard to SVT because the executive summary contains limited information.Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHAChair, ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice GuidelinesTable 1. Applying Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence to Clinical Strategies, Interventions, Treatments, or Diagnostic Testing in Patient Care*1. Introduction1.1. Methodology and Evidence ReviewThe recommendations listed in this guideline are, whenever possible, evidence based. An extensive evidence review was conducted in April 2014 that included literature published through September 2014. Other selected references published through May 2015 were incorporated by the GWC. Literature included was derived from research involving human subjects, published in English, and indexed in MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. The relevant search terms and data are included in evidence tables in the Online DataSupplement /Clinical_Document/2015_SVT_Evidence_Tables_Data_Supplement.docx. Additionally, the GWC reviewed documents related to supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) previously published by the ACC, AHA, and Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). References selected and published in this document are representative and not all-inclusive.An independent ERC was commissioned to perform a systematic review of key clinical questions, the results of which were considered by the GWC for incorporation into this guideline. The systematic review report on the management of asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is published in conjunction with this guideline (10).1.2. Organization of the GWCThe GWC consisted of clinicians, cardiologists, electrophysiologists (including those specialized in pediatrics), and a nurse (in the role of patient representative) and included representatives from the ACC, AHA, and HRS.1.3. Document Review and ApprovalThis document was reviewed by 8 official reviewers nominated by the ACC, AHA, and HRS, and 25 individual content reviewers. Reviewers’ RWI information was distributed to the GWC and is published in this document (Appendix 2).This document was approved for publication by the governing bodies of the ACC, the AHA, and the HRS.1.4. Scope of the GuidelineThe purpose of this joint ACC/AHA/HRS document is to provide a contemporary guideline for the management of adults with all types of SVT other than atrial fibrillation (AF). Although AF is, strictly speaking, an SVT, the term SVT generally does not refer to AF. AF is addressed in the 2014 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation (2014 AF guideline) (11). The present guideline addresses other SVTs, including regular narrow–QRS complex tachycardias, as well as other, irregular SVTs (e.g., atrial flutter with irregular ventricular response and multifocal atrial tachycardia [MAT]). This guideline supersedes the ―2003 ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias‖ (12). Although this document is aimed at the adult population (≥18 years of age) and offers no specific recommendations for pediatric patients, as per the reference list, we examined literature that included pediatric patients. In some cases, the data from noninfant pediatric patients helped inform this guideline.2. General Principles2.1. Mechanisms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this guideline, SVT is defined as per Table 2, which provides definitions and the mechanism(s) of each type of SVT. The term SVT does not generally include AF, and this document does not discuss the management of AF.Physiologic sinusInappropriate sinusFocal ATSinus node reentryMultifocal atrialCavotricuspid isthmus–Cavotricuspid isthmus–Atypical or non–Typical AVNRTAtypical AVNRTManifest accessoryConcealed accessoryPre-excitation patternAsymptomatic pre-Wolff-Parkinson-WhiteOrthodromic AVRTAntidromic AVRTtachycardia; AVRT, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia; bpm, beats per minute; ECG, electrocardiogram/ electrocardiographic; LA, left atrial; MAT, multifocal atrial tachycardia; PJRT, permanent form of junctional reciprocatingtachycardia; PSVT, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; and WPW, Wolff-Parkinson-White.2.2. Epidemiology, Demographics, and Public Health ImpactThe best available evidence indicates that the prevalence of SVT in the general population is 2.25 per 1,000 persons (13). When adjusted by age and sex in the U.S. population, the incidence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is estimated to be 36 per 100,000 persons per year (13). There are approximately 89,000 new cases per year and 570,000 persons with PSVT (13). Compared with patients with cardiovascular disease, those with PSVT without any cardiovascular disease are younger (37 versus 69 years;p=0.0002) and have faster PSVT (186 versus 155 bpm; p=0.0006). Women have twice the risk of men of developing PSVT (13). Individuals >65 years of age have >5 times the risk of younger persons of developing PSVT (13).Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is more common in persons who are middle-aged or older, whereas in adolescents the prevalence may be more balanced between atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) and AVNRT, or AVRT may be more prevalent (13). The relative frequency of tachycardia mediated by an accessory pathway decreases with age. The incidence of manifest pre-excitation or WPW pattern on electrocardiogram/electrocardiographic (ECG) tracings in the general population is 0.1% to 0.3%. However, not all patients with manifest ventricular pre-excitation develop PSVT (14-16).2.3. Evaluation of the Patient With Suspected or Documented SVT2.3.1. Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis on the Basis of SymptomsThe diagnosis of SVT is often made in the emergency department, but it is common to elicit symptoms suggestive of SVT before initial electrocardiographic documentation. SVT symptom onset often begins in adulthood; in one study in adults, the mean age of symptom onset was 32 ± 18 years of age for AVNRT, versus 23 ± 14 years of age for AVRT (17). In contrast, in a study conducted in pediatric populations, the mean ages of symptom onset of AVRT and AVNRT were 8 and 11 years, respectively (18). In comparison with AVRT, patients with AVNRT are more likely to be female, with an age of onset >30 years (16, 19-21).SVT has an impact on quality of life, which varies according to the frequency of episodes, the duration of SVT, and whether symptoms occur not only with exercise but also at rest (18, 22). In 1 retrospective study in which the records of patients <21 years of age with WPW pattern on the ECG were reviewed, 64% of patients had symptoms at presentation, and an additional 20% developed symptoms during follow-up (23). Modes of presentation included documented SVT in 38%, palpitations in 22%, chest pain in 5%, syncope in 4%, AF in0.4%, and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in 0.2% (23). A confounding factor in diagnosing SVT is the need to differentiate symptoms of SVT from symptoms of panic and anxiety disorders or any condition of heightened awareness of sinus tachycardia (such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome). When AVNRT and AVRT are compared, symptoms appear to differ substantially. Patients with AVNRT more frequently describe symptoms of ―shirt flapping‖ or ―neck pounding‖ (19, 24) that may be related to pulsatile reversed flow when the atria contract against a closed tricuspid valve (cannon a-waves).True syncope is infrequent with SVT, but complaints of light-headedness are common. In patients with WPW syndrome, syncope should be taken seriously but is not necessarily associated with increased risk of SCD (25). The rate of AVRT is faster when AVRT is induced during exercise (26), yet the rate alone does not explain symptoms of near-syncope. Elderly patients with AVNRT are more prone to syncope or near-syncope than are younger patients, but the tachycardia rate is generally slower in the elderly (27, 28).In a study on the relationship of SVT with driving, 57% of patients with SVT experienced an episode while driving, and 24% of these considered it to be an obstacle to driving (29). This sentiment was most common in patients who had experienced syncope or near-syncope. Among patients who experienced SVT while driving, 77% felt fatigue, 50% had symptoms of near-syncope, and 14% experienced syncope. Women had more symptoms in each category.2.3.2. Evaluation of the ECGA 12-lead ECG obtained during tachycardia and during sinus rhythm may reveal the etiology of tachycardia. For the patient who describes prior, but not current, symptoms of palpitations, the resting ECG can identify pre-excitation that should prompt a referral to a cardiac electrophysiologist.For a patient presenting in SVT, the 12-lead ECG can potentially identify the arrhythmia mechanism (Figure 1). If the SVT is regular, this may represent AT with 1:1 conduction or an SVT