中英文文献翻译-摆臂式垃圾车二次改装防污染
中英文文献翻译-ZLJ16摆臂式自装卸垃圾车
附录AZLJ16 arm type garbage truck from the loading and unloadingWith economic development, expanding cities, urban population growth, rapid increase inthe amount of municipal waste, its handling more and more attention. Municipal solid wastedisposal methods There are three forms: separation and recycling, incineration and landfill.Either approach, the final disposal sites need to be far away from urban areas. Garbage transfer vehicles on a day to play with thousands of tons of solid waste transported from the city away from the urban area ofwastedisposal plant of the taskZLJ16 arm type garbage from the transfer car is a car loading and unloading, container transport separate waste collection vehicles, mainly for medium and large municipal solid waste collection and transport, which is complete with municipal solid waste transfer equipment installed supporting the use of waste pressure products. Loose garbage installed by the pressure of compressed garbage, the volume greatly reduced, and then packing transport, can effectively improve the transfer efficiency.ZLJ arm type garbage truck from the loading and unloading from the vehicle chassis, handling systems, and trash from the three major components.1 ChassisSteyr 1491.280/043/6x4 using two types of truck chassis, repair and exchange of good performance. The maximum total level of road quality 3.2t, the maximum speed of 85km / h. According to user needs can choose other common chassis.2 Self-priming systemSince the loading and unloading system for loading along the telescopic arm, hydraulic drive, hydraulic system pressure is 32MPa. The use of hydraulic control proportional control (cab) and direct manipulation (outside the cab) two kinds of control methods. Self-handling system installed by the subframe on the car chassis beam. Since the handling system can be reversed with a scalable two boxes "L" shape, and telescopic boom lift cylinders and telescopic cylinders, the rear frame above the cylinder, Vice beam with a stable, to improve the whole vehicle longitudinal stability.The car handling system from the power take-way for transmission at the end to take power.3 garbage containersZLJ16 arm type garbage truck from the loading bin is configured with the "A" shaped frame to enhance a special garbage container. DIN standard size using the interface. Outside the box welded trapezoidal ribs. There are two bins lower welding according to DIN standard vertical rails and durable, and compatible rear wheel bearing on both sides can achieve a smooth effortless loading and unloading bins. Trash back with automatic and manual opening and closing of the lift arm door.ZLJ16 arm type garbage truck garbage from loading and unloading containers from the loading and unloading process is as follows:Lifting garbage containers, the first manipulation of telescopic cylinders, the telescopic arm stretched out to the "L" shaped hook telescopic arm just below the height of the rings garbage containers, the appropriate garbage container reverse hook to hook rings. Continue to manipulate the lift cylinder, the bottom of the garbage container guide rail into the rear wheel, the rotating around the guide rollers, so that full retraction of cylinder in place lifting Post, garbage container on the frame in the horizontal position. And then manipulate the telescopic cylinder, telescopic reach out to, will forward to the tray at the bottom of the container rails on the lock block hit the frame on the locking hook up. Then manipulate the stabilizer, its piston rod fully recovered. Thus the lifting operation is complete garbage container.Remove trash containers and hoisting operation sequence in reverse order.Self-loading vehicle ZLJ arm in addition to complete self-loading garbage containers and garbage dump, but also can be carried out within a certain range of the lifting operation. In addition to the car with the unique retractable telescopic cylinder, lift cylinder, lock cylinder in order to complete the action of loading and unloading containers and garbage dump operations, but also can implement other vehicles for rescue and self-help. The car handling system can be rated in the 40s to complete the loading or loading garbage container operations in the 60s in the rubbish bin rubbish dump clean.ZLJ arm type garbage truck from the loading and unloading using an advanced hydraulic system, hydraulic control proportional control, work stable and reliablemanipulation of effort, simple, micro-performance is good.附录BZLJ16摆臂式自装卸垃圾车随着经济的发展，城市规模不断扩大，城市人口不断快速增长，城市垃圾量急剧上升，其处理越来越受到重视。
摆臂式垃圾车改装设计毕业设计
本科学生毕业设计摆臂式垃圾车改装设计系部名称：汽车与交通工程学院专业班级：车辆工程 B07-2班二○一一年六月The Graduation Design for Bachelor's DegreeDesign of Dong Feng 140 Swinging ArmType Truc k摘要摆臂式垃圾车是装备有可回转的起重摆臂，车斗或集装垃圾悬吊在起重摆臂上,随起重摆臂回转、起落、实现垃圾自装自卸的专业自卸汽车。
发展摆臂式垃圾车具有节约资源,保护环境和减轻劳动强度等诸多优点。
目前，摆臂式垃圾车已经得到了广泛的应用，垃圾运输己经影响到我们生活的每一部分，对国民经济的发展有着重要的意义。
文中介绍了摆臂式垃圾车的改装设计说明。
对车厢、摆臂装置、副车架、液压系统和附属机构进行了设计，并对不同方案进行了比较分析，保证了摆臂式垃圾车的先进性及实用性。
叙述了在改装摆臂式垃圾车过程中容易出现的问题及相关专用设备的工作原理，并对整车性能进行了分析。
关键词：专用汽车；液压系统；垃圾运输；摆臂装置；附属机构ABSTRACTSwinging arm type truck is equipped with can turn around lifting swinging arm, the car fight or containers junk is suspensory on lifting swinging arm, with lifting swinging arm again, taking off and landing from the pack of MSW dump professional dump trucks.Development of swing arm garbage trucks with saving resources, protecting the environment and reduce labor intensity, and many other advantages. At present, swinging arm type truck has a wide range of applications, garbage transportation already affected every part of our lives for the development of national economy, has an important significance.This paper introduces the modification of swing arm garbage design explains. For car, swinging arm device, hydraulic system and affiliates carried on the detailed design, and the different schemes are compared and analyzed, and guarantee the swing arm advanced and practical roll-off garbage trucks. Describes the modification process of roll-off garbage trucks swing arm of the problems and related to the working principle of special equipment, and the vehicle performance is analyzed.Key words:Special Vehicle；Hydraulic system；Junk transportation；Swinging arm device；Subsidiary body目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 摆臂式垃圾车的目的和意义 (1)1.2 国内外现状及发展前景 (1)1.2.1 国内外发展现状 (1)1.2.2 摆臂式垃圾车的发展前景 (1)1.3 国外专用汽车产品的特点及其发展趋势 (2)1.3.1 国外专用汽车产品的特点 (2)1.3.2 国外专用汽车产品的现状及其发展趋势 (3)1.4 课题主要内容 (3)第2章方案设计分析与整车总布置 (5)2.1 方案设计与分析 (5)2.2 整车总布置 (5)2.2.1 车厢厢体布置及副车架外型尺寸的确定 (5)2.2.2 摆臂形式的选取与布置 (5)2.2.3 液压装置的布置 (5)2.3 二类底盘选型 (7)2.3.1 二类底盘初选 (7)2.3.2 二类底盘装载质量的初步校核 (7)2.4 本章小结 (8)第3章车厢装置及副车架设计计算 (9)3.1 车厢外形尺寸设计 (9)3.1.1 初步确定车厢尺寸及材料 (9)3.1.2 车厢的设计规范及尺寸确定 (9)3.2 副车架的设计 (9)3.2.1 副车架的截面形状及尺寸 (10)3.2.2 加强板的布置 (10)3.2.3 副车架前端形状及尺寸 (11)3.2.4 纵梁与横梁的连接设计 (13)3.3 本章小结 (15)第4章液压系统 (16)4.1 液压油缸的选择 (17)4.2 举升能力的校核 (17)4.2.1 初始位置状态的校核 (17)4.2.2 液压油缸举升状态的校核 (17)4.3 液压泵及控制阀的选择 (18)4.3.1 液压泵及流量确定 (19)4.3.2 液压原理及液压控制阀的确定 (20)4.4本章小结 (21)第5章摆臂的结构与设计计算 (22)5.1 吊装工况受力分析 (22)5.2倾卸时的受力分析 (23)5.3 本章小结 (24)第6章辅助系统设计 (24)6.1 取力机构的设计与选型 (24)6.2 液力马达的选型 (25)6.3 本章小结 (27)结论 (28)参考文献 (29)致谢 (30)附录 (31)第1章绪论1.1摆臂式垃圾车的目的和意义垃圾处理工作是城市建设和管理的重要内容，与人民生活密切相关。
外文翻译--绿色垃圾车
绿色垃圾车越来越多的垃圾运输商开始倾销处理柴油，改用天然气这样的更洁净燃料，这个新发现是由德博朗金,杰瑞博德斯基以及杰姆卡龙调查报告的。
摘要: 这项研究,调查通报了垃圾车对环境、卫生、工人和国家能源安全的影响。
我们也介绍了一系列运用当今新兴和主流的燃料以及引擎技术的经验，简要介绍了已经通过测试并运用的先进垃圾车技术和可供选择的燃料。
我们研究的动机是为了天然气运用工程、各类车用燃料和技术、车辆加油费用及基建、遇到障碍、职工培训、减少排放和噪音以及运用到新车上等问题。
关键词: 绿色垃圾车、洁净燃料、天然气燃料卡车1 前言每天清晨, 垃圾车穿梭于全国的大街小巷，停靠在七千五百多万个都市和市郊家庭的附近。
这些垃圾车一路上不仅收集垃圾还回收废纸、塑料、以及金属，但是这些废料是由超过七百万企业和将近 100,000 州和地方政府所丢弃。
搬运废物是一项可以让我们的街道和人行道免于垃圾和鼠害的重要的工作，尽管如此，它仍然没有受到足够地重视。
美国是一个垃圾制造数量不断上升的国家，过去30年来,城市人均每天产生的固体废物量倍增，从2.3磅到4.7磅。
估计有136000辆垃圾回收车，12000辆运输车以及31000辆垃圾处理车在带走美国的垃圾。
这支庞大的队伍带来的负面影响是多方面而且广泛的。
90%以上的垃圾车——以及超过99%的重型载重垃圾车产成空气和噪音的污染。
柴油废气威胁市民的健康，有毒有害物质可导致肺癌，噪音会引起严重的听觉疾病。
这项研究,调查通报了垃圾车对环境、卫生、工人和国家能源安全的影响。
我们也介绍了一系列运用当今新兴和主流的燃料以及引擎技术的经验，简要介绍了已经通过测试并运用的先进垃圾车技术和可供选择的燃料。
我们研究的动机是为了天然气运用工程、各类车用燃料和技术、车辆加油费用及基建、遇到障碍、职工培训、减少排放和噪音以及运用到新车上等问题。
在整个过程中我们采访了许多垃圾行业的人士、引擎制造者、燃料供应者、管理者以及其他行业的专家。
汽车废气排放文献翻译
