江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷
【优质】江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作样卷
课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX
1.What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%）
A1:There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit,accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work.
“Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.”
When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened.
“Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.”
A3:Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.
introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement.
江苏大学研究生学位英语复习题
江苏⼤学研究⽣学位英语复习题Part II Cloze Test ( 10 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an21should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, however, most people make several job choices during their working lives22 because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their positions. The "one prefect job" does not exist. Young people should 23enter into a broad flexible training program that will24them for a field of work rather than for a single job.Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans without benefit of help from a competent vocational counsel or psychologist. Knowing25about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss26. Some drift from job to job. Others27 to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students or their parents for them choose the professional field, 28 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal29. The imagined or real prestige of a professional or a " white-collar" job is30 good reason for choosing it as a life's work.31, these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the32of young people should give serious33to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants 34life and how hard he is willing to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security, others are willing to take 35 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards.21. A. identification B. entertainment C. occupation D. accommodation22. A. entirely B. mainly C. largely D. partly23. A. therefore B. since C. furthermore D. forever24. A. fit B. make C. take D. leave25. A. few B. little C. much D. a lot26. A. basis B. chance C. purpose D. opportunity27. A. apply B. appeal C. turn D. stick28. A. concerning B. following C. disregarding D. considering29. A. requirements B. preferences C. tendencies D. ambitions30. A. a B. any C. the D. no31. A. Therefore B. However C. Moreover D. Nevertheless32. A. mass B. majority C. minority D. multitude33. A. proposal B. suggestion C. appraisal D. consideration34. A. towards B. against C. without D. out of35. A. turns B. parts C. risks D. choicesPart III Reading Comprehension ( 30 minutes, 20 points )Directions: In this part, there are four passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneMany things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain so. But some things we do know.First, we know that all human beings have a language of some sort. There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language, no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one another. Furthermore, in historical times, there has never been a race of men without a language.Second, there is no such thing as a primitive language. There are many people whose cultures are undeveloped, who are, as we say, uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive. In all known languages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing.This has not always been well understood; indeed, the direct contrary has often been stated. Popular ideas of the language of the American Indians will illustrate. Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a very primitive system of noises. Study has proved this to be nonsense. There are, or were, hundreds of American Indian languages, and all of them turn out to be very complicated and very old. There are certainly different from the languages that most of us are familiar with, but they are no more primitive than English and Greek.A third thing we know about language is that all languages are perfectly adequate. That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language.Finally, we know that language changes. It is natural and normal for language to change; the only languages which do not change are the dead ones. This is easy to understand if we look backwards in time. Change goes on in all aspects of language. Grammatical features change as do speech sounds, and changes in vocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly. Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language.36. In the second paragraph the author thinks that_____A) some backward race doesn’t have a language of its own.B) some race in history didn’t possess a language of its own.C) any human race, whether backward or not, has a language.D) some races on earth can communicate without language.37. According to the author, people of undeveloped cultures can have______languages.A) complicatedB) uncivilizedC) primitiveD) well-known38. The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they are_______A) just as old as some well-known languages.B) just as sophisticated as some well-known languages.C) more developed than some well-known languages.D) more complex than some well-known languages.39. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A) A language is a means of expressing a particular culture.B) All languages can well express their respective cultures.C) American Indian languages are as sophisticated as English.D) Some languages are better than other languages.40. According to the author, language changes are most likely to occur in _______A) grammar.B) pronunciation.C) vocabulary.D) intonation.Passage TwoRecently the Department of Planning of New York issued a report which laid bare a full scare of change of the city. In 1970, 18 percent of the city’s population was foreign-born. By 1995, the figure had risen to 33 percent, and another 20 percent were the US-born offsprings of immigrants. So immigrants and their children now form a majority of the city’s populatio n.Who are these New Yorkers? Why do they come from? Where are they from? (OK, time to drop the “they”. I’m one of them.) The last question at least is easy to answer: we come everywhere. In the list of the top 20 source nations of those sending immigrants to New York between 1990 and 1994 are six countries in Asia, five in the Caribbean, four in Latin America, three in Europe, plus Israel and the former Soviet Union. And when we immigrants get here we roll up our sleeves. “If you’re not ready to work when you get to New York,” says a friend of mine, “you’d better hit the road.”The mayor of New York once said, “Immigration continues to shape the unique character and drive the economic engine of New Yorker City.” He believes that immigrants are at the he art of what makes New York great. In Europe, by contrast, it is much more common to hear politicians worry about the loss of “unity” that immigration brings to their societies. In the quarter century since 1970, the United States admitted about 12.5 million legal immigrants, and has absorbed them into its social structures with an easy beyond the imagination of other nations. Since these immigrants are purposeful and hard working, they will help America to make a fresh start in the next century.41. The report issued by the Department of Planning of New York_____A) put forward ways to control New York’s population.B) concerned itself with the growth of New Yorker’s population.C) studied the structure of New Yorker’s population.D) suggested ways to increa se New York’s population.42. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true of the immigrants in New York?A) One can not find his place in New York unless he is ready to work.B) They found life in New York harder than in their own counties.C) Most of them have difficulty finding jobs.D) One can live on welfare if he does not want to work.43. The mayor of New York considers immigration to be______A) a big problem in the management of the city.B) A push needed to develop the city.C) a cause of disintegration of the city’s social structure.D) an obstacle to the development of the city.44. Where are the new Yorkers from?A) Asia.B) Europe.C) All over the world.D) Latin America.45. What is the author’s attitude towards immigratio ns to New York?A) Negative.B) Worried.C) Indifferent.D) Positive.Passage ThreeRecent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupations --- service and clerical --- that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-bearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's.46.Women are kept from top management positions partly because they ______ .A.decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB.are inclined to rank family second to workC.tend to have more quarrels with their employersD.still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves47.Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentrationin certain occupations?A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against themC. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.48.The word " forgo " in Paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ______ .A. give upB. drop outC. throw awayD. cut out49.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that ______ .A.men's jobs are subject to changeB.women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC.men' chances of promotion are minimalD.women used to be employed all the year round50.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Women's market skills have improved greatly.B.Child care is still chiefly women's workC.Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D.Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.Passage FourIn The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical (激进的) multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of Rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars."Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult (狂热崇拜) of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation (同化) that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disunit?ing Of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.51. According to Schlesinger, the United States is .A) a melting potB) a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC) a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD) a nation with one culture despite its various ethnic and racial groups52. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger .A) advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB) holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identityC) gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD) prefers multiculturalism to monoculturalism53. We can infer from this passage that America .A) is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB) has ended its history of racial prejudiceC) is trying to restrict the Bill of RightsD) has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom54. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will .A) put an end to the culture wars in AmericaB) cause anger among the radical rightC) cause anger among the radical leftD) provoke thinking among all readers55. This passage is most probably taken from .A) a history bookB) a news reportC) a book reviewD) a journal of literary criticismPaper TwoPart IV Reading and answering questions (25minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then answer each related question in a couple of sentences. BEIJING -- A number of high-profile plagiarism cases among professors have roiled the academic world in China, shedding new light on a practice that has been quietly plaguing the country's university system.Chinese academics have long been accused of stealing the ideas of others, but pinning specific charges on offending professors used to be difficult because of lax intellectual property rights laws and a culture of impunity. Now, the Internet has made it harder for plagiarists to hide their crimes, and many universities are beefing up their policie s in an effort to discourage the practice…A recent survey of 160 academics by the China Daily, an English-language, government-owned newspaper, found that 60 percent said they had plagiarized some part of their work. Questions:What is the main idea of the passage? What is your attitude towards the result of the survey mentioned in the last paragraph? Part V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10points)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on the Answer sheet IIThe closeness of scientific problems to political problems is from that scientific workers are not far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it id only to put them forward for criticism. We don’t ask for any particular privilege but we would like the effort made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in their interests of society.The rights that scientific workers should have and the campaigns to win these rights are allthe more justified in view of the responsibilities and the actual exercise of responsibility that falls to scientific workers. The social implications of science, result in a balance of rights and duties for scientists, which they must face collectively and internationally.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.这些⼈有富，有穷，他们往往⽣活在⾷物供应不受限制的地区。
硕士研究生英语期末考试(DOC)
GENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS试卷BPAPER ONEPart I Listening ComprehensionSection A (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices, A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.1. A. Three dollars and twenty-five cents.B. Five dollars.C. One dollar and fifty cents.D. One dollar.2. A. The man considers himself a good traveler.B. The man brought his pet along on the trip.C. The woman would like to join the man the next time.D. Neither of them has had a chance to see the play.3. A. He doesn’t want to work tomorrow night.B. He can’t find the way out of the student center.C. He’s afraid to work at night.D. He’s afraid the work will be real ly hard.4. A. In a camera store.B. In a hardware store.C. In an art gallery.D. In a machine repair shop.5. A. She parked her car in a safe place.B. Her car ran out of gas.C. Brenda has borrowed her car.D. She came with Brenda today.6. A. Stay awake for the midnight news program.B. Prepare an editorial for this week’s newspaper.C. Find the newspaper editor.D. Find a job working as a reporter.7. A. A refinished cellar.B. A new record.C. A furnished house.D. A recent book.8. A. He hadn’t had time to do the experiment.B. The experiment turned out well.C. The experiment took a lot of time.D. He only did part of the experiment that day.9. A. Inspecting the wiring.B. Replacing the lamp.C. Keeping the check.D. Sending a wire.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear two short passages and some questions. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices, A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.Questions 10-12 are based on the following passage:10. A. Children taught one another in small supervised groups.B. Parents instructed their chi ldren in the “three R’s”.C. Teachers came to children’s homes.D. Children acquired the information they needed by direct experience.11. A. Outmoded methods of farming and ineffective means oftransportation.B. Larger family units and greater financial hardships.C. A new dependence on people far away and the use of money.D. The introduction of a new alphabet and numerical system.12. A. The increasingly complex skills subsequently taught in schools.B. The problems evolved in the construction of new schools.C. The various means of survival taught by parents in contemporarysociety.D. The importance of history instruction in the first schools.Questions 13-125 are based on the following passage:13. A. To point out similarities between jazz and classical music.B. To describe what makes a good jazz performance.C. To explain the importance of learning rhythm and harmony in jazz.D. To show that jazz is not really music at all.14. A. They perform their music as a means of individual self-expression.B. They possess detailed knowledge of the rules of jazz composition.C. They memorize their music before performing it.D. They are more famous than performers of other kinds of music.15. A. Watch a film about jazz performers.B. Listen to some recordings of jazz music.C. Practice various jazz rhythms.D. Interview a jazz musician.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read TWICE. After you hear the passage, complete the following paragraphs with the information you get from the tape. You should write your answer on ANSWER SHEET II.Bones can provide archaeologists with a valuable method of measuring time. The name of the method is calcium-9 dating. Calcium-9 dating is based on the fact that animals accumulate calcium in their bones. The calcium in the bones of the animalscomes from 16 that the animals ate while they were alive. There are certain varieties, or isotopes, of all elements known to man. These isotopes are known to occur in specific amounts in nature. When a large amount of calcium is collected in one place it should reflect the amounts found in nature. There is one complication of this simple model which makes 17 possible. Over a period of time the type of calcium known as calcium-9 tends to deteriorate into the more common form of calcium. Because scientists can guess how fast this change should happen, they can guess how old a piece of bone is by testing how much calcium-9 is present in the bone 18 .It is true that as the bone develops and new layers are added, the same levels of calcium-9 are not always added to the bone at the same rate. Also, 19 can have an effect on the exact amount of calcium-9 found in a bone. But since there are so many millions of atoms of calcium in a tiny piece of bone, a scientist can essentially date the age of a bone even though the guess will not be exact.In the early 1970’s a team of archaeologists used the calcium-9 technique to date a series of prehistoric bones found in West Africa. They compared the levels of calcium-9 in the ancient bones with those of an animal that had recently died. The comparison actually made it possible to determine the century in which the older bones had been buried. Little by little, the system was extended backward into time. Eventually, calcium-9 dating produced 20 going back over two million years. Part II Cloze (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions:In this part, there is passage with twenty blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promoting all kinds of innovation. It should be 21 also that technological innovations have 22 the character of war itself by the 23 of new mechanical and chemical devices. One weapon developed during World War II 24 a special mention. The 25 of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its possibilities as a 26 of achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the earth’s gravitational pull had been 27 by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926. 28 , a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working 29 the same lines, and in the 1930s, it was this team that developed a rocket 30 of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket 31 the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were 32 in both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war.Technology had a tremendous social 33 in the period 1900-1945. The automobile and electric power, 34 , radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life, 35 a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution 36 living through mass production of household goods and 37 . The rapid development of the airplance, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more 38 . The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years 391945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could be 40 , although the process has not been without its problems.21. A. detected B. commentedC. observedD. notified22. A. simulated B. innovatedC. imitatedD. transformed23. A. alteration B. eliminationC. innovationD. introduction24. A. deserves B. furnishesC. entitlesD. requires25. A. doctrine B. strategyC. disciplineD. principle26. A. medium B. techniqueC. meansD. methods27. A. pointed out B. carried outC. handed overD. taken over28. A. Instantaneously B. SpontaneouslyC. AdvantageouslyD. Simultaneously29. A. with B. alongC. atD. across30. A. suitable B. possibleC. ableD. capable31. A. marked B. labeledC. informedD. spoiled32. A. integral B. structuralC. mechanicalD. instrumental33. A. conflict B. impactC. connectionD. influence34. A. for instance B. on the contraryC. as a resultD. on the other hand35. A. assisting B. promotingC. urgingD. encouraging36. A. on B. throughC. inD. by37. A. equipment B. instrumentsC. utilitiesD. appliances38. A. controversial B. complexC. accessibleD. perceptive39. A. following B. subsequentC. previousD. preceding40. A. processed B. adoptedC. appliedD. exploitedPart III Reading Comprehension (35 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part, there are six short passages, which are followed by questionsor unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one by marking the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I with a single line through the center.Passage OneIn most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but, because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem (死后的) examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting (移植), is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be accepted to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal: the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative (抢救的) efforts of the potential donor.Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and, particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest (心跳骤停) or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.41. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?A. The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organremoval does not prove to be always feasible.B. Most countries do not6 have an effective law on organtransplantation.C. In some countries there are laws providing that the permission oforgan removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person inhis lifetime.D. It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsorypostmortem exam after unexpected death.42. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?A. Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsorypostmortem exam.B. People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.C. Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unlessthe dead person stated otherwise in his lifetime.D. Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefitsthe human society.43. The underlined word “impair” at the end of Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by_______.A. weakenB. neglectC. be superior toD. come together with44. It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when _______.A. a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stoppedB. artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious resultC. the brain is certainly deadD. standard methods of resuscitation have failed45. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.B. Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.C. The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organtransplantationD. The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.Passage TwoWith human footprints on the moon, radio telescopes listening for messages from alien creatures (who may or may not exist), technicians looking for celestial and planetary sources of energy to support our civilization, orbi ting telescopes’ data hinting at planetary systems around other stars, and political groups trying to figure out how to save humanity from nuclear warfare that would damage life and climate on a planet-wide scale, an astronomy book published today enters a world different from the one that greeted books a generation ago. Astronomy has broadened to involve our basic circumstances and our mysterious future in the universe. With eclipses and space missions broadcast live, and with NASA, Europe, and the USSR planning and building permanent space stations, astronomy offers adventure for all people, an outward exploratory thrust that may one day be seen as an alternative to mindless consumerism, ideological bickering (争吵), and wars to control dwindling resources on a closed, finite Earth.Today’s astronomy students not only seek an up-to-date summary of astronomical facts: they ask, as people have asked for ages, about our basic relations to rest of the universe. They may study astronomy partly to seek points of contact between science and other human endeavors: philosophy, history, politics, environmental action, even the arts and religion.Science fiction writers and special effect artists on recent films help today’s students realize that unseen worlds of space are real places --- not abstract concepts. Today’s students are citizens of a more real, more vast cosmos than conceptualized by students of a decade ago.In designing this edition, the Wadsworh editors and I have tried to respond tothese developments. Rather than jumping at the start into murky waters of cosmology, I have begun with the viewpoint of ancient people on Earth and worked outward across the universe. This method of organization automatically (if loosely) reflects the order of humanity’s disco veries about astronomy and provides a unifying theme of increasing distance and scale.46. This passage is most probably taken from _______.A. the introduction of a book of astronomyB. an article of popular scienceC. the preface of a piece of science fictionD. a lecture given by the author to astronomy students47. The author’s purpose in presenting the first paragraph is _______.A. to discuss in detail the most recent achievements in space researchB. to explain the background and new features o f today’s astronomyC. to illustrate that the world today is different in many aspects from that of ageneration agoD. to introduce some newly established space stations48. The author thinks that the growing interest in space exploration among people onEarth will probably lead to _______.A. the realization of permanent settlement on other planetsB. all people having chances of traveling in spaceC. orders, harmony and peace on our planet EarthD. more disturbance not only on Earth but also in outer space49. The author believes that today’s astronomy students _______.A. no longer care about astronomical factsB. are much brighter than students of a generation agoC. may learn more about man and his research in various fields through thestudy of astronomyD. are better-informed about the unseen worlds of space50. In the last paragraph, the underlined expression “these developments” refers to allof the following EXCEPT _______.A. the new concepts about the universe acquired by today’s astronom y studentsB. the development of science fiction and special effects of filmsC. humanity’s new achievements in the field of astronomyD. the world-wide involvement in space explorationPassage ThreeTelevision --- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth --- is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photo-conductive platewithin a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire of cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.51. What is the literal meaning of the world “television”?A. Sight from distance.B. Medium of the masses.C. Vehicle for communication.D. Airwave transmission.52. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in television transmissions?A. The sending of impulses through a wire cable.B. The conversion of an image into electronic impulses.C. The feeding of impulses into a receiver.D. The changing of one image into another image.53. According to the passage, how many major broadcast networks are there?A. Three.B. Two.C. Five.D. Four.54. What field of television is intended for specific interest groups?A. Reconstituted.B. Broad-based.C. Non-broadcast.D. Traditional.55. Which of the following statements about the relationship between the television and its viewers can be inferred from the passage？A. Viewers would prefer increased news coverage.B. Viewers do not take an active role in watching television.C. Viewers have grown tired of television.D. Viewers like to use television to reach other human beings.Passage FourWholly aided from aesthetic and moral considerations, fashion is an economic absurdity, and there is little to be said in its favor. Nevertheless, we can appreciate the wisdom in Gina Lombroso’s belief that the enormous stress which women lay oneverything pertaining to clothes and the art of personal adornment is connected with the tendency to crystallize sentiment into an object. Woman symbolizes every important event in her life by a special dress; and a jewel or a beautiful gown means to a woman what an official decoration means to a man. “The temptation of dress is the last step in the ceremony to which the novice has to submit before entering the cloister. The memory of the gown which she too might have worn was the strongest temptation that assailed St. Catherine before she took her solemn vows --- a gown, embroidered with gold and stars, like those her sisters had worn, which her grandchildren would have gazed at with eyes filled with wonder and admiration …”.“If a woman’s clothes cost the family and society a little time, money, and activity, they allow woman, independent of lies and calumnies, to triumph and come to the fore outside of man’s world and competition. They allow woman to satisfy her desire to be the first in the most varied fields by giving her the illusion that she is first, and at the same time enabling her rival to have the same illusion. Clothes absorb some of woman’s activit y which might otherwise be diverted to more or less worth-while ends; they give woman real satisfaction, a satisfaction complete in itself, and independent of others, and … they constitute a safety valve which saves society from much greater and more dange rous evils than those which they cause.”The aptness of these observations lies in the emphasis on clothes which are really beautiful and distinctive. But fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty; and fashion connotes conformity, not the individuality so cherished by our society and so artfully suggested by the copywriters. Many people who rigorously follow fashions believe they are following their own inclinations; they are unaware of the primitive, tribal compulsion; and this is true of fashions in manners, morals, and literature, as well as in clothes.56. Gina Lombroso believes that with regard to clothes and the art of personal adornment, women _______.A. are absurdB. are individualisticC. are not sentimentalD. tend to crystallize sentiment into an object57. A gown embroidered with gold and stars is _______.A. said to be the strongest temptation St. Catherine faced before she took herfinal vowsB. offered as a temptation to every novice entering the conventC. worn by novices when they take their vowsD. the dream of every woman58. A woman’s clothes allow her to _______.A. triumph outside of man’s worldB. be the best, actually, in many fieldsC. deceive both men and womenD. compete on an equal basis in a man’s world59. The author of this article believes that fashion _______.A. promotes individualityB. promotes conformityC. is concerned only with the clothes that are beautiful and distinctiveD. is primarily concerned with beauty60. In the author’s opinion, women who follow fashion vigorously _______.A. follow their own inclinationsB. are highly individualisticC. must be