哈尔滨医科大学外科学(普外)2016年考博真题试卷
(完整word版)全国外科学考博试题总结,推荐文档
全国外科学考博试题总结名词解释：1.高钾血症；2.心脏按摩；3.中心静脉压；4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭；5.呼吸性酸中毒；6.肠源性感染；7.脓毒症（sepsis）；8.Superinfection；9.ARDS；10.过继免疫疗法；11.CARS12.GVHR；13.SIADH；14．基因诊断；15.条件性感染；16.SIADH；17.SIRS；18. 预存式自体输血；19．休克抑制期；20. 痈；21.海绵状血管瘤；22.负氮平衡；23. 脑再灌注损伤；24.中厚皮片；25. 脓血症26.烧伤面积的中国九分法；27.systemic inflammatory response syndrome ；28.功能性细胞外液；29.心肺复苏；30.MSOF；31.ARF；32.ARDS；33.ICU；34.休克指数；35.MODS；36.条件感染；37.载体和重组质粒；38.MAC；39.导向复苏40.精准医疗论述题：1、较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响？（10 分）2、成人呼吸窘迫综合症的临床表现和分期（15 分）。
3.输血适应症4.外科抗菌药应用原则5.理想手术切口应具备的条件6.肾替代疗法应达到的指标7.DIC 的临床表现8.创伤治愈的分期、处理原则9.理想的肿瘤标志物应具备的特点10. 肾在体内酸碱平衡调节的机制11. 肠外营养的适应证和并发症12. 自体输血的方式和禁忌证13.试述肠内营养适应证14.试述自体输血的适应证与禁忌症15.分输血的种类和适应症16.肠源性感染的发病机制17.代谢性酸中毒的分型及常见原因18.创伤的检查与诊断步骤（13）19.脑复苏的现代观念及主要方法20.灭菌与消毒有何区别？21.高钾血症的原因和诊断处理？22.肠外营养有哪些常见并发症如何处理23.简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物？24..创伤后组织修复分几个阶段？简述其修复过程？25.创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段？各阶段的主要特点是什么？26.试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素？27.试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义？28.溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化？29.感染性休克病理生理变化过程中血流动力学改变有何特征？治疗要点是什么？30.全胃肠外营养的并发症31..肠细菌移位的发生机制32.腹部外科术后心力衰竭的紧急处理，应从哪些方面着手？33.有哪些腹部外科疾病与病毒感染有关？如何预防和治疗。
外科学博士试题集锦
去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。
无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。
2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。
而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。
(2)煮沸法。
(3)火烧法。
(4)药液浸泡法。
(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。
4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。
(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。
坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。
(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。
如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。
如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。
(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。
(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。
(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。
术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。
(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。
(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。
(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。
(整理)哈尔滨医科大学至学年第二学期外科学期末考试试题
