科技英语写作教程
中英文科技论文写作教程
中英文科技论文写作教程标题一、英文文章标题（Title）的结构：1.完整句子作为题目，这是一种常见的结构，尤其在报刊中常用：Fuzhou Strives for Better Exports（由于是题目，在句尾不能用句号）2.名词+动词不定式结构：这种结构表示将来，因在题目中一般不用will或shallThe Chinese Communist Party to Hold Its 18th Congress3.名词或名词短语+过去分词。
这种结构常用于报道已做过的事情.Capital International Airport Enlarged.北京国际机场扩建4.现代分词短语结构。
Visiting a Friend on a Snowy Night5.介绍短语结构In Memory of ….6.名词或名词短语+介词短语结构Home for the Sailors7.以动词原形开始的短语结构，这种结构常用于带有号召性的题目中。
Server the People8.名词或名词短语结构，例如A small Green City二、注意题目字母的大小写问题1. 题目中除介词、冠词、和连接词的字母全部小写外，其它的词的第一个字母要大写（介词和冠词在题目开头时第一个字母也要大写）My Family and Myself2.题目中全部字母大写，这种形式大多用于书籍封面上的题目，例如：上海简介A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHANGHAI3.题目第一个词的第一个字母大写外，其它字母一律小写，但遇到专门名词时，该词的第一个字母仍须大写，现在报纸上的题目大都采用这种形式，主要是便于排版。
中国体操选手夺得七枚金牌Chinese gymnasts sweep away seven gold medals三．在英语文章题目中，冠词常可省略，例如美国总统在西方U.S. President in West四、英文文题的一般性原则*文题应准确而清晰反映文章的内容和重点。
科技英语写作教程习题答案
Abbreviations
Science and Technology English of uses Abbreviations to save space and time These abrasions are commonly well treated and widely recognized in the field
It is important to vary presence patterns in Scientific English to make writing more engaging and ready Using a mix of simple and complex senses helps to create a dynamic flow of ideas
02
VS
Experimental report writing is a critical skill in science and technology fields It requires the ability to clearly and reasonably document experiments, methods, results, and conclusions
Latin and Greek roots
Many words in Science and Technology English are derived from Latin and Greek roots These roots are often found to be precise meanings and are an integral part of the language
科技英语写作(上)
使用正式用语（formal words）、大词（big words），以突出科技英语正式、庄重、清晰、准确 的语体特点。 Example: A thorough exposition is accorded to phase and frequency modulation in the book.
说
同样的 接触 力图
say
similar touch try
remark
identical contact endeavor
利用
足够的 最终
use
enough in the end
employ; utilize
sufficient eventually
在其中
in which
wherein
用正式动词代替短语动词，力求精炼，避免 冗繁。
2）保证句子的语法结构正确后，就要进一步熟悉常 用的固定句型。 例如：
“这个解经验证无误” – The solution checks. “证毕” – This completes the proof. / Q.E.D. / QED (Latin) “这等于是说” – This amounts to saying... / This is equivalent to saying...
lab auto
mike ad
laboratory automobile
microphone advertisement
注意科技英语中的名词化现象（Nominalization）
所谓名词化倾向主要指广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽 象名词或起名词功用的动名词。科技文章的语言特点 之一是言简意明，简化语言结构的有效途径之一便是 名词化。 例：applications in data and information processing 计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自 动化 voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备 这种动词的名词化手段能有效地简化叙事的层次和结 构，减少使用句子和使用从句的频率，使行文更直接， 紧凑简洁。
科技英语写作与英文科研论文
第一部分科技论文英文写作技巧第一节词汇1 概述1.1 生物医学英文论著写作要点用中文和英文写作论著的基本原则是一致的。
英文写作对于非英语国家的人来说，存在语言障碍。
因此，写作英文论著，既要熟知生物医学论著写作的共同要点，又要学会准确使用英文。
对于初学者，在阅读英文文献时要注意英文表达方式，逐渐积累形成语感。
应该用英文“写作”，切忌先写出中文后．再逐词逐句翻译成英文。
在开始写作时，寻找与本研究内容相近的英美作者的论著作为写作参考，从模仿入手。
用英文表达的研究成果，必须在以下方面注意英文表达的特点和习惯，摆脱中文写作习惯方式带来的干扰。
1.2 单词（word）单词是英文中最基本的单元。
选择单词的原则是准确（precise）、简单（simple）、必要（necessary）和熟悉（familiar），还要符合医学的规范和习惯。
1.3句子（sentence）句子是单词的排列组合。
除了注意英文一般语法规则外，必须符合简明、直接了当的原则。
在1个句子中说明l项事物，将句子的主题用主语表示，动作以动词表示，并选择恰当的句型。
1.4 段落（paragraph）段落是若干个句子的排列组合，用以表述1个主题（或信息）。
应当合理组织句子，保持段落内容的连续性、流畅性和逻辑性，注意句子之间的连接方式，使段落合乎逻辑地表达1个主题。
1.5 节（section）按论著格式，若干段落组成节（section），如摘要、引言、材料和方法、结果讨论等。
每一节都要按照相应的要求组织，并围绕论著主题明确表述设想、实施、结果、得到的论点等各个环节，应注意各节之间的关系和连接。
1.6 全文（paper）论著全文除了上述的各节内容外，还有题目、作者姓名、单位、地址、参考文献、致谢等内容。
写完全文后，应当检查各部分内容是否明确、重点地反映了论著的主要论点，检查有无遗漏、错误，并仔细作文字调整和润色。
有条件时，可请英文水平较高的专业人员或外国专家对论著进行审阅和修改。
秦荻辉科技英语写作教程练习答案全部版
V、练习参考答案练习1II、1、an（人们对这课题的兴趣越来越浓。
)2、a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（其主要的缺点是增加了噪声。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R 的圆周运转。
）6、the（频率的单位是赫兹。
）7、a; a; an; the（如果在电路的两端加上电压的话，就会有电流在电路中流动。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、an（这里我们应该使用一个18伏的电池。
）10、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）11、The; /（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）12、The; the; the（研究处于运动中的流体，是力学中较为困难的分支之一，因为可能出现的现象是多种多样的。
）13、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）14、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）15、an（在这里必须使用一根S形管子。
）16、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）17、an（这是一只R位的变换器。
）18、An（这里必须使用一个“异”或门电路。
XOR = Exclusive OR）III、1.2.We turn now to a discussion of local area networks.3.optical spectrometer.4.5.The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.6.106 m.7.8.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.9.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).10.11.Too large an input signal can cause nonlinear distortion.ing of slope, we can derive equation which13.expression f(x＋h)－f(x) is frequently used in study ofcalculus.14.linear equation in one unknown.puter, the tendency is to operate at as clock rate aspossible.16.Tin does not have as high a melting point as lead (does).17.18.Electricity can be easily changed into other forms of energy.19.In 1831, Joseph Henry in United States discoveredphenomenon of electromagnetic induction.20.A computer consists of several parts [units].IV、Chemistry is based upon concepts that require the measurement of such quantities as length, volume, mass, and temperature. These measurements are quantitative; that is, they have numbers associated with them. In this section, we will consider some of the simple instruments used in quantitative measurements. We will also look at the units used to express these measured quantities.V、1.2.Performance analysis of M-ary spread spectrum receiver usingbiorthogonal cyclic codes3.Finally, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by thismethod.4.sharing system5.With state-transition diagram, security probability ofsystem is obtained.6.7.练习2II、1. Ordinary transformers are not ideal, and therefore power losses occur in them.2. This material attracts iron objects and can even magnetize them.3. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.4. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.5. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.6. Matter is anything like air, water or wood.μF, andripple is 20 percent.charge sets up a magnetic field, and this field exerts a force on another charge moving through it.9. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with what is called the electronic brain.10. Students may learn that mathematics is the language for scientific ideas, that science is a source of mathematical ideas, and that mathematics can furnish brilliant answers to important scientific problems.III、1. The current in the circuit is one half the short-circuit current of the source.2. The internal resistance of this kind of storage battery is only a few thousandths of an ohm.3. Its error is six parts in 1012.4. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).5. The mass of the moon is 1/80 that of the earth.6. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.7. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.8. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.IV、The concept of temperature is familiar to all of us. This is because our bodies are so sensitive to temperature differences. When we pick up a piece of ice, we feel cold because its temperature is lower than that of our hand. After drinking a cup of coffee, we may refer to it as “hot,”“lukewarm,”or “atrocious.”In the first two cases, at least, we are describing the extent to which its temperature exceeds ours.V、3. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are usedcan be neglected.CBO7. The interior point is a minimum rather than a maximum, given that the练习3II、1. This type of computer has many advantages over that type.2. We must solve this equation for the loop current.