Personal Software Process
psp教程
PSP教程1. PSP简介PSP（Personal Software Process），个人软件过程，是一种软件开发管理方法，它旨在帮助个人软件开发人员提高工作效率和质量。
PSP最初由Watts S. Humphrey在1986年提出，并在软件工程研究所（SEI）得到进一步发展和推广。
2. PSP的优势PSP的优势主要体现在以下几个方面：2.1 提高个人效率通过PSP的规范和流程，个人软件开发人员可以建立一套科学的工作流程，从而提高自己的工作效率。
PSP要求开发人员进行严格的需求分析、计划、设计、编码和测试等过程，帮助开发人员更好地组织工作，避免了无效的重复劳动。
2.2 提升代码质量PSP鼓励开发人员在开发过程中进行代码复用和测试，并要求记录每一次软件开发的过程和各种指标，通过分析这些指标，开发人员可以及时发现并改正自己的问题，从而提高代码的质量。
2.3 促进团队合作虽然PSP主要是个人软件开发方法，但它也可以促进团队合作。
团队成员共同遵循PSP的规范和流程，可以更好地协同工作，减少沟通和协调成本，提高团队整体效能。
3. PSP的流程PSP流程分为以下几个主要步骤：3.1 计划在开始项目之前，开发人员需要进行计划，确定项目的目标、分解任务和排定时间表。
这一步骤能够帮助开发人员建立清晰的工作目标，并合理安排自己的时间，提高工作效率。
3.2 设计在设计阶段，开发人员需要根据项目需求进行软件架构设计和模块设计，确定系统的整体结构和各个模块的功能。
这一步骤能够帮助开发人员在编码之前，更好地理清项目的结构和流程，避免走弯路。
3.3 编码在编码阶段，开发人员按照设计要求进行具体的程序实现，通过编写代码来完成系统的功能。
这一步骤要求程序员编写规范、可维护、可测试的代码，遵循良好的编码规范和团队协作标准。
3.4 测试在测试阶段，开发人员需要对软件进行单元测试、集成测试和系统测试，以确保软件的质量和功能符合预期。
我的理想职业软件工程师200字英语作文
我的理想职业软件工程师200字英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Ideal Career: Software EngineerAs a passionate and driven individual, my ideal career is to become a software engineer. This field combines my love for technology and problem-solving, making it a perfect fit for me. I have always been fascinated by how software can be created to improve people's lives and make things more efficient.One of the reasons I am drawn to software engineering is the endless opportunities for learning and growth. Technology is constantly evolving, and as a software engineer, I will always be challenged to stay up-to-date with the latest developments. This field also offers a diverse range of specialties, from mobile app development to artificial intelligence, giving me the chance to explore different areas and find my niche.Moreover, software engineering allows for creativity and innovation. I am excited about the prospect of designing and building new software applications that can have a real impact on society. Whether it's developing a new social media platformor creating software for a medical device, I am eager to use my skills to contribute to the advancement of technology.In addition, the potential for career growth and financial stability in software engineering is a major draw for me. With the demand for skilled software engineers on the rise, I am confident that I will have ample opportunities for career advancement and a competitive salary.Overall, I am passionate about pursuing a career as a software engineer because it aligns with my interests, offers opportunities for growth and creativity, and provides a stable and rewarding career path. I am excited to embark on this journey and look forward to making a positive impact in the field of technology.篇2My Ideal Career: Software EngineerAs a software engineer, I envision myself working in a dynamic and innovative industry where I can apply my analytical skills and creativity to develop cutting-edge software solutions. My passion for technology and problem-solving drives me to constantly learn new programming languages and stayup-to-date with the latest trends in the field.One of the reasons why I am so drawn to software engineering is the endless possibilities it offers for creating impactful products that can improve people's lives. Whether it's developing a user-friendly app that simplifies daily tasks or designing a sophisticated algorithm that enhances business operations, I find immense satisfaction in using my technical expertise to address real-world challenges.Furthermore, the collaborative nature of the software engineering profession appeals to me. I enjoy working in teams to brainstorm ideas, troubleshoot issues, and bring projects to fruition. The exchange of knowledge and ideas within a diverse group of professionals not only fosters a stimulating work environment but also promotes personal and professional growth.In addition to the intellectual gratification that comes with solving complex problems, I also appreciate the flexibility and versatility that a career in software engineering offers. Whether I choose to specialize in a particular domain such as cybersecurity or data analysis, or explore different roles such as project management or software architecture, I know that my skills will always be in demand and that there will be ample opportunities for advancement and specialization.In conclusion, my ideal career as a software engineer embodies my passion for technology, my desire to make a positive impact, and my enthusiasm for continuous learning and collaboration. I am confident that by pursuing this career path, I will not only realize my full potential but also contribute to the advancement of the tech industry and society as a whole.篇3My Ideal Career: Software EngineerBeing a software engineer has always been my dream career. From a young age, I have been fascinated by technology and the role that software plays in our daily lives. I love the idea of creating something from scratch and seeing it come to life on a screen.As a software engineer, I would have the opportunity to work on a variety of projects, from mobile apps to websites to video games. I would be constantly learning and developing new skills, staying up-to-date with the latest technologies and trends in the industry.One of the things that attracts me to this career is the ability to solve complex problems and make a real impact on the world. Whether it's developing software to improve efficiency inbusinesses or creating a new platform to connect people around the globe, the possibilities are endless.I also love the idea of working in a collaborative environment, where I can bounce ideas off my colleagues and work together to create innovative solutions. The fast-paced nature of the tech industry excites me, and I thrive in environments where creativity and problem-solving are valued.Overall, being a software engineer would not just be a job for me, but a passion. I am excited about the endless possibilities and challenges that come with this career, and I am determined to work hard to make my dream a reality.。
大学英语三级模拟试题（三）
大学英语三级模拟试题（三）TEST 3Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Part II. Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 20incompleete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), D).Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.13. She is not very ______about money only when it comes spending.A) Sensible B) sensitive C) senseless D) insensitive14. Cold and humid is this ______climate in spring of this west city.A) Common B) general C) usual D) ordinary15. If only I _____about his coming, I would have met him at the station.A) Would know B) had known C) have known D) knew16._____she is in London, she will ring up her old friend Mary.A) As soon as B) As C) No sooner D) While17. The reason why coal is still a very valuable source of power is _____atomic power is not available in sufficient quantity.A) Because B) that C) as D) for18. We moved to the front now ______ we could hear and see better.A) So as B) so that C) because D) such that19. He is very stubborn so asking him to change his mind is ______.A) out of the question B) out of questionC) Out of order D) out of place20. We took ______of the fine weather and spent the evening on the beach.A) Change B) opportunity C) advantage D) use21. After______ for the job ,you will be required to take a written test.A) interviewing B) being interviewed C) interviewed D) having interviewed22. We would have paid______ for the machines, if the company had insisted , because we really wanted them.A) as much twice B) twice as much C) twice much D) twice so much23. Her smile ______ that she had forgiven me.A) applied B) implied C) justified D) supplied24. It is very surprised that the driver was not ______ at all in the car accident.A) injured B) wounded C) hurt D)damaged25. Scarcely ______ one task when he was asked to do another.A) has he finished B)had he finished C) he has finished D)he had finished26. He offered a reward to _____ should return the lost ring.A) who B) whom C) whoever D) whomever27. Look at the clock! It’s time ______ home.A) we’ll go B ) we went C) we’re going D) we should go28. After going to dozens of job interviews , she eventually ______ to get a job.A) gained B) succeeded C) managed D) achieved29. The words of his old teacher left a _______ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them. A) long B) lively C) lasting D) wide30. They tried to silence the _____ audience but in vain.A) exciting B) excited C) excite D) being exciting31. Between 1974 and 1997, the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.A) by B) for C) to D) in32. He is _______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.A) optimistic B) optional C) outstanding D) obviousPart III. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each question, there are four choices marked A B C and D. You should choose the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 33 to 37 are based on the following passage.Microsoft Corporation is the leading developer of personal-computer software systems and applications. The company also publishes books and multimedia titles and offers electronic mail services. It has sales offices throughout the world but does virtually all of its research and development at its corporate headquarters in Redmond, Washington, U.S.In 1975 Bill Gates and Paul G. Allen, two boyhood friends from Seattle, converted BASIC, a popular mainframe programming language, for use on an early personal computer (PC) ,the Altair. Shortly afterward Gates and Allen founded Microsoft, deriving the name from the words “microcomputer” and “software”. Dur ing the next few years they refined BASIC and developed other programming languages. In 1980 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) askedMicrosoft to produce the essential software, or operating system, for its first personal computer, the IBM PC. Microsoft purchased an operating system from another company, modified it, and renamed it MS-DOS( Microsoft Disk Operating System). MS-DOS was released with the IBM PC in 1981. Thereafter , most manufacturers of personal computers licensed MS-DOS as their operating system , generating vast revenues for Microsoft; by the early 1990s it had sold more than 100 million copies of the program and defeated rival operating systems such as CP/M ,which it displaced in the early 1980s, and later OS/2. Microsoft deepened its position in operating systems with its Windows graphical command program, whose third version, released in 1990, gained a wide following. By 1993, Windows 3.0 and its subsequent versions were selling at a rate of one million copies per month, and nearly 90 percent of the world’s PCs ran on a Microsoft operating system. In 1995 the company released Windows 95, which for the first time fully integrated MS-DOS with Windows and effectively matched in ease of use Apple Computer’s Macintosh OS. It also became the leader in productivity software such as word-processing and spreadsheet programs, outdistancing long-time rivals Lotus and WordPerfect in the process.33. What is the role of Microsoft Corporation in the world of software systems and applications/A) It’s the biggest multinational corporation. B) It’s the founder of personal computers.C) It’s the leading developer. D) It’s the largest bookseller in America.34. Besides software systems and applications, what else dose Microsoft deal in ?A) Publishing books and multimedia titles. B) Offering electronic mail services.C) Inventing program languages. D) Both A and B.35. Who established Microsoft?A) Bill Gates. B) Paul G. Allen.C) Bill Gates and Paul G. Allen. D)A group of computer experts.36. In 1980 IBM asked Microsoft to produce the operating system, they ______.A) invented it alone . B) refused to do it.C) wanted to make a perfect one, but they failed.D) bought one from another company and made a little change.37. What does the passage imply?A) Windows 3.0 fully integrated MS-DOS with Windows.B) By 1990, nearly 90 percent of th e world’s had run on Windows 3.0.C) IBM asked Microsoft to develop Windows 95.D) Microsoft surpassed Lotus and WordPerfect till 1995.Passage 2Questions 38 to 42 are based on the following passage.Sony was incorporated in 1946 as Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering corporation Its founders were Iuka Masaru, whose Japan precision Instruments Company had supplied electronic devices during World War II, and Morita Akio, an applied sciences instructor. Their business, which was funded by Morita’s father, was formed to apply the advanced technology developed during the war to the manufacture of consumer products. The company’s present name was adopted in 1958.At the beginning, the company made voltmeters(伏特计),electrically heated cushions（垫子），and similar devices. The first major consumer item it produced was a tape recorder, introduced in Japan in 1950. Since then the company, which markets its products worldwide under the Sony trademark, has continued to pioneer new technology for consumer products. In 1957 Sony introduced the world’s first pocket-sized, all-transistor (晶体管) radio. In 1960 Sony introduced an 8-inch (20-centimetre) transistorized television set, creating a new market for television.The company was one of the first to recognize the potential of the consumer videotape market, and in 1969 it introduced a color videocassette recorder for both industrial and consumer use.38. When did the company first formed?A) 1946 B) 1950 C) 1958 D) 196839. What was the first name of Sony Corporation?A) Japan Precision Instruments CompanyB) Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation.C) Sony Corporation D) Sony Engineering Corporation.40. When was the name Sony first used?A) 1946 B) 1950 C) 1958 D) 196841. What was the first major consumer article produced by the company?A) V oltmeters. B) Electrically heated cushions.C) Resonator sound generators D) An audio tape recorder.42. Who founded Sony Corporation?A) Ibuka Masaru. B) Morita Akio. C) Morita’s father D) Ibuka Masaru and Morita Akio Passage 3Questions 43 to 47 are based on the following passage.Internet is a system architecture that has revolutionizedcommunications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network of network,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By the beginning of the 21stcentury approximately 360 million people, or roughly 6 percent of the world’s p opulation, were estimated to have access to the Internet. It is widely assumed that at least half of the world’s population will have some form of Internet access by 2010 and that wireless access will play a growing role.The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It supports human communication through electronic mail ( e-mail), “c hat rooms,”newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations. It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web. The Internet has proved to be a spa wning ground for a large and growing number of “e-businesses” that carry out most of their sales and services over the Internet. Many experts believe that the Internet will dramatically transform business as well as society.43. What is Internet according to the passage?A) A system architecture that allows various computer networks around the world to inter-connect.B) An architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce.C) “Network of networks”.D) World Wide Web.44. When did Internet first appear?A) 1970s. B) 1980s. C) 1990s. D)2010s.45. What will come true according to the passage?A) Approximately 360 million people will access to the Internet.B) Roughly 6 percent of the world’s population will access to the Internet.C) At least a quarter of the world’s population will have some form of Internet access.D) Wireless access will play a growing role.46. According to the author, who can access to the Internet?A) Anyone.B) The one who has any purpose that depends on information.C) Every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks.D) The people who are skilled in computer.47. If people want to work collaboratively at different locations, what can the do?A) They can use electronic mails.B) They can work through “chat rooms”.C) They can work through audio and video transmission.D) All the above.Passage FourQuestions 48 to 52 are based on the following passage.Mitchell attended Washington Seminary(神学院)in her native Atlanta, Georgia, before entering Smith College in 1918. When her mother died the next year, she returned home. Between 1922 and 1926 she was a writer and reporter for the Atlanta Journal.After an ankle injury in 1926 she left the magazine and, for the next 10 years, worked slowly on a romantic novel about the Civil War and Reconstruction as seen from a Southerner point of view. Scarlett O’Hara is the heroine of novel, and she is a strong-willed woman. The novel had absorbed the tragedy of the war and the romance of the history. Mitchell worked at her novel occasionally, composing episodes(情节) out of sequence and later fitting them together. She apparently had little thought of publication at first, and for six years after it was completely finished, the novel lay unread. But in 1935 Mitchell was persuaded to publish her manuscript.It appeared in 1936 as Gone with the Wind. Within six months 1,000,000 copies had been sold; 50,000 copies were sold in one day. It went on sell more copies than any other novel in U.S. publishing history, with sales passing 12 million by 1965, and was eventually translated into 25 languages and sold in 40 countries. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1937. The movie rights were sold for $50,000. The film, starring Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable and produced by David O. Selznick, premiered in Atlanta in December 1939 after an unprecedented period of advance promotion, including the highly publicized search for an actress to play Scarlett. It won nine major Oscars and two special Oscars at the Academy Awards and for two decades reigned as the top money-making film of all time. Mitchell, who never adjusted to the celebrity that had befallen her and who never attempted another book, died after an automobile accident in 1949. Four decades after Mitchell’s death, a sequel(续集) named Scarlett appeared.48. When did Mitchell begin her novel?A) In 1918. B) Between 1922 and 1926. C) In 1926. D) In 1936.49. According to the passage, which of the following is true?A) When Mitchell mother died, she continued her study.B) After an ankle injury in 1926, Mitchell became disabled.C) Mitchell wrote her novel from a Northern point of view.D) Mitchell didn’t write her novel for publication first.50. The name of Mitchell’s first novel is “_______”.A) Atlanta Journal B) Civil War and ReconstructionC) Lost Cause D) Gone with the Wind51. Who acted in the movie of Gone with the Wind?A) Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable B) Mitchell C) David O. Selznick D) Scarlett O’Hara52. When did the sequel (续集) to Margaret’s Gone with the Wind appear?A) Four weeks after Mitchell’s death. B) Four months after Mitchell’s death.C) Four years after Mitchell’s death. D) Forty years after Mitchell’s death.Part IV. Translations from English to Chinese. (15%)Directions: In this part, there are four items which you should translate into Chinese, each item consisting of one sentence. These sentences are all come from Part III of the test paper. You can refer back to the passages so as to identify their meaning in the context. Write the translation on the Translation Sheet in Test Paper.T1. (Lines1-3, Para.1, Passage1)Albert Einstein was a German-American physicist who developed the special and general and theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ T2. (Line5-7, Para.1, Passage2)In the same room was the “Christmas pyramid,” a triangular construction of wood that had she, elves to hold Christmas figurines and was decorated with evergreens, candles, and a star.