10篇英语summary范文
武汉大学研究生英语summary写作范文(原文及范文)
WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities—science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process of natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in thedifferent areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave （坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
summary writing概要写作
3. save sb a lot of trouble (of doing...) 给某人省去许多...的麻烦 这会省了你找房间的很多麻烦，特别是在一年的繁忙时间里。 This will save you a lot of trouble of looking for a room, especially during the busy time of the year.
可以学到的表达(1)
1. There is no excuse not to do sth 没有理由不... 如今, 通过互联网联系简单方便，没有理由不与家人保持联系。 With the ease and convenience of communicating via the Internet nowadays, there is no excuse not to keep in touch with your family!
... the things that you don’t like. 4. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply... ...give you the sense of what it will actually be like.
• It's really worthwhile to pay a visit to your desired colleges personally before applying.
高中英语summary范文
高中英语summary范文高中英语写作中，对于summary这样的主题大家会写吗?下面是店铺给大家带来高中英语summary总结性范文，供大家参阅!高中英语summary范文篇What is a summary?Summary is a short passage giving the main points of an original article. What should we pay attention to when we write a summary? 主题文体记叙文 write a summary 人称议论文时态说明文记叙文的概括：1、时态2、人称 5要素3、____________读写任务(记叙文)：时态、人称、5要素 Who WhatHowWhen wherePractice 1: Before my last birthday,my parents promised to celebrate my birt hday withsad me. I don’t have many unhappy memories but one story took place on my last birthday. Before the birthday, I worked out a plan with my parents. We planned to have dinner together in McDonald’s, my favourite restaurant. Then we would go to the Xinghai Concert Hall for a concert given by a group of famous young singers. And the most exciting thing, of course, was the birthday presents. They promised to give me a new MP3 player. However, something unexpected happened on that day. I went home as early as I could. I waited and waited but my parents didn’t come back. But they finally forgot and I felt angry. I felt angry at first and then upset. How could they treat me this way? They always forgot me just because they were busy with their work. Yes, they were always busy. They broke theirpromise and got home late. After that, my grandmother had a talk with me to help me understand my parents’ situation and that made me feel much better.After talking with my grandma, I felt better.A possible version:According to the passage,the author felt disappointed because his parents forgot to celebrate his last birthday with him. But he came to understand them after talking to his grandmother. Tips: 时态、人称、要素Practice 2: A little boy is telling his Grandma how “everything” is going wrong. School, family problem, severe health problems, etc. Meanwhile, Grandma is baking a cake. She asks her grandson if he would like a cake, which, of course, he does. “Here, have some cooking oil.” “Terrible!” says the boy. “How about a couple raw eggs?” “Terrible! Grandma!” “Would you like some flour then? Or maybe baking soda?” “Grandma, those are all awful!” To which Grandma replies, “Yes, all those things seem bad by themselves, but when they are put together in the right way, they make a wonderfully delicious cake!Grandma used the cake material to show him that…“The trials(考验) of life serve a meaningful purpose in making us stronger. Do not lose heart if life is not easy for you right now, but encourage yourself and know you will be much stronger mentally and physically because of the trials of life.”According to the passage, a little boy complained about problems in life. His grandmother used the cake material to teach him that the trials of life make people stronger.One beautiful spring day a red rose came out in a forest. The red rose looked at a cactus (仙人掌) and said, “ What an uglyplant full of thorns (刺)!” The pine tree said, “ Red rose, what kind of talk is this? Who can say what beauty is? You have thorns too.” The p roud red rose looked angrily at the pine and said, “You don’t know what beauty is. You can’t compare me to a cactus.” Spring passed, and the weather became very warm. Life became difficult as no rain fell. The red rose was dying. One day the red rose saw b irds suck water from the cactus. “Doesn’t it hurt when they bite into the cactus?” asked the red rose. “Yes, but the cactus does not like to see any birds suffer,” replied the pine. “The birds can bring water to you if you ask the cactus for help.” But the red rose felt too ashamed of its past words to ask.(记叙文)寓言文体： ____________ 时态：________________ 人称：____________________ Who What HowWhen where5要素a beautiful roselaughed at the cactus for its appearance felt ashamed when she saw the cactus giving water to help the birdsOnce a beautiful proud rose laughed at the cactus for its appearance. However, when the weather became dry, the rose felt ashamed of itself as she saw the cactus providing birds with water.Score: 4-5二.梗概写作的注意事项1.不要照抄原文。
10篇英语summary范文
10篇英语summary范文1. Summary of "Climate Change"In the article "Climate Change", the author discusses the causes and effects of global warming. He explains how human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation have led to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing the Earth's temperature to rise. The author also highlights the potential consequences of climate change, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruption to ecosystems. He emphasizes the urgent need for individuals, governments, and industries to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.2. Summary of "The Benefits of Exercise""The Benefits of Exercise" explores the numerous advantages of physical activity on both physical and mental wellbeing. The author explains how exercise can help maintain a healthy weight, improve cardiovascular health, and boost the immune system. Furthermore, exercise has been proven to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression by releasing endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. The article concludes by encouraging readers to incorporate regular exercise into their daily routines for overall health improvement.3. Summary of "Advancements in Technology"In the article "Advancements in Technology", the author discusses the rapid progress of technology in recent years. He highlights advancements in various fields, including artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and renewable energy. The author also discusses the potential benefits and concerns associated with theseadvancements. While technology has brought efficiency and convenience, it also raises ethical questions, such as privacy and job displacement. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of embracing and adapting to technological advancements while addressing the associated challenges.4. Summary of "The Importance of Education""The Importance of Education" emphasizes the value of education in personal and societal development. The author explains how education provides individuals with knowledge, skills, and critical thinking abilities necessary for success in various aspects of life. Additionally, education plays a crucial role in promoting equality, social cohesion, and economic growth. The article emphasizes the need for accessible and quality education for all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic backgrounds.5. Summary of "The Impact of Social Media""The Impact of Social Media" discusses the influence of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram on society. The author explores both the positive and negative aspects of social media. On one hand, it has created new opportunities for communication, networking, and social activism. On the other hand, it has also contributed to issues such as cyberbullying, addiction, and the spread of misinformation. The article concludes by encouraging individuals to use social media responsibly and critically evaluate the information they encounter.6. Summary of "The Importance of a Balanced Diet""The Importance of a Balanced Diet" highlights the significance of consuming a variety of foods for overall health and wellbeing. Theauthor explains how a balanced diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats provides essential nutrients that support bodily functions and prevent diseases. The article also emphasizes the need to limit the intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and excessive amounts of salt and saturated fats. By maintaining a balanced diet, individuals can reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve their overall quality of life.7. Summary of "The Impact of Tourism on Local Communities" "The Impact of Tourism on Local Communities" examines the positive and negative effects of tourism on the economy, environment, and culture of a destination. The author discusses how tourism can generate revenue, create job opportunities, and promote cultural exchange. However, it can also contribute to environmental degradation, exploitation of local resources, and the loss of cultural heritage. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainable tourism practices that minimize the negative impacts and benefit both tourists and local communities in the long run.8. Summary of "The Benefits of Volunteering""The Benefits of Volunteering" explores the positive effects of volunteering on both individuals and communities. The author explains how volunteering can enhance personal development, improve mental health, and promote social connections. Additionally, volunteering plays a crucial role in addressing societal issues and creating positive change. The article highlights the various ways individuals can get involved in volunteering and encourages readers to contribute their time and skills to make a difference.9. Summary of "The Dangers of Plastic Pollution""The Dangers of Plastic Pollution" sheds light on the environmental hazards posed by plastic waste. The author explains how plastic pollution affects marine life, ecosystems, and human health. He discusses the excessive consumption of single-use plastics, inadequate waste management systems, and the lack of recycling infrastructure as major contributors to the problem. The article encourages readers to reduce their plastic consumption, recycle properly, and support initiatives aimed at addressing plastic pollution.10. Summary of "The Importance of Mental Health""The Importance of Mental Health" emphasizes the significance of mental well-being in overall health and happiness. The author discusses the prevalence of mental health disorders and the stigma surrounding them. He highlights the importance of seeking help, practicing self-care, and creating a supportive environment for individuals with mental health challenges. The article encourages readers to prioritize their mental health, raise awareness, and advocate for better access to mental health services.。
怎样写英语单元小结范文
怎样写英语单元小结范文Unit Review: A Comprehensive Summary.Throughout this unit, we have embarked on an in-depth exploration of various literary works, delving into the intricacies of their themes, characters, and literary devices. Our journey has encompassed diverse genres, from the timeless classics of Shakespeare to the contemporary realism of modern American literature.Exploring Literary Themes.One of the most captivating aspects of our unit has been the examination of the universal themes that permeate great literature. We have witnessed characters grapple with the complexities of identity, love, loss, and the searchfor meaning in a chaotic world. Shakespeare's Hamlet, for instance, immortalizes the existential questions of life and death, while Toni Morrison's Beloved poignantly explores the harrowing legacy of slavery. These timelessthemes resonate deeply with readers across generations, offering insights into the fundamental human condition.Character Analysis: Complexities and Motivations.Another highlight of our unit has been the in-depth character analysis we have undertaken. We have delved into the motivations, desires, and flaws of iconic literary figures, gaining a profound understanding of their complexities. From the enigmatic Hamlet to the tragic Jay Gatsby, we have witnessed characters navigate the treacherous waters of love, ambition, and redemption. By scrutinizing their actions and analyzing their inner lives, we have come to appreciate the intricate tapestry of human nature and the challenges that characters face in their pursuit of happiness or fulfillment.Literary Devices: Enhancing Meaning and Impact.Beyond the exploration of themes and characters, our unit has also focused on the literary devices that authors employ to enhance the meaning and impact of their works.These devices, such as symbolism, foreshadowing, and metaphor, serve as tools to create depth, evoke emotion,and convey subtle messages to the reader. We have witnessed how Edgar Allan Poe masterfully uses symbolism in "TheTell-Tale Heart" to create a haunting atmosphere of guilt and paranoia, while Jane Austen employs irony in "Pride and Prejudice" to satirize social conventions. By understanding the purposeful use of literary devices, we deepen our appreciation of authors' craft and their ability to transcend the boundaries of ordinary language.Genre Exploration: Diversity and Evolution.This unit has also provided us with the opportunity to explore the vast landscape of literary genres. From the tragic depths of Shakespeare's plays to the satirical witof Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," we have witnessed the diverse ways in which authors express themselvesthrough different genres. We have delved into the characteristics and conventions of comedy, tragedy, realism, and fantasy, gaining insights into the specific techniques and styles that define each genre. This exploration hasbroadened our literary horizons and enabled us to appreciate the richness and variety of the literary landscape.Historical and Cultural Context: Shaping Literature.Throughout our unit, we have also considered the historical and cultural context that has shaped and influenced the works we have studied. By understanding the social, political, and intellectual climates in which these works were written, we have gained a deeper appreciationfor their themes and characters. For instance, we have explored the influence of the Elizabethan era on Shakespeare's plays, and the impact of the American Civil War on the works of Toni Morrison. Contextualizingliterature allows us to bridge the gap between the past and the present, shedding light on the enduring power of literature to reflect and shape society.Conclusion: A Journey of Literary Enrichment.This unit has been a transformative journey of literaryenrichment. Through our exploration of diverse literary works, we have gained invaluable insights into the human condition, the power of language, and the enduring relevance of great literature. The themes, characters, literary devices, genres, and historical contexts we have examined have deepened our understanding of the world around us and instilled within us a profound appreciation for the written word. As we conclude this unit, we carry with us the wisdom and inspiration gleaned from these literary masterpieces, which will continue to enrich our lives long after the final page is turned.。
英语概要写作范文十篇
英语概要写作范文十篇As a Baidu Wenku document creator, I am pleased to present to you a collection of ten English summary writing samples. Summary writing is an essential skill for English language learners, as it requires the ability to condense and restate information in a clear and concise manner. In the following examples, you will find a variety of topics and styles to help you improve your summary writing skills.Sample 1: Book SummaryTitle: "To Kill a Mockingbird"Summary: In Harper Lee's novel "To Kill a Mockingbird," the story revolves around the trial of a black man, Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused of raping a white woman. Through the eyes of young Scout Finch, the novel explores themes of racial injustice, moral growth, and the loss of innocence.Sample 2: Movie SummaryTitle: "The Shawshank Redemption"Summary: "The Shawshank Redemption" follows the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who is wrongly convicted of murder and sent to Shawshank State Penitentiary. The film portrays Andy's resilience and hope in the face of adversity, as well as his friendship with fellowinmate Red.Sample 3: News Article SummaryTitle: "Climate Change Summit"Summary: The recent climate change summit in Paris brought together world leaders to address the urgent need for global action to combat climate change. The summit resulted in the Paris Agreement, a historic accord aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting global temperature rise.Sample 4: Scientific Research SummaryTitle: "The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"Summary: Studies have shown that regular exercise can have a positive impact on mental health, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Physical activity is believed to release endorphins, which can improve mood and overall well-being.Sample 5: Historical Event SummaryTitle: "The Fall of the Berlin Wall"Summary: The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the end of the Cold War and the reunification of East and West Germany. The event symbolized the triumph of democracy and freedom overcommunism, leading to significant political and social changes in Europe.Sample 6: Business Report SummaryTitle: "Global Market Trends"Summary: The global market trends indicate a shift towards sustainable and ethical consumerism, with an increasing demand for eco-friendly products and corporate social responsibility. Companies that embrace these trends are likely to gain a competitive edge inthe market.Sample 7: Personal Development Book