that involves the atrioventricular (AV) node. Junctional tachycardias, which originate in the AV junction (including the His bundle), can be regular or irregular, with variable conduction to the atria. SVTs that involve the AV node as a required component of the tachycardia reentrant circuit include AVNRT (Section 6) and AVRT (Section 7). In these reentrant tachycardias, the retrogradely conducted P wave may be difficult to discern, especially if bundle-branch block is present. In typical AVNRT, atrial activation is nearly simultaneous with the QRS, so the terminal portion of the P wave is usually located at the end of the QRS complex, appearing as a narrow and negative deflection in the inferior leads (a pseudo S wave) and a slightly positive deflection at the end of the QRS complex in lead V1 (pseudo R′). In orthodromic AVRT (with anterograde conduction down the AV node), the P wave can usually be seen in the early part of the ST-T segment. In typical forms of AVNRT and AVRT, because the P wave is located closer to the prior QRS complex than the subsequent QRS complex, the tachycardias are referred to as having a―short RP.‖ In unusual cases of AVNRT (such as ―fast-slow‖), the P wave is closer to the subsequent QRS complex, providing a long RP. The RP is also long during an uncommon form of AVRT, referred to as the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT), in which anunusual accessory bypass tract with ―decremental‖ (slowly conducting) retrograde conduction during orthodromic AVRT produces delayed atrial activation and a long RP interval.A long RP interval is typical of AT because the rhythm is driven by the atrium and conducts normally to the ventricles. In AT, the ECG will typically show a P wave with a morphology that differs from the P wave in sinus rhythm. In sinus node re-entry tachycardia, a form of focal AT, the P-wave morphology is identical to the P wave in sinus rhythm.Figure 1. Differential Diagnosis for Adult Narrow QRS TachycardiaPatients with junctional tachycardia may mimic the pattern of slow-fast AVNRT and may show AV dissociation and/or marked irregularity in the junctional rate.*RP refers to the interval from the onset of surface QRS to the onset of visible P wave (note that the 90-ms interval is defined from the surface ECG (30), as opposed to the 70-ms ventriculoatrial interval that is used for intracardiac diagnosis (31)).AV indicates atrioventricular; AVNRT, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia; AVRT, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia; ECG, electrocardiogram; MAT, multifocal atrial tachycardia; and PJRT, permanent form of junctional reentrant tachycardia.Modified with permission from Blomström-Lundqvist et al. (12).2.4. Principles of Medical TherapySee Figure 2 for the algorithm for acute treatment of tachycardia of unknown mechanism and Figure 3 for the algorithm for ongoing management of tachycardia of unknown mechanism. See Appendix 1 in the Online Data Supplement for a table of acute drug therapy for SVT (intravenous administration), Appendix 2 for a table ofongoing drug therapy for SVT (oral administration), and Online Data Supplements 1 to 3 for data supporting Section 2.2.4.1. Acute Treatment: RecommendationsBecause patients with SVT account for approximately 50,000 emergency department visits each year (32), emergency medicine physicians may be the first to evaluate patients whose tachycardia mechanism is unknown and to have the opportunity to diagnose the mechanism of arrhythmia. It is important to record a 12-lead ECG to differentiate tachycardia mechanisms according to whether the AV node is an obligate component (Section2.3.2), because treatment that targets the AV node will not reliably terminate tachycardias that are not AV node dependent.Figure 2. Acute Treatment of Regular SVT of Unknown MechanismColors correspond to Class of Recommendation in Table 1; drugs listed alphabetically.*For rhythms that break or recur spontaneously, synchronized cardioversion is not appropriate.IV indicates intravenous; and SVT, supraventricular tachycardia.2.4.2. Ongoing Management: RecommendationsThe recommendations and algorithm (Figure 3) for ongoing management, along with other recommendations and algorithms for specific SVTs that follow, are meant to include consideration of patient preferences and clinical judgment; this may include consideration of consultation with a cardiologist or clinical cardiac electrophyisiologist, as well as patient comfort with possible invasive diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Recommendations for treatment options (including drug therapy, ablation, or observation) must be considered inthe context of frequency and duration of the SVT, along with clinical manifestations, such as symptoms or adverse consequences (e.g., development of cardiomyopathy).Figure 3. Ongoing Management of SVT of Unknown MechanismColors correspond to Class of Recommendation in Table 1; drugs listed alphabetically.