哈尔滨医科大学2006至2007学年第二学期外科学期末考试试题哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院外科学试题年级：2004级本科专业：临床医学考试时间：2007年7月19日一、选择题（每题0.5分，共40分）：【A型题】1.调节颅内压的因素有：A.脑脊液压力B.脑灌注压C.脑微循环D.脑血流、脑组织移位和静脉压E.脑组织、脑脊液与血液2.颅内压增高的三主征是：A.血压下降、脉搏微弱、呼吸不规则B.血压上升、脉搏减慢、呼吸不规则C.头痛、呕吐、视乳头水肿D.意识不清、呕吐、偏瘫E.血压上升、脉搏增快、体温升高3.小脑幕切迹疝治疗原则错误的是：A.后颅窝探查，枕下减压术B.快速应用脱水剂降颅压C.尽快明确诊断D.对局灶性占位病变应手术切除病灶E.对弥漫性病变应作去骨瓣减压4.对颅内压增高明显者，下列检查错误的是：A.头颅X片B.头颅CT片C.头颅MRID.腰穿放脑脊液E.脑电图描记5.外伤后头痛呕吐，哪项肯定血肿的存在：A.颞部直接暴力伤，局部有头皮血肿B.枕部受伤，有软组织肿胀C.伤后立即出现神经功能障碍D.意识障碍进行性加深E.头颅CT检查结果6.关于颅骨损伤，下列哪项是错误的：A.有颅骨骨折存在严重的脑损伤B.没有颅骨骨折，可能存在严重的脑损伤C.有颅骨骨折，说明伤者脑损伤较重D.颅骨骨折中，以线形骨折发生率最高E.颅骨骨折，可由间接暴力所致7.脊柱裂最常发生的部位是：A.腰骶部B.腰部C.胸部D.颈胸部E.颈部8.诊断颅底陷入症的标准为：A.齿突位于Boogaard线3mm以上B.齿突位于Boogaard线3cm以上C.齿突位于Chamberlain线3mm以上D.齿突位于Chamberlain线3cm以上E.以上均不正确9.先天性脑积水处置中错误的是：A.发展缓慢不适手术者可给降颅压药物B.脑脊液外引流术C.脑脊液分流术D.解除梗阻的手术E.建立旁路引流的手术10.下列哪项不是狭颅症的临床表现：A.头颅畸形B.突眼C.视乳头水肿，视力下降D.头痛呕吐E.叩诊呈破罐音11.男性，16岁，视力减退半年，头痛一月，查体，双侧视乳头苍白，头颅X线片蝶鞍扩大，鞍上区钙化影，最可能的诊断为：A.垂体瘤B.少突胶质瘤C.颅咽管瘤D.血管网状细胞瘤E.脑膜瘤12.诊断颅内动脉瘤主要依靠：A.自发性蛛网膜下腔出血史B.全脑血管造影C.动眼神经麻痹症状D.Kernig征阳性，腰穿为血性脑脊液E.CT增强扫描13.动静脉畸形最常见的症状是：A.癫痫、出血B.恶心、呕吐C.头痛D.进行性神经功能障碍E.血管杂音14.甲状腺功能亢进诊断主要依靠：A.临床表现B.基础代谢率测定C.放射性碘摄取试验D.甲状腺扫描E.PBI测定（血清蛋白结合碘）15.诊断甲亢简便易行的方法是：A.131I甲状腺功能测定B.基础代谢率的测定C.血浆蛋白结合碘测定D.血浆T3、T4测定E.血浆长效甲状腺刺激素测定16.目前治疗甲亢常用而有效的方法是：A.131I治疗B.抗甲状腺素药物治疗C.甲状腺大部切除术D.服用复方碘剂E.碘剂合并硫氧嘧啶类药物治疗17.甲状腺大部切除术，主要并发症中最危急的是：A.术后呼吸困难和窒息B.喉返神经损伤C.手足抽搐D.喉上神经损伤E.甲状腺危象18.腋窝淋巴结不包括：A.锁骨上组C.胸肌组D.肩胛下组E.中央组19.急性乳房炎的首发症状为：A.局部肿块B.发热C.搏动性疼痛D.患侧腋窝淋巴结肿大E.乳房肿胀疼痛20.急性乳房炎脓肿形成后的主要治疗措施：A.全身应用抗生素B.局部热敷、理疗C.局部注射抗生素D.促使乳汁排出通畅E.切开排脓21.女性，28岁，乳癌，局部溃破，与胸部固定，锁骨下区饱满，可扪及结节，一般情况好，应采取的首选治疗为：A.单纯乳房切除术B.积极换药+双侧卵巢切除术C.放射治疗D.根治性切除术E.静脉化疗22.嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝早期主要症状是：A.疝块不能完全回纳，胀痛稍重B.疝块突然增大，伴明显疼痛C.疝块紧张发硬，而疼痛减轻D.疝块不能回纳，伴机械性肠梗阻病象E.疝块持续存在，伴脓毒血症23.关于腹股沟直疝的特征，正确的是：A.多见于中年以上的妇女B.由直疝三角突出，有时进入阴囊C.常为双侧性D.精索在疝囊后方E.易于嵌顿24.成人腹股沟疝修补术包括：A.高位结扎疝囊颈B.切除疝囊D.腹股沟管管壁的修补E.高位结扎疝囊颈和加强腹股沟管前壁或后壁25.腹部闭合性损伤中，较多见的实质性脏器损伤为哪一项？A.肝B.肾C.脾D.肾上腺E.胰26.腹部闭合性损伤患者，最有价值的体征是：A.腹部压痛B.腹膜刺激征C.肠鸣音增多D.肠鸣音减弱E.恶心、呕吐27.腹腔外伤性实质脏器破裂，确诊中最有意义的检查方法是：A.血压与脉搏的观察B.超声波检查C.血红蛋白值及红细胞计数观察D.腹腔穿刺E.腹部X线平片28.男性，12岁，一天前上腹部被驴踢伤。
历年考博外科题目总汇.doc
历年考博外科题目总汇. .1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。
Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。
Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child-1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。
Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。
Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child：二问答1 PMC（甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌）及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。
考博外科学试题及答案
考博外科学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌操作B. 无创原则C. 快速切除D. 保护组织2. 外科手术中，以下哪项不是常用的止血方法？A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 物理止血3. 以下哪种情况不适合进行手术治疗？A. 急性阑尾炎B. 慢性胆囊炎C. 严重营养不良D. 早期乳腺癌4. 外科手术中，以下哪项不是术后并发症？A. 感染B. 出血C. 疼痛D. 血栓形成5. 以下哪项是腹腔镜手术的优点？A. 切口大B. 恢复快C. 视野差D. 并发症多6. 以下哪项是外科手术前的常规准备？A. 禁食禁水B. 立即手术C. 无需体检D. 无需心理辅导7. 以下哪种麻醉方式适用于短小手术？A. 全身麻醉B. 局部麻醉C. 椎管内麻醉D. 神经阻滞麻醉8. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的感染类型？A. 细菌性感染B. 真菌性感染C. 病毒性感染D. 寄生虫感染9. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症？A. 心律失常B. 肾功能衰竭C. 肺栓塞D. 以上都是10. 以下哪项是外科手术中的无菌操作原则？A. 无菌区域与非无菌区域分离B. 手术器械随意摆放C. 手术人员可以随意进出手术室D. 手术人员可以不戴口罩答案：1-5 C, D, C, D, B；6-10 A, B, A, D, A二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术前的基本准备流程。