SummaryTitle: "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"Summary: In Stephen Covey's book, "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People," the author presents a holistic approach to personal and professional development, emphasizing principles such as proactivity, prioritization, and synergy.Sample 8: Environmental Issues SummaryTitle: "Plastic Pollution in the Oceans"Summary: The accumulation of plastic waste in the world's oceans has become a major environmental concern, posing threats tomarine life and ecosystems. Efforts to reduce plastic consumption and improve waste management are crucial in mitigating this problem.Sample 9: Travel Blog SummaryTitle: "Exploring the Amazon Rainforest"Summary: A journey into the Amazon rainforest offers a unique opportunity to witness diverse wildlife, indigenous cultures, and breathtaking natural landscapes. The region's rich biodiversity and ecological significance make it a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts.Sample 10: Health and Wellness Article SummaryTitle: "The Benefits of Meditation"Summary: Meditation has been found to have numerous health benefits, including stress reduction, improved focus, and enhanced emotional well-being. Incorporating meditation into daily routines can contribute to overall mental and physical wellness.In conclusion, these diverse examples of English summary writing demonstrate the importance of effectively capturing the essence of a wide range of topics in a concise and informative manner. Bypracticing and honing your summary writing skills, you can enhance your ability to communicate complex ideas with clarity and precision.。
专四写作summary范文(推荐20篇)
专四写作summary范文(推荐20篇)（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、句子大全、作文大全、诗词歌赋、教案资料、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, contract agreements, doctrinal documents, planning plans, complete sentences, complete compositions, poems, songs, teaching materials, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!专四写作summary范文(推荐20篇)专四写作summary范文第1篇ArticleChildren Must be Taught to Tell Right from WrongWilliam KilpatrickMany of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面)to their actions.There are a number of reasons why that’s true， but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避)teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture.That failed approach，called “decision-making，” was introduced in schools 25 years ago.It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong.It replaced “character education.(品格教育)” Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead，it encouraged them to practice habits of courage， justice and self-control.In the 1940s，when a character education approach prevailed，teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的)ethicaldilemmas to students， leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute.Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的)hold.The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance.But the actual result is moral confusion.For eXample， a recent national study of 1，700 siXth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions.Astoundingly，many of the girls agreed.This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育)programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊).These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong.But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely， that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的)， non-judgmental (无是非观的)，as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想)that has pervaded (渗透)public education for the last two and one-half decades.Many of today’s drug education， seX education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the eXplosion in teen drug use and seXual activity in the first place.Meanwhile， while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄)outdated “feel-good”approaches，New York，Washington， and Los Angeles are burning.Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective.If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right —you go with that feeling.Clearly， murder is not taught in our schools， but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.It is time to consign (寄出)the fads (风尚)of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies， and return to a proved method.Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation.It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.SampleSummary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”In his essay “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong，”William Kilpatrick argues fervently that the “decision-making” approach to the moral education of American youth， which replaced “character education” 25 years ago，has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.According to Kilpatrick， decision-making methods instill in students a wrong belief that all norms of morality are subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted fleXibly and even questioned.This belief deprives them of the chance to secure solid moral standards and induces misconceptions about what should be clearly right or wrong.In parallel with this inadequacy of the “decision-making”approach are the uneXpected outcomes of those values-education programs focusing on students’ self-esteem that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating “decision-making”curriculums.Their mistaken assumption that feeling good warrants morality eXcuses students from criticizing anddisciplining their own behaviors.Basing his conclusion on his analysis of the fundamental flaws of the decision-making approach， Kilpatrick finally proposes an immediate shift back to character education which he believes teaches morality more effectively by emphasizing practice instead of discussion.专四专八精选好课暖心助学新东方好老师手把手带学专四写作summary范文第2篇Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Nowadays instead of hunting for jobs to work for the others，more and more college students would rather choose to start their independent business after graduation.Some people think it is a good way for them to realize their self-value.What is your idea?MY VIEW ON CLOOEGE STUDENTS’STARTING INDEPENDENT BUSINESSYou are to write in three parts.In the first part， state specifically what your view is.In the second part， support your view with several reasons.In the last part， bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.专四写作summary范文第3篇The Best Way to Stay HealthNowadays，the desire for good health is universal.Wherever you are and whatever you do，staying healthy is always important.With the improvement of our living standards， people are attaching more and more importance to their health.However，which do you think is the best way to keep healthy? Different people come up with different views: eating green food， doing outdoor eXercises or going to hospital for medical treatment frequently.As far as I am concerned， the best way to keep healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology.According to some surveys， nowadays， most patients are not physically sick but mentally ill.The burden on their shoulders is much heavier than others， so they cant step out of the shadow of depression and sadness.They need to release their spirit to the nature.Besides， if you have developed a good quality of psychology，you’ll become more sociable and thus more willing to play your part in the society.Enrolling for some keep-fit clubs or joining some travel agency， which by themselves are various versions of physical eXercise， will benefit you a lot.As a poem says， youth is not a period of time; it’s a stateof mind.Everybody wants to keep young at heart because youth is a symbol for endless energy and passion for living.Keep a good quality of mind， or keep a sense of humor， to be precise，even if you are 80， and you’ll never be old.专四写作summary范文第4篇一、提纲式作文1.对立观点式A.有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？B.有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？C.我的看法。
