2017美赛A题中文翻译
美国数学建模题目至翻译
美国数学建模题目2017至2017翻译篇一：2017年建模美赛C题带翻译Problem C: “Cooperate and navigate”Traffic capacity is limited in many regions of the United States due to the number of lanes of roads.For example, in the Greater Seattle area drivers experience long delays during peak traffic hoursbecause the volume of traffic exceeds the designed capacity of the road networks. This is particularlypronounced on Interstates 5, 90, and 405, as well as State Route 520, the roads of particular interestfor this problem.Self-driving, cooperating cars have been proposed as a solution to increase capacity of highwayswithout increasing number of lanes or roads. The behavior of these cars interacting with the existingtraffic flow and each other is not well understood at this point.The Governor of the state of Washington has asked for analysis of the effects of allowing self-driving,cooperating cars on the roads listed above in Thurston, Pierce, King, and Snohomish counties. (Seethe provided map and Excel spreadsheet).In particular, how do the effects change as thepercentage of self-driving cars increases from 10% to 50% to 90%? Do equilibria exist? Is there atipping point where performance changes markedly? Under what conditions, if any, should lanes bededicated to these cars? Does your analysis of your model suggest any other policy changes?Your answer should include a model of the effects on traffic flow of the number of lanes, peak and/oraverage traffic volume, and percentage of vehicles using self-driving, cooperating systems. Yourmodel should address cooperation between self-driving cars as well as the interaction between self-driving and non-self-driving vehicles. Your model should then be applied to the data for the roads ofinterest, provided in the attached Excel spreadsheet.Your MCM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet, a 1-2 page letter to theGovernor’s office, and your solution (not to exceed 20 pages) for a maximum of 23 pages. Note: Theappendix and references do not count toward the 23 page limit. Some useful background information:On average, 8% of the daily traffic volume occurs during peak travel hours. ? The nominal speed limit for all these roads is 60 miles per hour.? Mileposts are numbered from south to north, and west to east.? Lane widths are the standard 12 feet.? Highway 90 is classified as a state route until it intersects Interstate 5.? In case of any conflict between the data provided in this problem and any other source, use thedata provided in this problem.Definitions:milepost: A marker on the road that measures distance in miles from either the start of the route or astate boundary.average daily traffic: The average number of cars per day driving on the road.interstate: A limited access highway, part of a national system.state route: A state highway that may or may not be limited access.route ID: The number of the highway.increasing direction: Northbound for N-S roads, Eastbound for E-W roads.decreasing direction: Southbound for N-S roads, Westbound for E-W roads.问题C：“合作和导航”由于道路的数量，美国许多地区的交通容量有限。
2017年全国卷I英语精校解析翻译版
绝密★启封前试卷类型A2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I）英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1.本试卷由四个部分组成。
其中，第一、二部分和第三部分的第一节为选择题。
第三部分的第二节和第四部分为非选择题。
2.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
3.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
4.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirtA. ￡19. 15.B. ￡9. 18.C. ￡9. 15.答案是C。
1. What does the woman think of the movieA. It’s amusingB. It’s excitingC. It’s disappointing2. How will Susan spend most of her time in FranceA. Traveling aroundB. Studying at a schoolC. Looking after her aunt3. What are the speakers talking aboutA. Going outB. Ordering drinksC. Preparing for a party4. Where are the speakersA. In a classroomB. In a libraryC. In a bookstore5. What is the man going to doA. Go on the InternetB. Make a phone callC. Take a train trip第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
