维多利亚时期【英文】
维多利亚时代【英文】 victorian period
Victorian Period
• Women for suffrage – did not succeed until 1918 (30 & over) • Universal adult suffrage 1928 extended vote to women at age 21 • Factory Acts – limited child & women labor • State supported schools est. in 1870; compulsory in 1880; free in 1891 • Literacy rate increased from 40% to 90% from 1840-1900.
• First Reform Bill in 1832 extended vote to all men who owned property worth 10 lbs • Second Reform Act in 1867 gave the right to vote to working-class men (except agricod
• Intellectual Progress
• Understanding of earth, its creatures & natural laws (geology, Darwin – theory of evolution) • Industrialization of England depended on and supported science and technology.
Victorian Period
• Paradox of progress
• Victorian – synonym for prude; extreme repression; even furniture legs had to be concealed under heavy cloth not to be “suggestive”
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评 Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义 vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造 Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
• The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his early works, or to express a helpless indignant protest. At the same time, he hopes to call people‘s attention to the existing social problems, thus affecting some reform。
of cites《双城记》
译文：
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那 是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是 光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希 望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们拥有 一切，我们一无所有;我们全都在直奔 天堂，我们全都在直奔地狱。
• He lies buried in the Poet’s Corner in London. • The words of his grave read as follows ”by his death one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
Oliver Twist
维多利亚时代英文介绍
After Albert died she wore black for the rest of her life.
In 1863 John Brown saved Victoria when she was involved in two carriage accidents. They became good friends, and she was so upset when he died in 1883 that she never rode a horse again.
Victoria fell in love with a man called Albert, who was German. She proposed to him in 1840 and they were married soon after.
Victoria and Albert had nine children. Victoria loved having photographs and paintings done of her with Albert and their children. Let’s look at some of them.
The was born in 1882. She had eleven brothers and sisters. When she was young she was never left alone as her mother feared she might be murdered by one of her uncles.
Queen Victoria died in 1901, when she was 83. She was buried in a white dress and her wedding veil. London was decorated in white and purple for the occasion.
维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)
Victorian Drama
The theater was a flourishing and popular institution during the Victorian period. The popularity of theater influenced other genres. Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde transformed British theater with their comic masterpieces.
Charles Darwin(达尔文）
Charles Dickens
(1812-1870)
Charles Dickens
Pickwick Papers (1836-7) 《匹克威克外传》 Oliver Twist (1837-1838)《奥利佛.退斯特》 The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) 《老古玩店》 Dombey and Son:(1846_48) 《董贝父子》 David Copperfield: (1849-50)《大卫*科波菲尔》 Bleak House (1854) 《荒凉山庄》 Hard Times (1854)《艰难时世》 Little Dorrit (1855-57)《小杜丽》 A Tale Of Two Cities (1859) 《双城记》 Great Expectations (1860_61) 《远大前程》
English Literature in the Victorian Period
Queen Victoria
English Literature in the Victorian Period
英美文学选读-英国维多利亚时期
1） Features of the Victorian Literature Victorian literature， as a product of its age， naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex， & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people''s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded. （2） Features of Victorian novels In this period， the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel， novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques， they shared one thing in common， that is， they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions， the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery， poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people''s life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society. Victorian literature， in general， truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality， the down-to-earth earnestness， the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century， where its spirits， values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
--The 1st Reform Act of 1832 and the 2nd Reform act of 1867 : reform in the electoral system leading to a more democratic society
---,1830, 1850, 1900, Public railway across England and an underground rail system beneath London ---Great Exhibition of 1851 and Crystal Palace (locomotives, machine tools, power looms, reapers, steamboat engines and etc)
huge profit worse living condition workers long-hour working never-adequate food
conflicts
the Chartist Movement
（宪章运动）
What is the Chartist Movement ? 宪章运动
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
◆ Historical Situation An Age of Unrest and Dispute
Social unrest unemployment, poverty, slums in large cites, terrible working conditions; Chartist Movement; petitions for women’s suffrage; the Married Women's Property Acts Intellectual diversity
英国文学维多利亚时期
练习
• In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend ____ appeared. And it flourished in the forties and in the early fifties.
– Works • Tess of the D’urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 • The Return of the Native 《还乡》 • Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》 • Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 • The Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》 • Dynasties 《列王》
Victorian poets and poetry
Alfred Tennyson （1809——1892） 阿尔佛 雷德丁尼生 - A representative poet of the Victorian Age. “桂冠诗人”（Poet Laureate）
• Works: • In Memoriam 《悼念》 • The idylls of the King 《国王叙事诗》 • Ulysses 《尤利西斯》
• A. romanticism B. naturalism
• C. realism
D. critical realism
D
练习
• Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens?
