高中英语牛津上海版高中三年级第一学期概要写作精讲及巩固练习1(有答案)

概要写作1（一）考纲解读1、原文材料300词左右，概要写作60词。

2、原文以说明文、议论文、记叙文为主。

3、概要，基本上就是段落大意。

每段一句话概括，或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括就行。

4、要着重训练自己文章主旨大意和各段段落大意的归纳概括能力。

（二）写作步骤与技巧写作步骤1、细读原文，明确文章的主题。

2、根据文章内容划分各段，有些可能是一个段落一个要点，有些是两个段落一个要点。

一般每篇都是3-5个要点。

3、找出每段的主题句。

4、归纳每个要点的大意，注意要用自己的话转述。

写作技巧1、找关键词和主题句，准确理解、分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。

2、各要点的表达要相对独立。

3、多使用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语。

4、句型力求简单，每句话要表意明确，慎用长难句。

可用同义转换: 近义词、同义词等替换，或句子重构: 调整词类、时态、语态等，尽量少用关系代词which, who等引导的定语从句，而用-ing形式和-ed形式作定语。

5、要点之间要有适当的衔接，而且使用较短的连接词。

例如：but, however, yet, then, thus, though, besides, moreover等;少使用或不使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。

通常，使用分号也能达到使用连接词的效果。

（三）模板及句型1、表示文章的内容以及研究目的1)This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...2)The article focuses on/discusses/is about ...2、表示研究、报道的结论1)The result showed that...2)The author found that...3)It was concluded that...4)It was reported that...3、表示推荐、观点或建议1)The author suggests/considers that...2)Suggestions are made for...4、也可以不用模板，直接就概括文章内容。

（四）评分原则1、本题总分为10分，其中内容5分，语言5分。

2、词数超过60，酌情扣分。

3、评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。

4、连续沿用原文5个字以上，语言分扣1分；语言全部沿用原文，语言分为0；内容分不超过4分。

评分标准及细则各档次给分要求：内容部分A.能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。

B.能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。

C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。

D.未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。

E.几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息语言部分A.能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。

B.能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。

C.基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。

D.基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。

E.几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。

（五）各种文体的写作技巧1、记叙文(Narration)：找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),为什么做(why),结果怎么样(how)六要素。

其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。

若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。

1）叙事性的记叙文(Narration)。

叙事性的记叙文的主要内容的概括主要抓住记叙文的几个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件和影响或后果。

2）写人的记叙文（Description）。

写人的记叙文总结要点主要抓住人物的主要特点或事迹，划出关键词（所谓关键词是文中反复出现的体现主题或关联的词）。

2、议论文（Argumentation）。

找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。

其关键是找出主题句或结论句。

而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。

因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。

若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。

3、说明文（Exposition）抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。

说明文一般有三种：描写某事物的性质功能；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；介绍某现象及其原因、结果。

（六）各文体例文展示说明文Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.(2017普陀一模)Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.①The main drawback①①①①of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”①It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past.① Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children athome and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”①The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.⑤做题步骤：Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。

本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。

Step 2：划分要点。

本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。

提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。

②和②要点可以合并。

Step 3：标主题句或关键词。

已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。

Step 4：概括。

As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kid’s bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers’ income and promote a teaching campaign to display teaching’s bright side.(55words).议论文Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.(2017长宁嘉定一模)The advantages of social networkingWhy do most people sign up to social networking sites? ①The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.①Keep up-to-date,however,doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances(相识的人）.What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs(现场演唱会）or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favourite artist.①Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organise an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organise their friends by different criteria(标准）. These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.①做题步骤：Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。