《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 肺癌)【圣才出品】
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(生态环境类 想象中的生命)【圣才出品】
Passage6想象中的生命When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it,they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth.Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist,and even this is doubtful.But there may be other kinds of life based on other chemistry,and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage.His individual units retain a strong sense of personality.They are, in fact,still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives.But man’s societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time.Fifty thousand years from now man’s societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organisms and the inorganic parts（machines）that have been constructed by them.A million years further man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for such situation.If they arrive at aforeign planet that has reached an advanced stage（and this is by no means impossible）,they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be“secondary”—machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce.They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials.If this is the case,they may be much more tolerant of their environment,multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age,millions of years ago,when their planet was favorable to the origin of life,or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.1.What does the word“cheer”（Para1）imply?A.Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.B.Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.C.Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.D.Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.2.Humans on Earth today are characterized by______.A.their existence as free and separate beingsB.their capability of living under favorable conditionsC.their great power and effectivenessD.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society3.According to this passage,some people believe that eventually______.A.human societies will be much more cooperative.B.man will live in a highly organized world.C.machines will take control over man.D.living beings will disappear from Earth.4.Even most imaginative people have to admit that______.A.there is no possibility of the existence of other organisms in our Solar system.B.machines may outlive organisms.C.living beings will disappear from Earth.D.human beings are less developed form of life compared with that of other planets.5.It seems that the writer______.A.is interested in the imaginary life formsB.is eager to find a different from of lifeC.is certain of the existence of a new life formD.is critical on the imaginative people【答案与解析】1.D文章第一段“cheer…that life need not resemble closely…”，可知他们高兴（cheer）的原因是外星球生命可以有不同的形式（different forms of life）。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(教育文化类 远程学习)【圣才出品】
Passage15远程学习Anytime,anyplace.Why the huge upsurge of interest in remote learning?The Internet revolution is part of the answer The Web now provides a formerly missing ingredient in distance education—quick and easy communication between students and instructors,and among classmates.In addition,demand for distance courses has burgeoned thanks to the evolution of the information based economy.“To stay employable,workers need to keep on learning,”says Kay Kohl,executive director of the University Continuing Education Association,an organization of more than400schools.This trend has given rise to an older pool of graduate students:Today,more than half are over age30,and nearly one quarter are over41. Distance education often is a great fit to these working adults,many of whom find it difficult to skip a child’s ballet lesson or fight rush-hour traffic to get to a university campus for class.“I had always wanted a master’s degree.But it’s hard to suspend a career and a family for it,especially when the closest school of public health is four hours away,”says Jerry Parks,assistant health director for A1bemarle Regional Health Services in eastern North Carolina.As it turns out,he didn’t have to move or commute to get his degree.After three years of coursework via teleconferencing and the Internet,Parks is finishing up a master’s from the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina.As more people turn to distance education,a debate has flared over whether itcan be a good substitute for face-to-face instruction.Thomas Russell,author of a 1999report titled The No Significant Difference Phenomenon,which reviews more than350studies of distance learning programs,argues that the two modes of instruction are equivalent as far as student learning is concerned.R.Behrend,for one,believes that distance education is the superior choice.Behrend,45,obtained a doctoral degree in clinical psychology last spring from Walden University,a respected virtual institution.She says the discussions between student and professor,and among peers,were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on-campus master’s programs she previously attended.“We needed to cite references for everything we said in E-mail postings,”explains Behrend.“It wasn’t like the usual chatting in the classroom”.But critics say that many of the studies cited in Russell’s book are poorly designed,and they vehemently（strongly）disagree with his point of view.“I don’t think you can get any education over the Internet,”says Dale Noble,a historian of technology at York University in Toronto.“Education requires a relationship between people because it’s a process of identity formation,validation, encouragement,emulation,and inspiration.This only happens face to face.”Even advocates acknowledge that distance education isn’t for everyone—that it takes independence,self-discipline,and a lot of motivation to succeed.Further, the quality of distance-degree programs is uneven.“A majority of universities have entered the distance-learning market rapidly and are not well prepared.”Thus, it’s important to consider an array of factors before choosing a school:accreditation,program history,cost,academic field,residency,and technology.1.When did distance education begin?A.Unknown.B.After the Internet existed.C.After the Internet came into being.D.When universities started.2.The huge upsurge of interest in remote learning is caused by the following factors except for______.A.Internet revolutionB.the evolution of information economyC.the increasing populationD.the demand for distance courses3.What is meant by“suspend”（Line1,Para.2）?A.Stop.B.Hang up.C.Suspect.D.Leave.4.Which statement disagrees with what Ms.Behrend says?A.The remote education is the best choice.B.The discussion in distance education is not as strict as on the campus.C.The discussion in distance education is not like that in the classroom.D.She got a doctoral,degree from distance education.5.What is the best title?A.Continuing Educationrmation-based EconomyC.Remote LearningD.An Interesting Debate【答案与解析】1.A文中没有提供具体时间。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会经济类 保证金率)【圣才出品】
