计算机体系结构_第一次作业

计算机体系结构

第一章

1.11 Availability is the most important consideration for designing servers, followed closely by scalability and throughput.

a. We have a single processor with a failures in time(FIT) of 100. What is the mean time to failure (MTTF) for this system?

b. If it takes 1 day to get the system running again, what is the availability of the system?

c. Imagine that the government, to cut costs, is going to build a supercomputer out of inexpensive computers rather than expensive, reliable computers. What is the MTTF for a system with 1000 processors? Assume that if one fails, they all fail.

答：

a. 平均故障时间(MTTF)是一个可靠性度量方法，MTTF的倒数是故

障率，一般以每10亿小时运行中的故障时间计算(FIT)。因此由该定义可知1/MTTF=FIT/10＾9，所以MTTF=10^9/100=10^7。b. 系统可用性=MTTF/(MTTF+MTTR)，其中MTTR为平均修复时间，

在该题目中表示为系统重启时间。计算10^7/(10^7+24)约等于1.

c. 由于一个处理器发生故障，其他处理器也不能使用，所以故障率

为原来的1000倍，所以MTTF值为单个处理器MTTF的1/1000即10^7/1000=10^4。

1.14 In this exercise, assume that we are considering enhancing

a machine by adding vector hardware to it. When a computation is run in vector mode on the vector hardware, it is 10 times faster than the normal mode of execution. We call the percentage of time that could be spent using vector mode the percentage of vectorization.

a. Draw a graph that plots the speedup as a percentage of the computation performed in vector mode. Label the y-axis “Net speedup” and label the x-axis “Percent vectorization”.

b. What percentage of vectorization is needed to achieve a speedup of 2?

c. What percentage of the computation run time is spent in vector mode if a speedup of 2 is achieved?

d. What percentage of vectorization is needed to achieved one-half the maximum speedup attainable from using vector mode?

e. Suppose you have measured the percentage of vectorization of the program to be 70%. The hardware design group estimates it can speed up the vector hardware even more with significant additional investment. You wonder whether the compiler of vectorization would the compiler team need to achieve in order to equal an addition 2*speedup in the vector unit(beyond the initial 10*)?

答：

a. 根据加速比定义可知，增强加速比=10，如果令增强比例为x，总

加速比为y，则有y=1/(1-x+x/10)。x的取值范围为[0，1]；y的取值范围为[0，10]。如下图示：

b. y=1/(1-x+x/10)；当y=2时，x=5/9=55.6%；

c. (5/9)/10/(1/2)=1/9=11.1%

d. 最大加速比理论上为10；最大加速比的一半就是5；y=1/(1-x+x/10)；

当y=5时，x=8/9=88.9%

e. 当前x=70%；y=1/(1-x+x/10)；可知y=2.7;

如果y=2×2.7=5.4；y=1/(1-x+x/10)；可知x=0.91；

第二章

2.8The following questions investigate the impact of small and simple caches using CACTI and assume a 65nm(0.065μm) technology.

a. Compare the access times of 64KB caches with 64byte blocks