________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ T3. (Line10-11, Para.1, Passage3)These difficulties were aggravated by the withdrawal of Soviet aid and technicians, who made a point of taking blueprints with them.________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ T4. (Line9-12, Para. 2, Passage4)When large number of immigrants, including the Irish, went to the United States beginning in the mid 19th century, they took their Halloween customs with them, and in the 20th century Halloween became one of the principal U.S. holidays, particularly among children.________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________ Part V. Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 80 words. Remember your composition must be written according to the following outline.Write your composition on the Composition Sheet.Outline: 1.申请人：张燕，女，24岁，出生于成都市，未婚；2.文化程度：1999年7月毕业于四川工商职业技术学院，专业是商务英语，优秀学生；3.经历：曾任某合资企业总经理秘书3年，擅长电脑操作和口译，现得知贵公司欲招聘英语翻译一名，特自荐；4.期望资薪：每月1000人民币；5.爱好：上网，旅游；6.外语：英语优良，日语一般；7.联系地址：成都市红星路520号一楼电话：88103547Words for reference: major in, joint venture, operateResumeJob Objective: _________________________________________________Family Name: _________________________________________________ First Name: ___________________________________________________ Tel No: _______________________________________________________ Address: ______________________________________________________ Place of Birth: __________________________________________________Age: __________________________________________________________ Sex: ___________________________________________________________ Marriage:_______________________________________________________Foreign Language: ________________________________________________Education:_______________________________________________________Salary Wanted:____________________________________________________Hobby:___________________________________________________________ Experience:_______________________________________________________Keys:Part I.Part II.13-17: BCBAB 18-22: BACCB23-27:BABCB 28-32: CCBAAPart III.33-37: CDCDD 38-42: ABCDD43-47: AADCD 48-52:CDDADPart IV.T1: 艾伯特〃爱因斯坦时一位德裔美国人，他提出了狭义和广义的相对论，并由于他的光电效应阐述而荣获1921年诺贝尔物理学奖。
配置管理员主要的工作是什么
配置管理关键活动1．配置项（Software Configuration Item，SCI）识别Pressman对于SCI给出了一个比较简单的定义：“软件过程的输出信息可以分为三个主要类别：（1）计算机程序（源代码和可执行程序），（2）描述计算机程序的文档（针对技术开发者和用户），以及（3）数据（包含在程序内部或外部）。
这些项包含了所有在软件过程中产生的信息，总称为软件配置项。
”由此可见，配置项的识别是配置管理活动的基础，也是制定配置管理计划的重要内容。
软件配置项分类软件的开发过程是一个不断变化着的过程，为了在不严重阻碍合理变化的情况下来控制变化，软件配置管理引入了“基线（Base Line）”这一概念。
IEEE对基线的定义是这样的：“已经正式通过复审核批准的某规约或产品，它因此可作为进一步开发的基础，并且只能通过正式的变化控制过程改变。
”所以，根据这个定义，我们在软件的开发流程中把所有需加以控制的配置项分为基线配置项和非基线配置项两类，例如：基线配置项可能包括所有的设计文档和源程序等；非基线配置项可能包括项目的各类计划和报告等。
配置项的标识和控制所有配置项都都应按照相关规定统一编号，按照相应的模板生成，并在文档中的规定章节（部分）记录对象的标识信息。
在引入软件配置管理工具进行管理后，这些配置项都应以一定的目录结构保存在配置库中。
所有配置项的操作权限应由CMO严格管理，基本原则是：基线配置项向软件开发人员开放读取得权限；非基线配置项向PM、CCB及相关人员开放。
2．工作空间管理在引入了软件配置管理工具之后，所有开发人员都会被要求把工作成果存放到由软件配置管理工具所管理的配置库中去，或是直接工作在软件配置管理工具提供的环境之下。
所以为了让每个开发人员和各个开发团队能更好的分工合作，同时又互不干扰，对工作空间的管理和维护也成为了软件配置管理的一个重要的活动。
一般来说，比较理想的情况是把整个配置库视为一个统一的工作空间，然后再根据需要把它划分为个人（私有）、团队（集成）和全组（公共）这三类工作空间（分支），从而更好的支持将来可能出现的并行开发的需求。
电子科大软件工程作业汇总(附答案)
一、第1章软件工程概述1. Software deteriorates rather than wears out because(软件通常是变坏而不是磨损的原因是)A:Software suffers from exposure to hostile environments(软件暴露在不利的环境中)B:Defects are more likely to arise after software has been used often(软件错误更容易在使用后被发现)C:Multiple change requests introduce errors in component interactions(在组件交互中需求发生变化导致错误)D:Software spare parts become harder to order(软件的备用部分不易组织)2. Today the increased power of the personal computer has brought about an abandonment of the practice of team development of software.(如今个人电脑性能的提升导致遗弃了采用小组开发软件的方式。
)A:True（真）B:False （假）3. Which question no longer concerns the modern software engineer?（现如今的软件工程师不再考虑以下哪个问题？）A:Why does computer hardware cost so much?（计算机硬件为什么如此昂贵？）B:Why does software take a long time to finish?（软件为什么开发时间很长？）C:Why does it cost so much to develop a piece of software?（开发一项软件的开销为什么这么大？）D:Why cann't software errors be removed from products prior to delivery? （软件错误为什么不能在产品发布之前被找出？）4. In general software only succeeds if its behavior is consistent with the objectives of its designers.（通常意义上，只有表现得和设计目标一致的软件才是成功的软件。
pspc标准的由来
pspc标准的由来PSPC标准的由来。
PSPC标准，全称为Personal Software Process for Engineers，是一种由卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究所开发的软件过程改进方法。
它旨在帮助软件工程师提高其个人和团队的工作效率和质量，从而提高软件产品的质量。
那么，PSPC标准的由来是怎样的呢？首先，PSPC标准的由来可以追溯到20世纪80年代初。
当时，软件工程领域的专家们开始意识到，传统的软件开发方法存在着许多问题，比如项目延期、成本超支、质量不稳定等。
为了解决这些问题，他们开始寻求一种更加科学、系统的软件开发方法。
于是，PSPC标准便应运而生。
其次，PSPC标准的由来还与个人软件过程（PSP）有着密切的关系。
个人软件过程是卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究所在20世纪90年代初提出的一种软件过程改进方法，旨在帮助软件工程师提高其个人的软件开发能力。
PSPC标准正是在PSP的基础上发展而来的，它不仅包含了PSP的核心理念，还增加了团队合作、项目管理等方面的内容，从而使其更加全面、实用。
此外，PSPC标准的由来还与软件工程领域的发展趋势有关。
随着软件工程领域的不断发展，人们对软件质量和效率的要求也越来越高。
在这样的背景下，PSPC标准应运而生，它为软件工程师提供了一种科学、系统的软件开发方法，使他们能够更加高效、高质量地完成工作。
总的来说，PSPC标准的由来是多方面的，既与软件工程领域的发展趋势有关，也与个人软件过程等先进理念的借鉴和发展有关。
它的出现填补了传统软件开发方法的不足，为软件工程师提供了一种更加科学、系统的软件开发方法，使他们能够更加高效、高质量地完成工作。
可以说，PSPC标准的由来是对软件工程领域的一次重要创新和突破，对软件工程师的工作效率和质量起到了积极的促进作用。
CMM术语缩写一览表
CMM/CMMI术语缩写一览表2008-09-11 16:55术语一览表（按字母排序）AB= Ability to perform (CMM KPA comon feature) AC=Activities to perform (CMM KPA comon featureAD/Software Group=Application DevelopmentAE=Adaptive Enterprise (HP) RTI AI=Assessment InstrumentAPW=Action Planning WorkshopARC=Appraisal Requirements for CMMIATQG=Aassessor Training and Qualifications Guide (ISO SPICE)ATW=Actiion Team WorkshopsBAM=Business Activity MonitoringBI=Business IntelligenceBpel=Business Process Execution LanguageBPFBPG=Baseline Practice Guide (ISO SPICE)BPM=Business Process ManagementBPM=Busiiness Process MaturityBPMM=Business Process Maturity ModeBPO=Business Process OutsourcingBPR=Business Process RedesignBSI=British Standards Institute (standard BS 15000) CAPM=Certified Associate in Project ManagementCAR=Causal Analysis and Resolution (CMMI process area)CBA=CMM-Based AssessmentCBA IPI=CMM-Based Assessment for Internal Process ImprovementCBP=Competency Based PracticesCCB=Configuration Control BoardC-CommerceCDG=Capability Determination Guide (ISO SPICE)CEP=Complex Event ProcessingCEU=Continuing Education UnitsCII=Confederation of Indian IndustriesCM=Configuration ManagementCMM=Capability Maturity Model (also referred to as SWCMM). A model for improving the capability of software organizations.CMMI=Capability Maturity Model-Integration (published by the Software engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh) /sei-home.html(integrates 3 source models the SW CMM, SE CMM and the IPD-CMM)CMU=Carnegie Mellon UniversityCO=Committement to perform (CMM KPA common feature)COBit=Control Objectives for Information and Related TechnologyCOCOMO II=COnstructive COst MOdel II is a model that allows one to estimate the cost, effort, and schedule when planning a new software development activity.CO=Commitment to PerformCOTS=Commercial off-the-shelfCPM=Corporate Permormance MonitoringCRADA=Cooperarive Research and Development AgreementCRD=Career Recommendations DevelopmentCRM=Customer Relationship ManagementDAR=Decision Analysis and Resolution (CMMI process area)DBA=Database AdministratorDELLTA=Danish Electronics Light & AcousticsDI=Directing ImplementationDoD=Department of DefenseDP=Defect Prevention (CMM Process area)DTIZC=Defense Technical Information CenterEAI=Enterprise Application IntegrationEDA=Event Driven ArchitectureEIA=Electronic Industries AllianceEIT=Enterprise Information IntegrationELG=Executive Leadership GroupEPG=Engineering Process GroupEPIG=Engineering Process Improvement GroupERP=Enterprise Resource PlanningESB=Enterprise Service BusesESP=External Service ProvidersETL=Extraction Transformation LoadingETVX format=Enty criteria, Tasks, Verification, and eXit criteria (CMMI)FAR=Functional Area Representative (term used in some assessments)FP=Function PointFTE=Full-time Equivalent (measure of personnel availability)GAO=General Accounting OfficeGESP=Global External Service ProvidersGG=Generic GoalGP=Generic PracticeG-Q-M Approach=Goal Queston Metric techniqueIC=Intergroup Coordination (CMM process Area)IDEAL=Initiating-Diagnosing-Establishing-Acting-Leveraging; an improvement cycle often used for process improvementIEC=International Electrotechnical CommissionIEEE=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.. A professional organizationIESP=Indian External Service ProvidersIG=Introductory Guide (ISO SPICE)IM=Integrated Management (CMM process area)IPD-CMM=Integrated Product Development Capability Maturity ModelIPM=Integrated Project Management (CMM process area)IPPD=Integrated Product and Process DevelopmentIPI=Internal Process ImprovementIPT=Integrated Product TeamISACA=Information Systems Audit and ControlAssociation ISM=Integrated Software Management (CMM process area)ISM=Integrated Supplier Management (CMMI process area)ISO=International Organization fro Standardization (International Standards Organization)IT=Integrated Teaming (CMM process area)ITIL=Information Technology Infrastructure LibraryJAD=Joint application designJIT=Just in TimeJTCI=Joint Technical Committee on Information TechnologyKGI=Key Goal IndicatorsKIPA=Korean IT Industry Promotion IndustryKP=Key practiceKPI's=Key Performance IndicatorKPA=Key Process AreaKSLOC=thousand source lines of codeMA (M&A)=Measurement and Analysis (CMM process area)MBNQA=Malcom Bridge National Quality AwardMDD=Method Description DocumentME=Measurement and Analysis (CMM KPA common feature)MOA=Memorandum of AgreementMOM=Message Orientated MiddlewareMQ=Maturity QuestionnaireMSG=Management Steering GroupMSMO=Microsoft Message Queue ServerMTBF-Mean Time Between FailuresOEI=Organizational Environment for Integration (CMMI process area)OID=Organizational Innovation and Deployment (CMMI process area)OO=Object OrientatedOOA&D=Object Orientated Analysis & DesignOoda=Observe-Orient-Decide-ActOPD=Organization Process Definition (CMM process area Level 3 KPA)OPF=Organizational Process Focus (CMM process area Level 3 KPA)OPF=Organizational Process Focus (CMMI process area)OPM3=Organizational Project Management Model (Published by PMI in January, 2004)OPP=Organizational Process Performance (OPF=Organizational Process Focus (CMMI process area)OSSP=Organization's Set of Standart PracticesOT=Organizational TrainingOPF=Organizational Process Focus (CMMI process area)OUSD/AT&L=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition , Technology and LogisticsPA=Process AreaPAIS=Process Appraisal Information Systems (Record of Entry Form for CBA IPIs)PAG=Process Assessment Guiide (ISO SPICE)PAT=Process Action TeamPC=Process Change (Management (CMM Level 5 KPA)PCA's=Pacaged Composite ApplicationsPCAR=People CMM Assessment Repository (Record of Entry Form for a PCMM Assessment)PCB's=Process Capability Baselines-a documented characterization of the range of expected resultsPCM=Process Change Management (CMM Level 5 KPA)PCMM=People Capability Maturity Model (CMM Level 3 KPA)PD=(Organization) Process DefinitionPDCA=Plan-Do-Check-Act; an improvement cycle often used for process improvementPDU=Professional Development UnitPE=(Software) Project Engineering (CMM Level 3 KPA)PF=(Organization) Process Focus (CMM Level 3 KPA)PI=Product IntegrationPII=Process Improvement IndicatorPII=Practice Implementation IndicatorsPIID=Practice Implementation Indicator Data (used for SCAMPI)PIG=Process Improvement Guide (ISO SPICE)PIP=Packaged Integration ProcessesPM=Project ManagementPMAT=appears in COCOMO II model shows the benefit of process maturity on and estimate of effort for a software project. CMM Level 2 to Level 3 noted improvements.4-11%PMBoK=Product Management Body of KnowledgePMC=Project Monitoring and Control (CMMI process area)PMC=Process Management CapabilityPMI=Project Management InstitutePMM=People Maturity ModelPMM=Process Maturity ModelPMP=Project Management ProfessionalPMO=Project Management OfficePP=(Software) Project Planning (CMM Level 2 KPA)PP=Project PlanningPI=Product Integration (CMMI process area)PPBs=Process Performance Baselines-a documented characterization of the actual results achieved by following a process.PPM=Process Performance Model (CMMI)PPQA=Process and Product Quality Assurance (CMMI process area)PSM= Practical Software and Systems ManagementPSM= Practical Software and Systems Measurement ()PSP/TSP=Personal Software Process/Team Software ProcessPT=(Software) Project Tracking (and Oversight) (CMM Level 2 KPA)PTO=Project Tracking and Oversight (CMM Level 2 KPA)QA=(Software) Quiality Assurance (CMM Level 2 KPA)QFD=Quality Function DeploymentQM=(Software) Quality Management (CMM Level 4 KPA)OO=Object OrientatedOoa&D=Object Orientation Analysis and DesignQP=Software Quality Process (Management (CMM Level 4 KPA) OPD=Organizational Process DefiinitionQPM=Quantitative Process Management (CMM process area) QPM=Quantitative Project Management (CMMI process area) RAI=Research Access Inc.RD=Requirements Development (CMMI process area)RE=Requirements EngineeringREQM=Requirements Management (CMMI process area)RM=Requirements Management (CMM Level 2 KPA)RM=Risk ManagmentROI=Return On InvestmentRPG=Report Program GeneratorRSKM=Risk Management (CMMI process area)RTE=Real Tme EnterpriseRTI=Real Time InfrastructureRTM=Requirements Traceability MatrixSA-CMM=Software Acquisition Capability Maturity Model SAM=Supplier Agreement Management (CMMI process area)Software Acquisition Management (CMM process area)SAP=Over the course of three decades, SAP has evolved from a small, regional enterprise into a world-class international company. Today, SAP is the global market leader incollaborative, inter-enterprise business solutions. The company now employs over 28,900 peopleSC7=Subcommittee 7 (ISO JTC1 subcommittee on software engineering)SCAMPI=Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process ImprovementSCCB=Software Configuration Control BoardSCE=Software Capability EvaluationsSCM=Software Configuration Management (CMM Level 2 KPA)SDD=Software Design DocumentSDF=Software Development FileSDLC=Software Development Life CycleSDP=Software Development Plan (also known as Project Plan)SE CAMM=Software Engineering Capability Assessment ModelSECM=Software Engineering Capability ModelSE CMM=Software Engineering Capability Maturity ModelSEI=Software Engineering Institute (at Carnegie Mellon University) 【软件工程学院】SEPG=Software Engineering Process GroupSEPI=Systems Engineering Process InitiativeSERP=Software Engineering Process GroupSG=Specific GoalSLA=Service Level AgreementSLOC=Source Line of CodeSM=Senior ManagementSM=(Software) Subcontract Management (CMM Level 2 KPA)SME=Subject Matter ExpertSOA=Service Orientated ArchitectureSOAP=Simple Object Access ProtocolSOW=Statement of WorkSP=Specific PracticeSPA=Software Process Assessment (SEI project; now CMM-based appraisals) software process assessment (method)SPC=Statistical Process ControlSPC=Software Product ConsortiumSPE=Software Product Engineering (CMM Level 3 KPA)SPI=Software Process ImprovementSPICE=Software Process Improvement and Capability DeterminationSPIN=Software Proess Improvement NetworkSPM=Software Process Mearurement (SEI project)SPP=Software Process Program; Software Project Planning (CMM Level 2 KPA)SPPT=Software Project Tracking and Oversight (CMM process area)SPTO=Software Project Tracking and OversightSQA=Software Quality Assurance (CMM Level 2 KPA)SQM=Software Quality Management (CMM Level 4 KPA)SRS=Software Requirements Specification (also known as RequirementsDocument)SS=Supplier SourcingSSM=Software Subcontract Management (CMM Level 2 KPA)STP=Straight Through ProcessingSW-CMM=Software Capability Maturity ModelTC176=Technical Committee 176 (ISO technical committee on quality managemetn systems)TCM=Technology Change ManagementTCO=Total Cost of OwnershipTM=Technology (Change) Management (CMM Level 5 KPA)TP=Training Program (CMM Level 3 KPA)TQM=Total Quality Management TQM can be defined as the application of quantitative methods and human resources to improve the materials and services provided asinputs to an organization an to improve all of the processes within the organization. The goal of TQM is to meet the needs of the customer, now and in the future.TS=Technical SolutionTTM=Time to MarketTTT=Train the TrainerTVO=Total Value of OpportunityUAN=Universal Application NetworkUAT=user Acceptance TestUDDI=Universal Desciption, Discovery and IntegrationVAL=Validation (CMMI process area)VB=Visual BasicVE=Verifying implementation (CMM KPA common feature)VER=Verification (CMMI process area)WBS=Work Breakdown StructureWG10=Working Group 10 (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 Working Group on software process assessment)WG7=Working Group 7 (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 Working Group on software life cycle processes)WiMAX=Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. 802.11. 70MB Wireless connectivity over 30 milesWP=Workforce PlanningWS=Web ServicesWSDL=Web Services Descriptive LanguageXML=Extensible Markup LanguagexMM=Maturity Models for different business models (SW, I, P)XSL=Extensible Stylesheet LanguageZLE=Zero Latency Enterprise。
英语采访职业报告格式范文
英语采访职业报告格式范文英文回答：Interviewer: Can you please introduce yourself and your profession?Answer: Sure! My name is John and I work as a software engineer. I have been in this profession for the past five years. I am responsible for designing and developing software applications for various clients. This involves writing code, testing it, and ensuring that the software meets the requirements of the client. It's a challenging yet rewarding job.中文回答：采访者，请你介绍一下你自己和你的职业。
回答，当然！我的名字是约翰，我是一名软件工程师。
我已经从事这个职业五年了。
我的工作职责是为不同的客户设计和开发软件应用程序。
这包括编写代码、进行测试，并确保软件符合客户的要求。
这是一项具有挑战性但又有回报的工作。
Interviewer: What made you choose this profession?Answer: Well, I have always had a passion fortechnology and problem-solving. I enjoy the process of creating something from scratch and seeing it come to life. Being a software engineer allows me to use my creativityand logical thinking to develop innovative solutions. It'sa field that is constantly evolving, and I find that exciting.中文回答：采访者，是什么让你选择了这个职业？回答，嗯，我一直对技术和解决问题充满热情。
PSP简述学习心得
PSP简述&学习心得一．PSP的理解：首先，PSP是“Personal Software Process”的简称，即个人软件过程。
个人软件过程(PSP)是一个过程描述、测度和方法的结构化集合，能够帮助工程师改善其个人性能。
它提供了表格、脚本和标准，以帮助工程师估算和计划其工作。
它显示了如何定义过程及如何测量其质量和生产率。
一个基本的PSP原则是：每个人都是不同的，对于某个工程师有效的方法不一定适合另一个。
这样，PSP 帮助工程师测量和跟踪他们自己的工作，使得他们能够找到最适合自己的方法。
另外，与之关联的还有CMM、TSP等过程描述，下图是它们在软件过程中相互配合、制约形成的一套框架。
二．PSP的发展：PSP经历了psp0到psp3的发展过程，下面将详细阐述它们的详细信息。
PSP0 是建立个体过程基线，通过这一步，学会使用PSP的各种表格采集过程的有关数据，此时执行的是该软件开发单位的当前过程，通常包括计划、开发（包括设计、编码、编译和测试）以及后置处理三个阶段，并要作一些必要的试题，如测定软件开发时间，按照选定的缺陷类型标准、度量引入的缺陷个数和排除的缺陷个数等，用作为测量在PSP的过程中进步的基准。
PSP0.1增加了编码标准、程序规模度量和过程改善建议等三个关键过程域，其中过程改善建议表格用于随时记录过程中存在的问题、解决问题的措施以及改进过程的方法，以提高软件开发人员的质量意识和过程意识。
PSP1的重点是个体计划，引入了基于估计的计划方法PROBE（PROxy Based Estimating），用自己的历史数据来预测新程序的大小和需要的开发时间，并使用线性回归方法计算估计参数，确定置信区间以评价预测的可信程度。
PSP1.1增加了对任务和进度的规划。
PSP2的重点是个体质量管理，根据程序的缺陷建立检测表，按照检测表进行设计复查和代码复查（有时也称“代码走查”），以便及早发现缺陷，使修复缺陷的代价最小。
Chap4-software
16
Computer System
Home/personal software Education reference software
Chapter 4 Software
1
Outline
• Definition • Categories of Software
– System Software – Application Software
• Operating systems
2
Objectives
• • • • • • Define software. List the functions of system software. List the commonly used application software. Describe operating system. Explain the evolution of operating systems. Explain how the operating system serves as the memory manger, process manager, device manager, and file manager. • Recognize different operating systems
20
Functions of OS
• User interface: Users interact with application programs and computer hardware through a user interface. Almost all operating systems today provide a windows-like graphical user interface (GUI) in which graphic objects called icons are used to represent commonly used features. .
