文献阅读与翻译课文练习参考
Unit2文献阅读与翻译第二章
Eg.1:Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。 张力在增大。 电压在增加。 压力在增强。 ……
Eg.2: the English word of story
This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (事件) It is quite another story now, for the leadership has changed. (情况) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (内情) A young man came to a police officer’s office with a story.
(3)Judging from the Context and Collocation
医学英语文献阅读二翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第六章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第六单元How to Translate—译前编辑技巧课后与章节测试1. 译前编辑分设主语的两大用途有:A 提高翻译效率B 处理中文里的主语漂浮现象C 处理第一分句过长的情况D 提高翻译准确率答案: 【BC】2. 谓语转换的三种形态：A 现在分词短语B 过去分词短语C 不定式短语D 介词短语答案: 【ACD】3. 中文中表达现在完成时的词语有：A 现在B 当前C 长期以来D 已经答案: 【CD】4. 跨句逻辑的两大好处：A 有助于减字B 有助于把中文分句切成较短的句子，提高英文的地道程度C 有助于理解D 有助于翻译答案: 【AB】5.前文提到的句子使用了什么技巧？A 分设主语B 转变谓语C 巧断时态D 跨句逻辑答案: 【A】6. 以下哪几种手法是译前编辑常用技巧？A 分设主语B 转变谓语C 转变时态D 跨句逻辑答案: 【ABCD】7. 分设主语可以用来处理以下哪些语言问题？（多选）A 主语漂浮B 句子冗长C 第一分句过长D 无主句答案: 【AC】8. 在中文里，一个主语带多个谓语的句子十分常见。
采用转变谓语这一技巧，可以将某些谓语动词转换为以下哪三种形式？（多选）A 不定时短语B 现在分词短语C 介词短语D 独立结构答案: 【ABC】9.在汉译英时，可以使用以词定时的方法来判断时态。
请选出以下可以使用现在完成时的词汇？A 了B 长期以来C 过D 现在答案: 【AB】。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第二章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第二章What to Read—文献管理技巧课后与章节测试1. Endnote文献导入方式有：A、手动输入B、联机检索下载C、通过pdf文档识别搜索导入D、从谷歌学术搜索导入答案: 【ABC】2. 如何增加输出参考文献格式A 在ENDNOTE中点击output stylesB 在endnote官网中点击output stylesC 手动导入D 没有办法答案: 【B】3. 如何下载mendeley？A 通过官方下载链接下载B 百度搜素下载C 通过软件管家下载答案: 【A】4. 如何进入文献阅读界面？A 双击需要阅读的文献B 选择进入文献阅读C 换一个软件答案: 【A】5. 其它文献管理软件中文献可否导入Mendeley？A、可直接导入B、可以导入但操作比较复杂C、可以导入且操作简单D、不可直接导入答案: 【A】6. Mendeley软件可否直接进行文献阅读？A、不可进行，仅可进行文献管理B、可以进行简单的文献浏览C、可以进行文献阅读但不可记笔记D、可以进行文献阅读且可以记笔记答案: 【D】7. 当使用通过pdf文档识别导入文献时，第一步如何操作？A、将pdf文档移入文献数据库中B、直接在Endnote中添加附件C、直接在Endnote中打开pdf文件D、以上都不对答案: 【A】8. Mendeley中文献管理功能主要在哪一板块？A、ALL DocumentsB、FavoritesC、UnsortedD、My library 答案: 【D】9. 在Endnote个人数据库管理方面，视频中介绍了该方面的几种功能？A、3种B、4种C、5种D、6种答案: 【B】10. 视频中提到的第三种Endnote文献导入方式是：A、手动输入B、联机检索下载C、通过pdf文档识别导入D、直接从网络数据库识别导入答案: 【C】11. 视频中提到Mendeley中如何按照作者查看文献？A、点击左下方作者姓名B、在ALL documents一栏中按作者姓氏首字母排序C、专门给每个作者设一个文件夹D、以上都对答案: 【A】12. Endnote手动输入文献后A、数据库中会直接生成相关文献B、还需导入附件C、还需从线上数据库中导入文献D、以上都不对答案: 【B】13. 从网络数据库导入的方法是所有数据库都支持的吗？A、是B、不是答案: 【B】14.下载Endnote之后如何在电脑中导入参考文献？A、点击引用后导入B、word文档第一排所有选项最后有Endnote导入C、无法导入答案: 【B】15. Mendeley需要单独建立文献数据库吗？A、不需要B、需要答案: 【A】16. Endnote中pdf文档识别导入属于那种导入方式？A、本地导入B、在线导入C、本地加在线导入D、以上都不是答案: 【C】17. 直接从重庆大学数据库中导入属于哪种导入方式？A、本地导入B、在线导入C、本地加在线导入D、网络数据库导入答案: 【D】18. 如何获取Mendeley的安装包？A、官网直接下载B、百度搜素下载C、通过网友分享的破解版下载D、通过光盘下载答案: 【A】19. Mendeley中更改引用文献格式的功能在哪一栏？A、FileB、EditC、ViewD、Tools 答案: 【C】20. 请上机实操演示如何通过Mendeley或Endnote在word文档中直接进行文献引用，各个关键步骤请用屏幕截图，并将多幅截图拼接成一个PDF文档并上传.答案: 略。
阅读理解及英翻中专项练习
Part I Reading Comprehension （共20 小题，每小题2 分，共40 分）Directions: In this part there are four passages. Each passage is followed by four comprehension questions. Read the passage and answer the questions. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Do you want to say what you thi nk in a letter to the Preside nt of the Un ited States? You 'lget a reply from him —written in ink, not typed —after only a few days.The Preside nt gets about 4,000 letters every week. He an swers every one who writes to him on special Whites House paper. But he doesn' need a lot of time for it. In fact, he only gives 20 minutes a week to look at his personal correspondence. He has the most modern secretary in the world to help him.It 'computer, worth £ 800 , 000 , which has its own rooms on the first floor of the White House. It has a bank of electro nic pens which write like the Preside nt writes, in his favorite light blue ink. Each letter the Preside nt receives gets a number, according to the type of answer it needs. The pens then write the correct reply for it, according to the number. Each letter takes less than a sec ond to write.A White House official said, “'snot importa nt that letterscome from a computer. Each letter says what the Preside nt wants to say.1. _______ for a reply from the Preside nt.A. You have to wait a long timeB. You only have to wait several daysC. You have to wait at least one monthD. You only have to wait a few weeks2. The reply from the Preside nt ________ .A. is always prin tedB. is always typedC. is always written in ink always writte n by himselfD. is3. It takes the computer _______ to write ten letters.A. no more tha n ten sec ondsB. a little more tha n tensecondsC. less tha n ten sec ondsD. at least one sec ond4. The computer can be described as _________ .A. expe nsive but efficie ntB. possessing a beautiful handwritingC. heavy and in efficie ntD. the Preside nt 'most reliable secretary5. It can be in ferred from the passage that ________ .A. the Preside nt n ever reads any letters writte n to him by ordinary peopleB. the Preside nt hires a very efficie nt secretary to deal with his corresp ondenceC. the Preside nt does not really care about the letters he receives every weekD. the Preside nt is assured that the computer express his views in the letters Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:In order to learn to be one 'true self, it is necessary to obtain a wide and exte nsive kno wledge of what has bee n said and done in the world; critically to inquire into it; carefully to con sider it; clearly to an alyze it; an d earn estly to carry it out.It matters not what you learn, but when you once learn a thing, you must n ever give it up un til you have mastered it. It matters not what you inquire in to, but when you once inquire into a thing, you must never give it up until you have thoroughly understood it. It matters not what you try to think out, but when you once try to think out a thing, you must never give it up until you have got what you wan t. It matters not what you try to carry out, but whe n you once carry out a thing, you must never give it up until you have don' itthoroughly and well.If another man succeeds by one effort, you will use a hundred efforts. If ano ther man succeeds by ten efforts, you will use a thousa nd.6. Accordi ng to the author, first of all one must ________8. The end of lear ning should be ________ .A. thoughtB. masteryC. inquiryD. an alysis9. Accordi ng to the author, ano ther man 'success should _________C. not be take n into con siderati on10. The author implies but does not say what __________A. the way to kno wledge is through specializatio nB. one has to know everythi ng to be successfulC. success depends not so much on natural ability as it does on effortD. success in one s profession is latest important in one 'lifePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:About 70 millio n America ns are tryi ng to loss weight. That is almost 1 out of every 3 people in the United States. Some people go on ideas. This means they eat less certa in foods, especially fats and sugars. Other people exercise with especial equipment, take diet pills, or even have surgery. Losing weight is hard work, and it can also cost a lot of mon ey. So why do so many people in the Un ited States want to lose weight?Many people in the Un ited States worry about not look ing young andattractive. For many people, look ing good also means being thi n. Other peopleworry about their health. Many doctors say being overweight is not healthy. ButA. an alyzeB. inq uire 7. Accordi ng to the author, ________A. learni ng is not importa nt thinking isnot n ecessaryC. kno wledge means littlenot importa nt what we lear nC. obtai n kno wledgeD. actB. D. it is A. make greater effortsB. make us n ervousD. cause one to stop tryingare America ns really fat? Almost 30 millio n America ns weight at least 20 percent more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United State is the most overweight country in the wild. The stored fat of adult America ns weight 2.3 trillion pounds, ” says University of Massachusetts anthropologist （ 人类学家） George Armelagos. He says bur ning off that stored en ergy would produce enough power for 900,000 cars to go 12,000 miles.Los ing weight is hard work, but most people want to find a fast and easy way to take off fat. Bookstores sell lots of diet books. These books tell readers how to lose weight. Each