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文Title: Summary: Academic English WritingAcademic English writing is a crucial skill that all students need to master in order to succeed in their studies. This type of writing requires a high level of proficiency in English and an understanding of the conventions and guidelines that govern academic writing.First and foremost, academic English writing is characterized by its formal tone and language. This means that writers should avoid using slang, colloquialisms, or informal language in their writing. Instead, they should use a more sophisticated vocabulary and sentence structure that is appropriate for academic discourse.Another key feature of academic English writing is the use of evidence to support arguments and claims. In order to persuade readers of the validity of their ideas, writers must provide evidence from reputable sources such as peer-reviewed journals, books, and academic websites. This evidence should be properly cited and referenced in accordance with the required citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).Additionally, academic English writing requires a clear and logical structure. Writers should organize their ideas in a coherent manner, with each paragraph flowing smoothly into the next. This helps readers to follow the writer's argument and understand the overall message of the paper.Furthermore, academic English writing demands a critical approach to the subject matter. Writers should not simply summarize existing knowledge but should also provide their own analysis and interpretation of the information. This demonstrates a deeper level of understanding and engagement with the material.In conclusion, mastering academic English writing is essential for students who wish to excel in their studies. By developing a formal tone, using evidence effectively, structuring their ideas logically, and critically analyzing the subject matter, students can produce high-quality academic writing that is both persuasive and insightful.。
英语文章的概括总结范文
In recent years, the rapid development of technology has profoundly influenced various aspects of our lives, including education. Thisarticle provides a comprehensive summary of the impact of technology on modern education, highlighting its advantages and challenges.I. The Advantages of Technology in Modern Education1. Enhanced Access to InformationWith the advent of the internet and digital resources, students and teachers can easily access a vast array of information. This allows for more personalized learning experiences, as students can explore topicsof interest at their own pace.2. Improved Learning OutcomesResearch has shown that technology can significantly improve learning outcomes. For instance, interactive learning tools, such as educational games and simulations, can help students better understand complex concepts.3. Increased CollaborationTechnology enables students and teachers to collaborate more effectively, regardless of geographical barriers. Platforms like Google Classroom and Zoom facilitate communication and project-based learning.4. Adaptability and PersonalizationEducational technology can adapt to the unique needs of each student, providing tailored learning experiences. Adaptive learning platforms can adjust content and pace based on a student's performance, ensuring that they receive the appropriate level of challenge.5. Teacher Training and Professional DevelopmentTechnology can also enhance teacher training and professional development. Online courses, webinars, and virtual workshops provide educators with access to resources and knowledge that can improve their teaching practices.II. The Challenges of Technology in Modern Education1. Digital DivideOne of the main challenges of technology in education is the digital divide. Many students lack access to the necessary devices and internet connectivity, which can hinder their learning opportunities.2. Distraction and MisuseThe presence of technology in the classroom can lead to distractions and misuse. Students may be more prone to engaging with non-educational content, which can negatively impact their learning.3. Data Privacy and Security ConcernsThe use of educational technology often involves the collection and storage of sensitive student data. This raises concerns about data privacy and security, as well as the potential for misuse of personal information.4. Teacher CompetencyThe integration of technology in education requires teachers to be proficient in using various tools and platforms. This can be challenging, especially for educators who are not familiar with technology.III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the impact of technology on modern education is multifaceted. While it offers numerous advantages, such as enhanced access to information, improved learning outcomes, and increased collaboration, it also presents challenges, including the digital divide, distraction, and data privacy concerns. To fully leverage the benefitsof technology in education, it is essential to address these challenges and provide appropriate support for both students and teachers.。
2020年上海高考概要写作summary writing2(10篇,有解析)
Exercise 1Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals.Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.参考范文：Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点1) With the worldwide increase of population，more water is needed.(要点2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and producewater to meet the needs.分析过程1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。
研究生英语summary范文
研究生英语summary范文A Seasoned Storyteller You see, I'm not just a writer. I'm a weaver of tales, an architect of emotions. I don't just string words together; I craft them into experiences, leaving a fingerprint on the soul of every reader. Give me a product, a cause, an idea... and I'll give you a story. A story that doesn't just inform but captivates. A story that transcends the mundane and ignites the imagination. I see beyond the surface, unearthing the heart of the matter, the pulse that resonates with the human experience. I delve into the why, the how, the unspoken desires and anxieties that drive us all. I paint pictures with words, drawing the reader into a world where they become part of the narrative, their emotions intertwined with the characters and the unfolding events. It's not just about selling a product, it's about crafting an identity, a legacy. I weave a tapestry of emotions: nostalgia, aspiration, hope, even a touch of melancholy. My words are imbued with a subtle power, sparking conversations, challenging perceptions, and ultimately, leaving a lasting impression. I understand that the modern reader craves authenticity, a connection that goes beyond the superficial. That's where my expertise shines. I don't shy away from vulnerability, from the raw, unfiltered emotions that make us human. I embrace the power of storytelling to forge bonds, to create a sense of shared understanding and belonging. My narratives transcend the limitations of traditional advertising. They become conversations, invitations to explore, to question, to dream. I don't just tell stories; I create experiences that linger long after the last word is read. So, if you're looking for a storyteller who can breathe life into your vision, I'm your person. Let's create something truly remarkable together, a narrative that resonates with the heart and lingers in the mind.。
英语总结的范文大全_专升本满分英语作文5篇
英语总结的范文大全_专升本满分英语作文5篇关于”总结“的英语作文模板5篇，作文题目：summary。
以下是关于总结的专升本英语模板，每篇作文均为满分模板带翻译。
高分英语作文1：summary中文翻译：在过去，我没有正确的学习态度，所以我几乎没有花时间和精力去背单词和句子结构，因此，期末考试是完全失败的。
我想在下一个学期里努力学习，我相信我能取得很好的进步^^。
万能作文模板中文翻译：时光飞逝，时光飞逝，过去一个月的英语学习我们的英语老师在严谨而又幽默的课堂风格中我们有一个问题可以积极地说出来，老师是你所知道的一切，遇到困难的时候，老师总是反复强调和开导他们，并且感人肺腑，让我们最终能够做到了解老师的亲和力，态度很低，就是所谓的桃李不是用生菜做的我很喜欢英语老师。
满分英语范文3：总结，A truant boy walked for miles and hitchhiked to Dover, where he slept on the boat. The net morning, a truck driver gave him a ride and gave him food. Then the boy got off near Paris.He stopped another car, but was not taken to Paris. He was taken by a policeman to Perpignan on the French border, and thelocal government took him home。
A boy played truant and hitchhiked to Dover for miles, and the net morning he found himself in Calais, sleeping on the boat. When he got off near Paris, a truck driver gave him a ride to eat.He stopped another car, which took him not to Bali, but to Perpignan on the French border. A policeman picked him up andthe local authorities took him home.中文翻译：一个逃学的男孩走了好几英里，搭便车到了多佛，在那里他睡在船上，第二天早上，一个卡车司机载了他一程，给了他吃的东西，然后这个男孩在巴黎附近下车，他停了另一辆车，但没有被带到巴黎，他被一名带到了法国边境的佩皮尼昂，当地把他送回家。
英语20篇摘要复述范文