Alpha的过程总结
Alpha的过程总结⼀、Alpha阶段个⼈总结： 1.对于某个功能的开发时间有着错误的估计，总是觉得完成⼀个功能很简单，但是总会或多或少遇到⼀些⼩问题。
2.合理的安排⼯作计划、有⽬的有计划的做事情。
3.测试是项⽬开发中不可或缺的⼀环，需要测试我们的游戏项⽬在不同的机型下的游戏运⾏状况。
4.加深了⾃⼰对代码的理解，提⾼了⾃⼰的编程能⼒ 5.团队每天尽量做⼀个⼩会议，讨论⾃⼰所遇到的问题，随时捕获风险，当⽇事当⽇毕。
6.注重⼀些⼩细节，很多时候在开发的过程中这些⼩细节，往往会影响玩家的游戏体验。
Skills/技能课前评估(0..9）课后评估(0..9)Programming Overall / 对编程整体的理解12 Programming: Comprehension（程序理解）（如何理解已有的程序，通过阅读，分析，debug)12 Programming: Design (架构设计，模块化设计，接⼝设计）23 Programming: Implementation (模块实现，逐步细化）23 Programming: Test （单元测试、代码覆盖率）13 Program： Performance (效能分析和改进）24 Programming: Code Review/Code Quality (代码复审/代码规范/代码质星）13 Programming: Communication线程之间/进程之间/不同平台的进程之间23 Programming: Command line and files (处理命令⾏参数和⽂件系统）23 Programming: BigData (处理⼤数据）13 Programming Language (C/C++/C#/Java) (pick one language)1（C++）3(C++) Development on Different Platforms (Web/Mobile/PC)13 Programming: cutting edge technology (最新的发展、如 C++11）44 Basic Design Principles & Patterns (基本设计模式:单例，MVC, Open-Closedprinciple, etc)2（MVC）4(MVC) Personal Software Process (个⼈软件过程）：个⼈源码管理（TFS/GitHub）13 Personal Software Process (个⼈软件过程）：估计，记录⼯作星，并逐步提⾼24。
面向应用型大学的软件过程管理课程教学探索
第 22卷第 5期2023年 5月Vol.22 No.5May 2023软件导刊Software Guide面向应用型大学的软件过程管理课程教学探索王海峰1，2，刘皓1，张明1，陈新疆1，何淑庆1，2（1.临沂大学信息科学与工程学院； 2.山东省网络重点实验室临沂大学研究所，山东临沂 276002）摘要：随着信息社会进步与软件产业发展，软件企业提升了对职业开发和测试人员过程管理能力的需求。
为探讨应用型高校软件工程本科教学如何适应软件企业对人才的需求，培养面向企业实践的应用型人才，以个体开发者、小型开发团队与多团队协同的组织逻辑为线索，面向企业应用设计软件过程管理的理论与实践教学内容，建设以人才需求为导向的软件过程管理课程。
首先，将软件过程管理模型划分为传统、现代企业应用，设置核心、扩展教学内容，实现传统过程管理方法与企业实践的密切结合。
然后，在实施扩展教学内容时采用面向个性化教育的弹性教学方案，解决课时紧张、职业规划目标多样化的问题。
实际教学表明，所提教学设计方案能有效促进软件工程本科生培养与工业界的衔接，缩短高校教育与软件企业人才需求的差距，提高本科生的软件过程管理能力，为面向应用型大学的软件过程管理课程教学提供了新的方法。
关键词：软件过程管理；个性化教育；过程管理能力；计算机教育DOI：10.11907/rjdk.221569开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：中图分类号：TP311.5；G434 文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-7800（2023）005-0235-06Teaching Exploration of Software Process Management Course forApplication-oriented UniversitiesWANG Hai-feng1，2， LIU Hao1， ZHANG Ming1， CHEN Xin-jiang1， HE Shu-qing1，2（rmation Science and Engineering School， Linyi University；2.Linda Institute， Shandong Provincial Key laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing， Linyi 276002， China）Abstract：With the progress of the information society and the development of the software industry， software enterprises have increased the demand for the process management ability of professional developers and testers. In order to explore how the undergraduate teaching of soft‐ware engineering in application-oriented universities can meet the needs of software enterprises for talents and cultivate application-oriented talents for enterprise practice. Based on the organizational logic of individual developers， small development teams and multi-team collabora‐tion， the theory and practical teaching content of software process management for enterprise application design is designed to build a software process management course oriented by talent demand. First， divide the software process management model into traditional and modern enter‐prise applications， set the core， expand the teaching content， and realize the close combination of traditional process management methods and enterprise practice. Then， when implementing the expanded teaching content， the flexible teaching plan for personalized education is ad‐opted to solve the problems of tense class hours and diversified career planning objectives. The actual teaching shows that the proposed teach‐ing design scheme can effectively promote the connection between software engineering undergraduate training and industry， shorten the gap between college education and software enterprise talent demand， improve the undergraduate software process management ability， and pro‐vide a new method for the software process management course teaching in application-oriented universities.Key Words：software process management； personalized education； process management capability； computer education收稿日期：2022-05-26基金项目：山东省重点研发计划项目（2019JZZY010134，2019GGX101003）；山东省研究生教育教学改革重点培育项目（SDYJG19210）；临沂大学思政教改项目（G2020SZ113）作者简介：王海峰（1976-），男，博士，CCF会员，临沂大学信息科学与工程学院教授、硕士生导师，研究方向为分布式计算；刘皓（1997-），男，临沂大学信息科学与工程学院硕士研究生，研究方向为大数据分析；张明（1983-），男，博士，临沂大学信息科学与工程学院副教授、硕士生导师，研究方向为大数据计算；陈新疆（1977-），男，硕士，临沂大学信息科学与工程学院讲师，研究方向为软件工程；何淑庆（1983-），男，博士，临沂大学信息科学与工程学院讲师、硕士生导师，研究方向为服务计算、软件工程。
PSP TSP整理
PSP部分PSP(Personal Software Process)即个人软件过程,是一种可用于控制、管理和改进个人工作方式的自我持续改进过程，是一个包括软件开发表格、指南和规程的结构化框架。
PSP注重于个人的技能，能够指导软件工程师如何保证自己的工作质量，估计和规划自身的工作，度量和追踪个人的表现，管理自身的软件过程和产品质量。
经过PSP学习和实践的正规训练，软件工程师们能够在他们参与的项目工作之中充分利用PSP，从而保证了项目整体的进度和质量。
学校的学生团队不会太大，学生个人的技能将直接影响到项目整体的进度和质量，要保证学生个人的工作质量就需要实施PSPPSP作用：使用自底向上的方法来改进过程，向每个软件工程师表明过程改进的原则，使他们能够明白如何有效地生产出高质量的软件。
为基于个体和小型群组软件过程的优化提供了具体而有效的途径。
其研究与实践填补了cmm的空白。
帮助软件工程师在个人的基础上运用过程的原则，借助于psp提供的一些度量和分析工具，了解自己的技能水平，控制和管理自己的工作方式，使自己日常工作的评估、计划和预测更加准确、更加有效，进而改进个人的工作表现，提高个人的工作质量和产量，积极而有效地参与高级管理人员和过程人员推动的组织范围的软件工程过程改进。
项目管理平台中体现PSP的地方：项目管理平台中的任务指派、任务跟踪、源代码统计、阶段总结TSP部分TSP（Team Software Process）即团队软件过程，是为开发软件产品的开发团队提供指导，TSP侧重于帮助开发团队改善其质量和生产率，以使其更好的满足成本及进度的目标。
TSP注重团队的高效工作和产品交付能力，结合PSP的工程技能，通过告诉软件工程师如何将个体过程结合进小组软件过程，通过告诉管理层如何支持和授权项目小组，坚持高质量的工作，并且依据数据进行项目的管理，展示了如何去生产高质量的产品。
按tsp原理对开发小组的基本度量要素o所编文档的页数。
计算机专业英语(2003影印版)第一单元翻译
VISUAL SUMMARY
INFORMATION SYSTEM The way to think about a microcomputer is to realize that it is one part of an information system .
People are obviously the essential part of the system! The purpose of information systems is to make people ,or end users like you, more productive. Procedures are rules or guidelines to follow when using software ,hardware, and data .they are typically documented in manuals written by computer professionals. Software (programs) provides step-by-step instructions to control the computer to convert data into information. Hardware consists of the physical equipment. Ti is controlled by software and processes data to create information. Date consists of unprocessed facts including text, numbers, images, and sound. information is data that has been processed by the computer.
软件人员推荐书目(国外经典)(精)
软件人员推荐书目(都是国外经典书籍!!!软件人员推荐书目(一大师篇一、科学哲学和管理哲学【1】"程序开发心理学"(The Psychology of Computer Programming : Silver Anniversary Edition【2】"系统化思维导论"(An Introduction to Systems Thinking, Silver Anniversary Edition【3】"系统设计的一般原理"( General Principles of Systems Design【4】"质量?软件?管理(第1卷——系统思维"(Quality Software Management:Systems Thinking【5】"成为技术领导者——解决问题的有机方法"(Becoming A Technical Leader:An Organic Problem Solving Approach 【6】"你的灯亮着吗?-发现问题的真正所在"( Are Your Lights On? How to Figure Out What the Problem Really Is【7】"程序员修炼之道"(The Pragmatic Programmer【8】"与熊共舞:软件项目风险管理" (Waltzing With Bears: Managing Risk on Software Projects【9】"第五项修炼: 学习型组织的艺术与实务"( The Fifth Discipline二、计算机科学基础【10】"计算机程序设计艺术"(The Art of Computer Programming【11】"深入理解计算机系统"(Computer Systems A Programmer's Perspective【12】"算法导论"(Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition【13】"数据结构与算法分析—— C语言描述(原书第2版 "(Data Structure & Algorithm Analysis in C, Second Edition 【14】"自动机理论、语言和计算导论(第2版"(Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation(Second Edition 【15】"离散数学及其应用(原书第四版"(Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications,Fourth Edition【16】"编译原理"(Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools【17】"现代操作系统"(Modern Operating System【18】"计算机网络(第4版"(Computer Networks【19】"数据库系统导论(第7版"(An Introduction to Database Systems(Seventh Edition三、软件工程思想【20】"人件"(Peopleware : Productive Projects and Teams, 2nd Ed.【21】"人件集——人性化的软件开发"( The Peopleware Papers: Notes on the Human Side of Software【22】"人月神话"(The Mythical Man-Month【23】"软件工程—实践者的研究方法(原书第5版"(Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, Fifth Edition 【24】"敏捷软件开发-原则、模式与实践"(Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and Practices【25】"规划极限编程"( Planning Extreme Programming【26】"RUP导论(原书第3版"(The Rational Unified Process:An Introduction,Third Edition【27】"统一软件开发过程"(The Unified Software Development Process四、软件需求【28】"探索需求-设计前的质量"(Exploring Requirements: Quality Before Design 【29】"编写有效用例"(Writing Effective Use Cases五、软件设计和建模【30】"面向对象方法原理与实践"【31】"面向对象软件构造(英文版.第2版"(Object-Oriented Software Construction,Second Edition【32】"面向对象分析与设计(原书第2版"(Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications,2E【33】"UML面向对象设计基础"(Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Design in UML【34】"UML精粹——标准对象建模语言简明指南(第2版"(UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language (2nd Edition【35】"UML和模式应用(原书第2版"(Applying UML and Patterns:An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and the Unified Process,Second Edition【36】"设计模式精解"(Design Patterns Explained【37】"设计模式:可复用面向对象软件的基础"( Design Patterns:Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented software【38】"面向模式的软件体系结构卷1:模式系统"( Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture, Volume 1: A System of Patterns 【39】"软件设计的艺术"(Bringing Design to Software六、程序设计【40】"编程珠矶"(Programming Pearls Second Edition【41】"C程序设计语言(第2版?新版"(The C Programming Language【42】"C++ 程序设计语言(特别版"(The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition【43】"C++ Primer (3RD"【44】"C++语言的设计和演化"(The Design and Evolution of C++【45】"C++ 编程思想(2ND"(Thinking in C++ Second Edition【46】"Effective C++" & "More Effective C++"【47】"C++编程艺术"(The Art of C++【48】"Java 编程思想:第3版"( Thinking in Java, Third Edition【49】"Effective Java"七、软件测试【50】"测试驱动开发(中文版"(Test-driven development:by example【51】"面向对象系统的测试"(Testing Object-Oriented System: Models, Patterns, and Tools【52】"单元测试之道Java版——使用Junit"/ "单元测试之道C#版——使用NUnit" (Pragmatic Unit Testing:In Java with JUnit / Pragmatic Unit Testing:In C# with NUnit八、软件维护和重构【53】"重构-改善既有代码的设计"(Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code九、配置管理和版本控制【54】"版本控制之道——使用CVS"(程序员修炼三部曲第一部:Pragmatic Version Control Using CVS十、领域专题(网络、平台、数据库相关【55】"TCP/IP详解"( TCP/IP Illustracted【56】"Unix网络编程"(UNIX Network Programming【57】"UNIX环境高级编程"(Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment 【58】"UNIX 编程艺术"(The Art of Unix Programming【59】"数据访问模式——面向对象应用中的数据库交互"软件人员推荐书目(二拾遗篇【1】"系统思考"( 第五项修炼的核心,经理人处理复杂问题的利器 (Seeing the Forest for the Trees: A Manager's Guide to Applying Systems Thinking 【2】"模式分析的核方法"(Kernel Methods for Pattern Analysis【3】"计算机科学概论:第8版"(Computer Science : An Overview (8th Edition【4】"计算机科学导论"(Foundations of Computer Science: From Data Manipulation to Theory of Computation【5】"编码的奥秘"(CODE【6】"具体数学:计算机科学基础(英文版.