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. This section introduces [presents] the concept of force.5. This parameter varies [changes] with temperature.6. The current and voltage in this circuit differ in phase by 90o. [The phases of the current and voltage in this circuit differ by 90o.]7. Sound waves travel in all directions.8. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.9. This is a sufficient and necessary condition for solving [the solution of] the equation.10. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.11. We measure force in newtons.12. This paper introduces a new method for measuring this parameter.III、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [to] the equation, it was found that v is equal to the velocity of light.3. In their study of electricity, physicists defined the parameter.4. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.5. In our discussion of this subject, we shall restrict our attention to its basic principles.6. We describe the interactions among charges with the help of the concept of electric field.7. This is due in part to the earth’s rotation.8. Upon [On] application of proper external force, the body will start to move.9. This computer is very small in size.10. These waves travel only in one direction.IV、The common dry cell used in flashlights is constructed as shown in Fig. 2-28. The positive electrode is a carbon rod and the negative one is a zinc can. The cell is called “dry”because its electrolyte is a moist paste. If it were actually dry, ions in the electrolyte could not move about and no current could be produced. In the operation of the cell, zinc atoms become zinc ions by losing electrons.V、th of October.’8. They will Beijing tomobile communication.练习4II、1. The answer (key) to this problem looks (appears) correct.2. This coefficient remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. This paper contains (has) nothing new. [There is nothing new in this paper.]6. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.7. This rule can be used for [ … can apply to] all integers, both positive and negative.8. A neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. […has a slightly mass than a proton.]9. Electrons are the smallest particles present in ordinary matter.10. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.11. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.12. The input goes negative and [while] the output stays constant.13. These rays seem to come from the image.14. Impedance in an ac-circuit plays the same role that resistance does in a dc-circuit.15. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.16. The equations here are of great importance.17. We shall use a cable 10 meters long.18. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.19. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.20. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.21. That statement sounds quite reasonable.22. Electrons can pass relatively unimpeded through metals.23. The body collides with other bodies nearby.24. These charges can interact with other charges present.25. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the commonbelief.26. There is no root larger than 1 [unity].27. This coefficient is typically 0.35.28. The charge is moving parallel to the electric field.III、The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to its volume. Densities of liquids and solids are most often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Their densities can be found by measuring, independently, the mass and volume of a sample. For [With] solids, density is a bit more difficult to determine. A common approach is shown in Fig. 1.4. The mass of the sample is first measured (by) using [with] a balance. Its volume is found indirectly by determining the volume of liquid displaced by the solid.IV、… in a minute or two].2. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]3. The resistance of a conductor on thewhich the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.[… than any one else.]练习5II、ways.ground.6. Since transformers are large, heavy, andfrom the circuit will result in considerable savings.as a control component.k has the same unit as work (does).complicate the proceedings.of great importance.can be deduced.III、these components.8. AC can be changed [turned, converted, transformed, translated] into [to]12. Computers are capable of processing information,substances such as diamond.chromatography has found wide applications.18. To solve this problem, we must take everything [all factors] into account,the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.20. These materials are pressure sensitive.IV、t2 and t3 the diode appears to be on.R o.6. This section describes the advantages of AC over DC.7. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.8. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.9. This curve shows the dependence of distance on [upon] speed.10. The use of the atomic energy as the source of power is very important.11. The separation of impurities from the ore is very difficult.12. We are all familiar with the definition of current as the flow of charge. V、Energy may be thought of as the ability to do work. When we say that something has energy, we mean that it is capable of exerting a force on something else and doing work on it. On the other hand, when we do work on something, we have added to it an amount of energy equal to the work done. The units of energy are the same as those of work. We shall consider in this chapter two broad categories of mechanical energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.VI、not.6. The advantages of this also been discussed.练习6II、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This device, it is said, was commercially available three years ago. [≈This device is said to have been commercially available.]3. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.4. These systems will be presented in what the author hopes is a concise manner.5. 210is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.6. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.7. Velocity is, we have noted before, a vector.III、any resistance.]radars.robot.IV、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon. (…, this Phenomenon was made no use of.)5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.V、5. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage. (…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)6. The farther the body is thrown, the greater force will be required.7. Calculate how many more seconds are required for the wheel to come to rest [stop].[…, this one is the cheapest].9. Sound travels in hydrogen much faster than in air.11. The current as small as 0.1 A is too small to produce enough heat.VI、Many different methods can be used to resolve compounds into their elements. Sometimes, but not often, heat alone is sufficient. Joseph Priestley, an English chemist, discovered oxygen 200 years ago. A more common method of resolving compounds into elements is called electrolysis. This involves passing an electric current through a compound, usually in the liquid state. Through the process of electrolysis, it is possible to separate water into the two elements hydrogen and oxygen.VII、is 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.[have; get] the following relation. [ Substituting (Substitution of) Eq. (1-7) in Eq. (1-8) yields [produces; gives; results in; leads to] the following relation.]10. The results values. […are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7II、1. All we need to do is (to) measure the pressure on the body. [或：All that is necessary is to measure …; It is only necessary for us to measure …; We need only to measure ….]2. It is quite possible for them to solve this equation.3. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.4. If it is desired to find out this force, we may use the parallelogram method.5. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression hold.6. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.7. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.8. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.9. Atoms are too small for us to see with our naked eyes.10. Let it be required to find out this component.11. Let t0 equal [be equal to] zero.12. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.13. We find this problem easy to solve.14. It is necessary to solve this equation for x.15. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.16. We find this concept very difficult to understand.17. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.18. Time-shared systems are expensive to build.19. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.20. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.21. This is a pen to draw pictures with.22. For the transistor to conduct, its base must be about 1.8 volts.23. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.24. An antenna is a device to transmit and receive radio waves.25. The lack of such protection has made it easy for malicious programs to destroy data on systems.26. These problems deserve to be further studied.27. We consider it necessary to make measurements with accuracy.28. R is the resistance to be measured.29. Each member has a switch with which to indicate a YES or NO vote.30. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.31.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.32. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.33. Now we consider what path of integration to take.34. In this case, the time necessary for the current to reach its maximum value is changed.35. The purpose to write this book is to give the reader a brief introduction to electronic computers.III、The period with which a body undergoes simple harmonic motion is the time required for it to make one complete oscillation. In the case of a spring [For a spring], the period is the time the spring spends in going from its maximum extension, through its maximum compression and back to its maximum extension once more. For all types of simple harmonic motion, the period T is given [expressed; denoted; represented] byS/,T = 2πawhere the acceleration a is that experienced by the body when it is at its specified position.IV、has been emphasized.2. Our method is different from those described [presented] in the papers available on [discussing] the same problem.…, it is necessary to have a sound knowledge of computer science.]4. Not only temperature and light affect the conductivity, but theSmith for his great help.练习8II、1. The compressed air has the ability to do work.2. The presently existing integration methods do not apply [hold] here.3. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.4. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.6. Speed equals distance divided by time.7. V oltage equals current multiplied by resistance.8. The resistance of air increases with the increased [increasing] speed.9. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on [round] an iron core.10. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.11. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.12. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.13. In this case, electrons have more energy, (thus) increasing the brightness of the light spot.14. Given [Knowing] time and speed, we can find out distance.15. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand the principle of a computer.16. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.17. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.18. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.19. The angle in radians, being defined as the ratio of a length to a length, isa pure number.20. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.III、1.With the switch closed, the balance point is found by trial and error.2.With both speakers on, what is the intensity at C?3.The Internet Protocol was not designed with security in mind.4.Let us construct [draw] a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.5.The equation to the circle of radius r with the center at the origin is x2 + y2= r2.6.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.7.Its Fourier transform can be obtained from Eq. (2 – 4), with the lower limit replaced by zero.8. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.9. With no input present, the output will be zero.10. With this in view, we have written this book.IV、1.Let us consider designing a voting machine.2.Blood is capable of being broken down into various components.3.Multiplying a and b together to give e may be written as a×b = e.4.We refer to these components as being passive.5. A cell reproduces by dividing in two.6.This involves taking the Fourier transform.7.The light beam will be deflected upon entering the medium.8.On rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.9.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as1.pressing a gas quickly raises its temperature.11.This machine needs repairing.12.This book is worth reading.V、Let us begin our study of electricity by examining the results of a few basic experiments. The first experiment consists of stroking a rubber rod with some fur, and then in turn touching two small pith balls suspended from strings with the rod. The pith balls then swing apart, indicating that a repulsive force now acts between them. Next, we stroke a glass rod with a silk cloth and touch two different suspended pith balls in turn with it. Once more the pith balls swing apart, indicating a repulsive force. Now we bring near each other one of the pith balls touched with the rubber rod and one touched with the glass rod; they swing toward each other this time, indicating an attractive force.VI、1.The results obtained indicate that these two methods are consistent in essence, with the exception that they have their own specific application conditions.2. A new algorithm has been designed which will be able to maintain the survival of useful copies, thus greatly reducing the number of packet copies in a network.3. Given [Knowing] resistance and current, one [we] can determine voltage.4. The price of this instrument is high.5. This device occupies too much space/room.6. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.7. This scientist said, “Electrons move round the nucleus.”8. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.9. There are a few exceptions to this rule.10. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.练习9II、1. The problem was not to be solved until a completely new method wasintroduced.2. The values of most things must be converted from decimal to binary before computations can begin.3. A body at rest will never move until force compels it.4. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence [presence] of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment [experimentally].5. Diode D conducts the moment [the instant; directly; immediately] the input voltage becomes more negative than V.6. The first time they designed an electronic computer, scientists encountered many difficulties.7. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.8. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.9. The voltage is always there while the generator is operating.10. As current flows, part of its energy will be lost.11. These two resistors should be selected [chosen] so that the transistor can operate normally.12. The body is in such a state that it can do work.III、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all.3. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.4. There is no doubt that the magnetic field is produced by some sort of circulating current.5. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.6. There is evidence that the mass of a body is the function of the body.7. The question now arises whether this result applies to all cases.8. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.9. There is a growing awareness that these techniques are very useful.10. One of [Among] the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.11. The advent of electronics is reckoned from the discovery that the current in the vacuum diode can be controlled by introducing a third electrode.the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.13. There is no evidence that energy can be created or destroyed.14. This series of experiment leads to the result that with a constant applied [external] force, the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass.15. Besides [In addition to] the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account. IV、Nearly all substances fall into two major [broad; general; main] categories: conductors and insulators. Metals, many liquids, and plasmas are conductors, while nonmetallic solids, certain liquids, and gases are insulators. Just as the rate of flow of water depends upon the difference of height between them, the rate of flow of electric current between two points depends upon the difference of potential between them. The statement that voltage is proportional to current multiplied by [times] resistance is called Ohm’s law, since it was first verified experimentally by the German physicist Georg Ohm.V、pared with the theory presented in the literature published abroad in recent years that the polar axis should be in parallel with the earth’s axis, the method given in this paper will lead to (a) higher accuracy.2.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.3. By the family of curves is meant a specified set of curves which satisfy given conditions.4. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.5. In this case it is necessary to use as much energy of signals as possible.6. The variation of the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of its dimensions.7. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.8. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10II、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. How large this error is depends upon several [a few] factors.4. It is a matter of indifference which point of view is adopted.5. It should be emphasized that these definitions may be used for angles of any magnitude.6. It is assumed that the student has a basic understanding of mechanical drawing.7. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.8. It happens that the overall phase shift is zero.9. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.10. It makes no difference which unknown is selected [chosen].11. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.12. Which equation we should use depends on what data we are given [know] in the problem.13. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.14. It has been found that the direction of an electric current is opposite to that of the flow of electrons.III、1. It is necessary to determine under what conditions this equation holds [applies; is valid; is true].2. This device is just what we need.3. Now we summarize what we have proved so far [up to now].4. What a generator does is to change mechanical energy into electrical energy.5. What this chapter describes [What is described in this chapter] is of great importance.6. This magnetic force is what makes the electric motor run.7. Matter is what can occupy space.8. This is what happens in a transistor.9. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.10. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.11. What is spoken of as absolute zero is the temperature 273o C below zero.12. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a globalvillage, or what one writer calls the electronic city.13. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.14. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.15. After a chemical change, a substance is changed to something different from what it was.16. In what follows, we acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.IV、It is said that Galileo found, after a number of experiments, that all bodies near the earth fall toward the earth with the same acceleration. This acceleration is what we call the acceleration of gravity. Galileo’s work was especially significant because, for the first time, experimental results were accepted despite the fact that they contradicted well-known established ideas, in this case the notion that heavy things “should” fall faster than light ones. What deserves to be commented on Galileo’s work is that his conclusion that all things fall with the same constant acceleration is only an idealization of reality.V、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. This can satisfy the system’s input and output rates with as low a systolic frequency as possible.5. This paper discusses the design guideline for and the structure of the system, with a deep inquiry into model testing.6. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.7. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.8. The Qin Yong-brand whole milk powder is made from high-quality fresh milk, white sugar and trace elements needed by the human body by scientific methods and Denmark’s advanced technology.The Qin Yong-brand whole milk powder contains calcium, protein and varied vitamins, and it can be mixed with lukewarm sanitary drinking water into [或：… can be blended with lukewarm sanitary drinking water to produce]。
英语科技论文写作方法与教程(南开大学)-4
• Impact factors have a large but
• Some governments and research
institutes refuse but give the publisher an irrevocable license to publish, and retain the other rights themselves.
• In any case, author usually has right to
Where to publish?
•
Acceptance rate and time to publication can be very different:
•
How many publications/year or “on acceptance”? How many papers does the Editor have in hand? - Can priorities be assigned and using what criteria?
Impact factors
Impact factors
Impact factors
Impact factors
Other measures of impact
• Immediacy index: • Number of citations of articles in a
journal per year divided by the number of art to publish a paper?
英语科技论文写作方法与教程(南开大学)-7
Writing for non-native English speakers
• If a paper is considered suitably
interesting to be sent for peer review:
• Editors and referees will provide
plenty of help and advice.
?thinkclearlyaboutyouraudienceclearthinking?toknowtheroadaheadaskthosecomingback?要知道前方的路问问那些曾经走过的人?scientificwritinggetseasierwithmoreexperience
Scientific writing and presentation
your research problem.
• Think clearly about the implications. • Think clearly about your audience.
• “To know the road ahead, ask
those coming back”
经走过的人”
Writing for non-native English speakers
• Scientific writing in English is easier
than it looks.
• The structure and language of scientific
writing are conventional.
Acknowledgements References Supplementary information
英语科技论文写作Unit 4
– Use your own words wherever possible. – Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as “as noted in …”, “as shown by …” or “for example, …”. – Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources found in the references list of the original paper. – Write concise, straightforward English; count every word. – Your abstract must be completely independent of the paper.