wealthyD. obey a primitive, tribal impulse61. According to this article, conformity in manners, morals, and literature _______.A. stems from the same kind of impulses as does conformity in fashionsB. differs distinctly from conformity in fashionsC. is impossible because all artists are individualistsD. has no exceptions62. Which of the following statements is not stated but implied in the passage?A. Fashion is not primarily concerned with beauty.B. Copywriters suggest that fashion connotes conformity.C. Fashion emphasizes clothes that are beautiful and distinctive.D. People who follow fashions are not really following their own inclinations. Passage FiveIn a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by co-operation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”.If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important --- and that has happened in some cases --- we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism” --- but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism ()”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit --- nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a wom an’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only toa healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.63. The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is _______.A. both A and BB. responsible for MomismC. pertinent to a healthy family lifeD. fundamental to sound democracy64. Notions of male superiority are _______.A. difficult to maintain in a home where household tasks are shared by themother and fatherB. difficult to maintain in a home where the father is the acknowledged ruler ofthe familyC. difficult to maintain in a home where the woman does most of the workD. maintained by most American women65. The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and father is that_______.A. sharing leads to constant arguingB. the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of the sexesC. the role of the mother may become an inferior oneD. the role of the father may become an inferior one66. The author states that bringing up children _______.A. involves a partnership of equalsB. is the job of schools and churchesC. belongs among the duties of the fatherD. is mainly the mother’s job67. Today, people who specialize in family problems _______.A. are becoming more aware of the importance of the father’s role in the familyB. have concl uded that today’s delinquent children are the result of MomismC. would re-establish the father as the autocratic ruler of the familyD. reaffirm the belief that a woman’s place is in the home68. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?A. A woman’s place is in the home --- now as always.B. Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.C. Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.D. A healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society. Passage SixCulture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all languages needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess。
江苏大学04语言学真题
江苏大学2004年硕士研究入学英语语言学试题江苏大学2004年硕士研究入学英语语言学试题机密★启用前江苏大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目:英语语言学考生注意:答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题及草稿纸上无效！I. Multiple choice (10%)1. ____________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Bloomfieldd. John Lyons2. The minimal independent unit of language is _________.a. phonemeb. wordc. morphemed. affix3. ____________ is not an English consonant.a. Labio-dental plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. velar stopd. Dental fricative4. __________ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology.a. Nasalityb. Voicingc. Aspirationd. rounding5. The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is ______.a. randomb. predictablec. variabled. independent6. Site and sight are ____________.a. orthographyb. homographyc. homophonyd. hyponymy7. Kodak is a(n) ____________.a. coinageb. blendingc. acronymd. clipping8. ____________ is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two varieties of a language exist sides by side, with each having a different role to play.a. Bilingualismb. Diglossiac. Pidgind. Creole9. The Indirect Speech Act was developed by __________.a. John Austinb. Levinsonc. John Lyonsd. John Searle.10. The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his _________.a. registerb. linguistic repertoirec. idiolectd. dialectII. Define the following terms(30%)1. arbitrariness2. evocative3. competence4. manners of articulation5. distinctive features6. stem7. idiom8. endocentric9. hyponymy 10. sound writing 11. acronym 12. ideolect13.standard language 14. illocutionary act 15.internal authorityIII. Justify the following claims or statements. (20%)1 The violation of one or more of the conversational maxims (of the CP Principle) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, a humor sometimes.2 Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.3. Chomsky's 'competence' and 'performance' are similar in meaning to Saussure's 'langue' and 'parole'.IV. Make your critical remarks on the following: (20％):1 It's a bit cold in here.2 John married Fred's sister3 He drank another glass of beer4 The lecturer continued speaking.5 Peter has stopped beating his wifeV. Give one concept to cover the following statement (6%)1) Human language can be used to refer to real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future. It can even be used to talk about language itself.2) A competent native speaker is able to utter any grammatical sentence that he has never said before or understand any that he has never heard before.3) Chomsky believes that anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language.4) Chomsky is much interested in the study of the similarities between languages rather than their differences.5) Roughly from 1930 to 1960 some linguists gave pre-eminence to the empirical or observational aspect in their investigation of meaning. They believed the meaning of a word is its use in the language.6) Since 1960's, some modern linguists have viewed the primary function of language as the communication of ideas and assumed the data needed about language can be supplied by direct resort to intuition.VI. Answer the following questions briefly (20%)1. Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics? Give your reasons.2. What is the difference between broad transcription and narrow transcription?3. How is a phoneme different from a speech sound?4. Why is speech prior to writing?5. Why can’t we do away with Chinese characters?VII. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following: (8%)a. State whether it is headed or non-headed.b. If non-headed, state its headword.c. Name the type of constructions.1. Ducks quack.2. I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.3. He enjoys climbing high mountains4. His handsome face appeared in the magazine.VIII. Give a detailed description of Firth’s theory of meaning. (16%)IX. Give an overall account of the relationship between language and culture. (20%)。
苏州大学研究生英语期末考试题库
Unit2选词填空(注意词性，动词形式，单复数形式)1.Green plants elaborate organic compounds from inorganic by means ofphotosynthesis.2.Many court cases in the past 15 years have shown that a competent physician whocarries out euthanasia will suffer no prosecution .3.Euthanasia has been a very controversial issue in Europe since at least 1963.4.The facts he had collected through on-the-spot observation provided him withammunition for his argument.5.We will never take compassion on snake-like scoundrels.6.76% of those who participated in the poll gave almost the same response .7.John’s arthritis is getting so unbearable these days that he has to be hospitalized .8.hatred against those spreading rumors about him surged within him.9.Despite some exceptions, compassionate killing are dealt with very moderatelyin British courts.10.The advocates of euthanasia have been working with such great zeal that theyare regarded as quite radical in some European countries.句子翻译1. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately boiled over into a sometimes fierce public debate with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness.长期以来“山雨欲来”的安乐死问题又沸沸扬扬的演变成一场激烈的公共辩论，双方都声称是为了最终的正义。
江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作样卷
江苏大学XXXX级研究生期末考试卷样卷课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX1. What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%）A1: There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit, accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work.2. Compare the stylistic features of the following two passages . (15%)(1)With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She was suddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her.―Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora? [Have you lost something, Madam?]‖―There was a cat,‖ said the? American girl.―A cat?‖―Si, il gatto. [Yes, a cat.]‖―A cat?‖ the maid laughed. ―A cat in the rain?‖―Yes,‖ she said, ―under the table.‖ Then: ―Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.‖When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened.―Come, Signora,‖ she said. ―We must get back inside. You will be wet.‖―I suppose so,‖ said the American girl.They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same timereally important. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. She went on up the stairs. She opened the door of the room. George was on the bed, reading.------Excerpted from a short story by Hemingway(2)There is now widespread agreement that the changes now underway in the earth's climate system have no precedent in the history of human civilization (IPCC, 2007and Stern, 2007). As a macro-driver of many kinds of environmental changes such as coastal erosion, declining precipitation and soil moisture, increased storm intensity, and species migration, climate change poses risks to human security (McCarthy, Canziani, Leary, Dokken, & White, 2001). In most parts of the world, the impacts of climate change on social–ecological systems will be experienced through both changes in mean conditions (such as temperature, sea-level, and annual precipitation) over long-time scales, but also through increases in the intensity and in some cases frequency of floods, droughts, storms and cyclones, fires, heatwaves, and epidemics. Outside of these short- and long-term changes, which are projected to occur with high levels of certainty, there also exist somewhat more unquantifiable risks of high-impact events. These include melting of glaciers and permafrost which may add several meters to global sea-levels, collapse of the thermohaline circulation which may cause significant regional climate changes in the northern hemisphere, and large scale shifts in the Asian monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon (Oppenheimer and Alley, 2004, Vellinga and Wood, 2007 and Schneider et al., 2007).