Passage5保证金率The increase in the margin rate from50%to70%was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong,with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market.Naturally,such a move had a momentarily chilling effect upon prices but if the FRB had been preoccupied with undue speculation,the increase might have been to the80%or even90%level.Such an increase in the margin rate is a confirmation of a strong stock market and since1991,such increases have resulted in interim market highs over twelve months later.Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case,but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course,continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism.The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a50%rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the bluechips for the most part.In past Investment Letters we have voiced the thought that specialty stocks could outperform the general market from this point. We continue to believe that this could be the case.For example,steel stocks tend to sell at certain fixed price earnings ratios.Below a certain ratio they are consideredgood value—above a certain ratio,overpriced.If a company produces a unique product it is far more difficult for market analysis to place a numerical ratio upon the company’s earnings.We have also contended in the past Letters that the stock market reflects mass psychology as well as the business outlook.When investors—both the public and the institutions—are nervous and pessimistic they definitely hesitate to buy stocks:they seek low price/earnings/multiples and high yields.These same investors—when they are in an optimistic frame of mind—become far less preoccupied with yields and more willing to pay a premium for accelerated growth.If the public’s attitude towards the auto industry is any measure,then this period seems to have been one of optimism.1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is______.A.A Time to Sell StocksB.A Strong Stock MarketC.Raising the Margin RateD.Price/Earnings Ratio in Steel2.What do investors do when they are pessimistic?A.They look to the FRB for help.B.They buy steel.C.They buy automobile stocks.D.They look for high yields.3.Why does the writer believe that specialty stocks could outperform the general market?A.Because analysts had difficulty in deciding upon a fixed price/earnings ratio.B.Because the activity had been limited to bluechips.C.Because the rise was conservative.D.Because of the FRB action4.When investors are optimistic,what do they do?A.They look for accelerated growth.B.They buy specialty stocks.C.They look for high yields.D.They are more prudent.5.The investors are willing to buy stocks when they are______.A.rampantB.pessimisticC.nervousD.optimistic【答案与解析】1.B从首段可推出此主题。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 社会趣闻)【圣才出品】
Passage8社会趣闻That title always had grandeur to it.“Miss America.”Ah,the simple,arrogant brilliance.It suggests a prom queen who wants to become the Statue of Liberty. Now she’s75and darned if she isn’t fresh as a Hard Copy headline.When the Atlantic City pageant airs this Saturday in the U.S.on the NBC network,some ambitious young woman—one of the50000who try out each year—will realize the gossamer dream that last year enveloped Heatber Whitestone, the first deaf Miss America.But in the months leading to that night,the pageant has been slapped with unseemly controversy.A Miss Maryland runner-up charges that she was denied her state title because of vote rigging.Other state runners-up are vexed because a woman who had lost the Miss New Jersey competition four times decamped to Delaware and won the title there.And throughout America the anguished debate roils on.Should the swimsuit competition be dropped?Scandal is the coin of contemporary celebrity;it keeps the public interested. Funny how people have really cared about the pageant’s politics:in1945the naming of the first Jewish MissAmerica,Bass Myers on;in1979the dumping of Bert Parks,the show’s emcee for 25years;in1984the dethroning of Vanessa Williams,the first winner of color,after sexually provocative photos surfaced.Race,creed,age,all have clouded the show. But like the winner at the moment of coronation—brandishing a mile—wide smile as she sobs on the edge of both the runway and hysteria—the pageant proves thatpretty can be messy.It serves as a kitsch microcosm of a conflicted country.Miss America is America.This year Americans can be a part of the pageant,and not just by guessing the winner and trashing the losers.In a plebiscite,the I-can’t-believe-its-a-beauty-pageant,pageant is letting viewers decide whether the swimsuit competition will be retained.Before every commercial during the first half of the three-hour show,two phone numbers will appear—one for yes votes, one for no.The tally will be up-dated throughout the program.Normally the swimsuit competition is the first event of the evening;this year it will be the last—unless it is eliminated which it won’t be.Straw polls indicate wide support, and42of the50contestants are for it.Says Emily Orson,Miss Oregon,“The media can make you feel a lot more naked than a swimsuit.So if you can’t be comfortable competing in this,you won’t feel comfortable being Miss America.”No question that the contestants must parade as objects—not sex objects, exactly,since the bathing gear they are made to wear is about as revealing as a cassock,but surely as objects—for ogling,for censure,for pity.Lee Merewether, Miss America1955,recalls her agony in a one piece,“I was dying a thousand deaths.I’ve never had people stare at me like that,and with binoculars!“I’ll be thrilled if they can get rid of it”,says this year’s Miss Montana,Amanda Granule,“We shouldn’t have women in a veiled strip show.”Even Leonard Horn,who runs the Miss America Organization,says,“I personally cannot rationalize it.”Eager to italicize the scholarship program that gives more than$24million a year to contestants,Horn sees the swimsuit segment as a tacky relic of Miss America’s childhood.1.The Miss Maryland runner-up was denied her state title because______A.she didn’t get enough votes.B.somebody was manipulating behind the scene.C.she was charged of some criminal deeds.D.people held a controversial point of view of her.2.The first sentence of Para.3indicates the public______A.is casual about the pageant.B.shows great concern over the outstanding people.C.has nothing to do but gossip.D.is interested in scandals that produce famous persons.3.According to Para.3______A.the pageant is also a political maneuver.B.the pageant is closely connected with race.weight&age.C.pretty is not a blessing.D.the contest for Miss America can reflect the conflicts existing in American society.4.In the view of Miss Oregon,A.the swimsuit competition is much more hideous than the media.B.we have reasons to retain this competition.C.the media is sometimes less annoying than the swimsuit competition.D.the media can reveal more of oneself than the swimsuit does.5.It can be inferred from the text that the competition______A.will be banned.B.will be held every five years.C.will continue to exist.D.becomes popular.【答案与解析】1.B在第二段第三句“一位马里兰州的美国小姐参赛者指责说就是因为选票作弊，而否定她获州小姐称号。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 药物管理)【圣才出品】
Passage4药物管理Under existing law,a new drug may be labeled,promoted,and advertised only for those conditions in which safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated and of which the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)has approved,or so-called “approved uses”.Other uses have come to be called“unapproved uses”and cannot be legally promoted,in a real sense,the term“unapproved”is a misnomer because it includes in one phrase two categories of marketed drugs that are very different:drugs which are potentially harmful and will never be approved, and already approved drugs that have“unapproved”uses.It is common for new uses for drugs already on the market.Also,there are numerous examples of medical progress resulting from the serendipitous observations and therapeutic innovations of physicians,both important methods of discovery in the field of therapeutics.Before such advances can result in new indications for inclusion in drug labeling,however,the available data must meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.Such evidence may require time to develop,and,without initiative on the part of the drug firm,it may not occur at all for certain uses.However,because medical literature on new uses exists and these uses are medically beneficial,physicians often use these drugs for such purposes before FDA reviews or changes in labeling. This is