国际贸易 简答题

Explain the difference between international trade and domestic trade?1)differences in legal system2)differences in currencies3)differences in cutural background4)differences in natural and economic conditionswhat is more or less clauseThe buyer and seller stipulate in a sales contract that the seller is allowed to deliver the goods Within a certain percentage of more or less than the contracted quantity.1.what is the quality tolerance?what is quality latitude?what’s thedifference between the two?quality tolerance：Quality tolerance means an allowed deviation in quality stipulated by an international organization and recognized internationally.quality latitude：Quality latitude means that the seller and buyer agree that the quality of the delivered goods can vary with an agreed range.Difference:quality tolerance:allowed to deliver the goods within a certain range of tolerance.quality latitude : ①stipulate a certain scope②stipulate more or less clause③stipulate “max”or”min”what are the similarities and differences among FOB,CFR and CIF?Similarities:①the same way of delivery: they are symbolic delivery.the seller’s deliveryvoucher buyer of the payment voucher②the same the mode of transportation: they are used for port-to-port waterwaytransportation③the same place of delivery: seller is on board a ship in the export country④the same as the export customs clearance formalities:the seller⑤the same risk transfer:the ship in port of shipmentDifferences: 1. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation;2. CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; 3. CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.2.What is symbolic delivery?Symbolic delivery means that the seller fulfills his obligation of delivery by transferring the necessary documents representing the title to the goods and the buyer at the stipulated time.Explain the calculation of Export Exchange Cost and Profit and LossRatioExport Exchange Cost :merchandise exports net income how many RMB in return $1Profit and Loss Ratio ：an important index to measure the degree of export profit or less 1.what are the provisions for partial shipment and transshipment according to UP600?Partial shipments:1.unless otherwise stipulated ,partial shipment is allowed2. The goods under the same one contract and loaded on the same vessel will not be regarded as covering a partial shipment.3. If a drawing or shipment by installments within given periods is stipulated in the credit and any installment is not drawn or shipped within the period allowed for that installment，the credit ceases to be available for that any subsequentTransshipment:Transshipment is allowed when the sales contract has a clause like “Transshipment to be allowed”.2.What are the natures ,functions and types of Bill of Lading ?what are the characteristics of rail transport?Bill of lading Natures:①a receipt of cargo②a document title to the goods③an evidence of the contract of carriageFunction:it is an important shipping document that,together with the theinsurance policy and commercial invoices ,constitutes the chiefshipping documents indispensable to foreign traderail transport:large capacity,high speed,punctual,less prone to bad weather,low risk1.What are the conditions of General Average1. General average risk must be real or inevitably produced, not subjectiveSpeculation.2.In order to relieve the joint dangerous cargo ship to take, conscious, rationalmeasures3.The sacrifice is special, and the cost of spending is extra.4.The cost of sacrifice and expense is ultimately effective.1.what is the difference between PA and PC?1.difference Causes of damage :particular average :is directly caused by sea junction for loss of goods, noman-made factors, 'general average:The loss caused by the intentional actions of the people2.Different loss bearingparticular average :Losses are borne by the injured party.general average：Is the benefit from the value of the property in accordancewith the number of the value of the common share what is the endorsement of the bill of exchange ?how many ways types are there for the endorsement?Endorsement: it i s a kind of behavior The holder of a bill of exchange is to sign his name on the back of the bill,Or the name of theendorsement,And the bill of exchange to the endorsement Types: 1.blank endorsement2.special endorsement1.What are the difference between D/P after 30 days sight an D/a after 30 days sight?1time; D/P: can either be payable at sight at sight or some days after sightD/A:can only be payable after sight2.payment D/P:the buyers make payments before they obtain the goodsD/A :when the collecting banks present the relative bills ordocuments to the buyer,they don’t need to pay for them atonceAn exporter concluded:买卖双方要遵守合同，不能违约。