---- ―Climate change, human security and violent conflict‖, P olitical Geography,V ol. 26, Issue 6, Aug. 2007, P 640A2:3. What are general functions of introduction? (5%)A3:Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement.4. Revise the following abstract. (10%)As we all know, water is life. In that, we cannot live without it. For some time now, the issue of our water system has become an important issue to focus on. There have been many water problems due to environmental degradations, such as water pollution. We must be aware of the importance of water in our society and the need to protect and prevent it from pollution. This paper introduces the survey of water resources in Zhenjiang, and then explains the sources and distribution of the major water pollution in the city. Through the data analysis of 5-years’ industrial water and living water, it points out the effectiveness of water pollution control of Zhenjiang and some problems that still needed to be resolved. Water pollution has a great effect on the social environment. The control strategies could be proposed to reduce water pollution and purify the environment, such as the consolidation of law system, the prevention and monitoring of water, the promotion of water-saving technologies, the introduction of processing technique and treatment of wastewater, etc.5.What are the general requirements for research description? (5%)A5: (1)Presenting a picture of the object(2) Illustrating the object in artificial language(3) Making necessary comparison(4) Sizing the object specially(5) Locating the object correctly(6) Generalizing/systematizing the observation carefully6. Read the following section and analyze the methods of development. (10%)The different architectural style and space environment of the old city is the influence of the various culture impact on cities by constrsting the space character and the housing construction of the eastern cities and western cities. First, we will discuss the development of western culture and the formation of the cities in the historical perspective. Then we will conclude the western cultural character and its impact on city formation. For example, the western notion of public more important than privacy have influenced the city arrangement expresed by the buildings located surrounding a central square, shown in the following figure. Second, we will specically analyze how the Chinese traditinal cultrue influence on the historical formation of the old city that embodied the spirti of the Chinese people. The Eastern social structur has been characterized with the strict hierarchy and concerned with family systme developed through long history, and this culture ideology have formed the strict axis, straight north ot south wild street and the introvert courtyard of the traditional eastern cities. Then, a graph of the traditioanl Chinese old city will be shown to illustrate the culture impact on the city character. Based on the above specific analysis of the different character of the western cities and eastern cities. We can conclude how the various cultrues can influence the different city formation and its character by making a comparison shown in the following table. Finally, we can generalzie that exisiting old cities at present are the reflection of various culture traditons of different historical periods and different coutnries, cultrue elements will have important impact on city formation. (from Urban Studies,V ol.65, No.4, 1996) A6: there are 9 commonly used logic patterns of arguments. In academic writing: direct statement, induction, deduction, analogy, illustration, quotation, comparison, disproof , and cause and effect.7. The sentence structures in the following passage are monotonous and primer. Rewrite the sentences to avoid monotonous and primer style. (10%)Computerized systems can operate in one of three modes. The operating modes are batch processing, remote batch processing, and time-share processing. Conventional batch processing met all but one of the design requirements. The exception was accessibility. Batch processing could not provide output to diversified, remote locations in a timely manner. Remote batchprocessing, as the name implied, could provide batch processing at remote locations. It could do this through the use of teletype-writer terminals as output devices. Unfortunately the response time for remote batch processing is unpredictable. It can vary from a few minutes to several hours.A7:8.How to avoid unintentional plagiarism in a professional writing ? (10%)A8: If you are quoting the words you record must match exactly the words in your source. If you are putting the ideas in your own words, then they must be your own words, not those of the source. If you combine your own words with those of the source, those of the source must be enclosed in quotation marks. You should follow these rules when you are taking notes and when you are using those notes to write your paper.9.Analyze the linguistic features of the following acknowledgements. (10%) AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Dr. Gillian Tober (Leeds Addiction Unit) for her interest in my research proposal, and for allowing me access to the UKATT data for my study. Additionally, I express thanks to Adele Loftus and Gail Crossley (Leeds Addiction Unit), for their assistance with the administration requirements to that end. Warm thanks are extended to my supervisors Professor Alex Copello (UniversityofBirmingham), and Dr. Alison Rolfe (Newman University College, Birmingham), for their time and comments in relation to my empirical paper and literature review, and their willingness to bear with me when getting this down on paper. Massive thanks to my mum,Jennifer Lane, for allowing me to use her little office (when I visited her and Dad at their lovely bungalow on the Costa‐del‐Essex). Thanks also to my cat, Kiwi, who spent hours on end purring next to me while I was working and who probably doesn’t know or indeed care how comforting this was to me. Finally, I express heartfelt gratitude to my husband, Dr. Graham Feeney, for his kindness and understanding throughout the past three years. I would particularly like to thank him for giving me the time and space I needed to complete my research and clinicalpractice reports, when the time we have had together over this period has been so very sparse.A9:10.Rewrite the following, making them more coherent by either adding transitional words or changing the sentence order. (15%)Looking forward to the year 2012, one wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success. Possibly the four most essential qualities are flexibility, honesty, creativity, and perseverance. Our rapidly changing society requires flexibility—the ability to adapt oneself to new ideas and practices. Honesty, the capacity both to tell and face the truth courageously, will be important in all aspects of personal and public relations. Creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us. Perseverance, the ability to hold on at all costs will be required in a society where competition for space, food, and shelter will increase with a growing population.。
苏州大学《语言学概论英语》2022-2023学年第一学期期末试卷
苏州大学《语言学概论英语》2022-2023学年第一学期期末试卷课程名称：语言学概论英语专业：英语语言文学班级：英语语言文学2021级考试形式：闭卷考试满分：100分---注意事项：1. 本试卷共四部分，总分100分，考试时间为120分钟。
2. 请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
3. 所有题目必须回答，选择题请将正确答案的字母填在答题纸上，其余题目请将答案写清楚。
---第一部分选择题（共20题，每题2分，共40分）1. 语言学中的“语音学”主要研究（）A. 词汇的意义B. 句子的结构C. 语音的产生、传递和感知D. 语言的历史演变2. “语法”是指（）A. 语言的发音规则B. 词汇的组成C. 句子结构和形成规则D. 语言的社会功能3. 在语义学中，词的“指称”指的是（）A. 词的发音B. 词所指代的实际事物或概念C. 词在句中的位置D. 词的语法功能4. “形态学”研究的是（）A. 词的结构和形式B. 句子的组成C. 语音的分类D. 语言的社会使用5. 语音学中的“音位”是指（）A. 发音的具体声音B. 语言中的最小的语音单位C. 句子的语调D. 词汇的语音特征6. “语用学”主要关注（）A. 语言形式的变化B. 语言的社会和文化背景C. 语言的语音特征D. 语言的历史演变7. “句法”研究（）A. 词的发音规则B. 句子的组成和结构C. 语法规则的变异D. 词汇的使用频率8. 语言学中的“语境”是指（）A. 语言的词汇量B. 语言的历史背景C. 语言使用中的社会和文化背景D. 语言的语法规则9. 语言的“功能”指的是（）A. 语言的发音特征B. 语言在交流中的作用C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的词汇变化10. “普遍语法”理论由（）提出A. 乔姆斯基B. 皮尔斯C. 维特根斯坦D. 赛义德11. 在“结构主义语言学”中，语言被看作是（）A. 社会行为的产物B. 一种抽象的符号系统C. 一种行为习惯D. 一种个体创作12. “词汇语义学”主要研究（）A. 词汇的意义和用法B. 句子的语法结构D. 语言的社会变体13. 语言的“语言变化”指的是（）A. 语音、词汇和语法的变化B. 语言的书写方式变化C. 语言的社会功能变化D. 语言的语境变化14. “社会语言学”研究（）A. 语言的历史演变B. 语言的社会使用情况C. 语言的心理机制D. 语言的语法规则15. “言语行为理论”由（）提出A. 奥斯汀B. 维特根斯坦C. 乔姆斯基D. 哈贝马斯16. “语用学”中的“会话含义”是指（）B. 语言的隐含意义C. 语言的语音特征D. 语言的语法规则17. “句法树”用于表示（）A. 词汇的排列顺序B. 句子的结构和层次C. 语音的变化D. 语言的演变历程18. “生成语法”理论强调（）A. 语言的社会使用B. 语言的语法结构和规则C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的发音特点19. 语音学中的“音素”指的是（）A. 语言中的发音单位B. 词的结构C. 句子的组成部分D. 词汇的变化20. 语言的“隐喻”研究属于（）A. 语法学B. 语音学C. 语义学D. 语用学---第二部分填空题（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的基本研究领域包括**________**、**________**、语音学、形态学和语用学。
江苏大学502历年真题
江苏大学502历年真题江苏大学硕士研究生入学考试样题A卷科目代码：243科目名称英语（二外）满分：100分注意：①认真闽读答题纸上的注意事项：②所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效：③本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回！Part I Vocabulary (20 points)Please choose the best answer for each sentence below.to go to the party with us.1.After working all day,he was so tired that he was in noA) tasteB) moodC) senseD) emotion2. Finding a job can be _______and disappointing, and therefore it is important that you are prepared.A)exploitingB) frustratingC) profitingD)misleading3. Workers in the fine arts thoughts and feelings through theircreative works.A) transmitB) elaborateC) conveyD) contribute4. Three university departments have been S600,000 to develop good practice in teaching and learning.A) promotedB) includedC) securedD) awarded5. The rapid development of communications technology is transforming the in which people communicate across time and space.A) moodB)missionC)mannerD) vision6. Mr. Jones holds strong views against video games and the closing of all recreation facilities for such games.A) assistsB) acknowledgesC) advocates7. Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on suchheavy housework as carrying water and firewood.A) time-consumedB) timely-consumedC) time-consumingD) timely-consuming8.