year, doze ns of new books like these are writte n. Each one boasts to help people to get rid of fat.11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way of losing weight?A. To eat less fats and sugarsB. To take much exerciseC. To have surgeryD. To work hard12. Many America ns are tryi ng to lose weight because _______ .A. they want to look attractiveB. they are misled by doctorsC. they want to keep fitD. both A and C13. The figures give n in the sec ond paragraph suggest that ______ .A. America ns are depe ndent on carsB. cars con sume a lot of moneyC. America ns n eed lose weight source of en ergy 14. It can be in ferred from the last paragraph thatA. diet books are not always effective helpfulC. there are lots of ways of losing weight theirpromises15. It can be con cluded from the passage thatA. people think too much of their appeara neeB. there is not a sure way of los ing weight as yetC. surgery is the fastest way of losing weightD. going on diet is a safe way of los ing weight Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage: D. excess of fat can be aB. diet books are usually D. bookstores are keep ingI rece ntly wrote an autobiography in which I recalled many old memories. One of them was from my school days, whe n our ninth grade teacher, Miss Raber, would pick out words from the Reader 'Digest to test our vocabulary.Today, more tha n 45 years later, I always check out “ pays to En rich Your Word Power ” first whe n the Digest comes each mon th. I am impressed with that idea, word power. Reader 'Digest knows the power that words have to move people —to en tertai n, in form, and in spire. The Digest editors know that the big word isn t always the best word. Take just one example, a Quotable Quote form the February 1985 issue: ” Time is a playful thin g. It slips quickly and drinks the day like a bowl of milk. ”Nineteen words, only two of them more than one syllable, yet how much they convey! That 'usually how it is with Reader 'Digest. Small and simple can be profo und.As chairma n of a foun dati on to restore the Statue of Liberty, I v e bee n making a lot of speeches lately. I try to keep them fairly short. I use small but vivid words: words like hope f g uts f faith f d reams ‘‘.Those are words that move people and say so much about the spirit of America.Don 'get me wrong. I m not aga inst using big words, whe n it is right to do so, but I have also lear ned that a small word can work a small miracle —if it' right word, in the right place, at the right time. It 'a secret”that I hope never forget.16. The passage is mainly about ________ .A. one of the many old memoriesB. using simple words to express profo und ideasC. Reader 'Digest and school speechesD. how to make effective speeches17. It seems that Reader 'Digest is a magazine popular with _________ .A. people of all agesB. Teen agersC. school teachersD. elderlyreaders18. The example the author gives in the sec ond paragraph mightmean ______ .A. one spe nds his day play ing and drinkingB. don 'waste your time as one doesC. time slips easily if you don' make good use of itD. time is just like drinking milk from a bowl19. The author '“ecret ” is ______ .A. to avoid using big words at any timeB. to use words that have the power to move peopleC. to work a miracle by using a small wordD. to use small and simple words where possible20. Accord ing to the author, well-chose n words can give people _________ .A. hope, courage and ideasB. con fide nee, determ in ati on and stre ngthC. pleasure, kno wledge and en courageD. en terta inmen t, i nformati on and powerPart IV Tran slation (共35 分)Section A (共5小题，每小题4分，共20分)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese. You may refer to the corresponding passagesin Part I.81、It has a bank of electr onic pens which write like the Preside nt writes, in his favorite light blue ink. (Passage One)82、In order to learn to be one 'true self, it is necessary to obtain a wide and exte nsive kno wledge of what has bee n said and done in the world. (Passage Two)83 、Almost 30 million Americans weight at least 20 percent more than their ideal weight. In fact, the United State is the most overweight country in the wild. (Passage Three)84 、One of them was from my school days, when our ninth grade teacher, MissRaber, would pick out words from the Reader 's Digest to test our vocabulary. (Passage Four)85 、I m' not against using big words, when it is right to do so, but I have also learned that a small word can work a small miracle —if it 's right word, in the right place, at the right time. (Passage Four) 参考答案01-05 BCCAD 06-10 CDBAC11-15 DDCAB 16-20 BACCC81、它有一排电子笔，能用总统最喜欢的浅蓝色墨水写出他的笔迹。
文献阅读与翻译Unit 2
Unit 2 Professional Papers（4hrs）1. Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. Despite the various names, the task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.A professional paper can not be written randomly. It must conform to a special format, which governs the entire paper from the placing of the title to the width of the margins, and to the notation used in acknowledging material drawn from other sources.A professional paper differs from other non-professional essays in that it involves the use of library sources from which facts, quotations, and the opinions of others are drawn to explain , support , or authenticate ideas in the paper. These sources are identified by numbered notes, places at the end of the paper or at the bottom of the page. A professional paper usually concludes with a bibliography , and an alphabetical list of all sources cited.2.Classification of professional papersThe four kinds of papers usually assigned in universities and colleges are (1) report papers; (2) research papers; (3) course papers, and (4)thesis papers.1) Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of an other on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence. For instance, a paper that listed the opinions of statesmen during the debate over a certain event would be a report paper. Likewise, a paper that chronologically narrated the final days od a personality would also becalled a report paper.2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources and aims to assemble facts and ideas by studying them to draw new conclusions on the basis of obtained data observed facts , or to present the material in the light of a new interest.3) Course PaperDifferent from report papers and research papers, course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis PaperUnlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. The candidate must also complete examinations and present a written thesis or dissertation. The doctoral thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge, and is a more detailed study of a research problem than that requ ired for the master‟s degree. In general, dissertation is a lengthy, formal treatise, especially one written by a candidate for the doctoral degree at university.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers1) Formal StyleA professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing. The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomesa matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes. The focus of professional writing is upon the data and upon the analysis of the data, for example, instead of writing:I carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.It would be more conventional to say:An experiment was carded out to investigate the effect of light on plant growth.Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint. It is directed to the reader‟s mind and makes little efforts to appeal to his emotions. Its purposes are utilitarian, and it is usually intended for readers who already have, to some degree, a special interest in the subject matter or are even experienced colleagues in the same trade. Consequently, though it places a high value on interest, it does not try to be so colorful and entertaining that it runs the risk of becoming flashy.2) Specialized TermsThe terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Take the word “normal”as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations, for example:filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸primary filter 基色滤色器What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields, e.g., decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义), etc. Examples like these are too numerous to mention one by one.3) Rigid Sentence StructureAs we know, the function of professional papers is to reveal creative research achievements and exchange latest research information. The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected tomeet this requirement.4) Formatted Elements（格式化内容）Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.4. Search for Professional PapersDifferent kinds of papers can be found from various sources:1) JournalsJournals are usually edited and published by learned societies or associations monthly, bi-monthly, or quarterly; for example, transactions, published by the American IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), and circulated widely in academic circles all over the world.2) Acta（学报）Acta are mainly published by institutions of higher learning. Their contributors are chiefly university professors and regional research scholars, including graduate students, in academic institutions.3) Bulletins, Circulars （通告）or Gazettes（公报）Such bulletins are mainly edited and designated for the publication of briefs of research findings, preliminary results on some research programs, science news or notices of scientific seminars and conferences. Among the most famous of such publications are the Bulletin of the American Physical Society and the Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, etc.4) Rapid CommunicationsThis kind of publication belongs to the public correspondence and letter-form publications. Their contributors are mainly scientific workers, professional technical information and data workers, editors of professional journals and engineers. Rapid Communications enjoy popularity among professionals for being quick, direct and brief.5) ReviewsCommentary or summary articles are usually carried in specialized journals called Reviews, such as Comments on Modern Physics (published by the Physics Society under the Royal Academy of Sciences, U.K.) and Physical Review (published by the American Society of Physics, U.S.A.). The articles and papers published in such reviews are various in length and scope. They may include original research papers, comments and reviews on some authors and their papers or books, survey of current developments and research tendency analysis. Many famous international scholars, researchers and physicists are invited to work for and contribute to these reviews.6) ProceedingsProceedings are collections of papers of the corresponding academic conferences at which these papers or commentaries are presented. Such proceedings are often published in the form of special issues, supplements or proceedings series. Category titles like “technical”, “scientific”, “academic”, “research”, “development”, etc. are usually put before the paper titles to help the readers in their choice.7) Dissertation Abstract InternationalDissertation Abstract International (DAI) is published monthly by University Microfilms International and includes abstracts of doctoral dissertations submitted to UMI by 550 participating institutions in North America and throughout the world.Each author-prepared abstract, up to 350 words in length, describes in detail the original research project on which the dissertation is based. Most of the approximately 35,000 dissertations published by UMI each year are abstracted in DAI and may be purchased in microform or as paper copies.DAI is published in three sections:Section A--The Humanities and Social SciencesI--Communications and the ArtsII--EducationIII--Language, Literature and LinguisticsIV--Philosophy, Religion and TheologyV--Social SciencesSection B--The Sciences and EngineeringI--Biological SciencesII--Earth SciencesIII--Health and Environmental SciencesIV--Physical SciencesV--PsychologySection C--Worldwide (formerly European Abstracts) is published quarterly and includes abstracts of dissertations in all disciplines accepted for doctoral and post-doctoral degrees at institutions throughout the world. Most of these dissertations are not available from UMI; those which are for sale are also listed in Section A or B. Beginning with Volume 50 (Spring 1989), DAI-C was expanded to include institutions worldwide.8) Comprehensive Dissertation Index (CDI)Comprehensive Dissertation Indent (CDI) provides citations from 1861. It includes international coverage of engineering and technological literature. Corresponds to the printed Engineering Index. There are monthly updates. Abstracts and keywords are provided. American Doctoral Dissertation is included.9) On line Access to DissertationOn line Access to Dissertation describes searching the Comprehensive Dissertation Index database on DIALOG. General background and file content are presented. Numerous DIALOG search techniques are demonstrated and illustrated with actual examples. Notes the lack of in-depth subject indexing and stresses the need to search the title field. Other online sources of dissertations are briefly noted.Supplementary Readings on Dissertations, etc.1. A Diploma, the approximate equivalent of a bachelor‟s degree in the United State s, is awarded after a 4- to 5-year course of study. After an additional three years of study and the completion of a dissertation, a doctoral degree is awarded. Further study and the completion of a second dissertation lead to a second doctorate, the Habilitation, which qualifies the recipient to teach in a university. The Habilitation degree is the approximate equivalent of a doctoral degree in the United States.2. Academic Degree is title granted by a college or university, usually signifying completionof an established course of study. Honorary degrees are conferred as marks of distinction, not necessarily of scholarship; some, such as D. Litt. (doctor of letters), are generally honorary in the U.S.3. European Degrees In Germany and at most Continental universities, only the doctor‟s degree is conferred, except in theology, in which the licentiate, or master‟s degree, is also presented. Granting of the doctorate is contingent upon the acceptance of a dissertation and the passing of examinations. The bac calaureate, or bachelor‟s degree, is usually not a university degree in Europe. In France, it is acquired by passing a state examination at the completion of secondary education; the only university-conferred baccalaureate is that awarded by the faculty of law.The University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford in England grant the bachelor‟s degree after the satisfactory completion of a 3-year course. Since the 18th century these universities have also given tripos, or examinations for honors. A candidate for graduation must pass all parts of the tripos for a particular subject in order to qualify for an honor degree. The master‟s degree in arts or science is granted after a further period of residence and study and the payment of fees. Other English universities grant the master‟s degree only after a candidate has passed a series of examinations and presented an approved thesis. Various doctorates are awarded for distinguished scholarly work.4. U.S. Degrees The most commonly granted degrees in the U.S. are the BA, or bachelor of arts, and the BS, or bachelor of science, both given generally after the completion of a 4-year course of study …and sometimes followed by a mark of excellence, such as cum laude, with praise; magna cum laude, with great prais e; or summa cum laude, with highest praise. The master‟s degree is granted after one or two years of postgraduate work and may require the writing of a thesis or dissertation. The doctorate requires two to five years of postgraduate work, the writing of a thesis, and the passing of oral and written examinations. In a recent year U.S. institutions of higher learning granted about 988,000 bachelor‟s degrees, some 289,000 master‟s degrees, and 34,000 doctor‟s degrees. The most familiar degrees are shown in the accompanying table.5. The