美国数学建模题目2017至2017翻译
美国数学建模题目2017至2017翻译各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢篇一：2017年建模美赛C题带翻译Problem C: “Cooperate and navigate”Traffic capacity is limited in many regions of the United States due to the number of lanes of example, in the Greater Seattle area drivers experience long delays during peak traffic hoursbecause the volume of traffic exceeds the designed capacity of the road networks. This is particularlypronounced on Interstates 5, 90, and 405, as well as State Route 520, the roads of particular interestfor this problem.Self-driving, cooperating cars have been proposed as a solution to increase capacity of highwayswithout increasing number of lanes or roads. The behavior ofthese cars interacting with the existingtraffic flow and each other is not well understood at this point.The Governor of the state of Washington has asked for analysis of the effects of allowing self-driving,cooperating cars on the roads listed above in Thurston, Pierce, King, and Snohomish counties. (Seethe provided map and Excel spreadsheet). In particular, how do the effects change as thepercentage of self-driving cars increases from 10% to 50% to 90%? Do equilibria exist? Is there atipping point where performance changes markedly? Under what conditions, if any, should lanes bededicated to these cars? Does your analysis of your model suggest any other policy changes?Your answer should include a model of the effects on traffic flow of the number of lanes, peak and/oraverage trafficvolume, and percentage of vehicles using self-driving, cooperating systems. Yourmodel should address cooperation between self-driving cars as well as the interaction between self-driving and non-self-driving vehicles. Your model should then be applied to the data for the roads ofinterest, provided in the attached Excel spreadsheet.Your MCM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet, a 1-2 page letter to theGovernor’s office, and your solution (not to exceed 20 pages) for a maximum of 23 pages. Note: Theappendix and references do not count toward the 23 page limit. Some useful background information:On average, 8% of the daily traffic volume occurs during peak travel hours. ? The nominal speed limit for all these roads is 60 miles per hour.? Mileposts are numbered from southto north, and west to east.? Lane widths are the standard 12 feet.? Highway 90 is classified as a state route until it intersects Interstate 5.? In case of any conflict between the data provided in this problem and any other source, use thedata provided in this problem.Definitions:milepost: A marker on the road that measures distance in miles from either the start of the route or astate boundary.average daily traffic: The average number of cars per day driving on the : A limited access highway, part of a national system.state route: A state highway that may or may not be limited access.route ID: The number of the highway.increasing direction: Northbound for N-S roads, Eastbound for E-W roads.decreasing direction: Southbound for N-S roads, Westbound for E-W roads.问题C：“合作和导航”由于道路的数量，美国许多地区的交通容量有限。
2017美赛B题中文翻译
B题中文翻译：问题B：收费后合并多车道有限接入收费公路使用“坡道收费”和“障碍收费”来收取驾驶员的收费。
斜坡收费是在高速公路的入口或出口匝道处的收集机构，并且这些不关心我们在这里。
障碍收费是一排跨过高速公路的收费站，垂直于交通流的方向。
通常（总是）更多的收费站比交通车道（见前2005年MCM问题B）。
因此，当驶出收费站时，车辆必须从较大数量的收费站出口车道“扇入”到较少数量的常规行驶车道。
收费广场是高速公路需要用于促进障碍收费的区域，包括在障碍收费之前的扇出区域，收费路径本身以及收费路径之后的扇入区域。
例如，三车道高速公路（一个方向）可以在障碍通行费中使用8个收费站。
在支付了费用之后，车辆在具有与进入收费广场相同数量的车道（在该示例中为三个）的高速公路上继续行驶。
考虑在每个方向上具有L个行驶车道的收费高速公路和在每个方向上包含B个收费站（B> L）的障碍通行费。
确定跟随收费障碍的区域的形状，尺寸和合并模式，其中车辆从B过街出口车道下行到L个车道。
在您的模型中纳入的重要注意事项包括事故预防，吞吐量（每小时通过广场末端加入L外出车道的车辆数量）和成本（土地和道路建设昂贵）。
特别地，该问题不仅仅要求可能已经实现的任何特定收费广场设计的性能分析。
重点是确定是否有比任何常用的更好的解决方案（形状，大小和合并模式）。
确定您的解决方案在轻和重的流量的性能。
随着更多自主（自驾）车辆添加到交通组合中，您的解决方案如何改变？您的解决方案如何影响常规（人员配备）收费站，精确更换（自动）收费站和电子收费站（例如通过车辆中的应答器收集电子费用）的比例？您的MCM提交应包括1页摘要表，1-2页给新泽西州收费公路管理局的信件，以及您的解决方案（不超过20页），最多23页。