答：外科手术前的基本准备流程包括：患者体检、病情评估、术前讨论、手术方案制定、患者及家属的知情同意、禁食禁水、皮肤准备、术前用药等。
2. 请列举三种常见的外科手术并发症，并简要说明其预防措施。
答：常见的外科手术并发症包括感染、出血和血栓形成。
预防措施分别为：严格遵守无菌操作原则、术中控制出血、术后使用抗凝药物和鼓励患者早期活动。
3. 描述腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术的主要区别。
答：腹腔镜手术与传统开腹手术的主要区别在于：腹腔镜手术切口小、创伤小、恢复快、疼痛轻、住院时间短；而传统开腹手术切口大、创伤大、恢复慢、疼痛重、住院时间较长。
历年考博外科题目总汇
历年考博外科题目总汇
一、2019年
1. 关于原发性肺癌的研究，下列哪些表述是正确的？
A. 血浆ENA+的表达量可用于原发性肺癌诊断，并预测原发性肺癌的预后。
B. CEA与原发性肺癌无关。
C. 手术切除治疗原发性肺癌，放化疗治疗效果稳定。
D. 小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌的单独治疗效果相当。
2. 对于难治性结直肠癌，下列哪些策略是值得推广的？
A. 综合治疗，同时应用化疗和放疗。
B. 外科手术治疗是难治性结直肠癌的主要手段。
C. 靶向治疗可以显著提高难治性结直肠癌的疗效。
D. 维持治疗是治疗难治性结直肠癌的关键。
3. 关于甲状腺乳头状癌的研究，下列哪些表述是正确的？
A. 甲状腺乳头状癌和甲状腺髓样癌是发生率最高的两种甲状腺癌。
B. 术后碘131治疗可有效治疗甲状腺乳头状癌。
C. 对于像素大于5mm的甲状腺结节，应该考虑手术切除治疗。
D. 采用食管损伤侵袭方式，可大大提高甲状腺乳头状癌的切除率。
4. 关于乳腺癌的研究，下列哪些表述是正确的？
A. 用化疗/内分泌治疗或乳腺切除术+放疗可以治疗初步病变的乳腺癌。
B. 术前磁共振成像可以为乳腺癌定位提供很大帮助。
C. 显微镜技术可以确诊非肿瘤性病变和高危乳腺病变。
D. 彩色B超可以展现乳腺癌灶的形态和邻近关系。
以上四道考博试题，涵盖了肺部、结直肠、甲状腺和乳腺癌等外科医学领域常见疾病的诊治方法和策略，对考生的综合泛化能力要求较高。
2016年全国医学博士英语统考参考答案
注意：本答案非华慧考博官网出，完整参考答案请及时关注《华慧医学考博英语一本通》2016医博英语考试听力部分答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.2016医学考博英语Vocabulary参考答案Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all the legal hustle and bus tle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ asa result of bed shortages.”A. facilitated B. forfeited C. fulfilled D. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: C2016医学考博英语阅读参考答案Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefitsfromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing全国医学考博英语作文讲的是全科医生的缺乏和对策首先讲医疗发展了，人们对医疗的需求加大，但是全科医生缺乏。
2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试真题及答案
Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D,are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay_______to their workers forpensation promise modity D.consumptionKey:A32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to_________.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.interveneKey:D33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle,they don’t actually expect to_______death sentences to life terms without parole.A.induceB.convertC.reviveD.swerve Key:B34.To maintain physical well-being,a person should eat_______food and get sufficient exercise.A.integral B.gross C.wholesome