第2版"(Concrete Mathematics A Foundation for Computer Science(Second Edition 【7】"数据结构与算法分析C++描述(第2版(英文影印版"(Data Structures & Algorithm Analysis in C++(2nd ed.【8】"数据结构与算法分析—— Java语言描述"(Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java【9】"数据结构、算法与应用:C++描述"(Data Structures,Algorithms and Applications in C++【10】"数据结构与算法分析(C++版第二版" (Practice Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis (C++ Edition (2nd Edition【11】"数据结构C++语言描述"(Data Structures C++【12】"图论简明教程"(A Friendly Introduction to Graph Theory【13】"操作系统概念(第六版"(Operating System Concepts,Sixth Edition【14】"操作系统:设计与实现(第二版上册、下册(新版"(OPERATING SYSTEMS:Design and Implementation(Second edition 【15】"分布式系统-原理与范型"(Distributed Systems:Principles and Paradigms【16】"4.4 BSD操作系统设计与实现(中文版"(The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operation System【17】"莱昂氏UNIX源代码分析"(Lion' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition With Source Code【18】"Linux内核设计与实现"(Linux Kernel Development【19】"编译原理及实践"(Compiler Construction: Principles and Practice【20】"数据与计算机通信(第七版"(Data and Computer Communications, Seventh Edition【21】"数据库系统概念"(Database System Concepts, Fourth Edition【22】"数据库管理系统:原理与设计(第3版" (Database Management Systems(Third Edition【23】"数据库原理、编程与性能(原书第2版" (Database-Principles, Programming, and Performance Second Edition 【24】"最后期限"(The Deadline:a novel about project management【25】"死亡之旅(第二版" (Death March, Second Edition【26】"技术人员管理—创新、协作和软件过程"(Managing Technical People:Innovation,Teamwork,and the Software Process 【27】"个体软件过程"(Introduction to the Personal Software Process【28】"小组软件开发过程"(Introduction to the Team Software Process【29】"软件工程规范"(A Discipline for Software Engineering【30】"快速软件开发——有效控制与完成进度计划"(Rapid Development【31】"超越传统的软件开发——极限编程的幻象与真实"【32】"敏捷软件开发-使用SCRUM过程(影印版"(Agile Software Development with Scrum【33】"解析极限编程:拥抱变化(影印版"(Extreme ProgrammingExplained:Embrace Change【34】"敏捷软件开发工具——精益开发方法"(Lean Software Development:An Agile Toolkit【35】"敏捷软件开发(中文版"(Agile Software Development【36】"特征驱动开发方法原理与实践"(A Practical Guide to Feature-Driven Development【37】"敏捷建模:极限编程和统一过程的有效实践"(Agile Modeling:Effective Practices for eXtreme Programming and the Unified Process【38】"敏捷项目管理"(Agile Project Management: Creating Innovative Products【39】"自适应软件开发—一种管理复杂系统的协作模式" (Adaptive Software Development:a collaborative approach to managing complex systems【40】"Rational统一过程:实践者指南"(The Rational Unified Process Made Easy: A Practitioner's Guide to the RUP 【41】"CMMI精粹--集成化过程改进实用导论"(CMMI Distilled: A Practical Introduction to Integrated Process Improvement 【42】"CMMI——过程集成与产品改进指南(影印版"(CMMI : Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement【43】"领域驱动开发"(Domain-Driven Design:Tacking Complexity in the heart of software【44】"创建软件工程文化"(Creating a Software Engineering Culture【45】"过程模式"(More Process Patterns : Delivering Large-Scale Systems Using Object Technology【46】"软件工艺"(Software Craftsmanship【47】"软件需求"(Software Requirements【48】"软件需求管理:统一方法"(Managing Software Requirements:A Unified Approach【49】"软件复用技术:在系统开发过程中考虑复用" (Software Reuse Techniques Adding Reuse to the Systems Development Process【50】"软件复用:结构、过程和组织"(Software Reuse Architecture,Process and Organization for Business Success 【51】"分析模式:可复用的对象模型" (Analysis Patterns :Reusable Object Models【52】"Design by Contract原则与实践"( Design by Contract by Example【53】"UML 用户指南"(The Unified Modeling Language User Guide【54】"UML参考手册"(The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual【55】"系统分析与设计(第5版"(Systems Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition【56】"软件构架实践(第2版" (Software Architecture in Practice,Second Edition 【57】"企业应用架构模式"(Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture【58】"软件体系结构的艺术"(The Art of Software Architecture:Design Methods and Techniques【59】"软件构架编档"(Documenting Software Architectures:Views and Beyond 【60】"OO项目求生法则"(Surviving Object-Oriented Projects【61】"OOD启思录" (Object-Oriented Design Heuristics【62】"对象揭秘:Java、Eiffel和C++"(Objects Unencapsulated: Java, Eiffel and C++【63】"软件开发的科学与艺术"(The Science and Art of Software Development 【64】"程序设计实践"(The Practice of Programming【65】"代码阅读方法与实践"(Code Reading: The Open Source Perspective 【66】"代码大全"(Code Complete【67】"重构手册(中文版"(Refactoring workbook【68】"程序设计语言——实践之路"(Programming Language Pragmatics 【69】"高质量程序设计指南--C++/C语言"【70】"C程序设计(第二版"【71】"C++程序设计"【72】"C++面向对象程序设计"(Object-Oriented Programming in C++ Fourth Edition【73】"C++ Gotchas(影印版"(C++ Gotchas: Avoiding Common Problems in Coding and Design【74】"Essential C++ 中文版"(Essential C++【75】"C++经典问答"(C++ FAQs (2nd Edition【76】"C++ Templates中文版"(C++ Templates: The Complete Guide【77】"C++标准程序库—自修教程与参考手册"(The C++ Standard Library 【78】"C++ STL(中文版"(C++ Standard Template Library【79】"泛型编程与STL"(Generic Programming and the STL: Using and Extending the C++ Standard Template Library 【80】"C++多范型设计"(Multi-Paradigm Design for C++【81】"C++设计新思维(泛型编程与设计模式之应用"(Modern C++ Design : Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied 【82】"C++沉思录"(Ruminations on C++【83】"Accelerated C++ 中文版"(Accelerated C++【84】"Advanced C++ 中文版"(Advanced C++ Programming Styles and Idioms【85】"Exceptional C++(中文版" "More Exceptional C++(英文版" (Exceptional C++, More Exceptional C++【86】"C++编程惯用法——高级程序员常用方法和技巧" (C++ Strategies and Tactics【87】"深度探索C++对象模型"(Inside The C++ Object Model【88】"Applied C++ 中文版——构建更佳软件的实用技术"(Applied C++: practical techniques for building better software 【89】"C++高效编程:内存与性能优化"(C++ Footprint and Performance Optimization【90】"提高C++性能的编程技术"(Efficient C++: Performance Programming Techniques【91】"代码优化:有效使用内存"(Code Optimization: Effective Memory Usage【92】"大规模C++程序设计" ( large-Scale C++ Software Design【93】"Java编程语言(第三版"(The Java Programming Language,Third Edition【94】"UML Java程序员指南"(UML For Java Programmers【95】"最新Java 2 核心技术"(Core Java 2【96】"Java编程艺术"(The Art of Java【97】"J2EE核心模式(原书第2版"(Core J2EE Patterns: Best Practices and Design Strategies, Second Edition【98】"应用程序调试技术"(Debugging Applications【99】"软件测试"(Software Testing A Craftsmaj's Approach(Second Edition【100】"软件测试求生法则"(Surviving the Top Ten Challenges of Software Testing:A People-Oriented Approach【101】"功能点分析—成功软件项目的测量实践"(Function PointAnalysis:Measurement Practices for Successful Software Projects 【102】"走查、审查与技术复审手册—对程序、项目与产品进行评估(第3版"(Handbook of Walkthroughs,Inspections,and Technical Reviews:Evaluating Programs,Projects,and Products,3rd ed.【103】"配置管理原理与实践"(Configuration Management Principles and Practice【104】"软件发布方法"(Software Release Methodology【105】"Lex 与Yacc(第二版"(Lex & Yacc,Second Edition【106】"用TCP/IP进行网际互联"(TCP/IP网络互联技术(Internetworking With TCP/IP【107】"TCP/IP路由技术"(Routing TCP/IP【108】"Windows 程序设计(第5版(上、下册"(Programming Windows (Fifth Edition【109】".NET构架技术与Visual C++编程"(.NET Architecture and Programming using Visual C++【110】"Microsoft .NET程序设计技术内幕" (Programming Microsoft .NET【111】"Microsoft C# Windows程序设计(上、下册"【112】"基于C++ CORBA 高级编程"(Advanced CORBA Programming withC++【113】"计算机图形学"(Computer Graphics【114】"计算机图形学:C语言版(第2版"英文影印版"(Computer Graphics: C Version, Second Edition【115】"计算机图形学(第三版"(Computer Graphics with OpenGL, 3e【116】"Windows游戏编程大师技巧(第二版"(Tricks of the Windows Game Programming Gurus, 2nd【117】"顶级游戏设计:构造游戏世界"(Ultimate Game Design: Building Game Worlds【118】"汇编语言编程艺术"(The Art of Assembly Language【119】"软件剖析――代码攻防之道"(Exploiting Software:how to break code 【120】"编写安全的代码"(Writing secure Code【121】"应用密码学(协议算法与C源程序"(AppliedCryptography:Protocols,Algorithms,and Source Code in C【122】"网络信息安全的真相"(Secrets and Lies:Digital Security in a Networked World【123】"数据仓库项目管理"(Data Warehouse Project Management【124】"数据挖掘概念与技术"(Data Mining:Concepts and Techniques【125】"人工智能"(Artifical Intelligence: A new Synthesis 【126】"神经网络设计" (Neural Network Design【127】"网格计算"(Grid Computing【128】"工作流管理—模型方法和系统"(workflow management:models,methods,and systems。
人身安全检查、流程优化、标准化英语