英语20篇摘要复述范文英文回答：1. Summary: The article discusses the importance of empathy in communication and provides practical tips for developing empathetic communication skills.2. Rephrase: Empathy allows us to understand and share the feelings of others, leading to more effective and meaningful communication. Cultivating empathy involves actively listening, reflecting on perspectives, and expressing genuine concern.3. Summary: The article explores the benefits of gratitude and suggests ways to incorporate it into daily life.4. Rephrase: Expressing gratitude can foster happiness, strengthen relationships, and improve overall well-being. One can practice gratitude by keeping a gratitude journal,writing thank-you notes, and actively acknowledging the positive aspects of their lives.5. Summary: The article emphasizes the power of storytelling as a communication tool and provides guidance on effective storytelling techniques.6. Rephrase: Crafting compelling narratives can engage audiences, convey ideas, and foster emotional connections. Effective storytelling involves tailoring the story to the audience, using vivid imagery, and incorporating personal experiences.7. Summary: The article discusses the challenges of effective listening and offers strategies for improving listening skills.8. Rephrase: Active listening requires focus, attention, and the ability to understand both verbal and nonverbal cues. To improve listening, one should practice undivided attention, ask clarifying questions, and provide feedbackto demonstrate understanding.9. Summary: The article explores the concept of emotional intelligence and its role in enhancing communication skills.10. Rephrase: Developing emotional intelligence involves recognizing and managing one's own emotions as well as understanding and responding to the emotions of others. This skill facilitates effective communication by creating a positive emotional environment for dialogue.11. Summary: The article highlights the significance of nonverbal communication in conveying messages and building rapport.12. Rephrase: Nonverbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and eye contact, can communicate emotions, attitudes, and intentions more effectively than words alone. Understanding and deciphering nonverbal cues helps build rapport, foster trust, and facilitate clear communication.13. Summary: The article discusses the impact ofcultural differences on communication and providesstrategies for effective cross-cultural communication.14. Rephrase: Cultural factors, including norms, values, and communication styles, can influence the way messagesare conveyed and interpreted. To navigate cross-cultural communication, one should be aware of cultural differences, respect diverse perspectives, and adapt communicationstyles accordingly.15. Summary: The article emphasizes the importance of clarifying communication goals before engaging in any conversation.16. Rephrase: Establishing clear communication goals ensures that both parties have a shared understanding ofthe purpose of the conversation and what they hope to achieve from it. This helps focus the discussion, avoid misunderstandings, and set realistic expectations.17. Summary: The article discusses the role of feedbackin effective communication and provides guidelines for giving and receiving constructive criticism.18. Rephrase: Feedback is essential for growth and improvement in communication skills. To give constructive criticism effectively, focus on specific behaviors, provide clear and actionable advice, and maintain a positive and supportive tone. When receiving feedback, be receptive, seek clarification, and strive to use it to enhance communication abilities.19. Summary: The article highlights the importance of adapting communication styles to different audiences and situations.20. Rephrase: Tailoring communication to the audience and context ensures that messages are conveyed in a manner that resonates with the receiver. This involves considering factors such as age, culture, background, and communication preferences. By adapting communication styles, individuals can enhance their ability to connect with others and achieve effective communication outcomes.中文回答：1. 摘要，本文探讨同理心在沟通中的重要性，并提供了培养同理心沟通技巧的实用建议。
英文简短的summary范文
英文简短的summary范文1.英文写作中的summary应该怎么写首先Summary的写作应该分为以下6步：①分段阅读首先，我们需要对整篇文章浏览一次，根据文中的标题、副标题等分段阅读。
②重读主动阅读文章，并把主题句、关键句以及对写作summary 有用的信息标记出来。
③概括在明确了每个分段的中心思想之后，用一句话概括出来。
注意：句中只需要关键点，不需要进行细节性的描述。
④主旨主旨句是一篇摘要的关键点，读者可从中获知整篇文章所要表达的内容。
因此，一定要写好主旨句。
⑤写summary 在写summary的时候一定要注意：在summary中需要写原作者和作品的名称，且要用现在时去写作，尽量避免使用原文内容。
除此之外，摘要的写作目的在于准确表达作者的观点，所以一定不可以添加自己的观点在里边。
⑥检查并修改在summary完成之后需要检查我们是否准确的将作者的观点表达出来了，如果没有问题的话，也还是需要从个事、语法以及标点等方面进行一次检查。
下边BayDue给大家分享一篇summary写作范文：Why do some animals die out?In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct.People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods.As they spread over the land,they destroy animals’homes.If the animals can’t find a place tolive,they die out.Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason.Other animals,such as the Florida Key deer,may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct,too.In the last century,hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos.Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves.Pollution is killing many animals today,too.As rivers become polluted,fish are poisoned.Many die.Birds that eat the poisoned fish can’t lay strong,healthy eggs.New birds aren’t born.So far,no animals have become extinct because of pollution.But some,such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican,have become rare and may die out.Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate.The places where they live become hotter or cooler,drier or wetter.The food that they eat cannot grow there any more.If the animals can’t learn to eat something else,they die.Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason.Summary:In the past two hundred years,many kinds of animals have died out.There are several reasons for it.First,people keep building houses and factories in fields and woods,which destroys animals’homes.Then,hunters’killing has also caused some animals to become extinct.Besides,some a nimals aren’t able to bear strong offspring and nor do they have enough food to eat because of pollution and climatic changes.。
英语篇章总结范文
SummaryUnit 4P981 Through the story that Teresa recognized herself in the sad tale of losing creativity, it comes toa conclusion that it’s the strict school environment, restricted art class, demoralizing art teaching mode, together with the grading scheme that killed the creativity of a child who should have utilized his or her tremendously interest and talents in art.Similarly, through a new current research, creativity killers are identified as the ones listed out: surveillance, evaluation, rewards competition, over-control, restricting choice and pressure. Additionally, one thing is particularly stressed --time. As is known to us, intrinsic motivation is one key to a child’s creativity, thus time comes to an essential role of cultivating, employed for kids to savor and explore a particular activity or material to make it his or her own.Thus, in terms of the research, scientists advocate parents to follow children’s inclinations and proclivities, giving their open-ended time, and most importantly, not to interfere their absorption and interests.P104American values in education have developed over the years, these are values listed out: Public education should be free. Schooling should be equal and open to all.The public schools should be free of any creed or religion.Public schools are controlled by the state and local governments within which they are located. Attendance at school is compulsory.Schooling should be enriched and not just confined to the fundamentals.P106An automobile accident has caused heartache and trouble for the Espino faimly of Brownsville,Texas. It has also caused difficulties for the Brownsville school system.Raul is confined in a plexiglass box that protects him from the heat, peering at his classmates for a whole semester. Due to an auto accident that happened when Raul was an infant, Raul was left a paraplegic and inability to control his body temperature. Thus, the district’s solution to Raul’s problem was to put him in the box. Poor as he was, he was trembled in a wheel chair and must stay in an environment isolated to other students.Nonetheless, the injury did not affect his intelligence. His parents, therefore, managed to seek cool appropriate classroom with air-conditioning for their son. After a dismayed refusal from the school, they took their case to federal court, arguing that the district is violating a lay that requires handicapped children be educated in the least restrictive environment.But consequently, no estimates of the cost of air conditioning were available.P111Reading a newspaper in another language is and excellent way of drawing inferences about another culture.And the following selection is a quiz that appeared in a newspaper in the United States. It was designed to provide people with the opportunity to measure their aility to andle problems.By taking the quiz,we should be able to gain an understanding of the kinds of problems experienced in the United States and the ways in which people attempt to deal with them.P115The stereotype of stereotypesInitially,to define stereotypes, they are probabilistic beliefs we use to categorize people and objects. In the realm of stereotypes, intelligence gives way to misjudgment.Accordingly, people employ stereotypes mainly to simplify how they think about others and to enhance their views of themselves and the groups to which they belong.One thine added is that, in the hands of politically powerful folks,stereotypes abet efforts to stigmatize and exploit selected groups. Afterward, in many real-life situations,stereotypes accurately capture cultural or group differences. And it also cause social harm gained particular favor as psychologists rushed to expose errors and biases in social judgments, through which did the psychologists find more interest in delineating the extent to which decision making proves accurate in specific contexts. For the reason that