referred to as“unlabeled uses”of drugs.A different problem arises when a particular use for a drug has been examinedscientifically and has been found to be ineffective or unsafe,and yet physicians who either are uninformed or who refuse to accept the available scientific evidence continue to use the drug in this way.Such use may have been reviewed by the FDA and rejected,or,in some cases,the use may actually be warned against in the labeling.This subset of uses may be properly termed“disapproved uses”.1.The author is mainly concerned with______.A.refuting a theoryB.drawing a distinctionC.describing a new developmentD.condemning an error2.Which of the following pairs of terms would the author regard as most nearly opposite?A.approved use and unapproved useB.approved use and disapproved useC.approved use and labeled useD.disapproved use and unapproved use3.The author regards the practice of drugs for medically valid purposes before FDA approval as______.A.a necessary compromiseB.a dangerous policyC.a short-term phenomenonD.an illegal activity4.How can a new medicine achieve an“approved use”according to the text?A.It has to meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well controlled clinical trials.B.It has to show safety and effectiveness which have been approved of by the FDA.C.It has to be safe and effective before it is labeled,promoted and advertised by the FDA.D.It has to be innovative and therapeutically effective.【答案与解析】1.B句意为：作者主要关心的是什么。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(宗教信仰类 战胜挫折)【圣才出品】
Passage4战胜挫折The film is not without its drawbacks.Disappointment,failure,self-doubt, regrets over opportunities,missed or misused.These are always the lot of the person in motion,which is why we must never forget the natural human bond that holds us all together and puts each grief into a common store of experience.For those in motion,these grieves are the inevitable consequence of ambition, particularly in a competitive society such as ours.Many of us today are rather ambivalent about the virtues of a competitive society,particularly one that celebrates material success and celebrity status.In view of these questionable virtues,we have tried to substitute security and reassurance for the loss of self-esteem that comes from not getting an A,not getting a promotion,not getting a Mercedes or a Porsche,not getting an appearance on the Johnny Carson show.As a result I am tempted to assuage your disappointment by changing your grade,thereby brightening your life at least temporarily.Such a change,I’m afraid,might do far more harm than good in the long run. In my experience,unmerited approval carries with it the risk of seriously distorting a young person’s perception of reality:seeing the world as a far more benign place than it actually is,and seeing the self as more able,more competent,than is truly the case.This kind of distortion can be very crippling for the person in motion, giving a false picture of accomplishment that makes the inevitable jolts later onbruising and injurious.I know your B comes as a jolt.Not enough to make you break your stride,I hope.I also hope our perceptions of the course mesh well enough so that the grade seems fair to you.Most of all,I hope that what I’ve said helps you to understand the limitations of any grade as a measure of who you are and what you can do.It’s a symbol,a mark on a piece of paper.Nothing more.Years ago,our high school principal wrote,as was customary then,a short message to the graduating class for the school yearbook.She was a formidable woman:white-haired,gimlet-eyed,quiet and precise in her manner.Her message to us was:I believe the class of1994will go forward,and as they go forward, achieve.Not a bad message,I’ve always felt.Hopeful,encouraging;but qualified just enough to let us know we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously(the“I believe”is certainly less fulsome than“I am sure”).A good way of wishing us all luck in the years to come.May you have your fair share of it as you move along.And may you find strength somewhere to endure whatever disappointments come your way symbolic and actual.1.“The natural human bond”in(Para.1)refers to______.A.drawbacksB.lotC.grievesD.ambition2.According to the author,which of the following is not the virtues of the current society?A.Material success.B.Celebrity status.C.Security and reassurance.D.Academic success.3.According to the author,changing a student’s grade from B to A ultimately ______.A.brighten his lifeB.assuages his disappointmentC.attains academic successD.distorts his outlook4.The high school principle’s message to the1994graduating class is______.A.like the principle herself,formidableplimentaryC.appropriate and encouragingD.symbolic5.The word“ambivalent”(Para.2)is closest in meaning to______.A.ambitiousB.at a lossC.criticalD.mad【答案与解析】1.C根据第一段前文中的“disappointment”、“failure”等词及后文出现的“grief”可以判断选项C正确。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 动物调节体温不同方式)【圣才出品】
Passage19动物调节体温不同方式Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature,and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around37ºC;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations,the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures.Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time,but popular terminology still reflects the old division into“warm-blooded’and “cold-blooded”species;warm-blooded included mammals and birds,whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied,it became evident that this classification was inadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana—each cold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature,called homotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment,called poikilotherms.But this classification also proved inadequate,because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore,many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water,and their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by,and who get most of their heat from,the environment.The former are called endotherms,and the latter are called ectotherms.Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature,and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat.Endotherms(mainly mammals and birds)also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments,but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.1.The passage mainly discusses______.A.body temperatures of various animalsB.the newest research on measuring temperatureC.methods of temperature reductionD.the classification of animals by temperature regulation2.Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A.Warm-bloodedB.EctothermicC.Cold-bloodedD.Poikilothermic3.In general,the temperature of endotherms is regulated______.A.consciouslyB.internallyC.inadequatelyD.environmentally4.According to the passage,the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by______.A.seeking out appropriate locationsB.hibernating part of the yearC.staying in deep waterD.triggering certain metabolic processes5.According to the passage,human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by______.A.choosing favorable environmentsB.internal metabolic processesC.eating more foodD.doing physical exercises【答案与解析】1.D问本文主要讨论了什么问题。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类 人类学)【圣才出品】
Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 滥用动物做实验)【圣才出品】