D.intactKey:C35.The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the______and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB.prosperityC.privilegeD.preferenceKey:B36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that“their lives will not be______as a result of bed shortages.”A.facilitatedB.forfeitedC.fulfilledD.furnished Key:B37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and_______unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB.superficiallyC.utterlyD.doubtfully Key:C38.It is known that some ways of using resources_______can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A.recklesslyB.sparinglyC.sensiblyD.incrediblyKey:A39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through______ water.A.filtered B.distilled C.contaminated D.purifiedKey:C40.We welcome him not____________as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any senseKey:C2016医博英语考试阅读理解答案如下：Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One61.To have a journey of discovery witheach child,according to the passage,is_____________.A.to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62.In the first paragraph,the authorsuggests that parents____________.D.keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchild63.When there exists a“marker”in thechild,according to the passage,__________.A.it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64.What is the author trying to tell us inthe third paragraph?B.Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65.What is the main idea of the passage?C.Parents’role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66.The study's results indicated_____________.A.health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67.Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A.A higher death rate.68.What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C.A large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69.The Americans'unique health-carechallenge,according to James Smith,is derived form______________.D.their unhealthy lifestyle factors70.Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine__________.B.benefits more seniors who need medicalcare.Passage Three71.The current PIK study___________.B.was based on the global land-use models72.As the PIK results imply,it ispossible____________.D.to return to the emission levels around199573.Simply put,to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to__________.A.to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74.The greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.C.the priorities in the environmentalprotection75.What can be the best title for thepassage?D.Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76.What can be said of Henry?C.His life was improved with telehealth.77.Henry activates his daily healthmanagement__________.B.By getting hooked up to the monitoringdevices78.As one of the pioneering patients,Henry__________.A.receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79.What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D.His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80.Thanks to the telehealth technology,Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level,thus__________.C.getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81.Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health__________.A.lies in our exposome82.What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D.Changeable.83.Speaking of genes,Rappaport would saythat__________.B.there is no such a thing as predictivemedicine.84.Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences.Wild contends that__________.C.each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85.Particularly important,according toNicholson,is the time when__________.C.the exposome comes inPassage Six86.The author cries for a change in____________.D.global science publishing87.According to the author,the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to__________.C.their limited publications in globalindexing databases88.The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that__________.D.most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89.To address the current situation,theauthor argues that it is imperative that__________.D.quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90.Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C.Globalizing Science Publishing。
外科学考博试题及答案
外科学考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科感染中最常见的致病菌是：A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 真菌答案：A2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C3. 以下哪项是开放性骨折的特点？A. 骨折端不与外界相通B. 骨折端与外界相通C. 骨折线完全在皮肤下D. 骨折线完全在骨髓内答案：B4. 急性阑尾炎最典型的临床表现是：A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹固定压痛D. 发热答案：C5. 以下哪项是乳腺癌的高危因素？A. 长期吸烟B. 长期饮酒C. 家族遗传史D. 长期素食答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术切口的分类及其特点。
答案：外科手术切口根据其感染风险分为三类：清洁切口、可能污染切口和污染切口。
清洁切口是指手术区域无炎症，无感染，且手术过程中未进入呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道及口咽部。
可能污染切口是指手术区域可能存在细菌，但无明显感染，如胃肠道手术。
污染切口是指手术区域有明显感染或手术过程中进入有菌环境，如脓肿切开引流。
2. 描述急性胆囊炎的诊断要点。
答案：急性胆囊炎的诊断要点包括：右上腹疼痛，尤其是Murphy征阳性；发热和白细胞计数升高；腹部超声检查发现胆囊壁增厚、胆囊内结石或胆囊周围积液；有时可伴有黄疸。
3. 解释何为“无菌技术”及其在外科手术中的重要性。
答案：无菌技术是指在手术过程中采取的一系列措施，以防止手术区域受到微生物污染。
这包括使用无菌器械、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、保持手术区域清洁等。
无菌技术在外科手术中至关重要，因为它可以显著降低术后感染的风险，提高手术成功率。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术前的准备要点。
答案：外科手术前的准备要点包括：详细的病史采集和体格检查，以评估患者的整体健康状况和手术风险；必要的辅助检查，如血常规、凝血功能、心电图、肝肾功能等；术前禁食和禁水，以减少术中呕吐和误吸的风险；术前抗生素的使用，以预防感染；心理支持和教育，以减轻患者的焦虑和恐惧。