academic dress worn at degree-granting ceremonies consists of a long, black, full-cut gown, and a mortarboard, a stiff square-shaped cap with a tassel. The tassel is either black or of the color indicating the field of study, such as blue for philosophy, purple for law, or scarlet fortheology. Some also wear a hood lined with colored silk indicating the graduate‟s institution and decorated with velvet strips to designate the field of study. The bachelor‟s gown, usually of cotton, has pointed sleeves. The master‟s gown, of cotton, silk, or worsted, has oblong sleeves. The doctor‟s gown, generally of silk, has colored velvet facings down the front. The bell-shaped sleeves are decorated with three similarly colored velvet bands.6. In the United States, the research doctorate requires at least two or three additional years of study beyond the master‟s degree. Most doctoral students are expected to have a reading knowledge in two foreign languages. The candidate must also complete examinations and present a written thesis or dissertation. The doctoral thesis represents an original contribution to knowledge, and is a more detailed study of a research problem than that required for the master‟s degree.The Doctor of Philosophy degree is the most important research doctorate and may include specialization in almost any academic subject. The Doctor of Education, Doctor of Medicine, and Doctor of Dental Surgery degrees represent advanced professional training. Students in such professions as medicine and dentistry can obtain a doctor‟s degree without first receiving a bachelor‟s or master‟s degree. But most acquire a bachelor of science degree before entering medical training.Reflections and Practice (1)I. Topics for group discussion.1. How is a professional paper defined? What is your understanding of a professional paper?2. How are papers classified? What are the similarities and differences between/among them?3. What are the linguistic features of professional papers?4. Where can you search for different kinds of papers from various sources?II. Fill in each space with one proper word and translate the sentences into Chinese.1. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) gopher allows you to search_______ particular NBER working papers and reprints by key word(s), author, title, or paper number. The gopher contains a document outlining papers that are available_______ anonymous FYP. Papers that are not available, but outlined_______ the NBER database, must be ordered_______ . phone,fax, or e-mail. There is a directory in this gopher menu_______ the Penn-World tables, which_______ data such as population, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, real consumption, government and investment shares of GDP per capita, capital stock per worker, standard of living indexes, and many other data sets. There is also a link_______ the Economics Working Papers Archive (papers not from the NBER) and a link_______ search the NBER Macro-Economic Historical Database.2. The Cambridge University Eng ineering Department‟s FFP server features a wide_______ of engineering-related documents, tutorials, abstracts, full-text dissertations, and programming code. A good place to start is the/pub/reports subdirectory. Read the message file first, and then browse Abstracts or the Index to_______ the reports you want to pursue further. Much of the engineering work focuses_______ speech analysis, ultrasound imaging, and robotics. If you‟re particularly interested in speech analysis, you may want to check_______ the comp. speech FTP site that‟s also_______ here. To access it, go to the fip:///pub/comp.speech directory. Be sure to read the FAQ and Readme files first. Among the technical information here, you‟ll find project source code_______ spe ech recognition, speech analysis software, information speech synthesis, and more.3. The average Ph.D. thesis is nothing_______ a transference of bones one graveyard to another.4. Master‟s theses from 214 colleges and universities in the United States ar e found. With V olume 18, the coverage was expanded to_______ Canadian universities of which twenty-seven are_______ in Volume 25.5. Forty-four disciplines are presently covered which __ agriculture, astronomy, chemistry, geology, nuclear science, etc. A n ote on the contents page states: “Mathematics and most life sciences have been_______ from this publication.., to limit the scope of the work.”6.The University of Minnesota‟s On-line Dissertations site is a searchable index of the bibliographic records an d abstracts_______ UMI‟s Dissertation Abstracts database from 1980 to the present. Most of the documents are_______ in both Adobe Acrobat and PostScript formats.7. A Diploma, the approximate equivalent of a bachelor‟s degree in the United States, is awarded_______ a 4- to 5-year course of study. After an additional three years of study and the completion_______ a dissertation, a doctoral degree is_______ . Further study and the completionof a second dissertation lead_______ a second doctorate, the Habilitation, which qualifies the recipient to teach in a university. The Habilitation degree is the approximate equivalent_______ a doctoral degree in the United States.8. The demand that every teacher should write a master‟s_______ , a doctor‟s_______ , and, for the rest of his career, publish with reasonable frequency learned_______ and scholarly books, has led_______ a mass of scholarship of widely varying standards and value. Some is trivial and absurd, but the best has perfected the texts and thoroughly illuminated the significance of nearly all the world‟s great literature.9. Most countries also provide_______ higher degrees_______ law. In common-law countries there is usually a series of steps, ascending_______ a degree of master of laws_______ a doctorate or senior doctorate. In civil-law countries it is normal to go straight_______ a first degree to a doctorate. Master‟s degrees are, as a rule, based_______ advanced examination after courses of instruction, though sometimes they are_______ for research or for a combination of examination and dissertation. Doctorates are awarded_______ theses expounding the results of original research and senior doctorates_______ published contributions_______ scholarship in the subject. In many countries there are also specialized postgraduate diplomas or certificates particular subjects.Translation Skills (2): DictionBy “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.In the practice of translation, what perplexes a translator most is how to find the equivalents in the language to be translated into. Great care is called for in the translation of “familiar” English words into Chinese, as their meanings vary with the change in collocation or context. Take the following simple sentence for example:Tension is building up.Without a given context, both “tension” and “build up” may have various explanations. Thus this simple English sentence can be translated into different Chinese versions:(1)形势紧张起来。
学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译