– It is an effective practice in preparing your abstract. This is especially important for a descriptive (or
indicative) abstract.
“5 Steps” for Abstract Writing
Likely Mistakes/Common Errors
• Mixed Writing Style
– In this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.
科技英语作文写作技巧和方法
科技英语作文写作技巧和方法Certainly, I will provide you with an English essay on the topic of "Techniques and Methods for Writing Technical English Essays" without any additional instructions or requirements beyond what you have provided.Writing technical English essays can be a challenging task, but with the right techniques and methods, it can be a rewarding experience. The key to successful technical essay writing lies in understanding the unique characteristics of this genre and adopting a structured approach that ensures clarity, precision, and effectiveness in conveying complex technical information to the reader.One of the fundamental aspects of technical essay writing is the importance of organization and structure. Unlike creative or persuasive essays, technical essays typically follow a more formal and structured format. This format often includes an introduction that provides an overview of the topic, a body that delves into the technical details and analysis, and a conclusion that summarizes the key points and implications. Maintaining a clear and logical flow throughout the essay is crucial, as it helps the reader navigate the content and understand the key concepts being presented.Another critical element in technical essay writing is the use of precise and unambiguous language. Technical essays often deal with complex subject matter, and it is essential to use terminology and vocabulary that is specific to the field being discussed. Avoiding the use of jargon or overly technical language can be a challenge, but it is important to strike a balance between providing sufficient detail and ensuring that the content is accessible to the intended audience. Additionally, the use of clear and concise sentence structure, as well as the careful selection of appropriate grammar and punctuation, can greatly enhance the overall clarity and readability of the essay.Attention to detail is another hallmark of successful technical essay writing. Technical essays often require the inclusion of various types of supporting evidence, such as data, graphs, tables, or references to relevant literature. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of this supporting information is crucial, as it lends credibility to the arguments and conclusions presented in the essay. Furthermore, proper citation and referencing of sources is essential, as it demonstrates the writer's understanding of the existing knowledge in the field and their ability to build upon it effectively.One of the key challenges in technical essay writing is the need to effectively communicate complex technical concepts to a potentially diverse audience. This may include readers from differentbackgrounds, levels of expertise, or areas of specialization. To address this challenge, technical essay writers must develop the ability to translate technical jargon into more accessible language, while still maintaining the necessary level of detail and rigor. This may involve the use of analogies, examples, or visual aids to help the reader better understand the technical content.Additionally, technical essay writing often requires the ability to analyze and interpret data, as well as to draw logical and well-supported conclusions from this information. This involves the careful evaluation of evidence, the identification of patterns and trends, and the ability to synthesize this information into a coherent and persuasive argument. Strong critical thinking and analytical skills are essential in this regard, as they enable the writer to move beyond simply presenting facts and towards a deeper understanding and interpretation of the technical subject matter.Finally, the process of revising and editing technical essays is crucial to ensuring the overall quality and effectiveness of the final product. Technical essay writers must be willing to critically examine their work, identify areas for improvement, and make the necessary revisions to enhance the clarity, precision, and coherence of the essay. This may involve reorganizing the structure, clarifying the language, or strengthening the supporting evidence. Effective revision and editing are key to producing a high-quality technicalessay that effectively communicates the writer's technical expertise and insights to the reader.In conclusion, technical essay writing is a complex and multifaceted skill that requires a combination of strong organizational abilities, precise language use, attention to detail, effective communication strategies, and critical thinking skills. By mastering these techniques and methods, writers can produce technical essays that are not only informative and technically accurate but also engaging and accessible to a wide range of readers. With practice and dedication, the art of technical essay writing can be developed and refined, enabling writers to effectively convey their technical expertise and insights to their intended audience.。
科技英语-第二讲
科技英语写作教程6v
Common Problems in Writing Science and Technology English
Lake of structure
Many scientific English writing pieces lake a clear structure, making it difficult for readers to follow the argument
Technical language
Scientific English writing often uses technical language and jargon specific to the field of study
Structured writing
Scientific English writing follows a formal structure, typically including an introduction, methods, results, and discussion
Objective language
Scientific English writing should be objective and unbiased, avoiding personal opinions and emotional language
Precision language
Scientific English writing requires the use of precision language to confirm exact means and avoid ambiguity
compound sentences, and clauses, and improve the richness and accuracy of article expression.
科技英语写作教程教学设计
科技英语写作教程教学设计引言科技英语写作是大学生必修的一门课程，主要目的是培养学生的科技英语写作能力，提升其在科研和工作中的表达能力。
本篇文章将介绍一种科技英语写作教程的教学设计方案，通过阐述教程的目标、教学方法、教学内容以及评价方式等方面，帮助教师更好地教授这门课程。
目标科技英语写作教程的目标是培养学生以下能力：1.熟悉科技英语写作的基本原则和规范，了解科技英语写作的语法和语言特点；2.能够写作科技文献综述、实验报告等科技类文献，掌握科技英语写作的方法和技巧；3.培养学生有效沟通和交流的能力，提升其在科研和工作中的表达能力。
教学方法科技英语写作教程教学方法主要包括以下几个方面：1.理论讲授：科技英语写作教程需要先讲述科技英语写作的基本原则和规范，包括语法和语言特点等，通过讲授的方式让学生对科技英语写作有全面了解；2.实践操作：教师通过提供范文来指导学生如何写作科技文献综述、实验报告等科技类文献。
学生需要根据提供的范文进行实践操作，通过不断练习来掌握科技英语写作的方法和技巧；3.听力训练：科技英语写作教程中需要进行听力训练，让学生能够听懂科技英语的讲解并准确表达自己的想法。
教学内容科技英语写作教程的教学内容主要包括以下几个方面：1.科技英语写作的基本原则和规范：包括语法和语言特点等；2.科技文献综述的写作：如何找到有价值的科技文献，如何阅读科技文献并写出科技文献综述；3.实验报告的写作：如何将实验的过程和结果写成一篇具有科学价值的实验报告；4.科技英语口语的训练：如何在口语中准确表达自己的想法和看法。
评价方式科技英语写作教程的评价方式主要包括以下几个方面：1.书面作业：根据提供的范文进行科技文献综述和实验报告的书面作业，评价学生的科技英语写作能力；2.口头表达：通过一对一的口语训练，评价学生在口语中的科技英语表达能力；3.期末考核：通过期末综合考核，评价学生对学习内容的掌握程度和科技英语写作能力。
科技英语写作(作者及通讯地址)
A&B :both authors
15
Case 3
take Case 2 one step further A&B :both authors C: His assistance is acknowledged
A asks C C runs a test
Case 4
take Case 2 one step further
20
the first author & corresponding author the first author
corresponding author
coauthors
21
collective named author(集体署名作者)
It is common in multi-center,large sample studies and medical diagnostic standards.But it is difficult to find collective named author in Pues according to their contributions.