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.A) having been lostB) to be lostC) losingD) lost9. The police are trying to find out the of the woman killed in the traffic accident.A) evidenceB) recognitionC) statusD) identity10. All human beings have a comfortable zone regulating the they keep from someone they talk with.A) distanceC)rangeD)boundary11. We have planned an exciting publicity with our advertisers.A) struggleB)campaignC) battleD) conflict12. the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.A) BesidesB) Regardless ofC) But forD) Despite13. John doesn't believe in medicine; he has some remedies of his own.A) standardB) regularC)routineD) conventional14. Owing to competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably.B) strainedC) eagerD) critical15. Though in a big city, Peter always prefers to paint the primitive scenes of country life.A)grownB) raisedC) tendedD) cultivated16. If people feel hopeless, they don't bother to the skills they need to succeed.A) adoptB) acquireC) accumulateD) assemble17. The shop assistant was dismissed as she was of cheating customers.A) accusedB) chargedC) scoldedD) cursed18. All her energies are upon her children and she seems to have little time for anything else.A) guidedB) aimedC) directedD) focused19. Everyone should be to a decent standard of living and an opportunity to be educated.A) attributedB) entitledC) identifiedD) justified20. His wife is constantly finding with him, which makes him very angry.A)errorsB) shortcomingsC) faultD) flawPart I Grammar (10 Points)Please read the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct word forms.21.(finish) preparing dinner, she stood at the front door waitingfor her children to return.22. The boy had no choice but (follow) his father into the room.23. While (apply) for a job, the graduate student got an offer to study abroad.24. Rose knows that continuous letters from John, together with countless roses, are (aim) at making her fall in love with him. 25. Perhaps the most popular tourist attraction on the island is the beautiful beach (offer) warm water, abundant sea life, and clean sand.26. Asking about a lady's age is considered to be an (embarrass) question in western cultures.27. In Chinese culture, "red" (represent) happiness, while in some western countries,"red" is more connected with danger and warning. 28. Recently a kind of traditional Chinese medicine is quite popular in the United States, for it is effective (cure) patients of their cough. 29. Only 10 out of the 97 passengers (survive) the plane crash in Russia last month.30. The mayor awarded the police officer a medal of honor for his heroic deed in (rescue) the earthquake victims.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Some of the world's most significant problems hit headlines. One example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth in yields of some of the world's major crops. Anew study by the University of Minnesota and MeGill University in Montreal looks at where,and how far, this decline is occurring.The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important crops: rice,wheat,corn and soybeans(大豆).They find that on between 24% and 39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that took place before the 1980s slowed down in the 1990s and2000s.There are two worrying features of the slowdown.One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world's most populous(人口多的)countries,India and China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That self-sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slowdown or reverse.Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in cornand soybeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soybeans are more important as feed grains. The authors note that "we have preferentially focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on crops that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world."The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order to feed 9 billion people in2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organization has argued.Instead, it says,thanks to slowing population growth, land currently ploughed up for crops might be able to revert(回返)to forest or wildemess. This could happen.The trouble is that the forecast assumes continued improvements in yields, which may not actually happen.31. What does the author try to draw attention to?A) Food riots and hunger in the world.B) The decline of the grain yield growth.C) News headlines in the leading media.D) The food supply in populous countries.32.Why does the author mention India and China in particular?A) Their self-sufficiency is vital to the stability of world food markets.B) Their food yields have begun to decrease sharply in recent years.C) Their big populations are causing world wide concerns.D) Their food self-sufficiency has been taken for granted.33.What does the new study by the two universities say about recent crop improvement efforts?A) They fail to produce the same remarkable results as before the 1980s.B) They contribute a lot to the improvement of human food production.C) They play a major role in guaranteeing the food security of the world.D) They focus more on the increase of animal feed than human food grains.34.What does the Food and Agriculture Organization say about world food production in the coming decades?A) The growing population will greatly increase the pressure on world food supplies.B) The optimistic prediction about food production should be viewed with caution.C) The slowdown of the growth in yields of major food crops will be reversed.D) The world will be able to feed its population without increasing farmland.35. How does the author view the argument of the Food and Agriculture Organization?A) It is built on the findings of a new study.B) It is based on a doubtful assumption.C) It is backed by strong evidence.D) It is open to further discussion.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled.Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce,compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people. And they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity(长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work,has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young andthe idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early.Rising life expectancy(预期寿命),combined with there placement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management know how to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.36. What is happening in the workforce in rich countries?A) Younger people are replacing the elderly.B) Well-educated people tend to work longer.C) Unemployment rates are rising year after year.D) People with no college degree do not easily find work.37. What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor?A) Longer life expectancies.B) A rapid technological advance.C) Profound changes in the workforce.D) A growing number of the well-educated.38. What do many observers predict in vie w of the experience of the 20th century?A) Economic growth will slow down.B) Government budgets will increase.C) More people will try to pursue higher education.D) There will be more competition in the job market.39. What is the result of policy changes in European countries?A) Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.B) More people have to receive in-service training.C) Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.D) People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.40. What is characteristic of work in the 21st century?A) Computers will do more complicated work.B) More will be taken by the educated young.C)Most jobs to be done will be creative ones.D) Skills are highly valued regardless of age.Passage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.Human wants seem endless. When a starving man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat, when an executive gets a new sports car, visions of country clubs and pleasure boats dance into view.The many wants of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of wants, another level appears.The first and most basic level of wants involves food. Once this want is satisfied, a second level of wants appears: clothing and some sort of shelter. By the end of World War II these wants were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as automobiles and new houses.By 1957 or 1958 this third level of wants was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s a fourth level of wants appeared: the"life-enriching" level. While other levels involve physical satisfaction——the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation of the human body——this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of whichcould be called "luxury" items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and entertainment. Also included here are fancy foods and the latest styles in clothing.On the fourth level, a greater percentage of consumer spending goes to services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of wants as their income increases,or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?A fifth level probably would involve wants that can be achieved best by community action.Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease,ignorance, crime, and prejudice. After filling our stomachs, our clothes closets, our garages, our teeth, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health, safety, and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels.41. According to the passage, man will begin to think about such needs as housing and clothing only when .A) he has saved up enough moneyB) he has grown dissatisfied with his simple shelterC) He has satisfied his hungerD) He has learned to build houses42. It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of the World War II most Americans .A) were very richB) lived in povertyC) had the good things on the first three levelsD) did not own automobiles43.All of the following EXCEPT are related to "physical satisfactions".A) a successful careerB) a cozy homeD) a family carC) a new house44. All of the following EXCEPT belong to the wants on the fourth level.A) going for holiday tripsB) finding a shelterC) going to a cinemaD) the best medical care45. The author tends to think that a fifth level .A) would be little better than the fourth levelB) may be a lot more desirable than the first fourC) can be the last and most satisfying levelD) will become attainable if the government takes actionsPassage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Technology can make us smarter or stupider, and we need to develop a set of principles to guide our everyday behavior and make sure that tech is improving and not hindering our mental processes. One of the big questions being debated today is: What kind of information do we need to have stored in our heads, and what kind can we leave "in the cloud," to be accessed as necessary?An increasingly powerful group within education