Passage20滥用动物做实验The National Institutes of Health(NIH)last week suspended a portion of its funding for animal research at Columbia University in New York City after an announced site inspection by the agency turned up serious animal-care deficiencies.This is the first such suspension ordered since the agency’s new animal-welfare accreditation rules went into effect Dec.31.The suspension involves only research conducted at the university’s health sciences division—which includes the medical school—and is limited to studies using vertebrates,including dogs and sheep,above the level of rodents.Columbia hopes that its immediate steps to overcome the stated deficiencies will permit reinstatement of curtailed research funds within six weeks,according to university spokesman Mae Rudolph.Though the university did not disclose how many research studies are affected,it said that at least75percent of the animals used in health sciences research are rodents.The deficiencies,cited as reasons for the suspension in a Jan.27letter to Columbia by NIH Director James B.Wyngaarden,were no surprise to university officials.“Last year,recognizing that there were deficiencies,the health sciences division began a major,longrange program of improvements”,the university noted in a statement issued earlier this week.The unannounced site visit,Dommet says,was triggered by two things:letters to NIH officials,including its director,complaining about the care and abuse oflaboratory animals;and the university’s own report on its animal-care program—a report required(under the new NIH animal-welfare rules)of all research institutions receiving funds from the public Health Service,NIH’s parent agency.1.The best title of this passage would be______.A.New Animal-welfare RulesB.Animal-care Deficiencies at Columbia UniversityC.NIH Conducted an Unannounced Site InspectionD.NIH Limited Animal Studies at Columbia University2.According to the passage,how many research studies are affected by the suspension?A.At least75%conducted at the health sciences division.B.About25%conducted at the health sciences division.C.All that were conducted at the health sciences division.D.All except those conducted in the medical school.3.According to the new NIH animal-welfare rules,research institutions receiving funds from the public Health Service should give reports______.A.on their animal-care programsB.on required research fundsC.on NIH’s workD.on the progress of their researchers4.All the following are false EXCEPT______.A.only the university’s health sciences division knows what the suspensionwould affect.B.Columbia would begin to overcome the deficiencies in no more than6weeks.C.Columbia had no idea of the deficiencies when the suspension was announced.D.director of NIH learned of the abuse of laboratory animals before the site visit.【答案与解析】1.D句意为：本文最佳标题是什么。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 恐惧症)【圣才出品】
Passage17恐惧症Phobia is intense and persistent fear of a specific object,situation,or activity. Because of this intense and persistent fear,the phobic person often leads a constricted life.The anxiety is typically out of proportion to the real situation,and the victim is fully aware that the fear is irrational.Phobic anxiety is distinguishable from other forms of anxiety only in that it occurs specifically in relation to a certain object or situation.This anxiety is characterized by physiological symptoms such as a rapid,pounding heartbeat, stomach disorders,nausea,diarrhea,frequent urination,choking feelings,flushing of the face,perspiration,tremulousness,and faintness.Some phobic people are able to confront their fears.More commonly,however,they avoid the situation or object that causes the fear—an avoidance that impairs the sufferer’s freedom.Psychiatrists recognize three major types of phobias.Simple phobias are fears of specific objects or situations such as animals,closed spaces,and heights.The second type,agoraphobia,is fear of open,public places and situations(such as public vehicles and crowded shopping centers)from which escape is difficult; agoraphobics tend increasingly to avoid more situations until eventually they become housebound.Social phobias,the third type,are fears of appearing stupid or shameful in social situations.The simple phobias,especially the fear of animals, may begin in childhood and persist into adulthood.Agoraphobia characteristically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood,and social phobia is also associatedwith adolescence.Although agoraphobia is more often seen in treatment than the other types of phobia,it is not believed to be as common as simple phobia.Taken together,the phobias are believed to afflict5to10persons in100.Agoraphobia and simple phobia are more commonly diagnosed in women than in men;the distribution for social phobia is not known.Agoraphobias,social phobias,and animal phobias tend to run in families.Behavioral techniques have proved successful in treating phobias,especially simple and social phobias.One technique,systematic desensitization,involves gradually confronting the phobic person situations or objects that are increasingly close to the feared ones.Exposure therapy,another behavioral method,has recently been shown more effective.In this technique,phobic are repeatedly exposed to the feared situation or object so that they can see that no harm befalls them;the fear gradually fades.Anti-anxiety drugs have also been used as palliatives. Anti-depressant drugs have also proved successful in treating some phobias.1.According to the passage,a phobic person has fear______.A.because he thinks life is terribleB.when he thinks he will lead a constricted lifeC.even if he knows that his fear is unnecessaryD.when he imagines that his safety is threatened by others2.All the following symptoms may be experienced by a phobic except______.A.sweatingB.tremblingC.paralysisD.feeling like vomiting3.When faced with the object or situation they are afraid of,most phobic______.A.try to escape from the object or situationB.try to pick up courage and face the object or situationC.go to their doctors so as to gain freedomD.know that their fears are the same with other forms of anxiety4.People suffering from agoraphobia may be afraid of______.A.staying with dogs and catsB.taking the bus in rush hoursC.standing on top of a high buildingD.staying alone at home5.Systematic desensitization and exposure therapy are similar ways of treating phobias______.A.because both involve gradual exposure of phobic to fear stimuliB.because both are behavioral methodsC.because both use anti-anxiety drugsD.because both merely bring about a temporary solution【答案与解析】1.C题干部分说患惧恐症的人感到恐惧，在下面四个选项中选出与之相关的正确内容。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》（艺术新闻类欧洲摇滚乐）【圣才出品】
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》（艺术新闻类欧洲摇滚乐）【圣才出品】Passage5欧洲摇滚乐As rock and roll music has shifted from subculture status into the main stream of popular culture,it has distributed messages of social deviance, class-consciousness,and even revolution in wide audience.In the process,exotic subculture values may have been legitimized and social class relations identified and interpreted.The very origins of rock and roll music in the United States and England are class related grounded in the day-to-day experiences of working-class white and black youth.Advanced sound-recording techniques and the emergence of specialized radio formats in the United States have extended the range of rock music’s influence by transporting the sounds to young middle-and upper-classlisteners.However,the proliferation of a new form of sub cultural music,known as new wave,is meeting with resistance from two principal sources—culture industries that inclined to produce only“safe”marketplace commodities and audience members who have yet to accept the unfamiliar sounds.In England,the relationship between working-class youth and music has been a colorful one.Unconventional British youth of the1950s(teddy boys),the1960s (rockers,modes,skinheads),and the1970s and1980s(punks)have used forms of rock and roll,including its nonmusical cultural features,as objects of communal symbolic resistance to a class-based social system that provokes feelings of economic despair.Many of England’s first punk-rock bands such as the Sex Pistols, and the Clash wrote and recorded fierce anthems that denounced perceivedgovernment-enforced