学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译IntroductionAs technology advances, artificial intelligence has become an integral part of our lives. With the help of machine learning and natural language processing, machines are not only able to perform routine tasks but are also able to understand, reason and learn. In the translation industry, machine translation has become increasingly popular in recent years.This paper will explore the use of machine translation in translation tasks by reviewing scholarly articles on the topic. Furthermore, we will explore the role of machine translation in automating translation tasks and the impact it has on the translation industry.Advantages of Machine TranslationMachine translation has several advantages in translation tasks. One of the greatest advantages is speed. Machines are able to perform translations in a fraction of the time it would take a human translator. Furthermore, machines can translate large volumes of text quickly and accurately.Another advantage of machine translation is cost. The cost of machine translation is significantly lower than human translation. This is because machines can complete translations without the need for payment, benefits, or time off.Machine translation is also consistent. Machines are not prone tofatigue or errors in the same way humans are. This means that the quality of translations is more consistent and reliable. Disadvantages of Machine TranslationHowever, there are also several disadvantages to using machine translation. One of the biggest disadvantages is accuracy. Machine translation is not always accurate, and can produce errors or awkward translations.Another disadvantage is that machines lack the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. This means that machines may not be able to properly translate idiomatic expressions or slang.Additionally, machines are not suitable for translations that require a higher level of precision, such as legal or medical translations. This is because these types of translations require a strong understanding of specific terminology and jargon.Research FindingsIn a study conducted by Hasegawa and Kojima (2011), machine translation was compared to human translation for translations of user manuals. The study found that machine translation produced more errors than human translation, and that the quality of machine translation varied widely depending on the source language.On the other hand, a study by Koehn et al. (2003) found that machine translation can produce high-quality translations when thesource text is straightforward and lacks nuanced meaning.Another study by Nitzke and Burchardt (2016) investigated the impact of machine translation on the translation process. They found that machine translation can be a useful tool for translators, but that it is important to take into account factors such as domain, text type, and translation direction.ConclusionMachine translation has several advantages and disadvantages in translation tasks. While it can be useful for translations of certain texts, it is not always accurate and lacks the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. In conclusion, machine translation has the potential to automate translation tasks and increase efficiency in the translation industry, but cannot replace the role of a human translator entirely.The use of machine translation in the translation industry has been increasing over the years. This is due to the advances in artificial intelligence and natural language processing that have made it possible for machines to understand and translate languages.One of the benefits of machine translation is that it can increase the efficiency of the translation process. This is particularly important for industries that require the translation of large volumes of text. For example, the news media industry relies heavily on machine translation to quickly translate news articles from one language to another. This allows them to deliver news to their audience faster and more efficiently.Moreover, machine translation can also be used in industries such as ecommerce, where the translation of product descriptions can be a time-consuming and costly process. By using machine translation, businesses can translate product descriptions quickly and with greater accuracy, which can lead to increased sales and reduced costs.However, it is important to note that machine translation has limitations. It may not always produce accurate translations, especially when dealing with complex or nuanced texts. In some cases, human translators may be necessary to ensure that the translation accurately captures the meaning and tone of the original text.Furthermore, machine translation can be particularly challenging when translating idiomatic expressions or slang. These types of expressions are often unique to a particular culture or community, and may not have direct translations in other languages. A machine translator may not be able to accurately capture the nuanced meaning of these expressions, resulting in a translated text that may be difficult for the reader to understand.Despite its limitations, there are several ways in which machine translation can be optimized to improve its accuracy and efficiency. One of these methods is by using post-editing, which involves a human translator checking and editing the machine-translated text for accuracy and fluency.Another way is by training the machine translator with domain-specific data. For example, if the machine is being used formedical translations, it can be trained with medical terminology to improve the accuracy of translations in this domain.Additionally, machine translation can also be improved by using a hybrid approach, which combines machine translation with human translation. This approach involves using the machine translator to translate the bulk of the text, then having a human translator edit and refine the translation to ensure accuracy and fluency.Overall, machine translation has become an integral part of the translation industry, and its use is expected to increase in the future. While it has its limitations, it also offers several benefits, such as increased efficiency and reduced costs. With ongoing improvements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing, it is likely that machine translation will become even more advanced, leading to greater accuracy and efficiency in translation tasks.。
文献阅读与翻译 刘鸿章 uint5 课后练习翻译
Unit 5注册过程很简单。
从版权局请求适当的表格并完成它。
将它退还给版权局，以及20美元不可退款的申请费和要求注册的作品的适当存款。
在一个常见的例子—一本出版的书—存款是该书的最好的版本的2份。
版权局在完成文书工作时发送注册证书，这个过程通常需要12至16周，因为办公室必须处理大量的注册。
第一部现代版权法是由英国在1709年颁布的。
在美国，国会在1790年通过第一部国家版权法案。
大多数国家都有版权法，涵盖了在国内或国外创作的原作品。
在美国国会图书馆的版权局主要是对管理版权法负责。
版权保护了许多作品，包括文学作品，音乐作品，戏剧作品的选择，舞蹈，摄影，绘画，雕塑，图表，广告，地图，电影，广播和电视节目，录音，在美国，（也包括）计算机软件程序。
为了受版权保护，必须要以有形形式建立：它必须被写下来，记录，或者公共演出。
专利是用来保护一个程序、产品或者设备的发明者。
商标是用来保护标识制造商的产品。
一般而言，在联邦法院版权侵权会作为民事诉讼处理。
如果侵权成立，版权人有几个补救措施。
法院可以下达停止继续侵权的禁令；销毁盗版复制品；偿还对版权拥有者所招致的任何经济损失；由于盗版复制品的出售造成的利润减少；以及固定赔偿每个盗版产品造成的损失（通常在500美元和20000美元之间），以及诉讼费和律师费。
在版权案中。
对于故意侵犯版权利益的行为可判处监禁的刑事处罚或者罚款。
版权侵权衡量尺度的例外情况已被合理使用，允许受版权保护的材料在一定目的下可被复制，如批评，评论，教学和研究。
在决定是否使用属于合理使用的例外情况，使用目的和使用对原作品的价值造成的影响这些因素必须要考虑。
合理使用的例子包括从书本，诗歌摘录；或用来（以）说明、（或）评论为目的的关键审查播放；引用在学术或技术书籍的段落，来说明或澄清笔者的观点；模仿作品的一部分；演讲或文章的概括总结，新闻报道的引用；老师或学生出于教学目的对作品的部分进行复制。
由于美国政府创作的作品不能被版权保护，其中许多由美国政府印刷局发行的出版物材料可以被复制而无须担心侵权。
英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.). We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m. As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m. As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526p.p.m. Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m. These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m. of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m. arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m. Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m. in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m. arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m. Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m. Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almostall arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulationby an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants. *Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail: lqma@†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cyclingand Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。
Unit10文献阅读与翻译第10章
Predicative Clauses(表语从句)
English predicative clauses are generally translated in the original order.
Predicative Clauses(表语从句)
For example：
(1)This is where the shoe pinches. 这就是问题的症结所在。 (2)Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并非总是如其表象那样。 (3)His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him. 他对新闻界的看法是，记者们不是支持他就是反对 他。
Subject Clauses(主语从句)
For example：
(1)What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的只是半真半假的东西而已。 (2)What ever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression. 他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。
Subject Clauses(主语从句)
1)Subject Clauses Introduced by Such Pronouns as What, Whatever, Whoever, How, etc. When such clauses are translated, they may generally retain their original position.