北京化工大学北方学院NORTH COLLEGE OF BEIJING UNIVERSITY OFCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY外文文献原稿和译文学院：理工学院专业：汽车服务工程学号：*********姓名：***指导教师：***2011年10月外文文献原稿和译文原稿Measures for Reducing Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust EmissionsTongji University Ni Jimin Chen Lifan(shanghai 20000902)Shanhhai Municipal Bureau of Environment Protection Su GuodongZhang ZhengAbstract The tasks and demands of reducing gasoline vehicle emission and improving atmosphere environment for the government and automobile industries an indicated .The technology for reducing gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions and development and application of the catalytic converter systems are analyzed .Key words Automobile, Internal combustion engine,Exhaust emissions, Emission control1 IntroductionThe development of the car industry, on the one hand, for human society Economic development provides a convenient condition, on the other hand car waste Gas for human survival environment has also brought the increasingly serious Harm. The modern automobile development technology target from users Consider, first is safety, comfort and economy. From the ring The perspective, some of these requirements and low emission method Rules and policies of contradictory. Thismeans that the human to steamCar emission control technologies of performance requirements in government (environmental protection) departmentDoor and in automobile industry development is shown on this problem outThe contradiction and mutual coordination.2 Environmental protection and of the development of automobile industry coordinationIn order to control the car emissions, since the early 70 s on the world to create the automobile exhaust emission regulations (government departments door)，After constant improvement and correction, regulations become more and more strictly. Table 1 list Europe and the us federal government auto emissions regulations of the development process. In fact, sure car exhaust emission regulations limit is not difficult, but the problem is, in order to meet the requirements of the regulations, the auto industry into human, material and financial resources is countless. In addition, the development cycle usually need three to five years. Therefore, in the formulation and implementation of foreign auto emissions regulations, will the next round of the implementation of the regulations time and content, reported that in advance The auto industry has enough time to take appropriate measures. Therefore in the implementation of laws and regulations will not appear regulations and implementation of the auto industry production and development of the conflict.Recently, some place in domestic enacted or promulgated and implemented new auto emissions standards,The relevant departments of the state in the new national standard also specified.The focus of the discussion on these standards is to carry out fixed number of year. From the Angle of environmental protection, in order to and the international community, the implementation of the car as soon as possible strict emissions standards is imperative. But must leave room for the auto industry. Past due to various reasons, even make national standards, in fact no strict enforcement. On the other hand, formulate standards must also have a "advance", can't make the automotive industry.Improve the quality of atmospheric environment is a global problem, from auto industry to see, it is necessary to put into the corresponding human, material andfinancial resources to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions. If hold fluky psychology the, then, will eventually be out by the market.3 Reduce automobile exhaust emission pollution may wayReduce exhaust of atmosphere pollution can be from the following two aspects.（1）Reduce pollution emissionsReduce emissions is to reduce pollution and automobile exhaust emission, here related to:a.Auto technology. In addition to the engine technology, also related to power automobiles transmission system optimization, and the vehicle technology.b. The road traffic planning and design. Rational planning road, ensure good traffic road conditions and sparse traffic density, reduce automobile engines in idle speed and low load, so can reduce running time of the auto emissions;c. The car driving conditions. Car in off-design conditions (acceleration, slowing down, idle speed) and emission performance in relatively poor working conditions, the operation will greatly increase emissions. Here except and road traffic factors outside, and drivers driving habits have closely contact;d. Repair and maintenance. The heavy-duty automobile repair and maintenance is to guarantee the low pollution, one of the important measures.（2）Improve the diffusion and absorption in environmentHere the term car emissions (exhaust, fuel evaporation, the crankcase ventilation, etc) in the atmosphere spread. It involves:a.The geographical environment, such as location, wind power, wind, temperature and light, etc;b. The overall plan of the city, such as city buildings, green, etc.This shows, reduce automobile emissions is not only the auto industry and the environmental protection department, still with the vehicle management departments, public security department (the yearly check of vehicle license plate, permit system), the urban planning, the road traffic department are closely linked. Therefore, reduce automobile emissions is a systems engineering, need each department coordinate and work together.4 Reducing gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions measuresDomestic auto emissions in the world of advanced quality and low emission vehicle, there is a certain gap compared. If only on its own technology strength, to shorten in a short time. Therefore, the "jumping" (the introduction and absorption of advanced technology) measures is feasible, but also need to own development, because a technical measures will not be suitable for all kinds of models for different models, need a lot of matching the experimental research. This needs related department to make reduce auto emissions overall, sustainable planning.From lower auto emissions in terms of technology, according to the domestic and foreign long-term the results of study show that the different technical measures are likely to reduce emissions. But at the same time also can increase the system's complexity and affect other performance. Therefore, must be balanced various performance indicators.Reduce vehicle exhaust emissions not only with engine performance, but also related to power automobiles transmission system matching, optimizing the parameters of the close contact.In addition, also need according to the technical conditions at that time and auto emissions regulations and establish reasonable limit the technical route and research and development strategy. In addition, also need according to the technical conditions at that time and auto emissions regulations and establish reasonable limit the technical route and research and development strategy. German BMW to our company on the series of vehicle engine emission performance of low development research, for example, from on the whole, ensure power, economy and the premise of comfort, reduce the auto emissions technology lines from three aspects:①The camshaft adjustment system;②The mixture formation measures;③The gasoline engine control strategy. In view of the different models and the scope of application of requirements, take different approaches.⑴4 cylinder machine seriesThis type of the main requirements is low and medium speed range reduced emissions, reduce noise and fuel consumption, and ensure that the dynamic performance of the higher driving. For this, the through the expansion tank andincrease the trip in order to increase emissions; Optimization air intake system; Further development and improvement of the gasoline engine control functions and technology measures.⑵6 cylinder machine seriesFor this series of vehicle gasoline engine is required in the low speed and user commonly used speed range has large torque, can meet the LEV and European emissions of EUⅢrequirements, but also reduce the noise and fuel consumption. Therefore, the exhaust all the camshaft variable timing control system; In the secondary air cylinder head integrated channel; The characteristics of field control cooling medium temperature control system; The inlet resonance system. Near the gasoline engine exhaust chamber should Lord catalytic converter structure.⑶V model 8 cylinder engineV model 8 cylinder engine the gasoline engine for the BMW 5, 7 series models, the requirements to senior is further reduce emissions and fuel consumption, noise, and to ensure that the corresponding models of high power safety. Therefore, in 6 cylinder machine, and on the basis of using modern technology, such as the timing of the variable air intake system, adjust the camshaft with liquid cooled generator and the transmission oil and water heat exchanger, and close to the gasoline engine before technology such as catalytic converter.Using the inlet valve control system of the variable CAM, NOx in the steady-state can reduce by 50%, through the internal recycling HC gas down by 10%. In the warm-up phase, through the camshaft phase adjustment and put off the ignition can greatly improve the exhaust temperature, so as to reduce HC emissions.