注意：附录和参考文献不计入23页的限制。
美赛A题讲解
4）位置更新规则： xi xi vi
车辆换道规则设计
“右行左超车”下的双车道换道规则
由于高速路上车速相对较高，因此，考虑到安全性的 因素，借鉴文献【1】中的换道规则，提出如下双车道 换道规则：
1）车辆由右向左变道规则。如果当前在右车道行驶的车辆 与前车的间距较小使得当前车辆的前行受阻，而其与相邻左 车道上的前车间距较大，同时与左车道上后方车辆的间距 大于安全距离，则车辆以概率 P 0 由右向左变道，即
元胞自动机的微观规则设计
首先研究高速路一个方向两车道的超车问题。假设每一 车道分为1000个元胞，则2条车道划分为 21000 的元胞矩阵
定义每个元胞长度为5.5米，则模拟的实际道路长度为5.5km。
仿真的时间，步设为1秒。一个元胞的全部状态用一个5元组 表示： （ vi (t), xi (t), wi (t),ci (t), d i ( t ) ） 5个状态参数分别为：第i辆车在t时刻的速度，所处元胞
4、考虑到不同驾驶员的驾驶行为有所差异，车辆状态 的改变具有一定的随机性，因此，假设在行车过程中， 所有车辆状态的改变都按一定的概率发生。
5、在仿真过程中，通过在一个预先设定的区域，用定量 的汽车采用循环的方式来模拟整个高速交通情况。仿真路 段内汽车数量即车辆密度是常数，但是将对不同的密度进 行仿真。
2、是否存在更好的交通规则，如果存在，如何说明其更好。 3、新规则是否适合靠左行驶的国家，是否需要考虑其他因素。 4、在智能系统的控制下，上述规则表现如何，结果有何变化。 注：对该问题的研究可以归结为“右行左超车”规则下的交通
流模型的研究。
模型建立-元胞自动机模型
对于交通问题的研究中最经典的模型有跟车模型、流体 力学模型和元胞自动机模型。
2017英语高考真题全国新课标I卷汉语同步翻译
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
我接到来自玛特镇一名女士的救援电话。 她在地上发现了一只猫头鹰幼雏。当我赶到 时，发现了一只两到三周大的猫头鹰幼雏。 为安全起见，她以及被放置在一只手提购物 袋中。
我对这只幼雏进行了检查，它状况良好。 如果我能够找到它的巢穴的位置，我也许可 以把他放回去。但是没有那么幸运。我接下 来的工作就是建造一个巢穴并将巢穴固定在 树上。
这个房主很乐于助人。找到了一只钢丝笼。 我把一些松树枝放进笼子里让鸟窝更安全舒 适。我把雏鸟放进笼子里，它很快镇定下来。
2017全国大学生英语竞赛A类初赛答案及听力文本
2017National English Competitionfor College Students(Level A-Preliminary)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening Comprehension(30marks)Section A(5marks)1—5DAABASection B(10marks)6—10TFTFF11—15ABDACSection C(5marks)16—20BBCABSection D(10marks)21.purchase22.wealthy23.semi-detached24.fatalitiespulsory26.developing27.cities28.bad manpower planning29.production30.capital-intensivePart II Vocabulary&Grammar(15marks)31—35AADAB36—40CCDCA41-45BABCBPart III Cloze(10marks)46.dwarfed47.phenomenal48.globe49.predicts50.inhabitants51.demand52.partly53.approaches54.supply(support)55.installationPart IV Reading Comprehension(35marks)Section A56.ongoing57.exercise regime.58.skip ropes59.overindulge60.fitness optionsSection B61.F62.C63.B64.D65.ASection C(10marks)66.Many brightly colored fiberglass cows.(Painted statues of cow)67.Walter Knapp.68.They are sold(auctioned)to raise money for charity.69.She designed a reclining cow to reflect the sponsor’s promotion of“home from home”with a built-in couch and standard lamp.70.He believes it’s a great antidote to the over-seriousness of some contemporary art.Section D(10marks)71.inner world72.literary talent73.Speed74.promote well being75.neater and delicatePart V Translation(15marks)Section A(5marks)76.电子书服务提供商掌阅在其发布的数字阅读报告中指出，中学生和大学生喜欢阅读电子书，平均每年读18本电子书。
(完整word版)2017年建模美赛A题带翻译
Problem A：Managing The Zambezi RiverThe Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River is one of the larger dams in Africa。
Its construction was controversial， and a 2015 report by the Institute of Risk Management of South Africa included a warning that the dam is in dire need of maintenance. A number of options are available to the Zambezi River Authority （ZRA） that might address the situation. Three options in particular are of interest to ZRA:(Option 1） Repairing the existing Kariba Dam(Option 2) Rebuilding the existing Kariba Dam, or（Option 3） Removing the Kariba Dam and replacing it with a series of ten to twenty smaller dams along the Zambezi River.There are two main requirements for this problem：Requirement 1 ZRA management requires a brief assessment of the threeoptions listed， with sufficient detail to provide an overview of potential costs and benefits associated with each option. This requirement should not exceed twopages in length， and must be provided in addition to your main report.Requirement 2 Provide a detailed analysis of Option （3) — removing the KaribaDam and replacing it with a series of ten to twenty smaller dams along theZambezi river。
2017年美赛O奖论文A题
First, we classify the area following the toll barrier which may already be implemented into eight kinds according to the different shapes, sizes, and merging patterns of the area based on the toll plazas in reality.