group differences, not prejudice, are the root cause of tension and conflict between various cultural and racial groups,bridge-building efforts,therefore, are crucial now.They counteract the natural tendency to emphasize negative features in stereotypes.Hence,the ability to categorize individuals into types may have been essential for communicating with others as groups grew in size and complexity.In large communities, stereotypes capitalized on people’s propensity to fill social roles that match their own personal qualities. Additionally, even accurate stereotypes can result in mistaken beliefs about others.In conclusion,this approach neglects to ask whether people in a wide array of real-life situations incorporate accurate information into their stereotypes.And we desperately need to know which of the judgments we make of each other and of ourselves are right, which are wrong.P27The globalization of tourismTo begin with, international tourist arrivals will climb, making tourism the world’s leading industry. What deserves to emphasize is that electronic technology is facilitating this growth by offering access to fare and hotel information and online reservation services.Thereafter, the east Asia region will overtake the Americans as the second most popular destination,pushing the US into third position.While France has held its place as the top destination throughout the 1990s,it will be dethroned in the next decades,with China expected to top the list even though it is not even featured on it today.P30At the outset tourism has seriously damaged fragile ecosystems and the trekking areas worldwide,posing threat to coastal habitats like dunes,mangrove forests and coral reefs. Nevertheless,this is not to say tourism can’t do some good--but the cost-benefit equation is complex.Through much of the world,but notably in southern and eastern Africa,tourism underpins the survival of wildlife,which fuels a booming and usually illegal trade in the products of threatened wild life.Ultimately, the cumulative result of such activity is one of the biggest disruption in the Earth’s history even though in some degree it can strengthen local cultures by encouraging an awareness of tradition and the ceremonies and festivals that go with it.And if one of the major culprits hasbeen the industrialization of travel, a genuinely postindustrial tourism,with the emphasis on people and place rather than product and profits,could turn out to be significantly more planet-friendly.P38Learning holidays: a thumbnail guidePeople wanting to spend their vacations in pursuit of culture have a fairly wide choice of options that go beyond mere sight seeing.Numerous companies organize tours for lovers of architecture or art.Those who don’t mind roughing it can do volunteer project work,join archaeological digs or help with cultural studies.P41Fowler was an observer, experiencing the spy’s life with Ausable. However,what made him dismayed was that Fowler did not fit the description of any secret agent Fowler had ever read about,following him down the musty corridor of a French hotel.The task that Ausable was carrying out was to protect a paper for which several men and women had risked their lives,came to him in the next-to-last step of its journey into official hands.At that night, one man appeared with a pistol in his hand demanding for the paper,called Max.However, without any fear,Fowler made a plot to convince Max that outside set a balcony where a person could run away from.And more smartly,he made Max believe that outside the door stood a policeman ringing the doorbell to check if everything was okay inside.Without any shadow of doubt,Ausable saved both himself and the writer.P44Major languages other than English are spoken by over half the people on the planet.But the language now seems set to have a monopoly as the worldwide medium of communication. Thanks to the faster economic globalization going hand in hand with the growing use of English.More and more people are being encouraged to use or send messages in English rather than in their own language.It seems that this is an unavoidable trend towards worldwide uniformity and ameans whereby a growing number of people can communicate directly with each other.As a consequence, a disagreement occurs,arguing the advance of English is aimed at killing off local languages.On the contrary, still others say it’s simply a means of reaching a wider audience.Undeniably,cultural imperialism is much more subtle than economic imperialism,which is itself less tangible than political and military imperialism,whose excesses are obvious and easy to declare. Actually,it is uncertain whether uncoordinated resistance by the world’s most widely-used languages be enough to cope with the threat of cultural uniformity.Nonetheless,what is certain is that all languages have their place and a right to defend.In brief,language murder is still the semi-official aim of governments which do not recognize the rights of their native ethic minorities.P54Half of the world’s population uses a total of eight languages in daily life,while one sixth of the world’s languages are spoken in New Guinea alone.Undeniably,the linguistic heritage is very unevenly distributed. What’s more,ten languages die out every year due to the imbalance distribution of languages.P58Specialists reckon that only in this way that 100000 people speak languages can ensure the survivals of languages. It comes to the fact that minority languages sidelined every year.In this condition,many nation-states,whose territorial unity was closely linked to their linguistic homogeneity, has been decisive in selecting and consolidating national languages and sidelining others.By making great efforts to establish an official language in education,the media and the civil service,national governments have deliberately tried to eliminate minority languages.To sum up, the preservation of languages is an urgent matter now.。
【上海高考概要写作】summarywriting3（10篇,有解析）
【上海高考概要写作】summarywriting3（10篇,有解析）Exercise 1概要写作。
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps；for there is a companionship of books as well as of men；and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness；amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity(关系）to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog. ” But there is more wisdom in this:“Love me ，love m y book. ” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he in them.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds，ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out(筛选）the badproducts; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens.参考范文：People should choose the best men and books to be their companion (要点1). And a good book could not only be one of their best friends who is usually a man(要点2)，but also be the bridge of friendships among people(要点3) . Besides，books are considered to be immortal in essence, especially good books(要点4) . Therefore, good books are really important and helpful to all the people(要点5) .分析过程：试题详解1，核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文共分五段。
英语写作 Summary范文
Oliver HuangDr. Flanagan, Ryan PPrinciples of English Gun Control : Need ? Should ?24 October 2017Marketing CatalogXiangxi Liu claims in his essay “Gun Control? NO!” published on Zhihu website in 2016 that there is no need for government in America to achieve gun control thoroughly. He emphasizes that Americans need guns as protection in case because of inadequate police distributing over America. “If the nearest police station is 45-minutes-ride away your home, what can you do without guns when some bad guy is trying to break into your house?” He said, “Call 911? Or just call for an ambulance.” He offers a story of his friend who was attacked at home without guns and his own experience as a gun-taking agent for federation as an illustration. It’s understandable to believe Xiangxi argued as above basing on his desire to make response to questioners in the website. Besides, considering his job as gun-taking agent for government, it can be assumed that he wanted to express his own ideas about gun control which he thinks are clear enough to help insight this issue.In “The NRA thinks you're stupid” (2017) published on CNN, Michael A. Nutter argues that National Rifle Association(NRA) has no sincerity to take action on gun control. He points out that the leaders in NRA chose political distraction instead of real gun safety reform because of the great benefits from guns.According to Michael, the attitude of NRA is not satisfactory because “It is an amazing display of disingenuous and cynical political sleight of hand that, the NRA grudgingly agrees that some regulation of these devices is OK.”To support his argument, the author quotes what NRA said to its supporters “it is OK to support ‘some regulation’ of bump stocks”, and also offers questions both straight and emotional to challenge NRA’s motivation and sincerity. As far as Michael’s