*Clinical follow-up without treatment is also an option.EP indicates electrophysiological; pt, patient; SHD, structural heart disease (including ischemic heart disease); SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; and VT, ventricular tachycardia.2.5. Basic Principles of Electrophysiological Study, Mapping, and AblationAn invasive EP study permits the precise diagnosis of the underlying arrhythmia mechanism and localization of the site of origin and provides definitive treatment if coupled with catheter ablation. There are standards that define the equipment and training of personnel for optimal performance of EP study (68). EP studies involve placement of multielectrode catheters in the heart at ≥1 sites in the atria, ventricles, or coronary sinus. Pacing and programmed electrical stimulation may be performed with or without pharmacological provocation. By using diagnostic maneuvers during the EP study, the mechanism of SVT can be defined in most cases (31, 69). Complications of diagnostic EP studies are rare but can be life threatening (70).A table of success and complication rates for ablation of SVT is included in the full-text guideline and in the Online Data Supplement (Appendix 3). Cardiac mapping is performed during EP studies to identify the site of origin of an arrhythmia or areas of critical conduction to allow targeting of ablation. Multiple techniques have been developed to characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of electrical activation (71).Several tools have been developed to facilitate arrhythmia mapping and ablation, including electroanatomic 3-dimensional mapping and magnetic navigation. Potential benefits of these technologies include more precise definition or localization of arrhythmia mechanism, spatial display of catheters and arrhythmia activation, reduction in fluoroscopy exposure for the patient and staff, and shortened procedure times, particularly for complex arrhythmias or anatomy (72).Fluoroscopy has historically been the primary imaging modality used for EP studies. Attention to optimal fluoroscopic technique and adoption of radiation-reducing strategies can minimize radiation dose to the patient and operator. The current standard is to use the ―as low as reasonably achievable‖ (ALARA) principle on the assumption that there is no threshold below which ionizing radiation is free from harmful biological effect. Alternative imaging systems, such as electroanatomic mapping and intracardiac echocardiography, have led to the ability to perform SVT ablation with no or minimal fluoroscopy, with success and complication rates similar to standard techniques (73-77). A reduced-fluoroscopy approach is particularly important in pediatric patients and during pregnancy (78, 79).Radiofrequency current is the most commonly used energy source for SVT ablation (80). Cryoablation is used as an alternative to radiofrequency ablation to minimize injury to the AV node during ablation of specific arrhythmias, such as AVNRT, para-Hisian AT, and para-Hisian accessory pathways, particularly in specific patient populations, such as children and young adults. Selection of the energy source depends on operator experience, arrhythmia target location, and patient preference.3. Sinus TachyarrhythmiasIn normal individuals, the sinus rate at rest is generally between 50 bpm and 90 bpm, reflecting vagal tone (81-84). Sinus tachycardia refers to the circumstance in which the sinus rate exceeds 100 bpm. On the ECG, the P wave is upright in leads I, II, and aVF and is biphasic in lead V1.3.1. Physiological Sinus TachycardiaPhysiological sinus tachycardia may result from pathological causes, including infection with fever, dehydration, anemia, heart failure, and hyperthyroidism, in addition to exogenous substances, including caffeine, drugs with a beta-agonist effect (e.g., albuterol, salmeterol), and illicit stimulant drugs (e.g., amphetamines, cocaine). In these cases, tachycardia is expected to resolve with correction of the underlying cause.。