A. A Tale of Two Cities.
victorian era 维多利亚时期介绍
• Population of England
Ireland
•House of Commons
Whigs Tories
1850s Liberals Conservatives
The population of Britain in
Hale Waihona Puke populatioVictorian era
n/million
35
30.5
The sun never sets
• “Russia and the North American plains is our corn, Chicago and Odessa is our granary, Canada and the Baltic Sea is our forests, our Australian sheep farms, Argentina and North American prairie to the west of our cattle grazing, and sent Peruvian silver, gold sent Australia and South Africa, India and China has provided us with tea, East Indies to provide us with coffee, sugar and spices. "
Victorian era
------ BRIEF INTRODUTION
•a long period of prosperity
overseas British Empire
•profits
industrial improvements at home
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代thevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代chapter5thevictorianperiodthevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代backgroundinformationchangesinsocietychangesinpoliticschangesinsciencetechnologychangesinideologythevictorianperiod英国文学维多利亚时代changesinpolitics?politicalpowerpassedfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddleclassindustrialcapitalists
The critical realists were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their works is not of revolution but of reformism.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代
Prose
• Great prose writers: Thomas Carlyle Thomas Babington Macaulay Matthew Arnold John Henry Newman John Stuart Mill John Ruskin Thomas Henry Huxley
• It was welcomed especially by the middleclass industrialists and made cultural values, moral standards less valuable. →the worsening of living condition of poor people
英美文学选读-维多利亚时期资料
8. The Modern Echo of English Literature--Victorian PeriodVictorian Era:The Victorian era of British history was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a long period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities and national self-confidence for Britain. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities and political concerns to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.Queen Victoria:Queen Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840. Their nine children and 26 of their 34 grandchildren who survived childhood married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".Golden Jubileejubilee ['dʒu:bli:] n.纪念或者庆典（特别指周年的）In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee.Diamond JubileeOn 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee.Movie: The Young Victoria 《年轻的维多利亚女王》Summaries•The Victorian era was a period of dramatic change that brought England to its highest point of development as a world power.•The early Victorian period (1830~48) saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it was also a time of economic distress. •Although the mid-Victorian period (1848~70) was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, and stability.•In the later period (1870~1901) the costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted with growing threats to its military and economicpreeminence.•The common perception of the period is the Victorians are “prudish, hypocritical, stuffy, [and] narrow-minded”•The extreme inequities between men and women stimulated a debate about women’s roles known as The Woman Question.Literature of the Victorian Period:The drive for social advancement frequently appears in literature. This drive may take many forms. It may be primarily financial, as in Charl es Dickens’s Great Expectations 《远大前程》. It may involve marrying above one’s station, as in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre《简·爱》. It may also be intellectual or education-based. Typically, any such attempt to improve one’s social standing must be accompanied by “proper” behavior (thus helping to provide the period with its stereotype).维多利亚时期被文史家们分为三个阶段：维多利亚早期（1832~1848）、维多利亚中期（1848~1870）和维多利亚晚期（1970~1891）。
维多利亚时代
婚 礼
婚姻是传统的型式，无 论甚么阶级 在教堂举行，透过神父 的福證，戴上婚戒表ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 礼成。 英國人崇尚白色，象徵 爱情纯洁
小 结
维多利亚女王的名字，象征着一个时代。 在维多利亚统治期间，英国国民空前团结，英国成为 一个强大的帝国，并不断壮大发展。这是女王给英国人留 下的最好遗产，也是对她一生政绩最有力的评价。 极少有坐上帝位的女人，能像维多利亚一样，如此出 色地完成了女王的职责，同时又拥有如此平凡的作为女人 的幸福。 她统治的时期，特别是1851年以后，在英国历史上 被称为维多利亚时代。她在位的六十余年正值英国自由资 本主义由方兴未艾到鼎盛、进而过渡到垄断资本主义的转 变时期，英国极度强盛，经济、文化空前繁荣，科学、艺 术都有很大的发展，君主立宪制得到充分成熟. 维多利亚女王的名字成了英国和平与繁荣的象征.