profession is concerned, a reporter for CNN, it can be assumed that his argument is not only about his thoughts but to gain greater amount of readers as well.In a 2015 article published in Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy,Wolfgang Stroebe insists that gun prevalence is positively related to homicide rates. The argumentoutlines that there is no evidence for a protective effect of gun ownership and contrarily for the unsafe aspect. As what Stroebe suggests in his article, although guns are not a primary determinant for homicide,their efficacy as murder instruments just makes it easier. The author shows a horrible mass-shooting event first following graph made of data about US household gun ownership rate and homicide rate, which are functioned as an illustration. Then a few other firearm-related deaths related gun-ownership are provided to further explain the similar influence gun prevalence has. Considering Stroebe’s identity as the emeritus professor of social psychology at Utrecht University and a senior researcher, who has gain reputations, it’s reliant to believe he writes this article to make contributions to the field Social Psychology which he devoted decades to studying.In assay “Unpacking Heat: Dueling Identities and Complex Views on Gun Control among Rural Police” published in Rural Sociology, Rachael A. Woldoff, Robert C. Litchfield and Angela Sycafoose Matthews argue that officers’ view about gun control varies as their multiple identities change in the life, such as police trying to control dangerous situations with guns they encounter and citizens who desire guns as self-protection. “Officers symbolically rejected the concept of gun control and instead supported individuals’ gun rights while most of them distanced themselves from gun-related aspects of rural identity”, the authors say. However, authors also point out that when it comes to on-the-job experiences, most of them shows concern about bad influence gun-ownership has on everyday life and also desire to control it. This article is mostly basing on an opinion research about rural police’s attitude to gun control, which covered 200 towns in rural areas. Also, the testimonies of incumbent police make the argument convincing. Like what the authors write in the article, they want to make supplementary contributions about what views rural officers possess on gun control, which is understandable to believe on account of their professions including scholars and officer from FBI. And there is possibility that they want to gain reputations for higher positions in career.RecommendationFor the first article: 1) Unlike most people in China, Liu contradicts gun control in America, which is likely to appeal to people who have similar opinions. They will certainly know more about gun control and may reaffirm their view. And the supporters of gun control may also read this to find mistakes it has. 2) However, basing on lots of experiences of him and his friends, I can feel a tone of subjectivity, though he offers some results of researches supporting the argument. Overall, it’s trustworthy to read this essay considering the profession of the author.For the second article: 1) As we all know, NRA has a complicated reputation and influence around the America. Almost everyone interested in guns’ issue takes care of its movements. Therefore, an essay criticizing NRA will certainly attracts audiences mainly as above and people caring about politics. What they will gain includes backgrounds of gun control and the more specific relationship between NRA and guns. 2)There are many direct questions the author asks to NRA, which are consistent in logical and thus powerful. What worried me most is the lack of the data and results from rigorous researches and analysis.For the third article: 1) Even if gun control has been a hit for years, academic articles related this issue are still hard for people who are little educated. Nevertheless, the language there is not much scholarly so that I suppose the readers will not only be experts well educated in associated fields but also people really interested in this issue. It’s really a good chance for them to understand deeply about gun control from a deeper and more intellectual view. 2)What impressed me most is that the author has shown a strongly logical collaboration among the events as example, graphs made of data collected, and the analysis from researches. However, a slightly subjective attitude can be felt reading the article.For the forth article: 1) The language in this article is a little sophisticated and contains academic terms. But the topic about rural officers’ opinions towards gun control is unique compared to the former essay related to this issue. Therefore, people with an upper level of education and who care about rural areas or care about gun control and officers’ opinions to it can be the ideal audience. 2)As far as I’m concerned, this article has a pretty abounded evidence about quotations and references which seems like burdens hampering the proof of their argument. Maybe there should be more mathematical models to support it and makethe conclusions more credible.3)As a native Chinese, who grew up in a country that has an extremely ban on guns, I really don’t have think too much about gun control and gun violence until I happened to know a series of mass-shooting in America, which shocked me a lot. At first, I feel quite unbelievable that there is a country where people can buy guns freely, then I wonder why. Maybe after researching the papers above I can figure out many questions in my mind about gun control. Perhaps I can understand why America doesn’t or can’t ban guns thoroughly though there is gun violence happening almost every year. (In fact, I have already known some reasons and answers after reading these articles mentioned above).4)·Why can American people have gun privately? Is there any background in history and society?·What is the number on average of the people dying from guns including both murder and commit suicide every year in America?·Is there any groups of interest that are associated with guns?·What do you think about gun control if you are a citizen/an officer?·Do you want to have guns if you live in America? Explain why.Works CitedLiu,Xiangxi. “Why It’s Impossible to Ban Guns in America?”, Zhihu Website, Sep 3, 2016, https:///p/22299566.Nutter,Michael A. “The NRA thinks you're stupid”, CNN, Oct 6, 2017,/2017/10/06/opinions/nra-and-gops-bump-stock-ruse-nutter/index.html.Stroebe, Wolfgang. “Firearm Availability and Violent Death: The Need for a Culture Change in Attitudes toward Guns”, Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy,vol.16, no.1, Dec. 2016, p.7-35,/doi/10.1111/asap.12100/full.Woldoff, Rachael A. Litchfield, Robert C. Sycafoose, Angela. “Unpacking Heat: Dueling Identities and Complex Views on Gun Control among Rural Police”, RuralSociology, vol.82, no.3, Sep. 2017, p.444-472,/doi/10.1111/ruso.12142/full.。
【上海高考概要写作】summary writing5(10篇,有解析)
Exercise 1A father’s relationship to his child’s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study. As a matter of fact, “life with father” has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child’s progress or lack of progress in school.A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did better in school than those children whose fathers were not involved in those activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1992，from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored much higher in reading and math than those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility.The study also suggested that the greatest level of parenting took place in the families of only child. As the number of children and financial expenses increases, the father’s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size or financial condition of the family，a father’s active participation in the child’s development made a definite difference in the child’s progress.The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child’s level in math and reading, a father’s employment on night shifts appeared to have little effect on the child’s academic progress. The information evaluating the level of the father’s parenting performance was taken primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.参考答案：A recent study discovered that a father^ influence played a significant role in the level of the child’s academic progress.(要点1) As is suggested, the father’s involvement with children was affected by the size of the family and its financial expenses.(要点2) So children who tended to progress academically were those only children.(要点3) Moreover, a father’s frequent overnight absence had a bad effect on the child’s progress.(要点4)分析过程：试题详解1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，共四段。
summary范文十篇