⑷V model 12 cylinder engineFor lower V type 12 cylinder engine HC emissions purpose, in V type 8 cylinders of the gasoline engine based on technology, and then using air around the injector and the characteristics of temperature and cooling medium field control method. In addition, also introduced a new concept of the waste gas purification, HC adsorption device, electrical heating catalytic converter and the traditional three-way catalytic converter and secondary air system combination technology.It is because of various models of emissions levels of emissions requirementsand the difference, so used different technical measures to coordinate, compared to solve the vehicle emissions caused by the lower cost increases and other performance could fall of conflict.5 To satisfy the more stringent emission regulations exhaust after-treatment technology developmentTraditional catalytic converter light-off temperature 250 ℃to 300 in usually ℃in gasoline engine, the cold start after 2 min or so time to reach the catalytic converter can temperature, and right now the exhaust fumes have accounted for about 80% of the total amount of circulation. Facing the more strict emissions regulations the LEV and European emissions of EUⅢrequirements. Therefore, to improve the cold start when the performance and shorten the catalytic converter purification to light-off temperature of the time became research and development goals. Therefore, can use such as stepless adjusting system, the camshaft exhaust air intake system controlled, delay the ignition, to improve the combustion stability and secondary air system and the waste gas aftertreatment systems, etc.6 conclusionFrom the above analysis, we can see that reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and development of the technology of closely related. The course of development and also by auto emissions regulations restrict, the coordination aspects in the contradiction is not. In addition, car emissions by many parameters constraints.Through the car design, the gasoline engine performance design, control system and coordination, will be more and more complicated by the system to meet SULEV like ULEV and EUⅢand EU Ⅳand strict regulation limits of requirements. Design and waste gas aftertreatment systems design of the overall planningReference1 Ni JiMin. Auto emissions standards, the implementation of small internal combustion engines.1996，（1）.2 Ni JiMin. Car hybrid engine, Tongji university press,11.1998.3 liqin. Generations of internal combustion engine exhaust pollutants measurement and control. Mechanical industry press.12.1998.译文降低汽油车废气排放的措施同济大学倪计民陈礼上海市环境保护局苏国栋张政（上海20090902）摘要本文提出了为降低汽油车废气排放，改善大气环境，政府部门和企业所面临的任务和要求；分析了降低汽油车废气排放技术、催化转化系统的开发和应用。
4.14hwljche文章
什么是垃圾车软故障垃圾车常常在保养，时时在关心，可即使你有最好的保养方案，一两年后大数的车主还是会明显感觉到垃圾车的驾驶性能和工作效率在不断地下降......却不知道其中的原因是什么？比如:垃圾车电子电路系统老旧损耗会导致车子越来越耗油，油门不顺、点火效率不高、换档不畅，动力不足等这些牵一发而动全身的小问题都跟爱车的电路系统有关，最后变成无法解决的难题。
许多朋友的爱车临老时所面临一堆这样那样的小问题，看似小小的电力问题会使爱车出现一连串的毛病？这些问题和现象都可以称为“垃圾车的软故障”。
据统计车身上60%以上的部件和机械系统都需要直接或间接使用电力才可以工作。
现代垃圾车电子技术的运用和发展就是越来越多的部件采用电子控制。
特别是电子传感器的使用，可以分类为测量温度、压力、流量、位置、气体浓度、速度、光亮度、干湿度、距离等功能的传感器，它们各司其职，一旦某个传感器失灵，相对应的装置元件就会不正常甚至不工作。
种类繁多的电子元件,电器设备的运用，使垃圾车的功能增加了许多自动化度程也越来越高了,但相应这些系统上的软故障也增加了。
如果想要有效的化解这些问题,就必需要更加全面了解和认识到垃圾车电路系统,电子元件的保养。
尽量减轻这些设备的工作负荷,延缓它们的损耗和电路系统上的老化，尽早用垃圾车电力保护器可以有效的预防和化解这些电路系统上的软故障。
湖北夏工楚欣专用汽车有限公司生产各种专用车型，欢迎您来参观选购，本文章来源于：/jishu/248.html环卫垃圾车小部位掉漆怎么办环卫垃圾车大多数都是白色的车体，如果遇到小部位有掉漆，就是用普通的牙膏来处理。
发现有新的小伤痕时，把牙膏轻轻抹圆圈涂在划痕处。
下雨或洗垃圾车后，别忘了再涂一下。
这样做一般可减轻划痕印记，也可以简单地起到隔绝作用，防止生锈，短期内没问题。
特别是白色垃圾车漆，效果最为明显。
垃圾车漆表面经常出现锈蚀，除了常见的碰撞、刮伤外，行垃圾车时垃圾车胎弹起的小石块打在漆面上，也会使漆面出现一个个剥落的小点，时间久了就会产生小锈斑。
摆臂式自卸汽车改装毕业设计
优秀毕业设计作品摘要垃圾车在现代生活中起到的作用越来越大，越来越被人们的重视。
现代的垃圾车设计在专用车设计中的占有的地位也越来越高。
目前，垃圾车设计普遍存在着价位过高，与当前垃圾车的实际接受能力存有一定的距离，致使高消费的垃圾专用车的消费量较小。
本设计从市场现实需求角度出发，看重实际，把设计功能较完善合理，充分满足功能要求作为设计目标。
在设计中,积极使用新型材料、降低成本价格,以期生产出占有市场优势,功能全，价格低，市场需求量较多的实用型摆臂式垃圾车。
设计中，针对现有的垃圾车露天式厢斗不环保的问题,改进为带柔性滑盖的密封型厢斗，并且后厢板带有铰接装置，实现垃圾的倾卸更快捷，有望成为摆臂式垃圾车密封型车厢的新产品。
关键词：垃圾车；车厢；摆臂；支腿；液压系统I优秀毕业设计作品AbstractGarbage truck the role which plays in the modern life is getting bigger and bigger, more and more by people's value. The modern garbage truck design the status which holds in the private car design is also getting higher and higher. At present, garbage truck design universal existence changes to the high consumption, has certainly with the current actual garbage truck market demand is uncoordinated, the cause high consumption's trash private car's consumption quantity is small. Regards the reality, from market realistic demand angle embarking, is perfect the design function reasonably, in satisfies the function request in the foundation, uses the new material, to truncate the low price, to hold the market superiority positively to take the design idea and the starting point, produces the function entire, the cost is low, the market demand many practical suspends the arm garbage truck.In the design,existing newest outdoor type compartments do not environmental protection problems, improvement for belt flexible a seal type compartments measures, and trunk plate with hinged device, realization of rubbish dump, is expected to become more efficient swinging arm roll-off garbage trucks sealed type carriage of new products.Key words: Garbage Truck; Container; Suspending Arm; Suspport Leg; Hydraulic SgstemII优秀毕业设计作品目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)第1章绪论 (1)1.1 概述 (1)1.2摆臂式垃圾车定义以及组成功用 (2)1.3国内外摆臂式垃圾车的发展现状 (3)1.4 摆臂式垃圾车的发展方向和前景 (4)1.5 本设计研究的主要内容 (5)第2章摆臂式垃圾车的底盘选取 (6)2.1 底盘的选取 (6)2.1.1 底盘满足的要求 (6)2.1.2 底盘分类 (6)2.1.3 二类底盘的选取 (7)2.1.4 选用的底盘主要参数 (7)2.2 总质量的估算 (8)第3章摆臂式垃圾车基本结构的确定 (9)3.1副车架的设计 (9)3.1.1 副车架外形的设计 (9)3.1.2 副车架选材 (9)3.2 车厢的设计 (10)3.3 厢斗的设计 (10)3.3.1 厢斗形状的确定 (10)3.3.2 厢斗的密封与开合机构的设计 (11)3.3.3 厢斗的选材 (11)3.4 摆臂式垃圾车举升机构的设计 (12)3.4.1 摆臂液压缸的选用 (12)3.4.2 摆臂的设计 (12)3.5支腿的设计 (13)第4章摆臂式垃圾车改装设计的设计计算 (15)4.1 摆臂式垃圾车副车架主要尺寸参数设计计算 (15)4.1.1 副车架主要尺寸的设计 (15)4.1.2 副车架的强度刚度及弯曲适应性校核 (17)4.2 摆臂式垃圾车车厢主要参数的设计 (23)4.3 摆臂式垃圾车厢斗主要参数的设计 (24)4.4 摆臂机构的设计计算 (24)III优秀毕业设计作品4.5 支腿机构的设计计算 (37)第5章摆臂式垃圾车的液压系统设计 (39)5.1 液压系统参数设计计算 (39)5.1.1 摆臂举升液压缸的选型 (39)5.1.2 摆臂举升油泵的选型 (40)5.1.3 支腿油缸选型 (42)5.1.4 邮箱容积与油管内径的计算 (42)5.1.5 方向控制阀的选型 (43)5.2 操纵方式的选择 (44)5.3 液压系统原理 (44)5.4 取力器的选择 (45)结论 (48)参考文献 (49)致谢 (50)IV优秀毕业设计作品第1章绪论1.1 概述改革开放以来，随着中国的经济高速发展，城市数量及人口显著增加，城市规模和范围不断扩大。
中英文文献翻译—拉臂式垃圾车设计
附录AThe Design of Pull Arm Garbage Truck1The introduction of Pull Arm Garbage TruckPull arm garbage truck is equipped with two types of chassis that has a trunk load and unloading functions to pull arm device-specific vehicles. It can be achieved with car trunk the combination and separation, while the bulk of the trunk to achieve self-unloading cargo operations. The model has been widely used in foreign countries, often in the domestic industry as a sanitation refuse collection vehicles. 5 t pull arm garbage truck is one of the commonly used models, compared to 8 t Arm pull over large tonnage trucks, the pull-arm device structure is relatively simple and easy to domestic Manufacturers; And large tonnage often imported pull arm device. Domestic Manufacturers producing 5 t pull the car pulling the boom arm structure of the device, although about the same, but the important structural parameters of the selection and design of different structural arrangement, it will directly affect the car performance]20[.2 Pull the boom structure and principle of the device2.1 The structural characteristics of pull-arm device5 t pull arm garbage truck pulling device consists of pulling the boom arm and pull arm cylinder, the United Moving frame, trunk insurance hook and cylinder, and the frame. La Boom device structural arrangement shown in figure 2, pull telescopic arm is not used right-angle bend structure. the end of the cylinder and pull the piston rod side arm hinged on the hinge pivot B; Another linkage frame front end and hinged at the hinge pivot C, the formation of a rotary arm pull heart. Cylinder head cylinder arm pull side hinged front frame on the hinge pivot A; linkage frame hinged rear axle frame rear hinge pivot D, the formation of linkage rotary frame heart. Insurance linkage trunk rack hook set the hook cylinder and insurance cylinder.2.2 The working principle of the device arm pullPulling garbage truck arm by pulling the device to complete the function of two different dynamic, for boxes and dumping. When the pull device for boom box action, the first cylinder insurance hook action open the trunk insurance hook, trunk lift insurance. Pull lift arm cylinder piston rod elongation from the pull arm, pull arm to pivot around the hinge C clockwise rotation, the hook arm to pull back move. If the frame is equipped with a trunk, the trunk was pushed home ground. When put on the frame, so that the first hook retractor trunk rings, and contraction of the piston rod, pull arm to hinge pivot counter-clockwise rotation axis C, will put on the flat trunk, the insurance cylinder hook action, pull carriagesinsurance hook fixed to the frame to the trunk.When the pull-arm device dumping action, and action for different