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ACC/AHA/ESC关于诊治室上性心律失常的指南(下)方丕华 编译阜外心血管病医院心律失常诊治中心(100037)4.5 房室折返性心动过速 总人群中可以用心电图检测到预激波(Δ波)的比率是0.15%~0.25%。

而存在旁路传导患者的第一代亲属中可以检出的比率为0.55%。

根据旁路所在的部位、旁路的传导类型或是否有前传或逆传功能等,可对旁路进行分类。

大约有8%的旁路具有递减性前传或逆传。

永久性交界性反复性心动速(P JRT)是指一种临床上少见的综合征,其特征包括旁路呈慢传导隐匿性旁路,通常位于后间隔。

在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联上P波倒置,RP长于PR。

只有逆传的旁路称为“隐匿性”旁路,而具有前传的旁路称为“显性旁路”。

显性旁路通常都有前传和逆传功能,单纯只有前传的旁路少见,而单纯只有逆传的旁路很常见。

心电图上有预激波而且有心动过速的患者可以诊断为WPW综合征。

房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)可进一步分为顺传型和逆传型。

逆传型AVRT 仅占WPW综合征患者的5%~10%。

对于WPW综合征患者,AF是一种具有潜在致命危险的心律失常。

如果旁路的前传不应期短,AF时就会导致快速的心室反应,继而恶化为室颤。

据统计大约有1/3的WPW患者也有AF,旁路似乎在AF的发生中起着一定的病理生理作用。

外科手术或导管消融旁路通常可以同时消除AF和AVRT。

WPW综合征患者猝死和危险性分层:据估计, WPW综合征患者的心源性猝死发生率是0.15%~0.39%(3~10年随访)。

回顾性研究有心脏骤停史的WPW患者,发现下列情况增加患者的危险性:①自发或诱发的AF时,最短的R-R间期<250ms;②有症状的心动过速;③多条旁路;及④Ebstein畸形。

家族性WPW的猝死发生率也高,但表现为家族性WPW综合征患者相当罕见。

间歇性预激和普鲁卡因胺可使预激消失的患者的危险性较低。

急诊治疗:对于逆传型AVRT患者,可选择作用于旁路或房室结的药物进行治疗。

但对于逆传通过另一条旁路传导的逆传型AVRT患者,房室结阻滞剂无效。

慎用腺苷,因为它可诱发AF和快速的心室反应。

依布利特(ibutilide)、普鲁卡因胺或氟卡胺因可以减慢旁路的传导,应作为首选药物。

同样,预激综合征房颤亦可静滴上述药物治疗。

长期药物治疗:主要作用于房室结的抗心律失常药物有地高辛,维拉帕米,β阻滞剂,腺苷和地尔硫 。

主要抑制旁路传导的药物包括I类药物(如普鲁卡因胺、丙吡胺、普罗帕酮和氟卡胺)和III类药物(如依布利特、索他洛尔和胺碘酮)。

抗心律失常药物治疗正逐渐被导管消融所取代。

预防性治疗:目前尚没有关于AVRT预防治疗的临床对照试验。

可用于治疗AVRT的药物包括改变房室结传导(如非二氢吡啶类钙离子拮抗剂,β阻滞剂、地高辛)或改变心房、心室和旁路传导的药物(如Ⅰa、Ⅰc、或Ⅲ类抗心律失常药)。

尽管没有临床试验的资料,长期口服β阻滞剂可以用于治疗WPW综合征,特别是电生理检查已证明旁路不能快速前传的患者。

小规模临床试验证明普罗帕酮、氟卡胺和索他洛尔口服可有效地预防AVRT复发。

由于胺碘酮具有公认的器官毒性作用,除了有器质性心脏病而又不适合做导管消融者以外,一般不用胺碘酮治疗存在旁路的患者。

维拉帕米和地尔硫 不应单独用于治疗AF 时能够产生快速传导的患者。

同样,地高辛在这种情况下也不应使用。

单剂量口服治疗:对于不常发作的心动过速患者,可以采用单剂量治疗,即只有在心动过速发作时服用抗心律失常药物。

这种方法仅适用于没有预激、发作不频繁和血流动力学稳定的心动过速患者。

联合应用地尔硫 (120mg)加普萘洛尔(心得安)(80mg)可使81%门诊随访患者在2小时内终止PS VT。

单独应用氟卡胺的效果要比联合应用地尔硫 和心得安明显差一些。

(5)急性肾衰竭伴肝性脑病:持续性肾替代治疗可以清除氨、伪神经递质、酚、硫醇、芳香氨基酸及游离脂肪酸等,增加脑脊液中C AMP的含量,改善脑内能量代谢及临床症状。