2017年美赛题目
2017年美赛题目Introduction每年一次的美国大学生数学建模竞赛（Mathematical Contest in Modeling，简称MCM）于2017年再度召开。
作为全球最具权威性和影响力的数学竞赛之一，本次比赛聚焦于解决现实世界中的复杂问题。
本文将对2017年美赛题目进行分析、探讨和求解，让我们一同来探索与挑战这个引人注目的数学竞赛。
Problem 1: 森林火灾问题该题要求参赛者通过建立适当的模型，研究森林火灾对树木的影响。
首先，参赛者需要利用分类方法计算森林中的火势等级，并进行可视化展示。
其次，参赛者需要找到一个切实可行的方式，来最大化森林中幸存树木的数量。
最后，参赛者需要对5种火势等级进行打分，并分析不同因素对树木幸存数量的影响。
在解决这个问题的过程中，我们可以根据不同时间和空间尺度考虑各种因素，如地形、天气、森林密度、树木类型等，以期建立更准确和实用的模型。
本问题涉及到多个学科的知识，例如生态学、气象学和统计学等，因此需要参赛者具备广泛的知识储备和综合运用能力。
Problem 2: 住房租金调查该题要求参赛者通过收集世界各地的租金数据，建立一个综合性的模型，以了解租金水平与不同经济因素的关系。
首先，参赛者需要分析现有数据，并选择合适的影响因素进行建模。
其次，参赛者需要通过数据挖掘和统计分析的方法，来发现并验证不同因素对租金水平的影响程度。
最后，参赛者需要根据所建立的模型，进行预测和未来发展趋势分析。
在解决这个问题的过程中，参赛者需要具备较强的数据分析和处理能力，懂得运用相关的统计方法和模型来解读数据。
此外，参赛者还需要考虑到地域差异和特殊情况，如政府政策的影响、城市规模的差异等，以构建一个全面可靠的模型。
Problem 3: 船运调度问题该题要求参赛者利用运筹学方法和数学建模技巧，解决船运调度问题。
参赛者需要考虑如何最大化利润、最小化成本，并合理调度不同类型的船只。
参赛者需要根据给定的船只数量、各个港口之间的距离和货物数量等信息，建立一个能够满足需求的调度方案。
2017美赛-校内选拔题
Problem A: Problem: Preventing Road RageHave you ever been traveling down a highway when you see one or both of these signs?In some cases, the road simply loses a lane as it enters a less traveled section. In other cases, the road narrows because of construction or roadwork. When this happens on a fairly busy highway, it may be a recipe for road rage*.Assume we’re on a busy two-lane road reducing to a one-lane road. Once a driver sees a sign indicating the right lane is going to end, he or she has a choice: drive in the right lane or drive in the left lane. Often, many drivers move into the left lane fairly quickly. This causes the left lane to become congested and slow down. Some drivers remain in the right lane and are able to maintain their speed (and pass the vehicles in the left lane which are now moving slower).When a lane closure is approaching, there will be signs indicating the distance of the lane closure as it nears (e.g. 1 mile, 1/2 mile, 500 ft.). As the end of the right lane approaches, some of the right lane drivers merge into the left lane, while others continue heading toward the lane closure. It’s at this point that the probability of road rage rapidly increases. Horns blast and gestures are made. Some cars will pull half way into the right lane in an attempt to prevent any cars from passing only to have another vehicle swerve around them and continue toward the lane closure point. At times, a vehicle will stay in the right lane directly next to, and driving at the same speed as, a chosen vehicle in the left lane in an effort to make the travel toward the lane closure "fair."Some states have done research on this phenomenon, but there is no consensus around best practices. Your team is tasked to provide a fresh analysis of this issue or add value to any existing analysis. Teams should not simply mimic previous research.Part I: Analyze the various driver actions and their implications in lane closure situations ona major highway.Part II: From your analysis in Part I, address and support fair and efficient driver actions:a)In the case of two lanes merging to one, what is the "fairest" way for drivers to behave as they approach a lane closure? What is the most “efficient” way for drivers to behave as they approach a lane closure? Is there a difference between "fair" and "efficient?"b) Use your analysis to address and support what drivers should do if a three-lane highway is reducing to two lanes? How should driver