box, trunk insurance hook dump in the whole process to ensure that tension in the arm and trunk are not isolated, that is pull arm、the linkage through the trunk rack and trunk link between the insurance as one of the hook, by the deputy rear frame hinge pivot clockwise rotation axis D, lifting carriages lifted until the refuse rubbish. Trunk reset, as long as the retraction of cylinder piston rod pull arm, the pulling arm body still hinge pivot point D is the shaft counterclockwise rotation, until the trunk reset.3 La Boom Selection and design of device structure parameters3.1 Device to pull the boom pivot hinge arrangement and geometry of the main structureDetermined by the following three areas:a. Arm by pulling a dump truck performance, it is 5 t pull the best selection of cars from the arm unloading chassis, the chassis can be selected according to the length of pull arm device to determine frame the total length. To ensure the car to pull arm for changing trunk and dumping action by the force of the chassis reasonable and complete the dumping arm pull action pivot hinge rotation axis D of the location should be arranged in behind the rear spring plate from the chassis rear bearing axis, the spacing is about 0 ~ 100 mm.b. According to the first hinge pivot D arm pull for me the beginning of the selected pivot hinge rotation axis C. In the design and production of the actual process of pulling the car arm in arm had appeared during the pull action although the initial state, pull arm lift carriages, failed to pull arm pivot around the hinge C rotation, but with the linkage frame with the rotation around the hinge pivot point D, which can not get trunk open the beginning of fall; when lifting a certain height, the action of gravity in the trunk, the hinge will pivot C a sudden fall, so pull arm, the linkage frame and carriages suddenly drop, resulting in relatively large; in hit, resulting in extremely unsafe for me a smooth action. To resolve this problem, determine the hinge point C of the axis position is especially important. First the one hand, the horizontal axis of pivot C can not above the level layout of pivot D. In addition, by the hinge can pivot C stress analysis know, the hinge pivot axis of C must be below the level of tension hinge pivot arm cylinder head horizontal axis, while the hook arm pull-start action must be arranged in the vertical axis of the hinge pivot between C and the hinge pivot left foot.c. Important geometrical parameters arm pull a pull arm foot radius of gyration for pull the oil boom turning radius of the cylinder piston rod end of radius of gyration of the angle between the two radius. From the above points analysis we know that, The smaller of radius. The greater the force needed to pull the smaller cylinder arm. Meet the requirements underthe premise of arms-for-me pull-foot turning radius, the smaller the better, La boom cylinder rod side radius of gyration R. The bigger the better as far as possible, so that can pull compact boom, operating small space]21[.3.2 The selection of pull arm cylinder and cylinder installation angle y. The range ofDetermined by the following two aspects:a. By mapping method or analytical method to determine the location of the above the hinge pivot and Pull arm geometry and other components, may initially determine the pull-stroke arm cylinder and installation distance.b. Pull arm cylinder mounting angle of La Boom is the important structural parameters of devices. By the former knowledge, pull the boom box or device for carrying out the process of dumping action, pull the oil boom cylinders have to be overcome trunk (full load) resistance torque generated by gravity, and the lifting crane action start unloading boxes when the moment of resistance is the greatest moment of resistance to overcome, and in Boom began pulling action of the hinge pivot device static friction and inertia moment of resistance Maximum torque. So pull arm cylinder mounting angle y. From the previous analysis we know, when angle larger, the pull arm cylinder smaller maximum thrust required, select the pull arm cylinder bore can be smaller.By pulling in the boom cylinder is installed between the frame and trunk floor, oil cylinder installation layout space is limited, so the pull arm cylinder mounting angle range is also very limited. Design principles to children as much as possible to install a large angle, choose the right drawing arm oil pulling arm cylinder bore to meet performance requirements for the use of vehicles, without increasing the cost and fuel tank weight, and easy layout. Analysis and comparison of some domestic manufacturers to produce 5 t pull arm ,the actual design and production of cars and trucks pulling arm experience, 5 t pull arm around the installation space vehicles between 250 ~ 300 mm, the general tension arm cylinder mounting angle should be Taken between 3°~5°.附录B拉臂式垃圾车设计1拉臂车概述拉臂式垃圾车是在二类汽车底盘上装有使车箱具有装载和卸载功能的拉臂架装置的专用汽车。
中英文文献翻译-新型高压清洗车
附录The new high pressure cleaning the carWith the rapid development of industry, environment pollution is becoming more and more serious, the environmental protection question is already a global strategy. In order to adapt to the needs of the construction of urban environmental sanitation, clear in time the city, improve air quality, sanitation vehicles of development and development, has become an important topic of the set before us. The development of urbanization in our country, the increase of the road to the requirements of environmental protection and improve, which makes the sanitation car requirement increasingly, high pressure cleaning the car as a sanitation in vehicles, having to clean the road, guardrail and purify airy action, is one of the important urban environmental protection equipment. The current domestic production of high pressure cleaning car backward in technology, there are many problems; Foreign cleaning vehicle performance while is superior, but the price is expensive, need a lot of foreign exchange, it is not the solution to the problem. Therefore, the development of new high pressure cleaning cars has become China's urban environmental protection work important problem to be solved. It not only with independent intellectual property rights, and can improve the design level of our country special automobile, driving the sanitation vehicles in China to develop and manufacture independent design ability.1 a general introductionHigh pressure cleaning cars mainly by the power system, water system and hydraulic system, electronic control and manipulate system components. Power system for cleaning the car to walk and water pumps provide motivation. Water system mainly by the high pressure pump, water tank, valve, nozzle and other components, water through the pump pressure can improve after to 8 MP, form high pressure jet spraying to road, effectively flush the sand dust. Hydraulic system mainly by the hydraulic pump and motor and and valve set and other components, control vehicle to walk and injection action. Electric control part by sensors, SCM and maindisplay control panel etc. In this paper the development of high pressure cleaning car main technical parameters are as follows:The rating capacity; Engine output power 45 KW; The biggest water spray width is not less than 3 m; Spray work for vehicle speed 5 km/h; Spray water pressure is not less than 8 MP; Total number of nozzle 21; Water pump water largest amount 65km/h.2 power distribution and switching system2.1 the basic principle of the power transmission and scheme selectionHigh pressure cleaning car according to the function of the realization of the divided into two kinds of state: a normal work is driving condition, high pressure cleaning the car and general at the same car, realize the transfer function; vehicle 2 it is watering operations state, the state in the vehicle with very low, the speed of the high pressure water spray homework, cleaning the road. Due to the high pressure cleaning the car need driving and driven two aspects of the pump power, so the dynamic how to provide design is to consider when the primary issue.At home and abroad and usually use the power distribution solutions has two, one is to adopt double configuration of the engine power transmission system, is main engine vehicles not alter, transmission system will not do change, use a Taiwan independence in vehicles outside the system of power auxiliary engine drive hydraulic system for high pressure pump provide motivation.The advantages of this scheme is simple in structure, the price is low, the disadvantage is as the vehicle in the water spray work driving the speed, low speed less than 10 km/h, this time the main engine can't work in the best working point, that power allocation is not reasonable, can produce fuel and power waste, and