人身安全检查、流程优化、标准化英语Nowadays, personal safety has become an increasingly important issue in workplaces all over the world. With the growing emphasis on employee well-being, organizations are placing more emphasis on developing and implementingeffective safety inspection processes to ensure a safe working environment for all employees. In this article, we will explore the concept of personal safety inspection, process optimization, and standardization.The Importance of Personal Safety InspectionPersonal safety inspection is a critical process that organizations use to identify and address potential safety hazards and risks in the workplace. By conducting regular safety inspections, organizations can proactively identify and mitigate potential risks, thereby reducing the likelihood of workplace accidents and injuries. Furthermore, a strongfocus on personal safety inspection demonstrates an organization's commitment to employee well-being and can contribute to a positive work culture.Process OptimizationTo ensure the effectiveness of personal safety inspection, organizations need to optimize their inspection processes to make them more efficient and streamlined. This involves eliminating any unnecessary steps, consolidating redundant tasks, and employing technology to automate and standardizethe inspection process. By optimizing the inspection process, organizations can minimize the time and resources required to conduct inspections while maximizing the effectiveness of the process.StandardizationStandardizing the personal safety inspection process is essential for ensuring consistency and reliability across different workplaces and locations. By establishing a set ofstandardized inspection procedures, organizations can ensure that all safety inspections are conducted in a uniform manner, regardless of the location or individual conducting the inspection. This consistency helps to identify and mitigate risks more effectively and provides a benchmark forevaluating safety performance across the organization.Key Components of Personal Safety InspectionA comprehensive personal safety inspection should encompass a range of critical components to ensure a thorough evaluation of workplace safety. These components may include:1. Hazard Identification: Identify and document potential safety hazards, such as exposed wiring, slippery floors, or malfunctioning equipment.2. Risk Assessment: Evaluate the likelihood and potential impact of identified hazards to determine the level of risk.3. Control Measures: Implement appropriate control measures to mitigate identified risks, such as installing protective barriers or providing personal protective equipment.4. Compliance Check: Ensure that all safety measures and protocols are in compliance with relevant regulations and industry standards.5. Documentation and Reporting: Maintain detailed records of safety inspections, including findings, corrective actions, and follow-up procedures.Technological SolutionsAdvancements in technology have revolutionized the way personal safety inspections are conducted. Organizations can leverage digital tools and software to streamline the inspection process, capture accurate data, and facilitatereal-time reporting and analysis. Mobile applications,digital checklists, and cloud-based platforms can enhance theefficiency and effectiveness of safety inspections, enabling organizations to identify and address safety issues more promptly.Training and EducationIn addition to optimizing the inspection process, organizations should invest in training and educating employees on the importance of personal safety. By empowering employees with the knowledge and skills to recognize and report safety hazards, organizations can create a proactive safety culture that engages everyone in maintaining a safe work environment. Furthermore, ongoing safety training ensures that employees are aware of best practices and compliance requirements, contributing to a safer workplace overall.Continuous ImprovementContinuous improvement is essential for ensuring thelong-term effectiveness of personal safety inspectionprocesses. By regularly evaluating and refining the inspection process based on insights and feedback, organizations can adapt to changing safety requirements and industry best practices. Additionally, soliciting input from employees and safety professionals can provide valuable perspectives for enhancing the inspection process and optimizing safety measures.In conclusion, personal safety inspection, process optimization, and standardization are essential components of creating a safe and secure work environment. By embracing these principles and leveraging technological advancements, organizations can enhance the effectiveness of their safety inspection processes and demonstrate a steadfast commitment to employee well-being. Through ongoing training and continuous improvement, organizations can create a workplace where safety is prioritized, risks are minimized, and employees can thrive.。
Institutionalizing Software Tools and Methods
I nstitutionalizing SoftwareTools and MethodsMarilyn T. GaskaJeffrey S. Poulin28 March 1994Loral Federal Systems - OwegoM D0124Owego, NY 13827T el:(607)751-4156/6899F ax:(607)751-2597m tgaska@p oulinj@A bstractAchieving success depends on an incremental process supported by the appropriate people, straight-forward methods, and management support.This paper describes a three-pronged approach to building and supporting a reuse program at FSC-Owego.Although the fundamental issues in technology insertion remain the same across technologies, the individual experiences and techniques to address those issues depend on the organization.Keywords: Technology Insertion, reuse organization, metrics-based process improvement.1.0PositionThe fundamental problems in changing technology remain the same independent of the new technology or tool [11].Achieving success depends on an incremental process supported by the appropriate people, straight-forward methods, and management support.The incremental approach applies not only to the speed of which you can expect to adopt a new tool or idea, but also the speed at which you can expect it to grow.You can not expect dramatic changes in organizational process maturity any more than you can expect instantaneous adoption of a complex technology, so expectations and progress will depend on existing practices within the target organization [8].Not only must business needs motivate the change, the organization must have programs in the right phase to implement the change.2.0RoleMarilyn Gaska serves as the coordinator of the Owego site reuse program and directs the activities of the three reuse working groups at Owego.She currently serves as the Open Systems Environment (OSE) profile and compli-ance lead for SBIS, a contract which has moving to OSE technology as a major objective.Jeffrey Poulin worked for 1.5 years on the IBM Reuse Technology Support Center, a group responsible for inserting software reuse into IBM's development organizations.As part of a four-person team, he organized a 2-day technology insertion workshop in 1992 for IBM's tools and process managers.He currently chairs the Owego Tactical reuse sub-group, and wrote the reuse insertion strategy for the Army Sustaining Base Information Services (SBIS) contract, where he acts as a change agent in direct support of the SBIS program.3.0DiscussionOur basic technology insertion approach incrementally phases the organization into the new technology by way of series of demonstration projects.This plan uses lessons presented in other successful technology insertion pro-grams [5] and includes the following major steps [7]:1.Determine Objective.State the major problem to address (quality, productivity, business strategy) and thetarget technology or tool to address the problem.mit to Feasibility Pilot.Obtain management commitment and resources.Identify and train the pilot partic-ipants, design and conduct the pilot, and monitor and evaluate the e demonstrated success as a basis for step 3.mit to Implementation Pilot.As with the Feasibility Pilot,obtain management commitment and resources.Identify and train the key participants, design and conduct the pilot, and monitor and evaluate the results.mit to ing the success of step4,develop and commit to a plan to moving the entire organ-ization to the new technology.Continue to monitor and evaluate the results.The above template plan, however, does not reveal several key factors required for the successful adoption of the technology.We believe in the pilot project approach, but also recognize the need to assign individual responsibil-ities.We also assert that the chances of success depend heavily on the degree with which you expect change; you can achieve large paradigm shifts but you have a better chance if you work within a system that the organization already feels comfortable.Motivators also contribute heavily.One prime motivator comes from our metrics program, which fits in well with the corporate emphasis on software metrics and reporting.Finally, the entire process depends on continual attention by the change agents involved.We will address each of these factors in turn:Provide an organization and assign responsibility:Assigning responsibility to individuals generates the structure and personal stake to enable action.In the case of reuse at the Owego site we have an organization led by the site reuse coordinator that has three levels of responsible sub-groups.The Strategic sub-group defines business objec-tives and methods.It also interfaces with external organizations and other applicable site groups, such as the Soft-ware Engineering Process Group (SEPG) [4] and the site quality council.The Tactical sub-group coordinates the activities of the different programs on the site by providing a forum for program reuse representatives.Finally, the Technology Infusion sub-group works technical issues for the programs, such as providing tools support and educa-tion on technical topics to promote culture change/reuse awareness. A similar organizational approach started in 4Q93 on the Army Sustaining Base Information Services program [10].Work within the environment:Incremental change has a much better rate of success than attempts at major paradigm shifts.All aspects of technology insertion must leverage off the existing business practices as much as possible.For example, the Tactical sub-group disseminates general information using an internal bulletin board mechanism which most Owego employees routinely use and know.The Technology Infusion sub-group does not push the use of complicated external products but rather encourages the use of methods and tools (when necessary) that already exist within the developer's environment.They make use of related efforts, such as horizontal reuse