Appositive Clauses(同位语从句)
科技文献阅读与翻译原文及答案-推荐下载
科技文献阅读与翻译原文红色字体为参考答案，自己酌情修改一下，以免雷同。
Section AI Read the text carefully, and try to sum up (in one sentence if possible) the two or three main points, which the writer is makingGun controlA student of the gun control issue will readily perceive the arena is indeed a broad one, in which we must struggle to preserve the right to keep and bear arms. It is a struggle which will test whatever there might be of genius in any of us and it is one which will merit the devoted efforts of every citizen who in the broadest sense can perceive the relationships which our Bill of Rights liberties bear one to another.I suggest we begin our affirmative role immediately in the area of crime control. The truth is that gun control does not equate with crime control. We have an advantage in this fact which we have neither exploited nor advanced convincingly. It is demonstrable that in those sections of the country where gun possession is most prevalent, crime is least. Encouragingly, many moderate and reasonable men among our opponents are beginning to see that our problem is crime control and that gun control is not going to have much, if any, effect upon it. Of course,for reasons-of their own, some of them still say gun control is desirable. For these people we can only wonder, as would any good citizen, what it is they have in mind for us that our possession of guns makes them so nervous.As long as we concur that any measure of gun control equates with some measure of crime control we are in agreement with those who would eliminate our rights. We would then again be backed into defensive position, held for forty years, always losing a little here and a little there unfit finally nothing would be left us.No group of good citizens has ever struggled more conscientiously along the narrow pathway, between hope and moderation on one hand, and the cold facts of efforts to abolish our rights on the other, than the leaders of the National Rifle Association. Every gun owner in America should applaud the action taken by the Executive Committee of the NRA in Washington, D.C. on July 12, 1974: ‘...the NRA opposes any proposed legislation, at any level of government, which is directed against the inanimate firearm rather than against the criminal misuse of firearms.A reasonable degree of order in society must prevail first. Criminals must be controlled first. we are the decent people. We try to be reasonable and we are not fools even though we have so often made mistakes in the past 40 years.many people turn to England as an example for crime control. The fact isthat in England, for hundreds of years, a man found guilty of any one of number of crimes was promptly hanged. Now that a more humanistic generation of Englishmen has lately abolished these stern but effective methods, crime-including armed crime - is sky-rocketing. Recently armed Englishmen, amid a hail of their own bullets, attempted to kidnap the eldest daughter of the reigning Queen of England! Unbelievable! (From an article in Guns and Ammo by Harlan Carter)Suggested answer.The writer believes that gun-owners are good citizens, and everyone should be free to own guns. If we wish to reduce crime, we should not ban guns, but impose harsher punishments for criminals.II In a paragraph of not more than 100 words, say simply what the witnesses thought happened, and what really happened.A séanceA good example of this technique of investigating the reliability of reports is an experiment reported by S·J Davey. He was interested in the kind of phenomena reported during séances and, using quite simple trickery, which he had planned in advance, he reproduced some of the effects popular among the mediums of the day. His audiences were asked to write down accounts of what they had witnessed, and these observations were then compared with what actually happened. Here is a report written by one witness of such a séance. `On entering the dining-room where the séance was held’, so the report runs, every article of furniture was searched and Mr. Davey turned out his pockets.The door was locked and seated, the gas turned out, and they all sat round the table holding hands, including Mr Davey. A musical box on the table played and floated about. Knockings were heard and bright lights seen. The head of a woman appeared, came close and dematerialized. A half-figure of a man was seena few seconds later .He bowed and then disappeared through the ceiling with a scraping noise..’Another witness also described the searching of the room, the sealing of the door, and the disposition of the medium and sitters round the table. the medium and sitters round the table, She alleged that a female head appeared in a strong light and afterwards a bearded man reading a book, who disappeared through the ceiling.A11 the while Mr. Davey’s hands were held tightly by the sitters on either side, and when the gas was relit the door was still locked and the seal unbroken.A third witness’s account was even more sensational. He reported that ‘nothing was prepared beforehand, the séance was quite casual’. Having described the locking and sealing of the door, he went on to say that he was touched by a cold, clammy hand and heard various raps. After that he saw a bluish-white light which hovered over the heads of the sitters and gradually developed into an apparition that was ‘frightful in itsugliness, but so distinct that everyone could see it .... The features were distinct ... a kind of hood covered the head, and the whole resembled the head of a mummy’. After this an even more wonderful spirit appeared. It began with a streak of light and developed by degrees into a bearded man of Oriental appearance. His eyes were stony and fixed, with a vacant listless expression. At the end of the séance the door was still locked and the seal was intact.So much for some of the reports. Now for the reality. The séance was not a casual affair at all, but had been carefully rehearsed beforehand. At the beginning, Mr Davey went through the motion of apparently locking the door, but he turned the key back again so that the door was actually left unlocked. The ‘props’ for the materializations had been stowed away in a cupboard underneath a bookshelf; this was not looked into by the witnesses who searched the room because, just as they were about to do so, Mr Davey diverted their attention by emptying his pockets to show that he had nothing hidden on his person. The phenomena were produced by a confederate who came in by the unlocked door after the lights had been turned out, and while the musical box was playing loudly to drown the noise of his entry. The ‘apparition offrightful ugliness’ was a mask draped in muslin with a cardboard collar coated with luminous paint. The second spirit was the confederate himself, standing on the back of Mr Davey’s chair, his face faintly illuminated by phosphorescent light fromthe pages of a book he was holding. The rasping noise made when the spirits seemed to disappear through the ceiling was caused accidentally, but interpreted by the witnesses according to their conception of what was happening. When the light was turned on the gummed paper that had been used to seal the door had fallen off, but Mr Davey quickly pressed it back into position and then called the witnesses’ attention to the fact that it was ‘still intact.’ Mr Davey’s performances were so convincing that some leading investigators, including the biologist A. R. Wallace, F. R. S., refused to believe him when he said that he had no mediumistic powers and it had all been done by trickery. In effect the conjurer was challenged to prove that he was not a medium!(From Sense and Nonsense in Psychology by H. J. EysenckSuggested answer.The witnesses thought the room was locked, and that they were alone with Mr Davey. They believed that they saw various supernatural phenomena, such as the spirits of a man and a woman, accompanied by strange lights and noises. In fact, the door was not locked, and the effects were produced by a colleague of Mr Davey who came into the room under cover of darkness and the noise of the musical box. He used materials which had been hidden in a cupboard that was not searched because Mr Davey distracted people’s attention at a crucial moment.Read the following text and make notes.