behavior change, if at all, if the three-lane highway is reducing to one lane?c) Discuss and support any differences in fair and efficient driver behavior for lane closures on a secondary road with a 35 mile per hour speed limit versus a highway with a 65 mile per hour speed limit.Part III: Policies and Practicesa) From your analysis in Parts I and II, develop guidelines for inclusion in the Department of Motor Vehicles driver education materials and signage used by the Department of Highway Safety to encourage appropriate driver actions when approaching a lane closure.b) In addition to the contest format, write a one-page cover letter in support of your guidelines and signage to the Director of the Department of Transportation, urging adoption of your recommendations.*Road rage is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other road vehicle. Such behavior might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Road rage can lead to altercations, assaults, and collisions that result in injuries and even deaths. It can be thought of as an extreme case of aggressive driving. (/wiki/Road_rage)Problem B: Swim, Bike, and RunA triathlon is a multiple-stage athletic endurance competition of three continuous and sequential events, usually long distance swimming , cycling , and running. Triathletes’ overall course completion time includes their time for each event plus their time for transitions between the three events.Race organizers provide each participant a transition area where he/she can pre-position a bike, running shoes, performance gear and other equipment needed to transition from swimming to cycling and from cycling to running. An athlete’s time in the transition area (denoted as T1 for swimming to cycling and T2 for cycling to running) counts toward the total race time. The race begins with the swimming event and participants start the race in a sequence of waves of groups of swimmers at intervals of some number of minutes apart.Your team is working with your town’s Mayor to organize a triathlon to support your local youth organization. You are expecting about 2000 runners and plan to have a traditional open Olympic triathlon, which consists of a 1500m swim, a 40K bike ride and a 10K run. You hope to attract some professional triathletes (best in the nation and world) and some premier triathletes (not quite professionals, but among the fastest amateurs in previous triathlons). As this is an open triathlon, there is no qualification time required for participation, and so, the vast majority of your participants will be open registrants. You have done some research and have found that most races have a variety of divisions based on gender and age, as well as on professional, premier, or open status. Having a variety of divisions also helps to attract participants, as you will provide awards to the top finishers in each division.The Super Tread Race Company has agreed to sponsor your event. If this year’s race goes well, Super Tread will commit to supporting the race again next year. The CEO of Super Tread wants to ensure the race is a world-class event that will attract professional racers and serious amateur athletes each year to further promote the company’s brand and sales. As such, the CEO wants you to minimize congestion on the course. In other words, participants should be able to proceed