are championing "digital literacy". In their view, skills beat, knowledge, developing "digital literacy" is more important than learning mere content, and all facts are now Google-able and therefore unworthy of committing to memory. But even the most sophisticated digital literacy skills won't help students and workers navigate the world if they don't have a broad base of knowledge about how the world actually operates. If you focus on the delivery mechanism and not the content, you're doing kids a disservice.Indeed, evidence from cognitive science challenges the notion that skills can exist independent of factual knowledge. Data from the last thirty years leads to a conclusion that is not scientifically challengeable: thinking well requires knowing facts, and that's true not only because you need something to think about. The very processes that teachers care about most-—critical thinking processes—are intimately intertwined (交织) with factual knowledge that is stored in long-termmemory.In order words, just because you can Google the date of Black Tuesday doesn't mean you understand why the Great Depression happened or how it compares to our recent economic slump. There is no doubt that the students of today, and the workers of tomorrow, will need to innovate, collaborate and evaluate. But such skills can't be separated from the knowledge that gives rise to them. To innovate, you have to know what, came before. To collaborate, you have to contribute knowledge to the joint venture. And to evaluate, you have to compare new information against knowledge you've already mastered.So here's a principle for thinking in a digital world, in two parts. First, acquire a base of factual knowledge in any domain in which you want to perform well. This base supplies the essential foundation for building skills,and it can't be outsourced(外包) to a search engine.Second, take advantage of computers' invariable memory, but also the brain's elaborative memory. Computers are great when you want to store information that shouldn't change. But brains are the superior choice when you want information to change, in interesting and useful ways: to connect up with other facts and ideas, to acquire successive layers of meaning, to steep for a while in your accumulated knowledge and experience and so produce a richer mental brew.46. What is the author's concern about the use of technology?A) It may leave knowledge "in the cloud".B) It may misguide our everyday behavior.C) It may cause a divide in the circles of education.D) It may hinder the development of thinking skills.47. What is the vie w of educators who advocate digital literacy?A) It helps kids to navigate the virtual world at will.B) It helps kids to broaden their scope of knowledge.C) It increase kids' efficiency of acquiring knowledge.D) It liberates kids from the burden of memorizing facts.48. What does evidence from cognitive science show?A) Knowledge is better kept in long-term memory.B) Critical thinking is based on factual knowledge.C) Study skills are essential to knowledge acquisition.D) Critical thinking means challenging existing facts.49. What does the author think is key to making evaluations?A) Gathering enough evidence before drawing conclusions.B) Mastering the basic rules and principles for evaluation.C) Connecting new information with one's accumulated knowledge.D) Understanding both what has happened and why it has happened.50. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A) To warn against learning through memorizing facts.B) To promote educational reform in the information age.C) To explain human brains' function in storing information.D) To challenge the prevailing overemphasis on digital literacy.Part IV Writing (15 points)For this part, you are supposed to write an essay commenting on the argument "It is useless to learn English as a second foreign language since I major in Japanese." Your essay should emphasize the role of learning English as a second foreign language for Japanese language majors. Please write at least 160 words but no more than 200 words. Part V Translation (15 points)Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese.As we enter the 21st century,there is a growing sense of urgency that we need to increase our understanding of people from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. From interpersonal misunderstandings to intercultural conflicts, frictions exist within and between cultures. With rapid changes in global economy, technology, transportation, and immigration policies, the world is becoming a small, intersecting community. We find ourselves in increased contact with people who are culturally different, working side by side with us. From workplace to classroom diversity, different cultural beliefs, values, and communication styles are here to stay. In order to achieve effective intercultural communication, we have to learn to manage differences flexibly and mindfully.。
江苏大学研究生英语学术论文写作样卷
really important. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. She went on up the stairs. She opened the door of the room. George was on the bed, reading.------Excerpted from a short story by Hemingway(2)There is now widespread agreement that the changes now underway in the earth's climate system have no precedent in the history of human civilization (IPCC, 2007 and Stern, 2007). As a macro-driver of many kinds of environmental changes such as coastal erosion, declining precipitation and soil moisture, increased storm intensity, and species migration, climate change poses risks to human security (McCarthy, Canziani, Leary, Dokken, & White, 2001). In most parts of the world, the impacts of climate change on social–ecological systems will be experienced through both changes in mean conditions (such as temperature, sea-level, and annual precipitation) over long-time scales, but also through increases in the intensity and in some cases frequency of floods, droughts, storms and cyclones, fires, heatwaves, and epidemics. Outside of these short- and long-term changes, which are projected to occur with high levels of certainty, there also exist somewhat more unquantifiable risks of high-impact events. These include melting of glaciers and permafrost which may add several meters to global sea-levels, collapse of the thermohaline circulation which may cause significant regional climate changes in the northern hemisphere, and large scale shifts in the Asian monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon (Oppenheimer and Alley, 2004, Vellinga and Wood, 2007 and Schneider et al., 2007).---- “Climate change, human security and violent conflict”, P olitical Geography,Vol. 26, Issue 6, Aug. 2007, P 640A2:3. What are general functions of introduction? (5%)A3:Generally speaking, the successful introduction of a paper should have the following four functions to facilitate the communication process.introducing the subject; limiting the research scope; stating the general purpose; showing the writing arrangement.4. Revise the following abstract. (10%)As we all know, water is life. In that, we cannot live without it. For some time now, the issue of our water system has become an important issue to focus on. There have been many water problems due to environmental degradations, such as water pollution. We must be aware of the importance of water in our society and the need to protect and prevent it from pollution. This paper introduces the survey of water resources in Zhenjiang, and then explains the sources and distribution of the major water pollution in the city. Through the data analysis of 5-years’ industrial water and living water, it points out the effectiveness of water pollution control of Zhenjiang and some problems that still needed to be resolved. Water pollution has a great effect on the social environment. The control strategies could be proposed to reduce water pollution and purify the environment, such as the consolidation of law system, the prevention and monitoring of water, the promotion of water-saving technologies, the introduction of processing technique and treatment of wastewater, etc.5.What are the general requirements for research description? (5%)A5: (1)Presenting a picture of the object(2) Illustrating the object in artificial language(3) Making necessary comparison(4) Sizing the object specially(5) Locating the object correctly(6) Generalizing/systematizing the observation carefully6. Read the following section and analyze the methods of development. (10%)The different architectural style and space environment of the old city is the influence of the various culture impact on cities by constrsting the space character and the housing construction of the eastern cities and western cities. First, we will discuss the development of western culture and the formation of the cities in the historical perspective. Then we will conclude the western cultural character and its impact on city formation. For example, the western notion of public more important than privacy have influenced the city arrangement expresed by the buildings located surrounding a central square, shown in the following figure. Second, we will specically analyze how the Chinese traditinal cultrue influence on the historical formation of the old city that embodied the spirti of the Chinese people. The Eastern social structur has been characterized with the strict hierarchy and concerned with family systme developed through long history, and this culture ideology have formed the strict axis, straight north ot south wild street and the introvert courtyard of the traditional eastern cities. Then, a graph of the traditioanl Chinese old city will be shown to illustrate the culture impact on the city character. Based on the above specific analysis of the different character of the western cities and eastern cities. We can conclude how the various cultrues can influence the different city formation and its character by making a comparison shown in the following table. Finally, we can generalzie that exisiting old cities at present are the reflection of various culture traditons of different historical periods and different coutnries, cultrue elements will have important impact on city formation. (from Urban Studies,Vol.65, No.4, 1996) A6: there are 9 commonly used logic patterns of arguments. In academic writing: direct statement, induction, deduction, analogy, illustration, quotation, comparison, disproof , and cause and effect.7. The sentence structures in the following passage are monotonous and primer. Rewrite the sentences to avoid monotonous and primer style. (10%)Computerized systems can operate in one of three modes. The operating