The creative work and unique scientific thinking is a measure of the contribution’s standard.
The first author being acknowledged as the senior author. The second author being the primary associate. The third author possibly being equivalent to the second but more likely having a lesser involvement with the work reported · · · · · · · · ·
雅思英语写作科技类笔记及作业讲解
科技类一、原因状语从句1. Since computer science has been developing so fast in the modern society, numerous students choose this major as their inclination when they attend universities.2. People need not have frequent face-to-face contact with each other in business as they do in the past, fo r computers can handle and convey majority of information which once must be dealt with at a meeting.3. Computers are widely accepted by people in the information age, as they, to some extent, make many things which are considered as unaccomplished tasks in the past become available and true in the present.4. Majority of people impute/attribute the great social transformation to the development and revolution of science and technology which is closely related to their daily life.二、条件状语从句1. If robots can be manipulated much more precisely and flexibly by computers to accomplish some sorts of tasks which may be dangerous or complex to the human being, our work will be more secure and simple with highproductivity as well.2. Provided/suppose that the usage of multi-media technology is widely adopted by schools during teaching and learning, the teaching level will be enormously heightened in the long run.3. The computer software industry will develop much more healthily in the future in China on condition that the authorities concerned strengthen the protection of the copy right.三、核心词汇e-commerce电子商务cyber safety网络安全online transaction在线交易net/cyber/internet网络e-learning在线学习distance learning 远程教育,远程学习discussion room讨论室computer-assisted learning计算机辅助学习mobile phone手机、移动电话bluetooth蓝牙ring tone电话铃音electromagnetic field电磁场MP3 playback Mp3播放Invade privacy侵犯隐私Wireless technology无线技术SMS: short message service手机短信、短信服务Motivation动机Laptop笔记本电脑、便携式电脑Hacker黑客Online shopping网络购物Security issue安全问题Distance education远程教育Online course在线课程,网络课程Online forum网络论坛Internet infrastructure网络基础设施Cellular telephone移动电话、手机Radiation辐射Built-in camera内置摄像头Internet browsing网页浏览Memo备忘录Microwave emission放射微波Wireless fidelity: Wi-Fi无线保真Surf on the net上网Hi-tech features高科技功能Website网站Convenient方便的Productivity生产力Geographical barrier地理障碍Digital数字、数码Electronic电子的Virtual world虚拟世界Infringe the privacy侵犯隐私Pirate['paiərit]剽窃Security安全With the click of a mouse/ present鼠标轻点In a virtual world在一个虚拟的世界An information age信息时代Be lost in迷失于、沉湎于Stay in touch with保持联系Cause damage to one’s healt h损害某人的健康Log on the Internet登陆互联网Have/gain access to any information or knowledge获得任何信息/知识Cutting-edge technology尖端科技Information explosion信息爆炸Due to the proliferation of the Internet由于互联网的普及With an increasing popularity of mobile phones随着手机的不断流行Innovation创新Labor-saving machinery劳力节省机械Biotechnology生物技术Telecommunication电信、远程通讯Space exploration太空探索Hacker黑客Conventional method常规方法Online retailer网络零售商Netizen ['netizən]网民Cost-effective划算的、成本节约型Blog博客Cybercrime网络犯罪Offensive攻击的、无礼的Pornography [pɔ:'nɔɡrəfi]色情Violence暴利Illegal gambling非法赌博Questionable contents可以内容、有问题的内容四、万能思路Positive impacts:1. improve work efficiency2. convenience, with the click of a mouse, cost-effective3. promote and facilitate communication4. obtain information in various ways, enrich one’s knowledge Negative impacts: 1. invade one’s privacy 2. less quality family time, increasing work pressure 3. security issue, cyber crimes 4. questionable contents, pornography, violence5. physical problem, radiation, weaken eyesight, less outdoor exercise6. psychological problem, indulge in virtual world, become solitary, be isolated from the real world, weaken the relationships with family members and friends Eg. 1 The range of technology is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. To what extent do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and include relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience. 提纲：观点：不是科技而是社会财富分配不均导致的。
(秦荻辉)科技英语写作
第一节 词 类
中国 China 北京大学 Beijng University 西电大学 Xidian University 西北工业大学 the Northwestern Polytechnical University 计算机科学系 the Department of Computer Science
第一节 词 类
(2)论文的标题、书籍名称等的冠词可以省去。如： 锁相环的研究 Study of Phase-locked Loops 计算机入门 Introduction to Computers
第一节 词 类
(3)专有名词一般不加冠词。在科技文写作中，主要 涉及到的专有名词有人名、地名、单位名称和国 家名称。其中单位名称和国家名称需要注意以下 几点：一般由单个词表示的国家名称或一个地点 名词加“大学”构成的专有名称前不加冠词；由三个 或三个以上的普通单词构成的单位或国家名称前 要加定冠词(不过写在信封上或发表的论文作者下 面等场合时一般可不加冠词)。如：
第一节 词 类
2．数词在句子中作前置修饰语 (倍数；分数)+（the+名词；that+后置定语（多为“of 短语”）；what从句） 这个电压是加给放大器的信号的80倍。
This voltage is 80 times the signal applied to the amplifier． 其速度为光速的十分之三。 Its speed is three tenths that of light．
第一节 词 类
(5)某些可数名词单数形式在泛指时可省去冠词。 欧姆首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。 Ohm first discovered the relationship between current， voltage，and resistance． 晶体管是由发射极、基极和集电极三部分构成的。 A transistor consists of three parts：emitter, base and collector．
英语科技论文写作(一)
2008.3.