without hindrance during each phase of the triathlon. For example, a crowd of slower swimmers should not slow down faster swimmers.The Mayor of your town wants the triathlon to be an enjoyable event for the many amateur participants, but also wants to minimize the length of time the local roads in the town are closed for the cycling and running portions of the triathlon. While you expect the time between the start of the first group of swimmers and the completion of the last runners to take a number of hours, you cannot keep the local roads closed for more than 5.5 hours.You have a data set of results from a recent triathlon to assist you in preparing to organize your race (see TriDataSet.xlsx). These data include participants’ gender, age, status (professional, premier or open), race event times, transition times, and total times.Part I.Explore and discuss minimizing course congestion and minimizing road closure time. In order to minimize both course congestion and road closure time; use your data set to determine: 1. the divisions you will use in your race, and2. a schedule of wave start times.Part II. Explore any advantages you may achieve in terms of congestion and road closure time if you adjust the race distances of the swimming, biking, and/or running events of your triathlon.Part III. Write a two-page letter to the Mayor of your city summarizing your analysis. Include your race day event schedule as the second page of your letter. This cover letter will be the first two pages of your report.PROBLEM NOTES:1. TriDataSet.xlsx is based on an Olympic distance triathlon consisting of a 1500m swim, 40K bike ride, and a 10K run.2. Key for Data Set Column HeadingsBIB NO.Registration Number of ParticipantAGE Age in years on race dayGENDER M – male F – femaleCATEGORY Registration CategoryM Pro – male professional F Pro – female professionalM Premier – male premier F Premier – female premierM Open – male open race F Open – female open raceCLY – open Clydesdale – men over 220 lbs.ATH – open Athena – women over 165 lbs.SWIM Swim Time (hh:mm:ss)T1Transition time from swim to bike (hh:mm:ss)BIKE Bike Time (hh:mm:ss)T2Transition time from bike to run (hh:mm:ss)RUN Run Time (hh:mm:ss)FINALTM Total time for all events and transitions (hh:mm:ss)。
美赛题目2010-2018（含目录）
目录2018 年美赛题目翻译 (3)问题A：多跳HF 无线电传播 (3)问题B：语言传播趋势 (3)问题C ：能源配置与预测 (5)问题D：从汽油驾驶到E （电）驾驶 (6)问题E：气候变化如何影响区域不稳定？ (7)问题F：隐私成本问题 (8)2017 年美赛题目翻译 (10)问题A：管理赞比西河 (10)问题B：收费后合并 (11)问题C：“合作和导航” (12)问题D：在机场安全检查站优化乘客吞吐量 (13)问题E：规划可持续城市的发展 (15)问题F：迁移到火星：2100城市社会的乌托邦劳动力 (17)2016 年美赛题目翻译 (20)Program A 浴缸的水温模型 (20)Program B 解决空间碎片问题 (20)Program C 优质基金挑战 (21)2015 年美赛题目翻译 (21)问题一：根除病毒 (21)问题B：寻找失踪的飞机 (22)2014 年美赛题目翻译 (22)问题A：（交通流、路况）优化 (22)问题B：（体育教练）综合评价 (23)2013 年美赛题目翻译 (23)A ：平底锅受热 (23)B：可利用淡水资源的匮乏 (24)2012 年美赛题目翻译 (25)A 题：一棵树的叶子 (25)B：沿着 Big Long River 野营 (25)2011 年美赛题目翻译 (26)A:单板滑雪场地 (26)B：中继站的协调 (26)2010 年美赛题目翻译 (27)A 题：解释棒球棒上的“最佳击球点” (27)B 题系列犯罪地理效应 (27)2018年美赛题目翻译问题A：多跳HF 无线电传播背景：在高频段（HF,定义为3-10MHz），无线电波可以在地球表面和电离层之间的多次反射以进行长距离的传输（从地球表面上的一个点到地球表面上的另一个远点）。
对于低于最大可用频率（MUF）的频率，来自地面源的HF 无线电波将随着每个连续的跳跃继续前进从电离层反射回地球，在那里它们可能再次反射回到电离层，也可能再次反射回地球，等等。
2017年建模美赛E题带翻译