哈尔滨医科大学历年复试题目(普外部分)
哈医复试历年题目：（普外部分）20091.甲亢手术禁忌症P292⑴青少年患者，⑵症状较轻者，⑶老年病人或有严重器质性疾病不能耐手术者；2.腋区淋巴结分哪些组P304⑴腋下（胸小肌外侧）组；⑶腋中（胸小肌后）组；⑶腋上（锁骨下）组；3.何谓Richter疝P387嵌顿的内容物仅为肠壁的一部分，系膜侧肠壁及其系膜并未进入疝囊，称为肠管壁疝；4.急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔在何种情况下行非手术治疗P428⑴一般情况良好，症状体征较轻的空腹小穿孔；⑵穿孔超过24小时，腹膜炎已局限者；⑶或是经水溶性造影剂行胃十二指肠造影检查证实穿孔业已封闭的病人；5.肠梗阻共同表现是P453⑴腹痛；⑵呕吐；⑶腹胀；⑷停止自肛门排便排气；6.直肠癌手术方式P494⑴局部切除；⑵腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术（Miles手术）；⑶经腹直肠癌切除术（直肠低位前切除术，Dixon手术）；⑷经腹直肠癌切除、近端造口、远端封闭手术（Hartmann手术）7.急性阑尾炎并发症P472⑴腹腔脓肿（阑尾周围脓肿最常见）；⑵内外瘘形成；⑶门静脉炎；8.乳腺癌手术方式P311⑴乳腺癌根治术；⑵乳腺癌扩大根治术；⑶乳腺癌改良根治术；⑷全乳房切除术；⑸保留乳房的乳腺癌根除术；9.急性乳腺炎局部并发症P580⑴胰腺坏死；⑵胰腺脓肿；⑶急性胰腺假性囊肿；⑷胃肠道瘘；20101.甲亢症状得到基本控制的指标P292⑴病人情绪稳定，睡眠良好，体重增加，⑵脉率〈90次/分以下，⑶基础代谢率〈+20%2.急性乳腺炎治疗原则P3061.注意休息，清洁乳头，吸出乳汁，托起乳房，严重时暂停喂奶。
2.局部湿热敷、理疗。
3.全身应用抗生素。
4.中药治疗。
5.一旦形成脓肿，宜行切开引流。
3.阑尾炎并发症P472⑴腹腔脓肿（阑尾周围脓肿最常见）；⑵内外瘘形成；⑶门静脉炎；4.原发性肝癌并发症P519⑴肝性昏迷；⑵上消化道出血；⑶肝癌结节破裂出血；⑷继发感染；5.甲亢手术禁忌症P292⑴青少年患者，⑵症状较轻者，⑶老年病人或有严重器质性疾病不能耐手术者；6.胃癌Borrmann分型P438Borrmann l 型（结节或息肉型）、BorrmannlI型（局部溃疡型）、Borrmann III型（浸润溃疡型）、BorrmannIV 型（弥漫浸润型）7.结肠癌病理分型P488⑴肿块型；⑵浸润型；⑶溃疡型；8.腋窝淋巴结分几组P304⑴腋下（胸小肌外侧）组；⑶腋中（胸小肌后）组；⑶腋上（锁骨下）组；20111.甲状腺术后呼吸困难的原因P293主要原因：①手术区内出血压迫气管；②喉头水肿；③气管受压软化塌陷；④气管内痰液阻塞；⑤双侧喉返神经损伤2.乳腺改良根治术分类P312⑴保留胸大肌，切除胸小肌的Patey改良根治术(modified radicalmastectomy)；⑵保留胸大、小肌的Auchincloss改良根治术。
医学考博英语题库【历年真题级详解(2015~2016年)】【圣才出品】
2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One）Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. At ten next Wednesday.B. At three next Wednesday.C. At ten next Monday.D. At three next Monday.【答案】B【解析】录音中护士一开始问男病人下个星期一上午十点有空吗？病人说只有下午三点有空，接下来护士确认了最后的时间为下个星期三的三点，故正确答案为B项。
2016-医学 考博试题
2016协和医学院病理学真题回忆一、名词解释6分×8题:①metaplasia、②opsonin、③Tetralogy of Fallot、④Zollinger-Ellison综合征、⑤tubercle、⑥chloroma、⑦MEN、⑧Verocay小体二、单选1分×30题急性普通性肝炎的镜下改变胰腺癌早期转移途径痰涂片检出率最高的肺癌类型食管癌好发部位：中段＞下段＞上段猝死好发于：缺血性心脏病or心律失常风湿性心脏病赘生物好发于哪个瓣膜哪个部位病例题：葡萄胎？恶性葡萄胎？子宫内膜癌？葡萄胎的特点B细胞淋巴瘤乳头血性溢液：导管内乳头状瘤Negri bodies：狂犬病毒形成的包涵体三、简答8分×4题:1.溃结和克罗恩病区别2.风湿病对心脏的影响3.子宫内膜癌I型与II型区别4.胃肠胰神经内分泌瘤定义，其分级和免疫组化的意义以及病理报告包括啥四、问答20分×2题:1.中年女性，低分化胃癌，伴有阴道出血2月，查体及超声显示双侧卵巢大，子宫不大，CEA高。
三个问题:①进展型胃癌分型，转移途径，②卵巢肿瘤可能的类型，③结合病例，卵巢病变最可能是啥2.非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤分类，组织学表型及此分类的意义2016年南方医科大学神经外科博士试题-神经解剖一：简答题1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？3.光反射的传导通路？4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？5.股神经的走行及体表投影6.深浅感觉的异同点。
二：简答题1.面神经的成分，结构，分支及损伤后有哪些表现。
2.54岁患者突发右侧上下肢偏瘫，膝跳反射亢进，巴氏征阳性，面部以下深浅感觉消失，腹壁反射减弱，考虑那个部位损伤，试简述其结构。
3.左足被蚊虫叮咬，右手去打蚊虫，试述其传道通路。
4.十二对脑神经出入颅位置及途径5.手神经的组成北京协和，病理生理，刚回旅舍整理出来的南京医科大学第一附属医院，外科学专业病理生理学真题回忆简答题（6题）钙超载在缺血—再灌注中的作用应激时交感—肾上腺髓质系统兴奋对机体的作用腺苷酸环化酶在信号转导通路中的作用应激性溃疡的发生机制临床输血和输液时常发生高热，简述其原因心力衰竭时心率加快的机制，对心功能的影响问答题（2题）严重代谢性酸中毒引起DIC的机制并简述出血的原因什么是肝性脑病？肝性脑病血氨增高的机制？临床中有何降血氨措施哈尔滨医科大学免疫一名解抗原，单克隆抗体，MAC,细胞因子，MHC限制性，PRR,免疫调节，调理作用，凝集反应，M细胞。