由于文化的差异和英语语言本身的特 点，英语科技论文写作虽然在目的性上与 用其它语言形式的科技论文写作是相同的， 但是还有其自己的语言特征、文体要求和 格式变化。
科技论文体例
因学科不同、研究项目、过程和结果不同，科技论文 可以有多种写作方法和体例结构。从20世纪20年代开始， 科技工作者从大量的论文中，总结出了其表达方式的共同 规律，逐步形成了一种较为严密而又符合逻辑的惯用格式； 从此，虽然各种论文所涉及的内容各不相同，论证的方法 各有差异，实验的方法与手段相差很大，但是论文由哪些 部分组成已有规范可循；其常见的构成格式有：标题、署 名、作者单位(通常在第一页底端的黑线下还要简要介绍 作者的姓名、年龄、职称、学位等内容）、摘要、关键词、 引言、正文，结论、致谢、脚注、参考文献和附录等。
标题_注意事项(4) 标题 注意事项
2 .一般采用名词短语作标题 不使用一个句子或不定式短语，一 一般采用名词短语作标题。不使用一个句子或不定式短语 一般采用名词短语作标题 不使用一个句子或不定式短语， 般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。 般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。 An exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （繁琐） Introduce the exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （祈使句） Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate
1
Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China, 110000
科技英语写作教程
科技英语写作教程在当今全球化的世界中，科技英语写作的重要性日益凸显。
科技英语写作不仅在学术研究中扮演着关键角色，也在商业、政府和日常生活中的许多方面发挥着重要作用。
因此，掌握科技英语写作技巧对于提高我们的全球竞争力至关重要。
科技英语写作教程旨在教授学生如何有效地使用英语进行科技写作。
本教程将分为四个部分：引言、科技英语写作基础知识、科技英语写作实践和结论。
引言部分将介绍科技英语写作的基本概念和重要性。
我们将探讨科技英语写作的定义、目的和特点，以及它在现代社会中的地位。
在科技英语写作基础知识部分，我们将深入探讨科技英语写作的语法、词汇和句子结构。
我们将学习如何使用复杂句型和专业化术语，以及如何避免常见的语法错误。
我们还将了解科技英语写作中的文体和语域特点。
在科技英语写作实践部分，我们将通过实例分析来学习如何撰写高质量的科技英语文章。
我们将从选题、搜集资料、撰写提纲、初稿到修订和校对等方面进行实践。
我们还将学习如何使用科技英语写作工具，如语法检查器和专业排版软件。
在结论部分，我们将回顾本教程的主要内容，并总结我们在科技英语写作方面的收获。
我们将讨论如何将所学知识应用到实际生活中，以及如何进一步提高我们的科技英语写作技能。
科技英语写作教程旨在帮助学生掌握科技英语写作的基本知识和技能。
通过本教程的学习，学生将能够熟练地运用科技英语进行写作，提高他们在学术研究、商业和生活中的竞争力。
随着全球化的深入和科技的飞速发展，英语科技论文摘要的写作范式越来越受到。
本文旨在探讨英语科技论文摘要的写作范式，为撰写出结构合理、逻辑清晰、表述准确的英文科技论文摘要提供指导和规范。
一、英语科技论文摘要的定义与作用英语科技论文摘要是对原始科技论文的高度概括和总结，以简洁明了的英文表述，传达论文的主要研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
摘要的主要作用包括：1、提供论文的概述，帮助读者快速了解论文的核心内容；2、为读者提供一个初步的学术交流和讨论的平台；3、为未来研究者提供研究方向和进一步研究的线索。
科技英语写作 lecture 1. Introduction
Requirements
– Teaching arrangements: group work, CL (cooperative learning), practice
– Testing : sentence, paragraph, essay
• • • • • • • • • – Requirements: In class: punctual (absence/presence – roll calling) attentive, active, cooperative After class: reading thinking – a diary writing – assignment Your resolutions: 4 books: a textbook, a notebook, a diary, a workbook
Special difficulties: how the students meet the requirements for them Contents: • Practice • The Contents of the Course • Requirements • Homework
“科技英语” “科技英语写作”
• 再如：max., min., ibid., et at., e.g., graphs, numbers, formula. • 科技英语词汇简单清楚。
• 当我们把很少的一点钠(sodium)投 入火焰或者其他光源中时，立即出 现一条鲜黄色的线；当钠不存在时， 光谱(spectrum)中就没有这条线。 由此我们知道，钠或任何钠的化合 物(compounds)产生一条带有鲜黄 色双线的光谱。
⑥ features:
• Features of EST writing: different from common English, but still has the features of language. The style is quite impersonal, expressive, and forceful/logical. • Diction: 清楚(clearness)、简洁(conciseness)、准确 (exactness/accuracy)。 • Grammar: Passive voice, subjunctive, imperative, Nominalization, None-predicate verbs (非谓语动词), Complex sentences • Discourse: preciseness--- but still follow some patterns: definition, exemplification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, facts and opinion (argumentation), discursive writing, process. • Features of EST writing teaching: useful, learnable, exercisable
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
三、名词从句 在这一方面应重点掌握以下两大方面的一些句型： 1.采用形式主语it的一些句型 （1）It+连系动词+表语+主语从句。 有趣的是每个函数都可以用一些简单的函数来近似。 It is interesting that every function can be approximated by simple functions. 那个现象是如何发现的仍然难是个谜。 It is still a mystery how that phenomenon was discovered.