occupy the space of vice engine body, less the water storage volume, vice vehicle engine installation added new vibration noise sources, the influence the stability of the vehicle.Another plan is to use the vehicle engine vehicle transmission system and hydraulic system provide the power, through the points with FenDongXiang action, in the transfer road, driven by the main engine FenDongXiang to driving axledifferentials, high speed movement; vehicle In injection homework road, driven by the main engine FenDongXiang to hydraulic system, on the one hand, control operation speed, on the other hand, the drive pump water spray.The scheme with the foregoing scheme, its advantage is compared, giving full play to the engine power, make the vehicle in the water spray operations can still working at high speed rating of the work of the state, not only save one engine, reduce the fuel consumption, and engine exhaust emission index is more advantageous to achieve urban environmental protection requirement. The vehicle structure more reasonable, vehicle weight of low, water storage space increases. To sum up, single engine configuration is a more reasonable configuration, so this paper power in the new, high pressure cleaning vehicle design, using a single engine design scheme.2.2 power distributionTo ensure the high pressure pump provide of the injection pressure is constant, drive the hydraulic loop quantitative hydraulic pump must work in constant speed rating of the work of the state, water spray operations vehicle of the speed and the road of injection effect is also not to change about the amount of driving, so drive the variable pump will work in constant speed rating of the work of the state, the consumption of driving power also for setting value. Thus, when the engine power to homework for setting value.2.3 new single axis FenDongXiang designFenDongXiang power distribution is the core of the system, the traditional thought of design FenDongXiang usually adopts two to three axis structure of power distribution. This paper introduces the design of new light high-pressure cleaning vehicle USES the chassis is isuzu NKR55LLA light chassis, with traditional structure of the FenDongXiang sizes too large, can't meet the size requirement. According to the characteristics of the power distribution system, independent design and development of the single shaft driving, the FenDongXiang greatly reduced the FenDongXiang size, make body structure more compact.3 hydraulic systemThe hydraulic control system is watering operations every action when the key to meeting, and the main variable pump, the quantitative pump, the drive motors, hydraulic cylinder, cooler, integrated control valves piece, filter etc. From the function of the realization of the perspective, hydraulic system by hydraulic motor drive travel system and hydraulic pressure motor drive water spray system twosub-systems.3.1 hydraulic motor drive driving systemThe variable pump, hydraulic motor and the corresponding hydraulic loop hydraulic subsystem, a walk for the system for oil pump, and quantitative pump coaxial connected. This system consists of integrated control valves to realize the control of hydraulic pump and hydraulic system. The variable pump and motor selection, according to the basic power to determine the value.3.2 hydraulic motor drive water spray systemHydraulic motor drive water spray system by quantitative pump, quantitative hydraulic motor, water pump, relief valve, cooler, filter and hydraulic cylinder and stacked valves group etc. For the hydraulic cylinder and stacked valves group together, for the control of water spray frame lift, extendable such action. The hydraulic oil tank, passes through to return to cooler water.4 water injection systemThe water system is high pressure cleaning the car mainly by the core part high pressure water pump, water spray nozzle, frame, the spray gun and valve etc. Water tank flow of water out of the pump will improve after water pressure to 8 MP, form high pressure jet spraying to the road. The high pressure pump rational selection of engine efficiency, the best utilization, best flush efficiency have important influence, need according to the design requirements and engine parameters, such as to determine the high-pressure pump power, speed and the parameters such as pump pressure at work. Water system design of the main problems including the following two aspects.4.1 the telescopic multi-degree-of-freedom water spray frameWater spray frame is injection system of actuators, installed in high pressure cleaning car head, high pressure water spray nozzle in the frame. To increase the width of the jet wash, design the new hydraulic control expansion institutions. Work, install a nozzle two of the rear protruding from the front of the car, and the nozzle into a straight line, and the high pressure water jet to; After completion of work, back to the nozzle tube retract side. Water spray frame from ground level also controlled by hydraulic system, also designs of the mechanical structure, highly fine-tuning height adjustment to trace.4.2 water spray system parameters optimizationHigh pressure cleaning the car is the purpose of the quality of the road surface cleaning out clean, so, how to improve the cleaning effect, water conservation is design to consider when important question, also is the past studies the problem of no point to consider. The effect of road surface cleaning and many parameters. Including injection height, the shape of the nozzle, injection pressure, injection Angle, jet width, nozzle diffusion Angle, distance of the nozzle. Through a lot of the theoretical and experimental research, to determine the height of the injection pressure injection, jet Angle, the width of the jet, the nozzle of the diffusion Angle of pavement, wash the best results, the wash rate in above, clean unit area of the pavement, the consumption of water and energy, reached the best matching value.5 electronic control and operation system designElectronic control system to realize the working state of the vehicle display, monitoring, alarm and control etc. Function. Mainly includes the instrument shows system, dashboard, the hydraulic oil drive speed dial, hydraulic oil temperature display, hydraulic display, water tank water of the display and alarm, PenShuiGuan working status display, hydraulic system running time records, and other functions, the whole system USES modular design, the control panel integrated in driving indoor proper place, facilitate the operator control operation.The water tank of the monitoring and forecast of electric control system is the important link, must be strictly controlled. Tank water after cooler for hydraulic oil after cooling to enter high pressure pump and so have a water tank must be reserved to the amount of water. In the the design of the magnetic levitation type level sensor,accurately measure the level of height. Control system mainly including operation box, the power switch handle, oil, left, pedal drove speed, PenShuiGuan right control handle, water spray handle adjustable control handle to and fro and speed of the pedals. The design of the control system, the arrangement of the operation box, structure, the handle position, fully considered the man-machine engineering requirements, easy to control.6 general structure designOn the structure, the vehicle including chassis (with cab), water tank, hydraulic oil tank, water pump, FenDongXiang, water spray rack large components. Water pump and hydraulic pressure tank parallel is decorated in the cabin and water tank, or so between both sides put hinged door outside using, open convenient, convenient in maintenance inspection. Water tank use stainless steel structure, outside the oval with decoration side wai and skirt edge. FenDongXiang arrangement in the chassis and the hydraulic oil tank in water pump, transmission and the second transmission shaft between. Vehicle used Unigraphics software for 3 d software entities, and USES the design of the vehicle assembly function of virtual assembly.7 conclusionThe development of new high pressure cleaning car, in order to improve the effect of washing and energy saving as the core, using a single engine the configuration of the power distribution way, give full play to the water spray operations of engine power, improving the pressure of spray water; And the pavement flush the influence on the effect of parameters are optimized. The power distribution system, hydraulic system, water system, electronic control and control system, overall structure are studied. In the bodywork, single axis FenDongXiang development and research aspects such as road flush effect for several patents. This paper developed new high pressure cleaning car, prototype test each index, through to reserve requirements. High pressure cleaning the development of the new car, for the country's high performance high-pressure cleaning the car independent development and played a good role.新型高压清洗车随着工业的迅猛发展，环境污染显得越来越严重，环保问题已是一个全球的战略问题。