Problem E: Sustainable Cities Needed!Background:Many communities are implementing smart growth initiatives in an effort to consider long range, sustainable planning goals. “Smart growth is about helping every town and city become a more economically prosperous, socially equitable, and environmentally sustainable place to live.”Smart growth focuses on building cities that embrace theE’s of sustainability—Economically prosperous, socially Equitable, and Environmentally Sustainable. This task is more important than ever because the world is rapidly urbanizing. It is projected that by 2050, 66 percent of the world’s population will be urban—this will result in a projected 2.5 billion people being added to the urban population.Consequently, urban planning has become increasingly important andnecessary to ensure that people have access to equitable and sustainable homes, resources and jobs.Smart growth is an urban planning theory that originated in 1990’s as a means to curb continued urban sprawl and reduce the loss of farmland surrounding urban centers. The ten principles for smart growth are1 Mix land uses2 Take advantage of compact building design3 Create a range of housing opportunities and choices4 Create walkable neighborhoods5 Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place6 Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas7 Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities8 Provide a variety of transportation choices9 Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost effective10 Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions These broad principles must be tailored to a community’s unique needs to be effective. Thus, any measure of success must incorporate the demographics, growth needs, and geographical conditions of a city as well as the goal to adhere to the three E’s.2017 ICMProblem E: Sustainable Cities Needed!Tasks:The International City Management Group (ICM) needs your help implementing smart growth theories into city design around the world. Select two mid-sized cities (any city with a population of between 100,000 and 500,000 persons), on two different continents.1. Define a metric to measure the success of smart growth of a city. It should consider the three E’s of sustainability and/or the 10 principles of smart growth.2. Research the current growth plan of the selected cities. Measure and discusshow the current growth plan of each city meets the smart growth principles. How successful are the current plans according to your metric?3. Using smart growth principles develop a growth plan for both cities over the nextfew decades. Support why you chose the components and initiatives of yourplans based on the geography, expected growth rates, and economicopportunities of your cities. Use your metric to evaluate the success of yoursmart growth plans.4. Also using your metric, rank the individual initiatives within your redesigned smart growth plan as the most potential to the least potential. Compare and contrastthe initiatives and their ranking between the two cities.5. Suppose the population of each city will increase by an additional 50% by 2050,explain in what way(s) your plan supports this level of growth?Your ICM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages. Note: The appendix and references do not count toward the 20 page limit.References:[1] Smart Growth: Improving lives by improving communities.https:///[2] EPA, “This is Smart Growth.” 2016https:///smartgrowth/smart-growth-publication[3] World Urbanization Prospects. United Nations. 2014.https:///unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf[4] EPA, “Smart Growth: A Guide to Developing and Implementing Greenhouse Gas Reductions Programs.” 2011./Documents/SCI/Report_Guide/Guide_EPA_SmartGrowthGHGReduction_2011.pdf[5] Duany, Andres, Jeff Speck and Mike Lydon. The Smart Growth Manual.McGraw-Hill. 2010.问题E：需要可持续城市！背景：许多社区正在实施智能增长计划，以努力考虑远程，可持续规划目标。