(6)老年肾病综合征伴急性肾衰竭:采用持续性肾替代治疗有利于血管内的再充盈,维持血流动力学的稳定性,减少并发症。

(7)肾外领域:包括心肺旁路、急性坏死性胰腺炎、慢性心力衰竭、预防严重创伤病人发生急性肾衰竭、全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)等。

(2003212210 收稿) 导管消融:导管消融旁路的成功率在大多数报道中为大约95%。

消融左侧游离壁旁路的成功率要比其他部位稍高一些。

在首次成功消融术后,由于首次消融损伤所致的炎症或水肿的消退,大约有5%患者的旁路因恢复传导而复发。

与导管消融有关的并发症来源于射线暴露、血管穿刺(如血肿、深静脉血栓、动脉穿口、动静脉瘘、气胸)、导管操作(如瓣膜损伤、微血栓、冠状静脉窦或心肌穿孔、冠状动脉撕裂、血栓形成),或射频能量的释放(如房室传导阻滞、心肌穿孔、冠状动脉痉挛或闭塞、短暂缺血发作或脑血管事件)。

与旁路导管消融手术相关的死亡率为0~0.2%。

最常见的主要并发症是完全性房室传导阻滞和心包填塞。

意外房室传导阻滞的发生率为0.17%~1.0%,心包填塞的发生率为0.13%~1.1%。

无症状旁路传导患者的治疗:发现预激时年龄小于40岁的患者,大约有1/3的患者最终会出现症状,而40岁以后才发现有预激者一般不会再出现症状,大多数没有症状的预激患者的预后良好。