summary范文十篇x1. Summary of The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and published in 1925, is widely regarded as one of the most important works of literature of the 20th century. The novel tells the story of Jay Gatsby, a mysterious, wealthy man who lives a life of luxury and extravagance. Gatsby is obsessively in love with Daisy Buchanan, the niece of a wealthy man who lives next door to him in West Egg. Gatsby spends his life trying to win Daisy back, from throwing extravagant parties to attempting to reinvent himself. However, Gatsby's excessive pursuit of Daisy leads him to a tragic end as Daisy's husband, Tom Buchanan, discovers Gatsby's true identity and reveals it to Daisy, leading her to reject Gatsby and stay with her husband. The novel is a powerful commentary on the hollowness of the American Dream and serves as a reminder of the danger of greed and obsession.2. Summary of To Kill A MockingbirdTo Kill A Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee and published in 1960, is a classic novel that has become a staple of American literature. The novel is set during the 1930s in a small townin Alabama and follows the story of the Finch family, particularly young Scout Finch and her brother Jem. Scout and Jem witness the unjust trial of Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman, and come to understand the injustice of racism and inequality in the American south. The novel harshly criticizes racism, as well as its consequences, while also celebrating the courage of those who defy prejudice and stand up against injustice. With its moral depth and timeless messages, To Kill A Mockingbird is considered an American classic.3. Summary of The Catcher in the RyeThe Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger and published in 1951, is one of the most iconic and influential works of American literature. The novel follows the story of Holden Caulfield, a cynical teenager who has been expelled from a series of prep schools. Holden decides to spend a few days in New York City before deciding his next move and reflects on his troubled life and relationships while narrating throughout. Though Holden wants to protect the innocence of childhood, he is unable to stop himself from succumbing to a vicious cycle of loneliness and unhappiness. The Catcher in the Rye captures the frustrations and anxieties of teenage life and its themesof alienation and identity make it a timeless classic.4. Summary of The Lord of the RingsThe Lord of the Rings, written by J. R. R. Tolkien and published in 1954, is a monumental work of fantasy literature. The novel follows the adventures of a group of hobbits, elves, humans, and wizards as they attempt to destroy the powerful Ring of Sauron and restore peace in Middle-Earth. Throughout their journey, the fellowship faces many obstacles, including an army of orcs, a gathering of the dark forces of Mordor, and a confrontation with the terrifying creature known as the Balrog. With its richly detailed world, complex characters, and thrilling narrative, The Lord of the Rings is an epic tale of adventure and heroism.5. Summary of The Grapes of WrathThe Grapes of Wrath, written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939, is a Pulitzer-winning novel that has become a classic work of American literature. The novel follows the Joad family, farmers from Oklahoma, as they travel to California in search of a better life. Along the way, they are confronted with many hardships, including poverty, disease, and discrimination. The novel paints a vivid picture of the lives of migrant workers in Depression-era America and servesas a powerful indictment of social and economic inequality. The Grapes of Wrath is an affecting and timeless story of struggle and resilience.6. Summary of 19841984, written by George Orwell and published in 1949, is a classic dystopian novel set in a future where totalitarianism has taken hold. The novel follows the protagonist, Winston Smith, as he attempts to resist the oppressive rule of the totalitarian government. He joins a resistance group in an attempt to overthrow the government, but his efforts are in vain and he is ultimately captured and tortured. 1984 paints a bleak picture of a future in which individual freedom and expression are stifled, and serves as a warning of the dangers of unchecked power and authority.7. Summary of The HobbitThe Hobbit, written by J. R. R. Tolkien and published in 1937, is a fantasy novel that has become a beloved classic. The novel follows the story of Bilbo Baggins, a home-loving hobbit, as he is pulled out of his comfortable life and sent on an unexpected adventure. Joined by a group of dwarves, Bilbo embarks on a quest to reclaim their kingdom from the dragon Smaug. Along the way, he faces many obstacles and is forced toconfront the darkness within himself. The Hobbit is an imaginative and exciting story of courage, friendship, and discovery.8. Summary of The Chronicles of NarniaThe Chronicles of Narnia, written by C.S. Lewis and published between 1949 and 1956, is a series of seven children’s fantasy novels. The first book, The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, tells the story of four siblings who discover a magical wardrobe that transports them to the land of Narnia. In Narnia, they meet Aslan, a noble lion who acts as their guide and protector. The Chronicles of Narnia are much beloved for their imaginative world, enchanting characters, and moral lessons.9. Summary of The Picture of Dorian GrayThe Picture of Dorian Gray, written by Oscar Wilde and published in 1890, is a sophisticated Gothic novel that has become a literary classic. The novel follows the story of Dorian Gray, a handsome and wealthy young man whose beauty captivates everyone he meets. He makes a wish that his portrait will age instead of him, and soon his wish is granted. As Dorian gradually devotes himself to a life of debauchery and excess, his portrait reflects the physical and moral decline of his life.The Picture of Dorian Gray is a captivating tale of vanity, obsession, and the consequences of sin.10. Summary of Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen and published in 1813, is a classic novel of romance and conflict. The novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet, a spirited young woman from a wealthy family, and Mr. Darcy, an eligible bachelor. Despite their initial mutual dislike, Elizabeth and Darcy eventually come to understand and fall in love with one another. At the same time, Elizabeth learns to overcome her own prejudices and find true happiness. With its sharp wit and timeless themes, Pride and Prejudice is a classic novel of love and social convention.。
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英语写作ummary
第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如： Kate looked at Paul diapprovingly: You ue much too much alt on your food, Paul — i t’ not good for you!” Paul put down hi knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have alt on your food it would tate awful like eating
cardboard or and jut imagine bread without alt in it, or potatoe or pata cooked without alt!” Kate wa patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to peruade him. She aid firmly:”But too much alt i bad for you. It caue high blood preure and latter on, heart-attack. It alo diguie the tate of food, the real tate which are much more ubtle than alt, and which we have lot the enitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为： Kate uggeted to Paul that he hould eat le alt. She
thought that eating too much alt would do hard to Paul’ health and that it could reduce the real tate of food. But Paul diagreed. He aid that food without alt would be tatele. 第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。
首先，与原文比较看是
否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。
其次，
如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。
第三，检查拼写、
语法和标点符号的错误。
最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
附：摘要写作(ummary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读
原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言
简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于
他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既
要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1)细读原文。
首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总
的意思和结构，明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意 (the main idea)。
2)弄清要求。
搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写
出要点。
3)列出原文要点。
分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上
的顺序。
在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。
将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列
的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。
在写作时要特别注意下面几点： (1)摘要应包括原
文中的主要事实(main fact);略去不必要的细节(unneceary detail)。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例。
摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用
较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。
要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地
写出一些互不相干的句子。
(4)尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。