14.自从那时以来，一直有着在其它行星(planet)上是否存在生命(life)的各种推测 (speculation)。
15.这是由于(due to)在电路上存在电容(capacitance)的原因导致的。 16.除了材料的性质应该包括在分析模型之中外，我们还必须把其它因素考虑进去。 17.“跟随器”(follower)这个术语来自于这么一点：输出电压十分紧密地跟随着信号电 压。 18.利用该曲线通过（2.1）这一情况，我们可以求出这个常数来。 19.卡诺图(the Karnaugh map)的有用性(usefulness)在于相邻的方格(adjacent cell)能够看 得见地(visually)加以组合起来(group)来消除(eliminate)多余的变(redundant)量。 20.这一系列的实验得出了这样的结果：若外力恒定，则加速度(acceleration)与质量成反 比。
（3）：as：它引导的从句中的动作一般与主句的动作
均表示持续一段时间，它们同时发生。 As radio waves travel the surface of the earth, part of its energy will be lost. 当无线电波沿地球表面传播时，要损失掉一部分能量。
added. 由此我们得知转一整圈就有2π弧度。 It follows that there are 2πradians in one complete rotation.
2.what从句的句型 （1）表示“什么，多大，哪个（种）……”（即疑问代
词的词义）。 我们必须懂得函数斜率的含义（是什么）。 We must understand what is meant by the slope of a function. 现在我们能确定在该点电场强度为多大。 Now we can determine what the intensity of the electric field is at that point.
在前面几章我们并没有使用三角函数、反三角函数或
对数函数，因为其各自的导数均为一种特殊的形式。
2.表示“当……时候”的连词 以下三个词在科技文中使用时常见有如下的基本区别
（虽然它们时常相互换用）： （1）when：它引出的从句表示的动作往往为一点， 而这时主句的动作也多表示为一点。 When a rocket is launched from the earth’s surface, the thrust of its engines must exceed its weight for it to rise from the ground.
(2)It+被动语态+主语从句。 大家知道，分子是由原子构成的。 It is known that molecules are made up of atoms.d be noted that Ohm’s law applies only to
(2) for：由它引出的句子使人觉得所述的理由只是一
种补充说明而已，它是一个等立连词，引出的句子为 并列句而不是状语从句，它只能放在前一句的后面。 偶尔也有单独成为一句的。 In previous chapters we did not use the trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, or logarithmic functions, for the dirivative of each of these is a special form.
前面所讲的内容为这个定理提供了基础，虽然不能当
做为一种证明。
（2）though：它一般用于非正式的口语或书面语中。该
从句可采用特殊词序（在科技文中一般是作表语的形容词 放在though之前）。 Important though this law is, it is seldom used in practice. 该定律虽然重要，但在实践中很少使用。 （3）as：用于正式的文体中，从句一定要采用特殊词序 （在科技文中主要是作表语的形容词放在as之前）。 Small as electrons are, they play an important role in the formation of electric current. 电子虽小，但它们在形成电流方面起了重要的作用。
练习七
一、将下列句子译成英语 注意以下句中状语从句的正确使用：
1.一切物体不论其温度有多低，均发射(emit)热射线(heat rays)。 2.尽管(as)原子(atom)很小，它们是由更小的单元(unit)构成的。
3.角的测量是独特的(unique)，在于单位是无量纲的(dimensionless)。
（4）while：它引导的从句侧重于对比；当主句和从
句的句型相同时，一般把while译成“而”字（若这时 while从句放在主句前的话，则把“而”字译在主句之 前）。 While x can only lie between -1 and 1, there are an infinite number of values of y for every value of x. 虽然x只能处于-1和1之间，但对应于每个x值却有无限 个y值。 Men are more susceptible to heart disease, while women are more prone to develop diabetes. 男人易患心脏病而女人易得糖尿病。
能量是做功的能力，而功率则是单位时间内所做功的
二、同位语从句 1.两个常用的固定句型 （1）毫无疑问——there is no doubt(question) that… （2）有证据表明——there is evidence that… 2.动宾译法的句型 现在人们越来越认识到，这些技术在其它一些领域中也是很有 价值的。 There is growing awareness that these techniques are also of value in some other areas. 主要的成就之一是（人们）认识到了材料的性质应包括在分析 模型中。 One of the main achievements is the recognition that properties of a material should be included in the analytic model.
metallic conductors. 现在有待于查明这个等式何时成立。 It remains now to be seen when this equation holds.
(3)It+不及物动词+主语从句。 两个数相加的顺序是没有关系的。 It does not matter in which order two number are
3.表示“虽然”的连词 在科技文中常用的有以下几个： （1）although：它一般用于正式场合，同时可用于各
种文体。 The foregoing provides a basis for this theorem, although it cannot be considered as a proof.
12.这些实验得出(lead to)了这样的结果：若外力不变，加速度(acceleration)与质量 (mass)成反比(be inversely proportional to)。 13.两千多年前希腊人(the Greeks)就知道了每样东西都是由很小的微粒(particle)构成的 这一概念(idea)。
注意在以下句中正确使用同位语从句： 9.所有的迹象(indication)表明，计算机的价格(price)将进一步下跌。 10.没有证据表明能量能被产生(create)或被消灭(destroy)。
11.在这种情况下并不能保证(assurance)该电路就调谐(tune)于那个频率(frequency)上。
3.由名词从句转变成的同位语从句 在那颗行星上是否有水这个问题有待讨论。 The question whether there is water on that planet will
be dicussed. 用户们得不到保证：这种器件能使用多久。 The users have no guarantee how long this kind of device will be operating.
At this time the kinetic energy approaches infinity,
while the potential energy approaches the minimum. 这时动能趋于无穷大，而势能则趋于最小值。 Input A goes low while input B remains high. 输入A变成了低电位而输入B则保持高电位。 While energy is the capacity to do work, power is the quantity of work in unit time. 量。