对于从事高危职业(如校车司机、飞行员和潜水员等),应根据每个人的临床情况决定是否行旁路消融术。

影响预激后果的最重要因素是行电生理检查时AVRT或AF的可诱发性。

另外有多条旁路也是未来发生心律失常的预测因子。

在一个研究中,115名不可诱发心律失常的旁路患者,在随访中仅有3.4%的患者出现有症状的室上性心律失常。

相反,47例能诱发心律失常的旁路患者中,62%的患者出现了有症状的心律失常(包括有3例出现VF)。

总的说来,有WPW综合征的患者(即预激波加症状),特别是心律失常时血流动力学不稳定的患者,导管消融应作为一线治疗。

对于不常发作、症状很轻的室上性心动过速患者,如果没有预激的证据,可选择的治疗方法有多种。

对于存在隐匿性旁路传导患者,处理方法与AVNRT一样,患者的意愿是决定治疗方法的重要参考因素。

导管消融非常有效,而且危险性低,对于有症状患者可以作为首选治疗。

4.6 局灶性房性心动过速 局灶性房性心动过速(AT)的心房频率通常为100~250次/分,极少情况下可达300次/分。

非持续性AT通常可见于H olter记录中,很少有症状;持续性AT相对少见,大约是行室上性心动过速导管消融术患者的10%~15%。

局灶性AT患者的预后一般良好,但不间断性AT除外,因为它可导致心动过速性心肌病。

成年人中,局灶性A T可发生在没有心脏病的患者,但常常与潜在的心脏异常有关。

局灶性A T可以是阵发性的,也可以是永久性的。

AT时PR间期直接受心动过速频率的影响。

心动过速时出现房室传导阻滞可排除AVRT,而且使得AVNRT的可能性极小。

AT时通常在P波之间有等电位线,这有助于区别典型或非典型的AF L。

虽然准确的AT定位需要心内标测,但12导联心电图上不同于窦性心律的P波形态有助于确定局灶性AT的起源部位。

P波在I、aV L导联上呈负向,而在V1导联上呈正向支持AT起源于左心房。

另外,在下壁导联上P波呈负向,提示AT起源于心房下部,而P波呈正向则提示起源于心房的上部。

值得注意的是,起源于高位界嵴或右肺上静脉的AT的P波形态可能与窦性心律的P波相似,但是起源于右肺上静脉的AT 的P波在V1导联上通常是正向的。

局灶性AT的起源部位在心房内并不是随机分布的,而是倾向于集中在某些特定的解剖区域。

大多数右侧AT起源于界嵴。

左侧A T常位于肺静脉,房间隔或二尖瓣环,在多数情况下,它们常是AF的促发因素。

局灶性AT的可能机制包括自律性异常或升高、触发活动(由于延迟后除极)或微折返。

随着心动过速发作心房率渐进性增快(温加速)和(或)心动过速终止前心房率渐进性减慢(冷减速)提示自律性异常。

自律性AT倾向于发作呈不间断性,特别是在儿童患者;而触发活动所致的AT则可表现为不间断性或阵发性。

最常与诱发局灶性AT有关的药物是洋地黄。

药物诱发的AT通常都伴有房室传导阻滞,测量地高辛浓度有助于诊断。

治疗需停用洋地黄,发生持续性高度房室传导阻滞时,应考虑用洋地黄结合剂。

急诊治疗:给予腺苷可使相当大部分的AT终止。

另外,AT对静脉注射维拉帕米或β阻滞剂也敏感。

Ⅰa和Ⅰc类药物可以抑制自律性或延长动作电位时相,因此对一些AT患者可能有效。

心房起搏和直流电复律对自律性增高的AT无效。

但直流电复律对微折返或触发机制的AT有效。

对AT的急诊治疗通常都采用静脉注射β阻滞剂或钙离子拮抗剂,其目的是终止AT或控制心室率。

为了直接抑制心动过速的起源点,可以静脉注射Ⅰa、Ⅰc或Ⅲ类药物。

没有心力衰竭的人可静脉注射Ⅰa或Ⅰc类药物,而心室功能差的患者应首选胺碘酮。

长期药物治疗:因为已证明钙离子拮抗剂和β阻滞剂有效、而且不良反应最小,可以作为首选治疗。

如果这些药物无效,可试用Ⅰa、Ⅰc(氟卡胺和普罗帕酮)联合房室结阻滞剂,或Ⅲ类药物(索他洛尔和胺碘酮)。

由于AT常发生在老年人和有器质性心脏病的患者,Ⅰc类药物只有在排除冠状动脉疾病之后才能应用。

导管消融:有关研究显示,AT导管消融的成功率为86%,复发率为8%。

18%的AT起源于左心房, 10%的患者有多个起源点。

明显并发症的发生率低(1%~2%),包括心脏穿孔、损伤左、右膈神经和窦房结功能异常。

在房间隔或K och三角消融可产生房室传导阻滞。

对于抗药或不间断性AT,特别是出现心动过速诱发的心肌病时,最好的治疗是导管消融。

4.7 多源性房性心动过速 多源性房性心动过速(M AT)需要根据心动过速不规则、有3种或以上不同形态的P波及不同的心率而诊断。

这种心律失常最常与潜在肺部疾病有关,但也可来源于代谢异常或电解质紊乱。

用抗心律失常药很难奏效,据报道用钙离子拮抗剂对小部分患者有效。

由于存在潜在的肺部疾病,β阻滞剂通常忌用。

4.8 大折返房性心动过速4.8.1 峡部依赖性房扑(AF L) 峡部依赖性AF L指折返环涉及下腔静脉—三尖瓣环峡部(CTI)的心律失常。

最常见的AF L是绕三尖瓣环逆钟向折返,较少见的AF L是绕三尖瓣环顺钟向折返。

逆钟向AF L在心电图上的特征是在下壁导联上AF L波呈负向,V1导联上呈正向,V6导联过渡到负向,频率250~350次/分。

顺钟向AF L的房扑波刚好与上相反。

患者的心电图常表现不典型,需要在电生理检查时通过在CTI拖带起搏予以证实。

峡部依赖性AF L也可出现双环或低环折返。

双环折返型AF L是指两种AF L同时共用典型AF L的折返路径。

低环折返是指折返环通过界嵴绕下腔静脉折返。

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