modes are batch processing, remote batch processing, and time-share processing. Conventional batch processing met all but one of the design requirements. The exception was accessibility. Batch processing could not provide output to diversified, remote locations in a timely manner. Remote batchprocessing, as the name implied, could provide batch processing at remote locations. It could do this through the use of teletype-writer terminals as output devices. Unfortunately the response time for remote batch processing is unpredictable. It can vary from a few minutes to several hours.A7:8.How to avoid unintentional plagiarism in a professional writing ? (10%)A8: If you are quoting the words you record must match exactly the words in your source. If you are putting the ideas in your own words, then they must be your own words, not those of the source. If you combine your own words with those of the source, those of the source must be enclosed in quotation marks. You should follow these rules when you are taking notes and when you are using those notes to write your paper.9.Analyze the linguistic features of the following acknowledgements. (10%) AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Dr. Gillian Tober (Leeds Addiction Unit) for her interest in my research proposal, and for allowing me access to the UKATT data for my study. Additionally, I express thanks to Adele Loftus and Gail Crossley (Leeds Addiction Unit), for their assistance with the administration requirements to that end. Warm thanks are extended to my supervisors Professor Alex Copello (UniversityofBirmingham), and Dr. Alison Rolfe (Newman University College, Birmingham), for their time and comments in relation to my empirical paper and literature review, and their willingness to bear with me when getting this down on paper. Massive thanks to my mum,Jennifer Lane, for allowing me to use her little office (when I visited her and Dad at their lovely bungalow on the Costa‐del‐Essex). Thanks also to my cat, Kiwi, who spent hours on end purring next to me while I was working and who probably doesn’t know or indeed care how comforting this was to me. Finally, I express heartfelt gratitude to my husband, Dr. Graham Feeney, for his kindness and understanding throughout the past three years. I would particularly like to thank him for giving me the time and space I needed to complete my research and clinicalpractice reports, when the time we have had together over this period has been so very sparse.A9:10.Rewrite the following, making them more coherent by either adding transitional words or changing the sentence order. (15%)Looking forward to the year 2012, one wonders what personal qualities will be needed for success. Possibly the four most essential qualities are flexibility, honesty, creativity, and perseverance. Our rapidly changing society requires flexibility—the ability to adapt oneself to new ideas and practices. Honesty, the capacity both to tell and face the truth courageously, will be important in all aspects of personal and public relations. Creativity will be required to meet the constantly changing world around us. Perseverance, the ability to hold on at all costs will be required in a society where competition for space, food, and shelter will increase with a growing population.。
硕士英语考试题库及答案
硕士英语考试题库及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. FactD. Idea2. According to the context, which of the following is the correct usage of the word "significant"?A. The book is significant to me.B. The book is significantly important.C. The book is of significant importance.D. The book is significant importance.3. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She is one of the most talented singer.B. She is one of the most talented singers.C. She is one of the most talented to sing.D. She is one of the most talented in singing.4. The phrase "break the ice" is commonly used to mean:A. To make a hole in the ice.B. To start a conversation in a friendly way.C. To stop a conversation abruptly.D. To keep a conversation going.5. What is the antonym of the word "diverse"?A. UniformB. SimilarC. DifferentD. Varied6. Fill in the blank: Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go out for a walk. The correct phrase to complete thesentence is:A. In spite ofB. In addition toC. As a result ofD. Because of7. The idiom "barking up the wrong tree" means:A. Making a mistake in identifying the source of a problem.B. Being very loyal to someone.C. Trying to solve a problem by talking.D. Being very aggressive.8. Which of the following is the correct form of the verb to express a habitual action in the past?A. She used to go for a run every morning.B. She used go for a run every morning.C. She was used to going for a run every morning.D. She is used to go for a run every morning.9. The correct use of the comparative form of the adjective "big" is:A. BiggerB. More bigC. Most bigD. Bigest10. The phrase "take a rain check" is used to mean:A. To accept an invitation.B. To postpone an event.C. To cancel an event.D. To check the weather.答案：1. B2. C3. B4. B5. A6. A7. A8. A9. A10. B二、完形填空（每题1分，共10分）Read the following passage and choose the best word to complete it.In a small village, there lived a wise old man who was known for his ability to solve any problem. One day, a young boy came to him with a puzzle. "Sir," he said, "I have a box with two compartments. One is red and the other is blue. I put a marble in one of them, but I forgot which one. How can I find out?"The old man thought for a moment and then said, "This is not a difficult problem. You can simply take a marble from the red compartment. If you find a marble there, then the other one must be in the blue compartment. If you don't, then the marble is in the blue compartment."The boy was amazed. "How did you know that?" he asked.The old man smiled and said, "Life is full of choices, and sometimes the answer is right in front of you. You just need to have the courage to make a decision."Now, let's fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:11. The boy came to the old man with a ________.A. questionB. answerC. solutionD. problem12. The old man said the problem was not ________.A. simpleB. difficultC. complexD. easy13. The old man suggested taking a marble from the ________ compartment.A. redB. blueC. emptyD. full14. If the boy finds a marble in the red compartment, then the other marble must be in the ________ compartment.A. redB. blueC. greenD. yellow15. The old man's advice was that sometimes the answer is ________ to you.A. farB. nearC. behindD. ahead答案：11. D12. B13.。
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江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期末考试样卷考试科目：文献阅读与翻译 考试时间：XXXXXXDirections:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet.1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%)2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%)3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%)4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can theabstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%)5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%)6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%)Basic Point-Set TopologyOne way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it isqualitative geometry. The idea is that if one geometric object can be continuously transformed into another, then the two objects are to be viewed as being topologically the same. For example, a circle and a square are topologically equivalent. Physically, a rubber band can be stretched into the form of either a circle or a square, as well as many other shapes which are also viewed as being topologically equivalent. On the other hand, a figure eight curve formed by two circles touching at a point is to be regarded as topologically distinct from a circle or square. A qualitative property that distinguishes the circle from the figure eight is the number of connected pieces that remain when a single point is removed: When a point is removed from a circle what remains is still connected, a single arc, whereas for a figure eight if one removes the point of contact of its two circles, what remains is two separate arcs, two separate pieces.The term used to describe two geometric objects that are topologically equivalent is homeomorphic. Thus a circle and a square are homeomorphic. Concretely, if we place a circle C inside a square S with the same center point, then projecting the circle radially outward to the square defines a function f :C→S, and this function is continuous: small changes in x produce small changes in f(x). The function f has an inverse f -1:S→C obtained by projecting the square radially inward to the circle, and this is continuous as well. One says that f is a homeomorphism between C and S.One of the basic problems of Topology is to determine when two given geometric objects are homeomorphic. This can be quite difficult in general.Our first goal will be to define exactly what the ‘geometric objects’are that one studies in Topology. These are called topological spaces. The definition turns out to be extremely general, so that many objects that are topological spaces are not very geometric at all, in fact.7. Match the phrase in the first column with its translation in the second column.(10%)1. Full length paper a.征稿启事2. Sponsoring organization b.会务组3. Call for papers c.全文4. Submission of papers d.提交论文5. Conference venue and fees e.信息牌/布告栏6. Conference editorial board f.主办单位7. Review g.研讨会8. Limousine service h.评审、审稿9. Message board i.客车设施10. Audio visual facilities j.会址和会费11. Colloquia k.视听设施8. How do you understand Yan Fu’s three-word guide xing, da,ya? What’s youropinion on the principles of translation? (10%)9. It is very common that one word has more than one meaning.The proper choice of word meaning is essential to translation.Choose the correct meaning of the word “story ” in thefollowing sentences. (5%)(1) This war is becoming the most important story of thisgeneration.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke thestory.(4) He'll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.[The meanings of STORY: a. situation; b. inside information; c. experience; d. law case; e. statement; f. event]10. Put the following abstract into Chinese. (10%)Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoorair pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and sub microgram amount of nicotine is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS. Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.11.Put the following passage into English. (10%)在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。