(完整版)外文翻译改立体车库(可编辑修改word版)
本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:Specification. Analysis andVerification of an AutomatedParking Garage文献、资料来源：谷歌学术文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005院（部）机电工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化班级：机械112姓名：江治国学号：2011071154指导教师：刘辉翻译日期：2015.3.10外文文献:Speciflcation^ Analysis and Verification of an Automated Parking Garage Aad Mathijssen，A. Johannes PretoriusAbstractIn this report we discuss the specification, analysis and verification of an automated parkinggarage in mCRL2, a process algebra with data. We view the parking garage as a system that weconceplually divide into three layers: a logical layer, a safety layer and a hardware abstractionlayer. This allows us to abstract from implementation details (hardware abstraction layer) andalgorithm design (logical layer). Instead, we are able to focus on the specification of acommunication interface between these two layers that only allows safe system behavior. Thisinterface constitutes the safety layer. For the safety layer, we identify and fonnuiate a number of requirements. These are verified and reported on. We also discuss the analysis of the specificationof the safety layer with a simple custom visualization tool. This tool was implemented as a plug-in to the mCRL2 toolset and helped us gain important insights during the specification andanalysis of the safety layer.1IntroductionDuring the past two decades process algebras have become increasingly popular tools fordescribing complex systems that interact with their environment (5]・ Such systems differ fromclassic batch processes that receive input, process the input, preduce output and then terminate. Instead, their behavior is continuously influenced by information that they receive from their environment. An automated p arking garage is a p rime exam pie of such a system. It is in op eration24 hours a day, 7 days a week; it is continuously on standby, ready to stowaway and retrieve carsfor users. Furthermore, the state of the garage is constantly changing as cars are added andremoved. At any p oint in time, this state influences which op erations are possible and how theyare executed.Process algebra allows for high-level descriptions of systems that interact with theirenvironment. A system is regarded as a number of interacting processes that together describe its behaviour. In this way a mathematical model is acquired and this is used to prove variousProperties of the system using mathematical proof techniques. The process algebra used in this report is mCRL2 [3]. It succeeds and extends pCRL [4, 5].With pCRL a large number of real-world systems have been analysed and verified- Some of the successes that pCRL has booked include the detection of an unknown deadlock in the most complex variant of the sliding window protocol [L 11], the identification of a number of errors in a distributed lifting system for trucks [2] and the discovery of two errors in a Java distributed memory impleinentation [9]. From all these experiinents we unfortunately have had to formulate the 100% rule: in 100% of the cases considered, systems turn out to contain more or less serious errors, which are not very hard to detect.An important characteristic of mCRL2 and its predecessor pCRL is the inclusion of data .Experience has shown that in real-world systems data is of parainount importance [6]. In addition to the execution of actions, it is often the case that data is stored and communicated, thus having a significant influence on system behaviour.In the remainder of this report we discuss the specification of an automated parking garage in mCRL2・ We also discuss the analysis and verification of the system and the techniques used. In section 2 we provide more details on the challenges presented by this system. In section 3 we outline the approach we have taken to address these issues and we explain how we conceplually divide the system into three layers. This allows us to concentrate on one layer, the safety layer.which we believe is essential in verifying that the system is safe. We follow this by a discussion of mCRL2 and the mCRL2 toolset in section 4. In sections 5, 6 and 7 we specify the hardware abstraction layer, the safety layer and the logical layer respectively. We treat the hardware abstraction layer and the logicallayer tersely but reveal more details of the safety layer: we provide a specification, formulate a number of safety requirements and verify these. In section 8 we describe a simple visualization plug-in for the inCRL2 toolset as well as the insights we gained from using it. Finally, we draw conclusions in section 9.2Problem descriptionThe parking garage that we are concerned with was commissioned by developers in Bremen,Germany and was designed by the Dutch comp any CVSS Automated Parking Systems. It will be realised below street level in the basement of an existing building. Access to the garage will beprovided with a vertical lift shaft that has a doorway at street leveL To use the facility, users will drive their car through this doorway into the lift. After they have exited from their car and the lift.their car will automatically be lowered to an intermediate level, rotated 180。
摆臂式垃圾车改装设计-任务书
（1）摆臂式不同结构形式的比较；
（2）对汽车二类底盘进行参数确定；
（3）对车厢等主要部件进行设计；
（4）对摆臂等部件进行设计；
外型尺寸:7185×2470×3015
轴距:3950mm,
实际容积: 6-8立方
三CAD绘图；合计图量A0 3张以上；提交设计说明书1份，字数大于1.5万字；符合规范要求；
（6）第11-13周初步完成设计内容，修改完善，进行预答辩
（7）第14-16周设计说明书和图纸的修改及完善，指导教师评审
（8）第17周毕业设计答辩
五、主要参考资料
[1]陈树勋,王海波,应鸿烈.拉臂式压缩垃圾车车厢结构的有限元分析与优化设计[J].装备制造技术,2008, (04)
[2]陈树勋.压缩垃圾车结构的载荷描述与优化设计[J].机械工程学报,2008, (03)
四、设计（论文）进度安排
（1）第1、2周通过网络及图书馆收集资料，完成开题报告
（2）第3周总体设计方案草图审核与修改
（3）第4-5周整理收集材料，开始绘制图纸总成，零件图的设计绘图
（4）第6-8周开始撰写说明书并进行绘图，准备进行中期进度答辩
（5）第9-10周完成主要部分图纸，部件修订，校核、完成计算，修改说明书
毕业设计（论文）任务书
学生姓名
殷宝升
系部
汽车与交通
工程学院
专业、班级
车辆工程B07-2
指导教师姓名
吕德刚
职称
讲师
从事
专业
车辆工程
是否外聘
□是■否
题目名称
摆臂式垃圾车改装设计
一、设计（论文）目的、意义
垃圾处理工作是城市建设和管理的重要内容，与人民生活密切相关。随着我国经济的发展和人
工业机械臂控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Hand Column Type Power MachineFollow with our country the rapid development of industrial production, rapidly enhance level of automation, implementation artifacts of handling, steering, transmission or toil for welding gun, spraing gun, spanner and other tools for processing, assembly operations for example automation, should cause the attention of people more and more.Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity,while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.Manipulator institutional form is simple, strong professionalism, only as a loading device for a machine tools, special-purpose manipulator is attached to this machine. Along with the development of industrial technology, produced independently according to the process control to achieve repetitive operation, using range is wide "program control general manipulator", hereinafter referred to as general manipulator. General manipulator used to quickly change the workingprocedure, adaptability is stronger, so he is in constant transformation in the medium and small batch production of products are widely used.NO.1 The composition of the manipulatorManipulator is in the form of a variety of, some relatively simple, some more complex, but the basic form is the same, generally by the actuators, transmission system, control system and the auxiliary device.The actuator manipulator actuators, by the hand, wrist, arm, pillars. Hand is grasping mechanism, which is used to clamp and release artifacts, as a human finger, can complete staff of similar action. Is connected to the fingers and wrist arm components, can be up and down, left and right sides and rotary movement. Simple manipulator can not the wrist. Prop used to support the arm, can also according to need to make it move.The driving system movement of the actuator by the transmission system to achieve. Common mechanical transmission system of mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic transmission and power transmission etc. Several forms.The control system of manipulator control system main function is to control the manipulator according to certain procedures, movement direction, position, speed, simple manipulator is generally not set special control system, only the stroke switch, relay, control valves and control circuit can realize dynamic transmission system, the executing agency action in accordance with requirements. Action complex manipulator should adopts the programmable controller, microcomputer control. NO.2 Classification and characteristics of the manipulator Robots generally fall into three categories the first is general