哈尔滨医科大学至第二学期外科学期末考试试题
哈尔滨医科大学2006至2007学年第二学期外科学期末考试试题哈尔滨医科大学第一临床医学院外科学试题一、选择题（每题0.5分，共40分）： 【A 型题】1.调节颅内压的因素有：A. 脑脊液压力B. 脑灌注压C. 脑微循环D. 脑血流、脑组织移位和静脉压E. 脑组织、脑脊液与血液2•颅内压增高的三主征是：A. 血压下降、脉搏微弱、呼吸不规则B. 血压上升、脉搏减慢、呼吸不规则C. 头痛、呕吐、视乳头水肿D. 意识不清、呕吐、偏瘫E. 血压上升、脉搏增快、体温升高3. 小脑幕切迹疝治疗原则错误的是：A. 后颅窝探查，枕下减压术B. 快速应用脱水剂降颅压C. 尽快明确诊断D. 对局灶性占位病变应手术切除病灶E. 对弥漫性病变应作去骨瓣减压4. 对颅内压增高明显者，下列检査错误的是:A. 头颅X 片B. 头颅CT 片C. 头颅MRID. 腰穿放脑脊液E. 脑电图描记5. 外伤后头痛呕吐，哪项肯定血肿的存在：A. 皴部直接暴力伤，局部有头皮血肿B. 枕部受伤，有软组织肿胀C. 伤后立即出现神经功能障碍D. 意识障碍进行性加深E. 头颅CT 检査结果6. 关于颅骨损伤，下列哪项是错误的：年级：2004级本科月19日专业：临床医学 考试时间：2007年7A.有颅骨骨折存在严重的脑损伤B.没有颅骨骨折，可能存在严重的脑损伤C.有颅骨骨折，说明伤者脑损伤较重D.颅骨骨折中，以线形骨折发生率最崗E.颅骨骨折，可由间接暴力所致7.脊柱裂最常发生的部位是：A.腰紙部B.腰部C.胸部D.颈胸部E.颈部8.诊断颅底陷入症的标准为：A.齿突位于Boogaard线Smm以上5.齿突位于Boogaard线3cm以上C.齿突位于Chamberlain线3nini以上D.齿突位于Chamberlain线3cm以上E.以上均不正确9.先天性脑积水处置中错谋的是：A.发展缓慢不适手术者可给降颅压药物B.脑券液外引流术C.脑脊液分流术D.解除梗阻的手术E.建立旁路引流的手术10.下列哪项不是狭颅症的临床农现：A.头颅畸形B.突眼C.视乳头水肿，视力下降D.头痛呕吐E.叩诊呈破罐音11.男性，16岁，视力减退半年，头痛一月，査体，双侧视乳头苍白，头颅X线片蝶鞍扩大，飯上区钙化影，最可能的诊断为：A.垂体瘤B.少突胶质瘤C.颅咽管瘤D.血管网状细胞瘤E.脑膜瘤12.诊断颅内动脉瘤主要依靠：A.自发性蛛网膜下腔出血史B.全脑血管造影C.动眼神经麻痹症状D.Kernig征阳性，腰穿为血性脑好液E.CT増强扫描13.动静脉畸形最常见的症状是：A.癫痫、出血B.恶心、呕叶.C.头痛D.逬行性神经功能障碍E.血管杂音14.甲状腺功能亢进诊断主要依靠：A.临床衣现B.基础代谢率测定C.放对性碘摄取试验D.甲状腺扫描E.PBI测定（血清蛋白结合碘）15.诊断甲亢简便易行的方法是：A.”辽甲状腺功能测定B.基础代谢率的测定C.血浆蛋白结合碘测定D.血浆T3、T4测定E.血浆长效甲状腺刺激素测定16.目前治疗甲亢常用而有效的方法是：A.1311治疗B.抗甲状腺素药物治疗C.甲状腺*部切除术D.服用复方碘剂E.碘剂合并硫氧喀碇类药物治疗17.甲状腺人部切除术，主要并发症中最危急的是:A.术后呼吸困难和窒息B.喉返神经损伤C.手足抽搐D.喉上神经损伤E.甲状腺危象1&腋窝淋巴结不包揺：A.锁骨上组B. 锁骨下组C. 胸肌组D •肩胛下组E.中央组19.急性乳房炎的首发症状为:A.局部肿块B.发热C.搏动性疼痛D.患侧腋窝淋巴结肿大E.乳房肿胀疼痛20.急性乳房炎脓肿形成后的主要治疗措施: A.全身应用抗生素B •局部热敷.埋疗C.局部注射抗生素D •促使乳汁排出通畅E.切开拙脓21•女性，28岁，乳癌，局部溃破，与胸部固定，锁骨下区饱满，可扪及结节，一般情况好，应釆収的首选治疗为：A. 单纯乳房切除术B. 积极换药+双侧卵巢切除术C. 放射治疗D.根治性切除术E.静脉化疗22.嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝早期主要症状是: A •疝块不能完全回纳，胀痛稍重 B.疝块突然增大, C. 疝块紧张发硬, D. 疝块不能回纳, 伴明显疼痛而疼痛减轻 伴机械性肠梗阻病象 伴脓毒血症E.疝块持续存在， 23.关于腹股沟直疝的特征，正确的是: A.多见于中年以上的妇女B •由直疝三和突出，有时进入阴囊 C. 常为双侧性D. 精索在疝囊后方E. 易于惯顿24.成人腹股沟疝修补术包扌乱A. 高位结扎疝囊颈B. 切除疝囊c.内环修补D.腹股沟管管壁的修补E.高位结扎疝囊颈和加强腹股沟管前壁或后壁25.腹部闭合性损伤中，较多见的实质性脏器损伤为哪一项？A.肝B.肾C.脾D.肾上腺E.胰26.腹部闭合性损伤患者，最有价值的体征是：A.腹部压痛B.腹膜刺激征C.肠鸣音增多D.肠鸣音减弱E.恶心、ng叶.27.腹腔外伤性实质脏器破裂，确诊中最有意义的检査方法是：A.血压与脉搏的观察B.超声波检査C.血红蛋白值及红细胞计数观察D.腹腔穿刺E.腹部X线平片28.男性.12岁，一天前上腹部彼驴踢伤。
2016年全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案下载版