practices of socioeconomic injustice.The punk movement in England has been noted for its oppositional“extremism”(loud,short,up-tempo songs created by men and women who wear short,spiky haircuts,tattered clothing, and safety pins piercing the skin).Political and social consciousness continues to be reflected in the lyrics of music made by British bands such as the Gang of Four and Au Pairs,during what has been termed a period of“post-punk pop avant-garde”.1.The rock and roll music are rooted______.A.in EnglandB.in young working people in America and EnglandC.in a world of wide audienceD.and developed in America2.How can the young middle and upper class people know rock music?A.The advanced techniques have widened the music’s influence.B.They like rock music.C.As the music has become a popular culture.D.They prefer to listen to radio.3.Working-class youth have used rock and roll______.A.in economic desperationB.and opposed classical musicC.to express their feeling against unfair social phenomenaD.only to reflect their political demands4.We can infer from this passage that______.A.rock and roll music are very good musicB.rock and roll music are closely related with young people’s ideas to social and political problemsC.the society is heading forward,and so the musicD.music against upper-class will be in vain【答案与解析】1.B句意为：摇滚乐根源于何地与何种⼈群之中。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类 学习规律)【圣才出品】
Passage12学习规律By far the most common difficulty in study is simple failure to get down to regular concentrated work.This difficulty is much greater for those who do not work to a plan and have no regular routine of study.Many students muddle along a bit of this subject or that,as the mood takes them,or letting their set work pile up until the last possible moment.Few students work to a set time-table.They say that if they did construct a time-table for themselves they would not keep to it,or would have to alter it constantly,since they can never predict from one day to the next what their activities will be.No doubt some temperaments take much more kindly to a regular routine than others.There are many who shy away from the self-regimentation of a weekly time-table,and dislike being tied down to a definite program of work.Many able students claim that they work in cycle.When they become interested in a topic, they work on it intensively for three or four days at a time.On other days they avoid work completely.It has to be confessed that we do not fully understand the complexities of the motivation to work.Most people over25years of age have become conditioned to a work routine,and the majority of really productive workers set aside regular hours for the more important aspects of their work.The “tough-minded”school of workers is usually very contemptuous of the idea that good work can only be done spontaneously under the influence of inspiration.Themost energetic of authors,Anthony Trollops wrote:“There are those...who think that the man who works with imagination should allow himself to wait till inspiration moves him.When I have heard such doctrine preached,I have hardly been able to repress my scorn”.1.The most widespread problem in applying oneself to study is that of______.A.the failure to keep to a routine of methodic and intensive workB.changing from one subject to anotherC.allowing the set work to accumulateD.applying yourself to a subject only when you feel inclined2.According to the author,there are many who______.A.do not like being forced to study seven days a weekB.are too timid to accustom themselves to studyC.refuse to exert themselves the whole week as if under military disciplineD.shrink from the sell-discipline required for working according to a weekly plan3.The author states that we must admit that we do not fully understand______.A.how complex is that driving force which impels us to workB.how great are the difficulties involved in forcing ourselves to workC.how great are the complications which arise from urging people to workD.the complex reasons why some people feel the urge to work4.The majority of people over25years of age______.A.have become acquainted with the boredom of workB.consider a regular system of work as a necessary condition of lifeC.have been forced to adapt themselves to a regular course of workD.have become accustomed to a regular pattern of work5.A suitable title for the passage might be______.A.“Attitudes to Study and Life”B.“Study”C.“Study and Self-discipline”D.“The Difficulties of Studying”【答案与解析】1.A第一段提到，学习中的困难是不能安下心来进行有规律的、集中的学习。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》-Unit9~10【圣才出品】
Unit 9 医学保健类Passage 1 血液库存问题Post-holiday blood shortages are nothing new to hospitals. But last week, physician James Devitt at Miami Valley Hospital saw disaster looming. For the first time ever, he called surgeons at home and urged them to postpone all nonemergency surgeries requiring large amounts of blood. By the time he was done dialing, Devitt had persuaded surgeons to reschedule at least 14 operations. Not that he was pleased by the delays. “If we don’t get some of these surgeries done soon,” Devitt says, “they could become emergencies.”Miami Valley wasn’t alone. Confronting a national blood shortage, physicians in Atlanta, Pittsburgh, New York, Baltimore, and Washington moved to postpone nonemergency surgeries. “We’ve never seen cancellations of surgeries like this,” says Melissa Macmillan, spokesperson for America’s Blood Centers (ABC). “It’s absolutely the last resort.”The blood shortage was so grim that about half of all U.S. blood banks carried less than a one-day supply. Normally, they stockpile three days’ worth. Suppliers need the extra red cells on hand for emergencies like car accidents—one trauma patient can quickly wipe out a hospital’s entire b lood supply.This month’s crippling blood drought is worse than usual because winter storms forced cancellations of blood drives in the Midwest, considered America’s“blood basket”. Blood providers like ABC and the Red Cross count on that region to supply the rest of the country during normal shortages. But last week, icy roads kept donors away from blood banks, while school and workplace closings forced blood-drive organizations to cancel events.Blood industry experts say the long-term outlook is ominous. Hospitals need more blood to treat an aging population, and donations aren’t keeping pace. Only 5 % of those eligible donate, and even fewer people plan to give this year, according to a recent Harris Poll. The ranks of the most loyal donors, the World War II generation, are thinning. For the most part, baby boomers say they are too busy, and young people are apathetic.1. The quotation of Devitt’s remarks in Paragraph One serves to ______.A. prove that he was not pleased by the delaysB. explain that blood shortage is not rareC. analyze the characteristics of emergenciesD. emphasize the necessity of blood transfusion2. What is the subject of Paragraph Two?A. The inefficiency of most physiciansB. The seriousness of the nationwide blood shortageC. The disappointment of the ABC spokespersonD. The significance of the cancellations of surgeries3. What can we learn from Paragraph Three?A. Blood price is higher because of the blood shortage.B. One patient has used up a hospital’s entire blood supply.C. Red cells are usually more available than some other thugs.D. Many suppliers are facing a marked shrinkage of blood stock.4. What is said about the Midwest?A. Blood drives forced school and workplace closings.B. A severe draught hit the area this month.C. It is the major area for blood donation.D. Donors there were organized to drive to the rest of the country.5. “Baby boomers” (in Paragraph 5) most probably refer to ______.A. the World War II generationB. the middle-aged AmericansC. the aging populationD. the most loyal donors6. Which of the following best describes the tone of the author?A. OminousB. IronicC. ApatheticD. Worrisome【答案与解析】1.A 该段主要讲由于血库存量有限，医生被迫暂时推迟一些手术。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(历史地理类 泰坦尼克号与珍珠港)【圣才出品】