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.For a great many this failure is avowed and absolute. Close to forty per cent of those who begin high school drop out before they finish. For college the figure is one in three.Many others fail in fact if not in name. They complete their schooling only because we have agreed to push them up through the grades and out of the schools, whether they know anything or not. There are many more such children than we think. If we 'raise our standards' much higher, as some would have us do, we will find out very soon just how many there are. Our classrooms will bulge with kids who can't pass the test to get into the next class.But there is a more important sense in which almost all children fail: except for a handful, who may or may not be good students, they fail to develop more than a tiny part of the tremendous capacity for learning, understanding, and creating with which they were born and of which they made full use during the first two or three years of their lives.Why do they fail?They fail because they are afraid, bored, and confused.They are afraid, above all else, of failing, of disappointing or displeasing the many anxious adults around them, whose limitless hopes and expectations for them hang over their heads like a cloud.They are bored because the things they are given and told to do in school are so trivial, so dull, and make such limited and narrow demands on the wide spectrum of their intelligence, capabilities, and talents.They are confused because most of the torrent of words that pours over them in school makes little or no sense. It often flatly contradicts other things they have been told, and hardly ever has any relation to what they really know - to the rough model of reality that they carry around in their minds.How does this mass failure take place? What really goes on in the classroom? What are these children who fail doing? What goes on in their heads? Why don't they make use of more of their capacity?This book is the rough and partial record of a search for answers to these questions. It began as a series of memos written in the evenings to my colleague and friend Bill Hull, whose fifth-grade class I observed and taught in during the day. Later these memos were sent to other interested teachers and parents. A small number of these memos make up this book. They have not been much rewritten, but they have been edited and rearranged under four major topics: Strategy; Fear and Failure; Real Learning; and How Schools Fail. Strategy deals with the ways in whichchildren try to meet, or dodge, the demands that adults make on them in school. Fear and Failure deals with the interaction in children of fear and failure, and the effect of this on strategy and learning. RealLearning deals with the difference between what children appear to know or are expected to know, and what they really know. How SchoolsFail analyses the ways in which schools foster bad strategies, raise children's fears, produce learning which is usually fragmentary, distorted, and short-lived, and generally fail to meet the real needs of children. These four topics are clearly not exclusive. They tend to overlap and blend into each other. They are, at most, different ways of looking at and thinking about the thinking and behaviour of children.It must be made clear that the book is not about unusually bad schools or backward children. The schools in which the experiences described here took place are private schools of the highest standards and reputation. With very few exceptions, the children whose work is described are well above the average in intelligence and are, to all outward appearances, successful, and on their way to 'good' secondary schools and colleges. Friends and colleagues, who understand what I am trying to say about the harmful effect of today's schooling on the character and intellect of children, and who have visited many more schools than I have, tell me that the schools I have not seen are not a bit better than those I have, and very often are worse.How children fail by John Holt, Pitman, 1965Suggested answer.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.o High School - forty per cento College - thirty three per cent.o Others in fact if not name - complete becausepushed, know anythingo But, more importantly, fail to developfull capacity for learning.Why ? Fail because: afraid, bored, and confused.o afraid of failing, disappointing adultso bored because they given trivial, dull, thingsto doo confused because most of school makes littleor no sense, flatly contradicts other things ,no relation to what they really knowHow? Search for answers to questions:o Strategy - ways in which children try to meet, ordodge, the demands made on themo Fear and Failure - interaction in children of fearand failure, + effect on strategy and learning.o Real Learning - compares what childrenappear to know with what really know.o How Schools Fail - ways: schools foster badstrategies; raise children's fears; producefragmentary, distorted & short-lived learning;fail to meet real needsRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?The Discovery of X-raysExcept for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics.X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that theagency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3) X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitudeshorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known. Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct.In common with other electromagnetic radiations, X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths.AnswersRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?1.18952.Roentgen3.1. they travel in straight lines2. they are uncharged3. they are a wave motion phenomenon4. the waves are transverseSection DTranslate the following passage into Chinese:When you are researching, write down every idea, fact, quotation, or paraphrase on a separate index card. Small (5" by 3") cards are easiest to work with. When you've collected all your cards,reshuffle them into the best possible order, and you have an outline, though you will undoubtedly want to reduce this outline to the essential points should you transcribe it to paper.A useful alternative involves using both white and coloured cards. When you come up with a point that you think may be one of the main points in your outline, write it at the top of a coloured card.Put each supporting note on a separate white card, using as much of the card as necessary. When you feel ready, arrange the coloured cards into a workable plan. Some of the points may not fit in. If so, either modify the plan or leave these points out. You may need to fill gaps by creating new cards.You can shuffle your supporting material into the plan by placing each of the white cards behind the point it helps support.当你正在研究,写下每一个想法,事实上,报价,或意译在单独的索引卡。
《文献阅读与翻译》胡庚申 Unit14 课后习题阅读与翻译答案
UNIT 14
Literature reading and translation
Page 300
Given by Hu Qiang 1335467
1. The robot is a man so subtle that he seems to be not one but the incarnation of winged angel,( who can fly up to the skyscraper and hand in person the milk bottle to user, ) really a superman comes into being on the earth.
devour contaminants 吞噬污染物 dissociation 分离(的状态)，分开，分解，分裂；脱离关系 in embryo 未发展的；在筹划中的；在萌芽时期的 advanced adj. 1.在前面的，(在)前进的；预先的，先期的 2.(在科学、技术、哲理等方面)先进的；超前的 3.高级的，高等的，高深的 细菌可以用于分解污染物（反复实验结果证明这是对的），空气可以用分离 的方法实现人工净化（这一说法目前还有待商榷），这些超前的理论在环境 科学领域流行甚广。 （参考答案） 细菌可以用于吞噬污染物（通过反复实验之后这已得到证实），空气可以用 分离的方法人工净化（这一说法迄今尚不成熟），这些超前的理论在环境科 学领域流行甚广。
Unit1文献阅读与翻译第一章
Literal translation
The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.
In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication. In actual practice, we often alternate or combine these two approaches instead sticking to either.
文献阅读与翻译课文练习参考
U1 General DescriptionII. Translation1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation.1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。