2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all th e legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: CSection B41. scrutinyA. sanctionB. restrictionC. censusD. examinationKey: D42. potentA. inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethal Key: BA. in tune withB. in favor ofC. for the sake ofD. in disagreement withKey: D44. eminentA. renownedB. notoriousC. popularD. mysteriousKey: A45. diversityA. sevrityB. reliablilityC.variety D. specificityKey: C46. lapseA. errorB. sinC. guiltD. offense Key: A47. jaundiceA. grievanceB. sympathyC.jealousy D. indignationKey: C48. to little availA. by no meansB. in vainC. of no accountD. at stakeKey: B49. lavishlyA. fearlesslyB. conspicuouslyC. wastefullyD. ferociouslyKey: C50. progressionA. deteriorationB. accumulationC. expansionD. promotionKey: APart III Cloze (10%)51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessibleto D. susceptible toKey: B52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the wayKey: D53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exactKey: A54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. thereforeKey: B55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determinationKey: C56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is said Key: B57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if any Key: B58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. sinceKey: C59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. conditionKey: C60. A. different B. similar C.insufficient D. significantKey: DPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.”D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing作文的标题：The Cultivation and Development of General Practitioner（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。
外科学考博试题库及答案
外科学考博试题库及答案外科学是一门研究外科疾病的诊断、治疗和预防的医学科学。
以下是一份外科学考博试题库及答案，供参考：一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C2. 外科手术中，下列哪项不是无菌操作的基本要求？A. 穿戴无菌手术衣和手套B. 保持手术区域的清洁C. 手术器械直接接触患者皮肤D. 手术室内保持空气流通答案：C3. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症？A. 术后出血B. 术后感染C. 术后肺栓塞D. 所有选项都是答案：D二、简答题1. 简述外科手术的无菌技术的重要性。
答：无菌技术是外科手术中非常重要的一环，它可以有效预防术后感染，保证手术的安全性和成功率。
无菌技术包括手术人员穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、手术器械的消毒、手术区域的清洁以及手术室内环境的控制等。
2. 描述外科手术中的麻醉方法有哪些，并简要说明其特点。
答：外科手术中的麻醉方法主要包括局部麻醉、椎管内麻醉和全身麻醉。
局部麻醉作用于身体的某一部位，使该部位失去痛觉，适用于小手术；椎管内麻醉作用于脊髓，使下半身失去痛觉，适用于下肢和下腹部手术；全身麻醉使患者在整个手术过程中处于无痛和无意识状态，适用于大型手术。
三、论述题1. 论述外科手术中止血的重要性及其常用方法。
答：止血是外科手术中至关重要的环节，它不仅可以防止患者失血过多，还能减少术中并发症的发生。
常用的止血方法包括物理止血（如压迫止血、冷敷止血）、药物止血（如使用止血药物）、电凝止血、结扎止血等。
选择合适的止血方法需要根据出血的类型、部位和量来决定。
结束语外科学作为一门实践性极强的学科，对医生的理论知识和操作技能都有很高的要求。
通过不断的学习和实践，医生可以提高自己的专业水平，更好地为患者服务。
希望这份试题库能够帮助考生们更好地复习和掌握外科学的相关知识。
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1.乳腺Cooper韧带
2.胰十二指肠切除术的child吻合
3.肝门胆管癌bismuth分型
4.肝Couinaud分段法
5.右侧喉返神经损伤的声带图
三、简答题
1.布加综合征的分型
2.左右半结肠癌的临床表现异同
3.急性重症胰腺炎的处理原则
4.慢性便秘的原因
5.阑尾炎术后并发症
四、论述题
1.论述原发性肝癌的治疗。
2.论述胆管损伤的原因和预防。
医学考博真题试卷
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哈尔滨医科大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外）
注词解释
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