manipulator doesn't need manual operation. It is a kind of independence is not attached to a host device. It can according to the need of the task program, the operation of the provisions to complete. It is with the characteristics of common mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence of three yuan. Thesecond is the need to do manually. Called Operating machine. It originated in the atom, military industry, first by Operating machine to complete a specific assignment, later to use radio signal Operating machine to explore the moon and so on. Used in the forging industry Operating machine falls under this category. The third kind is to use special manipulator, mainly attached to automatic machine or automatic line, used to solve machine tool material and workpiece to send up and down. This manipulator in a foreign country is called "the Mechanical Hand", it is in the service of the host, driven by the host; Except a few working procedures generally is fixed, so it is special.NO.3 The application of industrial manipulatorManipulator is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a kind of new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robot's development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation.Manipulator although it is not as flexible as manpower, but it can have repeated work and labor, do not know fatigue, is not afraid of danger, snatch heavy weights strength characteristics such as larger than man, as a result, the manipulator has been brought to the attention of the many departments, and have been applied more and more widely.(1) Machine tools machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in automatic lathe, use common combination machine tools.(2) Widely used in the assembly operation, it can be used to assemble printed circuit board in the electronics industry, it can be in the machinery industry to assemble parts.(3)Can be in working conditions is poor, repetitive easy fatigue of the work environment, to instead of human Labour.(4) The development of the universe and the ocean.(5) Military engineering and biomedical research and test.Application of robots can replace people in dull, repetitive or heavy manual work, to realize mechanization and automation of production, instead of human in harmful environment of manual operation, improve labor condition, ensure the personal safety. In the late 1940 s, the United States in the nuclear experiments, firstly adopts manipulator handling radioactive materials, people in the security room to manipulate manipulator for various operation and experiment. After the '50 s, robots gradually extended to industrial production department, for use in high temperature, serious pollution of local leave work pieces and the loading and unloading materials, as auxiliary device in the machine tool automatic machine, automatic production line and processing center in the application, complete the material up and down or from libraries take put the knives and replace tool operations such as fixed procedure. Manipulator is mainly composed of hand and motion mechanism. Hand mechanism varies according to the usage situation and operation object, the common are holding, hold and the adsorption type etc. Motion mechanism usually driven by hydraulic, pneumatic, electric devices. Manipulator can be achieved independently of scaling, rotation and lifting movement, generally speaking, there are 2 ~ 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, light industry and atomic energy etc.Manipulator is used in the production process automation with grab and move the workpiece is a kind of automatic device, it is in the process of mechanization, automation production, developed a new type of device. In recent years, with electronic technology, especially the wide application of electronic computer, the robot's development and production has become a high technology developed rapidly in the field of an emerging technology, it promoted the development of the manipulator, make the manipulator can achieve better with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robots can replace humans do dangerous, repeat the boring work, reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator have been applied more and more widely, it can be used forparts assembled in the machinery industry, processing the workpiece handling, loading and unloading, especially on the automatic CNC machine, combination machine tools more common use. At present, the manipulator has developed into a flexible manufacturing system of FMS and flexible manufacturing cell is an important component of FMC. The machine tool equipment and manipulator of a flexible manufacturing system or flexible manufacturing unit, it is suitable for medium and small batch production, can save a large workpiece delivery device, structure is compact, but also has a strong adaptability. When the workpiece changes, flexible production system is easy to change, is advantageous to the enterprise continuously updated marketable varieties, improve product quality, better adapt to the needs of the market competition. But at present our country's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and foreign than there is a certain distance, scale and industrialization level is low, research and development of the manipulator has direct influence on raising the automation level of production in our country, from the consideration on the economic and technology is very necessary. Therefore, carries on the research design of the manipulator is very meaningful.NO.4 The development trend of manipulatorCurrent industrial applications of the manipulator gradually expanding, constantly improve the technology performance. Due to the short development time, it has a gradual understanding of process, the manipulator and a technically perfect step by step process, its development trend is:1.To expand the application of manipulator and processing industryAt present domestic robots used in mechanical industry more in cold working operations, while in the hot work such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment less, and the application of assembly work, etc. So processing work items heavy, complicated shape and high environmental temperature, bring many difficulties to manipulator design, manufacture, it is need to solve the technical difficulties, make the manipulator to better service for processing work. At the same time, in otherindustries and industrial sectors, also will with the constant improvement of the industrial technology level, and gradually expand the use of the manipulator2.Improve the work performance of the industry manipulatorManipulator in the working performance of the pros and cons, determines the application and production, it can normal manipulator working performance of the repetitive positioning accuracy and speed of work two indicators, decided to ensure the quality of manipulator can complete the operation of the key factors. Therefore to solve good working stability and rapidity of the manipulator's request, besides from solve buffer localization measures, should also be development meet the requirements of mechanical properties and low price of electro-hydraulic servo valve, servo control system was applied to the mechanical hand.3.Development of modular robotsVariable application manipulator from the characteristics of the manipulator itself, more adapted to the product type, equipment updates, many varieties, small batch, but its cost is high, the special manipulator and cheap, but the scope is limited. Therefore, for some special purpose, you need special design, special processing, thus improving the product cost. In order to adapt to the request of the application field of classify, the structure of the manipulator can be designed to the form of combination. Modular manipulator is a common parts according to the requirement of the job, select necessary to accomplish the function of the unit components, based on the base of combination, deserve to go up with adaptive control part, namely the manipulator with special requirements can be completed. It can simplify the structure, take into account the specificity and design on the use of generality, more in the series design and organization of standardization, specialized production, to improve quality and reduce cost of the manipulator, is a kind of promising manipulator4. Has a "vision" and "touch" of so-called "intelligent robots"For artificial has flexible operation and the need for judgment of the situation, industrial manipulator is very difficult to replace human labor. Such as in the working process of the accident, disorders and conditions change, etc., manipulator cannot be automatically distinguish correct, but to stop, after waiting for people to rule outaccident can continue to