opportunities provided by Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) we provide to commercial products [3]. Track progress with quantifiable measures:Most people respond and adapt their behavior based on how we measure and rate their actions.Metrics that reflect upon the level of involvement (and commitment) to the new technology will draw attention to the new technology and ease its adoption [2], [9].Furthermore, most people remain skeptical of advertised benefits unless they see examples of where a new technology actually worked.For example, adopting new quality programs in our labs depends on defect analysis metric models developed at the Watson Research Laboratory; by showing quantifiable quality improvements through the use of this these models, we have successfully modified the actions of our developers in ways that lead to higher quality software [1].At Owego, the Strategic sub-group defines the current metric baseline and future goals, the Tactical sub-group collects and reports progress to the goals, and the Technology Infusion sub-group ensures the collection tools and project database support/automate the process as much as possible [6].Provide continued emphasis at all levels:Any new technology needs nurturing until it has a chance to catch on. The responsible organization and people must provide constant training, consulting, monitoring, and attention. Above all, management must support the effort through demonstrated interest, commitment, and funding.The Owego site executives have made reuse a key part of our business strategy and have appointed a high-level execu-tive to serve as the program Sponsor for all reuse efforts.Basic marketing concepts apply; to meet the require-ments of users we must act as salespeople to provide the right education, metrics, and successful pilots to motivate people to use the technology and recognize that we need it to win new programs [11].4.0BiographyMarilyn T. Gaska(mtgaska@)MD0124,Loral Federal Systems-Owego,Owego,New York, 13827,joined IBM Owego, formally part of the IBM Federal Systems Company, in 1987.She currently is a Staff Programmer in SBIS Engineering and Technology, but has also worked in other fields to include healthcare prior to joining IBM.Currently she is a candidate for a Ph.D. in Advanced Technology, Systems Science, at Binghamton University, where she is working with Professor Donald C. Gause in the area of design.These part-time studies follow her second Master of Science is in Advanced Technology, Computer Science, from State University of New York at Binghamton in 1985.However, she received her first Master of Science on a Cornell Fellowship in 1979 following completion of a Bachelor of Science degree at Cornell in 1978.She is also a member of the IEEE.Jeffrey S. Poulin(poulinj@)MD0124,Loral Federal Systems-Owego,Owego,New York,13827. Dr. Poulin works with the Loral FS SBIS Engineering and Technology group where he conducts applied research on software reuse and leads the Open Systems Integration Independent Research and Development project.He participates in the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society. A Hertz Foundation Fellow, Dr. Poulin earned his Bachelors degree at the United States Military Academy at West Point and his Masters and Ph.D. degrees at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York.5.0References[1]Chillarege, Ram, Inderpal S. Bhandari, Jarir K. Chaar, Michael J. Halliday, Diane S. Moebus, Bonnie K. Ray,and Man-Yuen Wong, “Orthogonal Defect Classification- A Concept for In-Process Measurements,”IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,Vol.18,No.11.,November1992,pp.943-956.[2]Endres, Albert, “Lessons Learned in an Industrial Software Lab,”IEEE Software, September, 1993, pp. 58-61.[3]Gaska, Marilyn T., “An Open Systems Perspective on Horizontal Reuse,”Proceedings of the6th AnnualWorkshop on Software Reuse,Owego,NY,2-4November1993.[4]Humphrey, Watts S., Managing the Software Process.Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989.[5]Maher, J., “Managing Technology Change,”Software Engineering Institute Seminar, 1989.[6]Nusenoff, Ronald E. and Dennis C. Bunde, “A Guidebook and a Spreadsheet Tool for a Corporate MetricsProgram,” Journal of Systems and Software,Vol.23,No.3,December1993,pp.245.[7]Patterson, Skip, Jeffrey Poulin, Rich Rosenthal, and Norm Rudikoff, “Enterprise Systems TechnologyInsertion Plan Template,”IBM System/390Programming Tools, Internal document, 15 September 1992. [8]Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence, “Lessons Learned in Building a Corporate Metrics Program,”IEEE Software,May1993, pp. 67-74.[9]Poulin, Jeffrey S., Debera Hancock and Joseph M. Caruso, “The Business Case for Software Reuse,”IBMSystems Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4., 1993, pp. 567-594.[10]Poulin, Jeffrey S., “The SBIS Reuse Strategy,”IBM Federal Systems Company, dtd. 4 January 1993.[11]Poulin, Jeffrey S. and Will Tracz (eds.),Technology Insertion Working Group Report,in “WISR'93: 6thAnnual Workshop on Software Reuse Summary and Working Group Reports,” to appear,ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes,Vol.20,No.1,January1994.。
PSP0引导.ppt
二、从软件工程角度分析 （Analyse from software engineer）
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软件工程的概念及范畴
• 软件工程的目标是实现生产高质量的软件产品
•思考：
•作为个人我们该怎么做？ •作为团队我们该怎么做？
•个人行为与团队行为全部工程化。
？Why — 长时间 ？Why — 成本高 ？Why — 错误 ？Why — 难度量
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Lecture Topics
• 一、变革的必要 （The need for change,the need for PSP/TSP/CMM）
• 二、从软件工程角度分析 （Analyse from software engineer）
• 三、从软件发展过程分析 （Analyse from software improvement）
Project Size Less than $750K $750K to $1.5M $1.5M to $3M $3M to $6M $6M to $10M Over 0
+250 +500
Time (Months) Success Rate
6
55%
9
33%
12
happen. • The Team Software Process (TSP) addresses this need.
• The PSP provides the knowledge and skill that developers need to work on TSP teams.
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•在软件工程领域享有盛誉，被美国国防软件 工程杂志CrossTalk评为近几百年来影响软件 发展的十位大师之一。
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欧阳柳波 湖南大学软件学院
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一、为什么要使用过程
一个过程是为完成某一作业而定义的一系列步 骤。 一个作业的每个步骤或阶段都有明确的入口准 则，只有满足这些条件，才可以开始进入这个 阶段；同样它们也有出口准则，只有满足这些 条件，才可以结束这个阶段。 软件工程师的过程质量很大程度上决定了他们 的工作质量和效率，过程的设计和管理在软件 工程中是非常重要的。
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六、更新的项目计划总结表
引入的缺陷 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 总计 排除的缺陷 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 总计 2011-5-29 10 计划 实际 累计 累计百分比 Def/Hour 计划 实际 累计 累计百分比 Def/Hour
、一个项目计划的示例
八、累计时间值的示例
PSP项目计划总结表 项目计划总结表
学生 程序 教师 学生A 教师X 总结 Minutes/LOC LOC/Hour Defects/KLOC 过程效益 A/FR 程序规模（LOC） 新开发与更改的 最大规模 最小规模 2011-5-29 23 31 15 14 29 29 计划 7.21 8.32 日期 程序号# 程序设计语言 实际 6.76 8.88 3/12/2003 9 Ada 累计 、 、 、
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四、PSP过程脚本
目的 编译程序； 4 编译 修复所发现的缺陷； 将编译阶段所花费的时间登入时间记录日志 测试程序； 5 测试 修复所发现的缺陷； 将测试阶段所花费的时间登入时间记录日志 6 后置处理 将实际的规模和时间登入项目计划总结表； 将后置处理阶段所花费的时间登入时间记录日志 经过详尽测试的程序； 出口准则 较好的设计文档； 完整的程序清单、已经填好的项目计划总结表； 已经填好的时间日志
需求 计划 设计 过程 脚本 指南 编码 编译 测试 后置处理 时间和缺 陷数据 各种 日志 实际数据 项目计划 总结表 计划数据
最终产品
计划的和实际的 项目和过程的数 据
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四、PSP过程脚本
目的 指导用户进行小型程序的开发 问题描述；PSP项目计划总结表； 入口准则 以前开发的程序的实际规模和时间数据； 时间记录日志 计划 获取对程序功能的描述；估计整个程序的代码行数及其最大值和最 小值；确定开发效率(Min/LOC)；计算总开发时间及其最大值和最小 值；将计划数据填入项目计划总结表；将计划阶段所花费的时间登 入时间记录日志 设计程序； 2 设计 按照指定的格式记录设计文档； 将设计阶段所花费的时间登入时间记录日志 实现设计； 3 编码 使用标准的格式来书写程序代码； 将编码阶段所花费的时间登入时间记录日志
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六、更新的项目计划总结表
PSP项目计划总结表 项目计划总结表
学生 程序 教师 学生A 教师X 总结 Minutes/LOC LOC/Hour Defects/KLOC 过程效益 A/FR 程序规模（LOC） 新开发与更改的 最大值 最小值 2011-5-29 26 36 18 8 19 19 计划 7.82 7.67 日期 程序号# 程序设计语言 实际 7.21 8.32 3/12/2003 8 Ada 累计 7.21 8.32 、 、 、
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六、更新的项目计划总结表
开发阶段时间/min 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 后置处理 总计 最大时间 最小时间 12 29 15 203 282 141 21 43 8 137 21 43 8 137 15.3 31.4 5.8 100.0 计划 10 19 118 实际 4 0 61 累计 4 0 61 累计百分比 2.9 0 44.6
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指导用户进行小型程序的开发
五、检查点和阶段
检查点为测量项目状态提供了精确的参考点。 软件开发过程进一步把检查点的思想从几个点 扩展到所有的阶段。 对于一个已定义的过程，每个阶段产生一个特 定的结果，阶段完成时刻即为一个可测量的检 查点。 通过使用一个已定义的过程，将有许多点来帮 助你制定和跟踪你的工作。
PSP项目计划总结表 项目计划总结表
学生 程序 教师 学生A 教师X 总结 Minutes/LOC LOC/Hour Defects/KLOC 过程效益 A/FR 程序规模（LOC） 新开发与更改的 最大规模 最小规模 2011-5-29 23 31 15 11 计划 7.21 8.32 日期 程序号# 程序设计语言 实际 3/12/2003 9 Ada 累计 、 、 、
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二、过程定义
一个有完整描述的过程，称为已定义的 过程，它一般由一些脚本、表格、模板 和标准组成。 一个过程脚本是一组书面的、过程的用 户或代理在使用过程时应该遵守的步骤。 各种表格（如一些日志和总结表）是用 来记录和保存项目数据的。
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三、PSP过程流程图
七、一个项目计划的示例
开发阶段时间/min 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 后置处理 总计 最大时间 最小时间 25 52 10 166 224 108 计划 5 0 74 实际 累计 累计百分比
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七、一个项目计划的示例
引入的缺陷 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 总计 排除的缺陷 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 总计 2011-5-29 13 计划 实际 累计 累计百分比 Def/Hour 计划 实际 累计 累计百分比 Def/Hour
八、累计时间值的示例
开发阶段时间/min 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 后置处理 总计 最大时间 最小时间 25 52 10 166 224 108 28 49 11 196 49 92 19 333 14.7 27.6 5.7 100.0 计划 5 0 74 实际 11 12 85 累计 15 12 146 累计百分比 4.5 3.6 43.9
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八、累计时间值的示例
引入的缺陷 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 总计 排除的缺陷 计划 设计 编码 代码复查 编译 测试 总计 2011-5-29 16 计划 实际 累计 累计百分比 Def/Hour 计划 实际 累计 累计百分比 Def/Hour
九、练习
对于第一个PSP程序，猜测各个阶段的时 间分布； 利用已有的项目计划总结表为下一个要 设计的程序制定一个计划。 利用项目计划总结表中的累计百分比那 一列来估计各个阶段的时间，开始作业 前记录估计的数据，完成作业后记录实 际的规模数据。