USACO 2017年首轮月赛铂金级题1(翻译)
USACO 2017年首轮月赛铂金级题1
独特性
就像人类一样，牛也会喜欢自己在某种程度上是独一无二的。
因为农夫约翰的牛都来自同一地方品种和外观非常相似，他们想要让他们名字的独一无二。
每头牛的名字都有一些子字符串。
例如，“amy”有这些子字符串{a,m,y,am,my,amy}和“tommy”的话有以下子字符串:{t,o,m,y,to,om,mm,my,tom,omm,mmy,tomm,ommy,tommy}。
每头牛的名字有一个“独特因数”，这个独特因数指的是区别于其他牛的名字的子字符串的数目。
举个例子，只是amy，那么她的独特因数就是6。
如果是只是Tommy的话，他是独特因数将是14。
如果他们作为一个群体，amy的独特因数只有3，Tommy的只有11。
给定一群奶牛，请确定每头牛的独特因数。
输入格式(文件standingout.in):
第一行输入将包含N(1≤N≤105)。
接下来的N行每行分别为这群牛中每头牛的名字。
每个名字只包含小写字母a - z。
所有名称的总长度不得超过105。
输出格式(文件standingout.out):
输出N数字，每行一为每头牛的独特因数。
样例输入:
3
amy
tommy
bessie
样例输出:
3
11
19。
美赛历年赛题及其翻译-推荐下载
2015年：A题一个国际性组织声称他们研发出了一种能够阻止埃博拉，并治愈隐性病毒携带者的新药。
建立一个实际、敏捷、有效的模型，不仅考虑到疾病的传播、药物的需求量、可能的给药措施、给药地点、疫苗或药物的生产速度，而且考虑你们队伍认为重要的、作为模型一部分的其他因素，用于优化埃博拉的根除，或至少缓解目前（治疗）的紧张压力。
除了竞赛需要的建模方案以外，为世界医学协会撰写一封1-2页的非技术性的发言稿，以便其公告使用。
B题回顾马航MH370失事事件。
建立一个通用的数学模型，用以帮助失联飞机的搜救者们规划一个有效的搜索方案。
失联飞机从A地飞往B地，可能坠毁在了大片水域（如大西洋、太平洋、印度洋、南印度洋、北冰洋）中。
假设被淹没的飞机无法发出信号。
你们的模型需要考虑到，有很多种不同型号的可选的飞机，并且有很多种搜救飞机，这些搜救飞机通常使用不同的电子设备和传感器。
此外，为航空公司撰写一份1-2页的文件，以便在其公布未来搜救进展的新闻发布会上发表。
2014美赛A题翻译问题一:通勤列车的负载问题在中央车站,经常有许多的联系从大城市到郊区的通勤列车“通勤”线到达。
大多数火车很长(也许10个或更多的汽车长)。
乘客走到出口的距离也很长，有整个火车区域。
每个火车车厢只有两个出口,一个靠近终端, 因此可以携带尽可能多的人。
每个火车车厢有一个中心过道和过道两边的座椅，一边每排有两个座椅，另一边每排有三个座椅。
走出这样一个典型车站,乘客必须先出火车车厢,然后走入楼梯再到下一个级别的出站口。
通常情况下这些列车都非常拥挤,有大量的火车上的乘客试图挤向楼梯，而楼梯可以容纳两列人退出。
大多数通勤列车站台有两个相邻的轨道平台。
在最坏的情况下,如果两个满载的列车同时到达,所有的乘客可能需要很长时间才能到达主站台。
建立一个数学模型来估计旅客退出这种复杂的状况到达出站口路上的时间。
假设一列火车有n个汽车那么长,每个汽车的长度为d。
站台的长度是p,每个楼梯间的楼梯数量是q。
2017英语高考真题全国新课标I卷汉语同步翻译
2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I）APacific Science Center Guide◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s StoreDon’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laster Dome.◆HungryOur exhibits will feed your mind but what about your body? Our caféoffers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The caféis located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.◆Rental InformationLockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required.◆S upport Pacific Science CenterSince 1962 Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. Today Pacific Science Center servesA太平洋科学中心指南游览太平洋科学中心的商店当你你体验太平洋科学中心精彩的科学活动课或纪念本次旅行时，不要忘记在太平洋科学中心的商店驻足。
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A题中文翻译：
问题A：管理赞比西河
赞比西河上的卡里巴水坝是非洲较大的水坝之一。
它的建设是有争议的，南非风险管理研究所的2015年报告包括一个警告，大坝是急需维护。
赞比西河管理局（ZRA）可提供若干选择，以解决这一问题。
ZRA特别感兴趣的有三个选项：
（选项1）修复现有的Kariba水坝（选项2）重建现有的Kariba水坝，或（选项3）拆除Kariba 水坝，并更换为沿赞比西河的一系列十到二十个较小的水坝。
这个问题有两个主要要求：
要求1 ZRA管理要求对所列出的三个选项进行简要评估，并提供足够的详细信息，以提供与每个选项相关的潜在成本和收益的概述。
此要求的长度不应超过两页，除了主要报告之外，还必须提供此页面。
要求2对选项（3）进行详细分析- 删除Kariba水坝，并用赞比西河沿岸一系列十至二十个较小的水坝替代。
这个新的水坝系统应该与现有的Kariba水坝具有相同的整体水管理能力，同时为现有的水坝提供与卡里巴湖相同或更高水平的保护和水管理选择。
您的分析必须支持关于沿赞比西河新坝的数量和位置的建议。
在您的要求2报告中，您应该包括一个策略，用于调节通过您的新多坝系统的水流，从而在安全和成本之间提供合理的平衡。
除了解决已知或预测的正常水循环，您的战略应为ZRA 经理提供指导，解释和证明应当采取的行动，以正确处理应急水流情况（即洪水和/或长期低水位状况）。
您的策略应为从最大预期排放到最小预期排放的极端水流提供具体指导。
最后，您的建议战略应包括解决对赞比西河不同地区暴露于极端条件最有害影响的位置和时间长度的任何限制的信息。
您的MCM提交应包括三个要素：标准的1页MCM摘要表，1-2页简要评估报告（要求1）和您的主要MCM解决方案（要求2）不超过20页，最多提交23页面。
注意：您加入的任何附录或参考页面不会计入23页的上限。