work. As a result, people puts forward higher requirements on mechanical hand, hope to make it a "vision", "touch", etc, make it to the judgment, the choice of object, can be continuously adjusted to adapt to changing conditions, and can perform a "hand - eye coordination. This requires a computer can handle a lot of information, require them to exchange of information with machine "dialogue".This "vision", "touch" feedback, controlled by computer, is one part of the "smart" mechanism is called "intelligent robots". Is the so-called "smart" includes: the function of recognition, learning, memory, analysis, judgment. And recognition is through the "visual", "touch" and "hearing" feel "organ" of cognitive object.Which has the function of sensory robot, its performance is perfect, can accurately clamping arbitrary azimuth objects, determine an object, weight, work over obstacles, the clamping force is measured automatically, and can automatically adjust, suitable for engaged in the operation of the complex, precision, such as assembly operation, it has a certain development prospects.Intelligent robots is an emerging technology, the study of it will involve the electronic technology, control theory, communication technology, television technology, spatial structure and bionic mechanical discipline. It is an emerging field of modern automatic control technology. With the development of science and intelligent robots will replace people to do more work.工业机械手随着我国工业生产的飞跃发展，自动化程度的迅速提高，实现工件的装卸、转向、输送或是操持焊枪、喷枪、扳手等工具进行加工、装配等作业的自动化，应越来越引起人们的重视。
摇臂平铺式垃圾车改进设计
摇臂平铺式垃圾车改进设计陈虹微【摘要】针对漳平市某机械制造公司生产的NSM262ZQF垃圾车存在的垃圾装载不均匀、装载容量小、效率低下、零件撞击易损等问题,运用机械设计、液压传动及电气控制等相关技术,研发设计具有自主知识产权的垃圾斗可开合、垃圾平铺装载、自动化程度较高的垃圾清理车.该垃圾清理车采用曲柄摇块机构实现摇臂的摆动,创新采用小液压缸伸缩控制实现垃圾斗的开合,并对结构改进后的液压传动系统和电气控制系统做了相应的设计.【期刊名称】《龙岩学院学报》【年(卷),期】2017(035)002【总页数】6页(P40-45)【关键词】垃圾车;摇臂机构;开合式垃圾斗;液压系统;电控系统;改进设计【作者】陈虹微【作者单位】龙岩学院福建龙岩 364000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH112NSM262ZQF 摇臂式垃圾车是漳平市某机械制造有限责任公司生产的垃圾转运类产品，主要用于替代农用车和小型货车。
该产品采用液压系统控制摇臂摆动到固定位置，依靠垃圾斗撞击固定在垃圾车厢中上部的横杆，带动翻转垃圾斗，实现将垃圾倒入垃圾车厢中。
该产品结构简单、操作方便、成本低，主要用于农村的垃圾清理转运。
但是用户反馈，在使用过程中存在垃圾车厢空间利用率低、装载量变小、耗时耗力、效率低、有冲击噪声等问题。
为此应生产企业的要求，对该产品升级改造，进行改进设计，满足用户需求。
1.1 问题分析针对原 NSM262ZQF 垃圾车存在的问题，分析原因有以下几点：（1）由于摇臂只能摆到垃圾车厢中上部固定的部位，导致垃圾只能倾倒在车厢的中部，中心越堆越高，而车厢周围边缘空间却没有充分利用，垃圾无法平铺在车厢中，从而产生车厢有效装载量小的问题。
（2）原产品的整体式垃圾斗是依靠横杆阻挡垃圾斗实现翻转，垃圾斗要碰撞横杆，不仅产生冲撞噪声，而且易松动零件间的连接，甚至损坏零件。
（3）装载垃圾后，垃圾斗重量大，摇臂需要较大的力才能使垃圾斗翻转，因此需要较大的动力输入。
一种新型侧装后卸摆臂式垃圾车的研制
一种新型侧装后卸摆臂式垃圾车的研制黄仕芬;石仕海【摘要】当今社会,随着环卫垃圾产品市场的迅速扩增,越来越多的乡级区域也开始投入垃圾转运车的使用,而乡级区域道路狭窄,不便于当今现有垃圾车进行装卸作业.为解决狭窄道路工况垃圾车仍能正常作业的问题,设计一种新型侧装后卸摆臂式垃圾车,从侧面对垃圾箱进行装卸,其作业占用空间非常小,而且操作灵活,还能保证车辆在行驶和作业过程中的稳定性.【期刊名称】《大众科技》【年(卷),期】2019(021)005【总页数】3页(P60-62)【关键词】垃圾转运;乡村;环卫设备;开发【作者】黄仕芬;石仕海【作者单位】柳州五菱汽车工业有限公司,广西柳州 545007;柳州五菱汽车工业有限公司,广西柳州 545007【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U469.61 侧装后卸摆臂式垃圾车技术背景当今社会，随着环卫垃圾产品市场的迅速扩增，越来越多的乡级区域也开始垃圾转运车的投入使用。
此外，随着我国城镇化的迅猛发展以及人们日常生活水平的快速提高，人们对于自己所居住的周围环境要求也随之高涨。
在响应国家绿色环保发展策略的道路上，越来越多的乡镇开始打造绿色之乡，纷纷逐步加大垃圾设备的投入使用[1]。
城镇地域相对较广阔，垃圾收集站点的数目众多而分布零散。
除此之外，现有中转站垃圾运输车的装卸方式多为后装后卸结构或者前装后卸结构，而许多乡村道路狭窄，不便于现有垃圾车在乡村道路上进行垃圾装卸作业。
该结构不论是后装后卸还是前装后卸的装卸作业方式，也不论是把垃圾箱从地面转移到车辆底盘，还是把垃圾箱从车辆底盘转移到地面，整个作业过程均是在车辆底盘的后面进行的，而且车辆底盘中的垃圾箱进行倾倒垃圾作业时也是在车辆底盘的后面进行的，作业过程需要把车体调整到比较正的位置才可进行操作，而且垃圾车的作业过程往往是车体垂直于道路进行，均要求垃圾车车体与道路处于垂直（90°）方向的时候才可装卸垃圾。
现有相处道路狭窄，除了不能满足垃圾车正常作业之外，还会造成交通拥堵的现象。
摆臂式垃圾车说明书范文
楚胜牌摆臂式垃圾车使用说明书湖北楚胜专用汽车有限公司前言感谢您使用楚胜牌改装车，我公司生产的楚胜牌系列改装车，汲取了国内外同类车型之长处，拥有构造合理，性能靠谱、操作方便、外形雅观等长处。
本公司生产的摆臂式垃圾车，是集多种功能于一身的环卫车辆，合用于城镇、街道、工矿公司、住所区的垃圾的采集运输。
在使用说明书中，对车辆的主要技术性能指标、构造、工作原理、使用、养护等作了说明。
汽车底盘的技术特征和使用、养护见其相应的载货汽车使用说明书。
只有熟习车辆构造，严格地履履行用说明书的各项使用养护要求，才能保证车辆的正常作业和使用限期；所以，在使用前请仔细阅读使用说明书。
为了更好地知足用户的各样不一样使用要求，摆臂式垃圾车的构造在持续地改良和提高，所以有可能出现实质构造与使用说明书有所不一样的状况，请予理解，不另行通知。
目录1、概括⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯42、工作原理⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯43、主要构⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯44、操作程⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯55、修与养护⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯56、故障剖析与清除⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯67、随文件⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯78、量保⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯71、概括楚牌臂式自卸汽，是我厂用一汽、二汽集公司生的准二底改装的垃圾自卸，是一种多功能运。
因为采纳臂作，既可运城市垃圾，又可作散装物。
工厂生的料、泥、沙石、建筑用的混凝土等多种用途的运。
可配多个集料斗，一循运，比高效、能。
因为采纳液装卸料斗，只要操作液杆即可。
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附录(英文文献及中英文对照)Swinging arm type truck second modification pollutionpreventionAbstractCity life rubbish in transit, whether cause secondary pollution, necessary and shipment of rubbish are directly related to vehicle design structure. Such as loaded compressed type after the truck and other sealing structure can prevent rubbish endlessly picturequre scene in transit; And currently in use of swing arm garbage trucks, easy cause secondary pollution, therefore we according to the structure of swing arm modify the truck.Vehicle modified designThe original car design for completely open wide type, hoisting rubbish bucket without any block structure, cabin garbage in transit endlessly picturequre scene easily. Modification scheme in the car compartment front-end department and left-right side each additional fixed windshield wallboard, adding activity type in top guide enclosures wind. The top area of about 2/3 the size of the guide enclosures wind, left-right side each small oil cylinders, open or closed guide enclosures wind. Front windscreen wallboard can stop the level and on the right direction of wind and streamlined guide enclosures wind is able to have a top vertical wind guide up and effectively solved the problem of the car endlessly picturequre scene rubbish.Guide enclosures wind and truck of swing arm mechanical motion relationship Swinging arm type truck is to rely on the swing arm before and after exercise to ascend garbage box and realize the since installed or dump. So modified design new portfolio of top mobile guide enclosures wind, fluctuation open or closed with the swing arm swinging must be between corresponding coordination, namely the mechanical motion is according to operation requirements through hydraulic system for sequence control.Vehicle load transport conditionsHydraulic system three spool reversing valve valve core is the central position, swinging arm, inlet cover working condition at rest.Vehicle dump garbage conditionsDirectional control valves, pulled to the right in that right valve spool central position. Inhydraulic system under the effect of sequence control oil, first throughGuide enclosures wind small oil cylinder full open the inlet cover, then make main cylinder push to swing arm swinging, ascending car after dumping garbage dou compartments discharge box. Or fight .Vehicle outfit garbage conditionsThe working conditions of the directional control valve valve core right is pushed into a central location, through hydraulic system sequence control oil make swinging arm and conducting enclosures wind mechanical motion and the aforementioned dump contrary, namely first working back swinging arm, outfit garbage dou compartments, then close ventilation hood. So far, the garbage dump vehicle from the pack complete homework. Modification of vehicle performance after the influence of modified vehicle, its structure, weight after would affect the performance of vehicles? It needs from the following two major aspects of verification.Vehicles a force sex and economyThe budget of the windshield, adapted before adding area approximately 3 m2, the panels that vehicle air resistance FX increases, the formulaKnowable vehicle resistance increased by 1 7.6 ~ 2 840 N, namely 180 ~ 2.9 kg. In addition in the original car windshield wallboard and add by addingWeighing about 370 kg. Two total 550 ~ 660 kg, namely for increased vehicle maximum additional load. But this loose living garbage for maximum load with vehicles 3.5 ~ 4.0 t terms still not overload (rated load 5 t), its engine power, economy still in normal use range. Vehicle safety and handlingBecause modified vehicle integral structure still is symmetric, former rear-axle lotus distribution within the normal range. Therefore adapted for vehicles to, not the security of the system and manipulation of brake performance produce any adverse effects.摆臂式垃圾车二次改装防污染摘要：城市生活垃圾在运输途中,是否造成二次污染,必然与装运垃圾的车辆设计结构有直接关系。
比如后装压缩式等密封结构的垃圾车就能防止垃圾在运输途中的撒落;而目前正在使用的摆臂式垃圾车,易造成二次污染,为此我们针对摆臂式垃圾车的结构进行改装。
1.车辆的改装设计原车设计构造为完全敞开式,吊装的垃圾斗厢无任何遮挡结构,垃圾在运输途中易撒落。
改装方案在车厢的前端部和左右侧各增设固定的挡风墙板,在顶部增设活动式导风罩。
占顶部面积约2/3大小的导风罩,左右侧各一小油缸,开启或关闭导风罩。
挡风墙板能阻挡正前方和右侧方向的水平风力,呈流线型的导风罩则能将顶部的垂直风力引导抛开,有效地解决了原车的撒落垃圾的问题。
导风罩与垃圾车摆臂的机械运动关系摆臂式垃圾车是靠摆臂的前后运动来提升垃圾厢而实现自装或自卸的。
因此改装设计新增设的顶部活动式导风罩,上下开启或关闭必须与摆臂的摆动对应协调,即两者之间的机械运动是按作业要求通过液压系统进行顺序控制。
车辆装载运输工况液压系统的三位四通换向控制阀阀芯处于中央位置,摆臂、导风罩等工作状态处于静止。
2.车辆倾卸垃圾工况向右拉动换向控制阀,使右阀芯处于中央位置。
在液压系统顺序控制油路的作用下,首选通过导风罩小油缸把导风罩全程打开,再使主油缸推动摆臂向车后摆动,提升垃圾斗厢倾倒垃圾或卸去斗厢。