Passage1泰坦尼克号与珍珠港Moviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend.The summer’s most anticipated film,Pearl Harbor,which has opened recently,painstakingly recreates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II.But that isn’t the film’s only reminder of the past.Harbor invites comparison to Titanic,the biggest hit of all time.Like Titanic,Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event.Like Titanic,Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life.Like Titanic,Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours.Both stories center on young passion,triangles of tension with one woman and two men.In Titanic,Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman,a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate（Winslet）.In Harbor,two pilots（Ben Affelek,Josh Hartnett）fall for the same woman,a nurse played by a British actress named Kate（Beckinsale）.The scenes of peril also have similarities.Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes.The moment is recalled of the Titanic’s climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water.In Harbor,one of its stars floats a piece of debris in the middle of the night,much like Winslet’s character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor’s40-minute recreation of Dec.7,1941attack on the United States’Pacific Fleet.Both films spent heavily on special effects.Harbor director,Michael Bay,for example,said he kept salaries down,so more could be spent on the visuals.Both movies’shot events and their ship-sinking scenes were completed at the same location,Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor’s makers have even taken a Titanic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song,There You’ll be,performed by country music superstar Faith Hill.Titanic,which is one of the best-selling soundtracks of all time, also had only one pop song:Celine Dion’s My Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker,filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material,”said a critic.1.What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A.The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B.Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C.The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D.Sinking boats and famous actors.2.What does the phrase“cost a pretty penny”in the first paragraph mean?A.To be very attractiveB.To cost a lotC.To have big box office returnsD.To require a lot of effort to accomplish3.It is said in the passage that______.A.major historical events can never repeat themselvesB.both Titanic and Pearl Harbor are the historical reappearanceC.Pearl Harbor may have a better box office return than TitanicD.Titanic is the most successful film in history4.Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all the following aspects EXCEPT______.A.both spent large amount of money on special effectsB.both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC.both added made-up stories to historical eventsD.both are documentary movies of historical events5.If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic,which of the following movies might we see next?A.The Battle of Waterloo.B.The Adventures of Mr.Bean.C.Space Invaders.D.The Haunted House.【答案与解析】1.C文章中多处表达证明本题的正确答案是C。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 在假期保持健康)【圣才出品】
Passage14在假期保持健康Do people who choose to go on exotic,far-flung holidays deserve free health advice before they travel?And even if they pay,who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information?Who,for that matter,should collect that information in the first place?For a variety of reasons,travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants.As a result,many travelers who go abroad ill-prepared to avoid serious disease.Why is travel medicine so unloved?Partly there’s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers,this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines.It delves into everything from seasickness,jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague.But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home.But it is notoriously difficult to get anybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy.Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests—the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies.And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections,they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers’diarrhea in Turkey,or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take.“The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers’health,”says Ron Behrens,the only NHS consultant in travel andtropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London.“Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for?It’s a gray area,and opinion is split.No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,”he says.To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy,travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best.In most cases we just don’t know how many Britains contract diseases when abroad.And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went,what they ate,how they behaved,or which vaccinations they had.This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people,information that might even save their lives.A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued:“Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence,distribution and control.”Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice?The real figure is anybody’s guess,but it could easily run into millions.Behrens gives one example.Britain spends more than￡1million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don’t work and so give people a false sense of security.“Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,”he says.1.Travel medicine in Britain is______.A.not something anyone wants to runB.the responsibility of the governmentC.administered by private doctorsD.handled adequately by travel agents2.The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to______.A.prevent people from falling illB.make money out of itC.give advice on specific countriesD.get the government to pay for it3.In Behren’s opinion the question of who should run travel medicine______.A.is for the government to decideB.should be left to specialist hospitalsC.can be left to travel companiesD.has no clear and simple answer4.People will only think better of travel medicine if______.A.it is given more resources by the governmentB.more accurate information on its value is availableC.the government takes over responsibility from the NHSD.travelers pay more attention to the advice they get【答案与解析】1.A文章的第一段中提到：“…travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobodywants.”与选项A：“not something anyone wants to run”同义，因此应该选A。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会经济类 学术研究的商业价值)【圣才出品】