2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第四章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第四单元How to Read—学术论文阅读技巧（详读细节）课后与章节测试1. What is Move 2 in method section?A Contextualizing study methodsB Describing the studyC Establishing credibility答案: 【B】2. Where is the method section?A After the introduction sectionB Before the introduction sectionC Before the discussion答案: 【A】3.The statistics in which figure are presented in percentage?A Pie chartB Bar chartC Photos答案: 【A】4. What is the second part of CARS model?A Establishing a research fieldB Creating a research gapC Occupying the research gap答案: 【B】5. How many moves are there in discussion section?A 3B 4C 5答案: 【B】6. What is the first mentioned frequently –used language device in this video?A NominalizationB PremodificationC Passive voice答案: 【A】7. The word Classroom-based is belong toA NominalizationB PremodificationC Passive voice答案: 【B】8. What is the function of “also”?A Add informationB Exemplifying relationshipC Concrete details答案: 【A】9. The phrase “As a result” belongs to which type of transitional words?A AddingB CausingC Comparing答案: 【B】10. How many methods the authors used in Clinical bonding to alumina ceramic part?A twoB threeC fourD five答案: 【B】因材料而异11. How many methods the authors used in Clinical bonding to zirconia ceramic part?A twoB threeC fourD five答案: 【C】因材料而异12. What is the best material used in this study?A non-retentive restorationsB retentive restorationsC resin-bonded fixed dental prosthesesD inlay-retained fixed dental prostheses答案: 【A】因材料而异13. What is the limitation of the study?A There are no controlled clinical trials showing that air-abrasion affects the clinical outcome of oxide ceramic restorations negatively.B There is still a controversy whether air-abrasion alters the strength of zirconia ceramic restorations.C On densely sintered zirconia clinically no durable bonding was achieved using silica-coating, silane application and using a MDP containing luting resin.D However, despite the use of retentive preparation design a debonding rate of 13.3% occurred within the first 53 months.答案: 【C】因材料而异14. In which part that the study results can be found in this article?A In methodsB In conclusionC In discussionD This article did not give a specific result答案: 【C】15. Which one is the title of the second table?A Chemical bonding mechanism of the phosphate monomer 10-methacryloyloxydecyl-dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) to dental oxide ceramics.B Recommended bonding methods to dental oxide ceramics based on published clinical trials.C Number of articles revealed in PubMed using the search term “zircon* AND ceramic AND bond* AND dent* AND resin” per 5 years time period after elimination of articles which did not deal with bonding to zirconia ceramic (311 − 44 = 267).D Failure rates of oxide ceramic fixed dental prostheses retained by resin-bonded retainer wings or inlays related to the pontic location.答案: 【B】16. What is the second subtitle of 2.1?A Method 1 tested on glass-infiltrated alumina ceramicB Method 1 tested on zirconia ceramicC Method 2 tested on glass-infiltrated alumina ceramicD Method 2 tested on zirconia ceramic答案: 【C】17. What is the second subtitle of part 2?A Clinical bonding to alumina ceramicB Clinical bonding to zirconia ceramicC Method 2 tested on glass-infiltrated alumina ceramicD Method 2 tested on zirconia ceramic答案: 【B】18. Part 1 Directions: There are 5 groups of sentences below, with each group consisting of 2 sentences. Read the sentences and choose the sentence which is more appropriate in academic articles. 1.如果我们认识不到废气这一严重问题,那么这个地球将面临毁灭。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第九章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第九单元How to Publish—SCI投稿技巧课后与章节测试1. 选择不合适期刊造成的后果A 只要内容够优秀，就没有后果B 稿件被退回C 评议结果差答案: 【BC】2. 选择投稿期刊的目的是？A 增加被引用几率B 避免格式错误C 获得修改意见答案: 【A】3. 常用的投稿方式有哪些？A 将稿件寄给杂志社B 线上投稿C 现场投稿答案: 【AB】4. 投稿注意事项有A 尽量多投期刊，增加录取概率B 注意附加简历C 期刊无权删改论文答案: 【B】5. 专家审稿周期一般为：A 2个星期B 2个月C 1年答案: 【B】6. 如何进入author center？A 点get helpB 点my generalC 点my library答案: 【A】7. corresponding author的贡献A 排在所有作者最后B 略低于第一作者C 不亚于第一作者答案: 【C】8. 发表文章的小技巧有A 投其所好B 剑走偏锋C 引用审稿人文章答案: 【AC】9. 学术文献检索时，我们通常用到的最重要的中文综合性网络数据库之一是（）A 中国知网B 搜狐C 百度D 新浪答案: 【A】10. 论文投稿中，退稿的原因归纳起来不包括（）A 文笔欠佳B 提炼不够C 选刊不佳D 有创新性答案: 【D】11. 有关论文投稿准备应注意的事项不包括（）A 题目有创意B 主题要鲜明C 论文无定位D 论据应核实答案: 【C】12. 论文投稿发生争议时，下列说法正确的是（）①双方应首先友好协商解决②请查新机构的上级主管部门及委托人的主管部门进行调解③可申请由国家科技部计划司成果办仲裁④如属经济问题，则按国家有关规定，通过司法程序解决A ①②B ①②③C ①②④D ①②③④答案: 【D】13. 学术期刊在出版论文前，一般都是要作者填写论文版权转让书，以保护出版社和作者的知识产权不受侵犯。
2021年 学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译第七章答案
2021年学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译(2021春)第七单元How to Translate—译后编辑技巧课后与章节测试1. 译后编辑常见的错误类型有：A 译文选词错误B 实词译文缺失C 词序不对D 译文与原文意思相反答案: 【ABCD】2. 第三层级的文本是：A 参考级文本B 常规级文本C 会议级文本D 出版级文本答案: 【D】3. 学术文本第一层是：A 阅读级B 参考级C 交流级D 投稿级答案: 【B】4. “针对基于大数据时代下如何有效构建企业税务管理体系展开详细分析与论述”这句话如何进行译前编辑？A 动词提前B 添加主语C 调整时态D 增添标点答案: 【ABC】5. 以下哪些是译后编辑常见的错误类型？A 词序不对B 命名实体问题C 译文选词错误D 数量词问题答案: 【ABCD】6. 崔启亮、雷学发（2016）根据客户使用文本的目的和对文本译文质量的期望，将文本划分为以下哪几个层次？A 参考级B 交流级C 常规级D 出版级答案: 【ACD】7. 交流级文本翻译原文：自20世纪90年代以来，中国摆脱短缺经济并逐步完成向工业国的转型。
随之而来的是工业发展逐步由供给约束走向需求约束时代，尤其是一些重工业部门，比如钢铁、煤炭、水泥、平板玻璃、电解铝等，陆续出现了严重的产能过剩问题。
对于中国工业领域，尤其是重工业部门的产能过剩现象及其成因，理论界多有论及，但其研究范围主要聚焦于产能过剩更多源于结构性因素还是体制性因素的探讨。
答案: 略，建议Google翻译后，译后编辑，检查术语以及个别语言词汇，语法等问题。
8. 投稿级文本翻译（译前编辑+机器翻译+译后编辑），请提交译前编辑后的中文、机器翻译译文、译后编辑后的译文。
原文：具体来说，成本收益分析是通过全面比较一个公共项目或一项公共政策的全部成本和收益，在判断净收益大小及社会公共福利后来评估项目或政策实施价值的一种方法。
成本收益分析作为一种经济决策方法，将成本费用分析法运用于政府部门的计划决策以及公共管理之中，以寻求在公共项目投资决策上如何以最小的成本获得最大的效益，以此提升全社会的公共福利，随着成本收益分析方法的逐渐成熟完善，一些公司也开始运用此方法来进行方案决策。
文献阅读翻译P63-64
3、国际专利协议：近100个国家，包括加拿大和美国，现在公认的专利条约于1884年起生效。
每个国家同意给予其他国家的公民同样的权利，正如像给它自己的公民获得一项专利提供了保护。
该条约也有利于人们在自己的国家申请专利，然后在一年内申请任何其他国家的专利。
于同日在自己的国家作为一个被视为他们最新的申请。
1978年，“专利合作条约”（PCT）起生效。
它提供了搜索和标准的申请形式。
根据这一条约，每个国家保留自己的专利法，但标准的申请格式取代各个国家的申请格式。
然后，每个国家都在很大程度上依赖于PCT检索。
已经有30个国家或国家集团签署了PCT，包括美国和加拿大。
4、杰出的美国专利专利局在1940年庆祝美国专利系统成立150周年。
著名科学家，实业家和政治家要求由美国专利局提名出美国最伟大的发明专利。
这些发明者有广泛不同的背景。
大多是在美国出生的，一小部分人，如特斯拉是在外国出生的，有些人，如德福利特，是大学训练有素的科学家。
一些人，如豪尔，刚开始学习同时他们开始发明。
有些人，如西屋公司，是专业的发明者。
要获得合格的专利，发明必须是新的，有用的，原始的，不容易发现或创造的。
美国专利法考虑到每个类别的发明。
把这些发明专利和新用途称为实用新型专利。
实用新型专利也可以通过以下方式获得的发明的改进和育出大多数植物的新品种。
实用新型专利也授予给在实验室里通过基因工程创造的新生物。
这些生命形式，包括玉米和小鼠，以及许多种微生物的某些类型的。
另一种类型的专利，称为植物专利，可用于非传粉的植物。
第三种专利，外观设计专利，只涵盖外观的制品。
在某一领域的普通技术人员都能明显做出的发明不能申请专利。
这样的发明，可能仅仅包含替代材料或在一台机器的大小的变化，或与众所周知的概念相结合，没有新的和意想不到的结果。
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U1 General DescriptionII. Translation1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation.1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。
2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
2. Put the following passage into Chinese.As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。
因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。
因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。
3. Put the following passage into English.翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。
简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。
从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。
翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。
因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。
准确性是翻译的首要条件。
译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。
字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。
表达性是使译文易于理解。
换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。
准确性是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。
Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.U2 Professional Paper(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scotti's office with a story.(1)这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
(2)现在的情况完全不同了。
(3)有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4)如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。
(5)丽泰•海华丝的遭遇算是最悲惨的了。
(6)一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
U4 AbstractsMore than three thousand IPC symbols jammed into the chart. He certainly was not scanning the rows with a magnifier.图表中密密麻麻地排满了三千多个国际专利分类符号。
他肯定不会拿着放大镜一排排往下看。
Although no one has yet set foot on Vesta, and no spacecraft has been near, planetary scientists have obtained conclusive evidence during the last decade that cold, silent Vesta was once the scene of volcanic activity.尽管从未有人登上过灶神星，也从未有过太空飞船飞近过灶神星，但是研究行星的科学工作者在最近十年中已经获得了可靠的证据证明寒冷而宁静的灶神星曾经（一度）是火山活动的场所。
Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicillin, pnumococcai disease continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.尽管有效的抗菌素，特别是青霉素应用已久，但肺炎球菌引起的疾病仍然造成大量死亡，尤其是对患有其他慢性病的人来说更是如此。