Passage3学术研究的商业价值Nobody ever went into academic circles to make a fast fortune.Professors, especially those in medical-and technology-related fields,typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do.But suddenly,big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower,as university administrators make up to the commercial potential of academic research.And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive:the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed132universities and found that they earned a combined$576million from patent royalties in1998,a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations,particularly pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.Now Columbia is going retail—on the Web.It plans to go beyond the typical “”model,free sites listing courses and professors’research interests. Instead,it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will be spun off as an independent company.The site will provide free access to educational and research content,say administrators,as well as advanced features that are already available to Columbia students,such as a simulation of the construction and architecture of a French cathedral and interactive3-D models of organic chemicals.Free pages will feed into profit-generating areas,such as online courses and seminars,and related books and tapes.Columbia executive vicepresident Michael Crow imagines“millions of visitors”to the new site,including retirees and students willing to pay to tap into this educational resource.“We can offer the best of what’s thought and written and researched,”says Ann Kirschner, who heads the project.Columbia also is anxious not be beaten by some of the other for-profit“knowledge sites,”such as and Hungry Minds.“If they capture this space,”says Crow,“they’ll begin to cherry-pick our best faculty.”Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher,the department and the university,and Web profits would work the same way,so many faculty members are delighted.But others find the trend worrisome:is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one who doesn’t?Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?“If there’s the perception that we might be making money from our efforts, the authority of the university could be diminished,”worries Herve Varenne,a cultural anthropology professor at Columbia’s education school.Says Kirschner:“we would never compromise the integrity of the university.”Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen,but one thing is clear.It’s going to take the best minds on camps to find a new balance between profit and purity.1.In the past,professors______.A.could earn as much as doctorsB.were able to earn more than engineersC.were not good at earning moneyD.did not intend to earn money easily2.Columbia’s Web site can provide free______.A.expertise of its professorsB.listing of courses and professors’research interestsC.online courses and seminarsD.books and tapes related to the course3.What worries Michael Crow most is______.A.that they’ll not beat other educational“knowledge sites”B.that the spun-off company will remain independentC.that their educational resource will be tapped intoD.that their faculty’s brains will be picked by their competitors4.Which of the following will those worrying about the trend support?A.Professors working in profitable fields are less reliable.B.More support should be given to musty areas other than profit-generating ones.C.Professors in technology-related fields should earn more than their counterparts do in industry.D.People working in pharmaceutical and high-tech companies should earn the biggest money.5.Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?A.The impressive profits tend to undermine the integrity of the university.B.Some universities are struggling with new ways to turn ideas into cash.C.It’s important to make use of bright ideas to make more profits.D.Columbia’s new site is to create profits.【答案与解析】1.D从文中第一段可知，进入学界的人，没有想一夜发财的，在一些技术领域，收入要比在企业界的相同行业少。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类 电脑中的伦理问题)【圣才出品】
Passage9电脑中的伦理问题At PARC,we have lived with ubiquitous computing for almost ten years.Early on we confronted the question of how to do this work most ethically.We concluded that it is vitally important for everyone,scientists and consumers alike,to remain alert to the ethical issues we may face as the world becomes filled with embedded, invisible computers.Computer chips have been inserted into everyday objects since the earliest days of the microprocessor.Today,an average home might have40chips in various devices,from remote controls to alarm clocks to wristwatches.This fact has raised few new ethical issues.But as computers become more and more ubiquitous,and less visually obvious,three questions arise.Firstly,will these chips’thinking for us make us forget how to think for ourselves?Secondly,will an“information underclass”without access to these devices be created?And thirdly,will these chips invade our privacy?The goal of ubiquitous computing is to make technology invisible and,by embedding computers into everyday things,make the things themselves smarter. But will this lead to dumber people with less control over their technology? Automobiles,for example,use embedded computers for a host of functions that improve their performance and reliability.But fewer people now know enough about their car to be their own mechanic.Should this loss of a once common skill concern us?I think not.Ever since the first pre-human shaped a stone into an axe,we have been improving our technology.The invention of the axe did represent a loss of control,because some people were better at making axes than others.But the axe also made life easier,so we had more time to develop other skills,like agriculture,art and writing.As another step along this continuum of invention, ubiquitous computing won’t make people dumber;it will give them time to get smart about other things.I believe,however,that everyone should be given an equal opportunity to get smart about other things.In this regard,there is legitimate concern that the new ubiquitous computers won’t be equally available to everyone,thus driving a wedge between high-tech“haves”and“have-nots”.But it is important to realize that the prime mover behind the latest technology is not the technology itself,but an agreement—the Internet.Agreeing on low computers should talk to one another on the internet has tremendous advantages for exchanging information,decreasing the cost of technology and creating new market opportunities.If all chips are able to relate to each other,then information can be shared cheaply.This means that Internet access may eventually cost only a dollar or two.If the trend towards ever cheaper,more widespread access to information continues,there will be no information underclass.Ubiquitous computing will make our lives more convenient,but it will also allow computers to know everything about us:private actions,such as reading the newspaper,may be shared with other computers—and their owners—all over theworld.When computers know so much,who will they tell?If a computer runs your toaster,for example,it knows when you make toast, and how many slices.By correlating toast-making activity with the license plate numbers of cars parked in front of your house,a computer could determine if a guest had spent the night.But if you were a married politician,and even if you were not,you might want to keep this information secret.Democracy is based on the principle that if people have enough information, wise decisions will be made.In an age in which embedded computers will provide us with ever more information,it is vital that the ethical implications of this new technology be openly debated.With a little vigilance and planning,we can reap the benefits of this new technology without compromising our intelligence,our opportunities or our freedom.1.It can be inferred that“PARC”is a place where______.puters are manufacturedB.scientists and consumers live togetherC.there are computers embedded all aroundD.ethical issues are taught in class2.All of the following are mentioned by the author as having chips inside EXCEPT ______.A.remote controlsB.alarm clocksC.watchesD.microwave ovens3.The expression“information underclass”in paragraph2is closest in meaning to______.rmation that is below parrmation under studyC.people that provide informationD people that do not get as much information as others4.While discussing whether information will be widely available in the long run,the author centers his analysis on matters of______.A.costB.human natureC.intellectual property rightsD.mass media5.The author’s attitude toward ubiquitous computing can best be described as ______.A.cautious optimismB.unreserved approvalC.grave skepticismD.adamant opposition【答案与解析】1.C首句就指出了“PARC”全面电脑化已近十年了（lived with ubiquitous computingfor almost ten years），可见C为正确答案。
《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 糖尿病)【圣才出品】
Passage13糖尿病Children of older mothers run a higher risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes,the British Medical Journal said.A strong association was found between increasing maternal age at delivery and risk of(insulin-dependent)diabetes in the child.Risk was highest in firstborn children and decreased progressively with higher birth order.Diabetes is a serious,incurable,lifelong disease characterized by an inability to control the amount of sugar in the blood.Insulin-dependent diabetes, which mainly affects children,is treated by administering the hormone insulin.Gale looked into1,375families in the Oxford area where one or more children had diabetes and found that the risk of a child developing insulin-dependent diabetes increased by25percent for each five-year band of the mother’s age.The risk of developing diabetes was also linked to the age of the father.For every five-year band of the father’s age the risk of the child developing diabetes increased by nine percent.The risk of diabetes was highest among the firstborn children of mothers who started their families late and the risk decreased by about 15percent for each subsequent child,the BMJ said.The older the mother the earlier the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes in the child.Other studies have already shown that children born to older mothers,over the age of35,have an increased risk of diabetes but this study is the fact to establish that risk increases continuously in relation to increasing maternal age.The new study is the first to show the risk was related to birth order.The study also partly explains increasing diabetes.Between1970and1996the proportion of children born to mothers aged between30and34increased to28 percent from15percent and this could account for rising numbers of childhood diabetics,the scientists said in the BMJ.The increase in maternal age at delivery in the UK over the past two decades could partly account for the increase in incidence of child-hood diabetes over this period.The diabetes charity Diabetes UK agreed that the study may have uncovered a reason for the“alarming increase in the rate of(insulin-dependent)diabetes among children in recent years.”“This study may well provide a clue to the understanding of this problem.It is most likely that there are a number of factors to explain the increase.There are some1.4million diagnosed diabetes sufferers in Britain”,Diabetes UK said.Of these1.4million sufferers there are20,000people under age20who suffer from insulin-dependent diabetes.1.According to the passage,whether a child develops insulin-dependent diabetes or not may be associated with the following factors except,______.A.the maternal age at deliveryB.the age of the fatherC.the birth orderD.the amount of sugar a child and his mother consume2.What kind of children may be at the highest risk of developing diabetes?A.The children who live in a large familyB.The children whose mothers are five year older than their fathersC.The third-born children whose fathers started families lateD.The first-born children whose mothers started families late3.What is the correlation between the mother’s age and the time a child develops diabetes?A.The younger the mother the earlier the onset of diabetes in the child.B.The older the mother the earlier the onset of diabetes in a child.C.The older the mother the later the onset of diabetes in a child.D.The mother’s age has little to do with the time a child develops diabetes.4.What is the possible reason for the increase of childhood diabetes over the past 20years in the United Kingdom?______.A.It may be that the maternal age at delivery is increased.B.It may be that the diabetes incidence has increased from15%to28%.C.It may be that it is an alarm to symbol the seriousness of childhood diabetes.D.It may be that the number of children is increased greatly.5.How many people are there in UK’s population diagnosed as diabetes patients?A.About twenty thousandB.About one million four hundred thousandC.About one million four hundred and twenty thousandD.About twenty thousand and twenty【答案与解析】1.D句意为：根据文章大意，孩子是否患胰岛素依赖型糖尿病可能与下面哪一种因素无关。
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Passage10肺癌
Among all the malignancies,lung cancer is the biggest killer;more than 100,000Americans die of the disease,giving up smoking is one of obvious ways to reduce the risk,but another answer may lie in the kitchen.According to a new report,even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by eating a daily portion of carrots,spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing a form of vitamin A called carotene.
The finding,published in The Lancet,is part of a long-range investigation of diet and disease.Since1957,some American researchers have monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of2,000middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co.in Chicago.Led by Dr.Richard Shekelle of St.Luke’s Medical Center,and the researchers recently began to sort out the links between the subjects’dietary patterns and cancer.Other studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.The correlation seemed logical,explains Shekelle,since vitamin A is essential for the growth of the epithelial(上皮的)tissue that lines the airways of the lungs.
But the earlier research did not distinguish between the two different forms of the vitamin.“Preformed”vitamin A,known as retinol,is found mainly in liver and dairy products like milk,cheese,butter and eggs.But vitamin A is also made in the body from carotene,which is abundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits, including carrots,spinach,squash,tomatoes,sweet potatoes and apples.
In the study,Shekelle and his colleagues found little correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and the consumption of foods containing preformed vitamin A.But when they examined the data on carotene intake,they discovered a significant relationship.Among the488men who had the lowest level of carotene consumption,there were14cases of lung cancer;in a group of the same size that ate the most carotene,only two cases developed.The apparent protective effect of carotene held up even for long-time smokers—but to a lesser degree.
Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.In the meantime,researchers warn against taking large numbers of vitamin A pills,because the tablets contain a form of the chemical that can be extremely toxic in high doses.Instead,they advise a well-balanced diet that includes goods rich in carotene.For a smoker,a half-cup of carrots every day might possibly make the difference between life and death.
1.The word“malignancy”(line1,Para.1)most probably refers to______.
A.cancer
B.sickness
C.vitamins
D.disease
2.Preformed vitamin A is NOT found in______.
k
B.eggs
C.apples
D.cheese
3.Carotene is present in all of the following EXCEPT______.
A.tomatoes
B.carrots
C.squash
D.butter
4.Among the groups studied,who had the most cases of lung cancer?
A.Those with the lowest level of carotene intake
B.Those with the highest level of carotene intake
C.Those who ate only foods containing carotene
D.Those with the lowest intake of carrots
5.What is needed to establish firmly the link between carotene and lung cancer?
A.Further study.
B.More money.
C.More cases of lung cancer
D.More people willing to eat carrots.
【答案与解析】
1.A原文中认为：lung cancer是所有恶性肿瘤中最大的杀手，由此可以推断应该是A
（cancer），癌症就是一种肿瘤。
2.C维A醛能在肝制品和奶制品中找到，可以根据这个来推断C（苹果）为正确答案。
3.D这道题的做法应该与72题的做法相同——排除法。
胡萝卜素一般都在蔬菜和水果中
可以找到，所有选项都是水果或蔬菜除了D（奶油）外，故D为正确答案。
4.A倒数第二段中说胡萝卜素摄入量最低的人群中患肺癌的最多，摄入胡萝卜素最多的人
群中患肺癌的人最少（2个）。
其余选项与原文相反或未提及。
5.A最后一段第一句即提供了很明确的答案：further study。
故A为正确答案。