家具
中期家具
早期家具的特点： 维多利亚早期生产 的一些家具没有可 明确辨认的风格特 点，许多19世纪40 年代和50年代的家 具主要关心使用者 体感的舒适，以商 业化的方式进行生 产。
后期作品
贵族的生活
乡间别墅是上流社会生活的重心 所在，有一定的历史、健全的生 活机能，也是权力的象征
乡村别墅生活很单调无聊，贵 族会出外打猎，女仕们会举办 家庭派对。
交通工具
18-19世纪，搭乘 马车拥有马车的人大 多收入较高。 中产阶级和平民只能 做出租马车或公共马 车
1840年后，铁路普及，仍是貴族在搭乘。 1860年後，地下鐵開通，搭乘的人越來越 多。
建 筑 特 点
著 名 建 筑
维多利亚建筑时期通常是指1825年至 1900年这段时期，维多利亚时代的建筑 师广泛从历史、自然、几何学和理论中 吸取创作灵感进行设计。
维多利亚时期
Some important events
• 1837:Victoria becomes queen • 1850:Tennyson succeed Wordsworth as poet laureate • 1851:The Great Exhibition in London • 1859:Darwin's The Origin of Species published • 1901:The death of Victoria
• It can be divided into 3 periods:
Early Victoria Period （1837-1848） Middle Victoria Period (1848-1870) Late Victoria Period （1870-1901）
Politically
• The early period is a period of great social unrest动荡的局面 (Chartist Movement 1838-48); • Reform Bill (1832) was enacted, giving right to representation of growing cities and 50% raise of electorate to middle class.
The situation of men was very different,they could read the ancient Greek and Latin works which contained many descriptions of sex, homosexuality in colleges. For the middle-class and upper-class men , premarital sex would have been with servants and prostitutes, the result of this double standard was that there were about 80,000 prostitutes only in London in the Victorian Age , which standed for the hypocrisy and bad conscience of the Victorians.
维多利亚时期
Novelists
Charles Dickens
查尔斯·狄更斯 (1812-1870)
生平与创作
童年的不幸经历
报界的积累期
走上创作道路
侨居国外
晚年的演讲、朗诵生涯 最终，shi了
主要创作 14部长篇小说 & 中短篇小说
创作的第一期（30年代） • 《匹克威克外传》 • 《奥利弗·推斯特》 • 《尼古拉斯·尼古贝》 • 《老古玩店》 • 《巴纳比·拉齐》
1.1832-1848, the first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. --This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 2.The Whig Party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power. 3.The Chartist movement—in 1845,– the capitalists not take responsibility for the poverty of the working class– workers launched large scale demonstrations. 4.The Heyday of the Victorian Age.the country enjoyed two decades of peace and prosperity—by 1848, England produced one half of the world’s pig iron; 5.by the early 70s, England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker.—it was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 6.By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. the British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth—the empire on which the sun never sets.—a period of serenity and security. 7.The fierce competition of newly risen rivals, Germany, The Us, Japan and Russia. Economic crisis continued to hit the country.
victorian period名词解释
victorian period名词解释
维多利亚时期（Victorian period）指的是1837年至1901年之间，维多利亚女王统治英国的时期。
这是英国工业革命的巅峰时期，也是英国经济、文化和科学发展的黄金时代。
维多利亚女王在位期间，英国从一个农业为主的国家转变为一个工业和商业强国，成为了全球最大的经济体。
同时，维多利亚时期也是英国文学、艺术和建筑的重要时期，许多经典作品和建筑在这一时期诞生。
此外，维多利亚女王本人也成为了一个文化象征，她的形象和价值观影响了整个欧洲和北美。
课外拓展 维多利亚时期名词解释
课外拓展（维多利亚时期名词解释）1. English critical realism:English critical realism o f the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.2. Victorian period:It refers to the era of Queen Victoria’s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from 1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.3. Autobiography:It is an account of a person’s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first used by Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson’s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are therefore dependent on other people’s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may obscure as much as they reveal.4. Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses it and the people who inhabit it as the basis forhis or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural or provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell (1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban”or “industrial”novels, set in a particular town or city, some of which had considerable fame in the 19th century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell’s Mary Barton(1848), Charles Dickens’s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot’s Middlemarch (1871~1872).5. Dramatic monologue:Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience”of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson’s “Ulysses” (1842), Browning’s “Fra Lippo Lippi”(1855), and T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917). Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.6. Psychological novel:It is a vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concerned with the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written psychological novels.7. Künstlerroman: It is a novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which shows the development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 8. Aestheticism: The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of the beautiful or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art, music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or notit is useful).9. Naturalism:Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the” laws” of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist’s insistence on the objective presentation ofthe details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane’s “The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example in this text of a naturalistic short story.。
unit 12 The Victorian Age维多利亚时代
Charles Darwin 1809-1882
An English naturalist who was famous for his famous theory of "natural selection". As a young scientist he set sail on the voyage of the Beagle in 1831 and came back with observations on the varieties of fossils and living animals which made him question the Bible's story of creation. His findings were published in "The Origin of Species" in 1859. This theory caused a real stir and was sold out straight away.
• Queen Victoria ruled over Britain from 1837 – 1901. During this time Britain changed dramatically.
• The main reason for the change was the Industrial Revolution, which saw people moving from the countryside to the cities to find jobs in the newly expanding factories.
• British Empire expansion
– “The sun never sets on England.” – India, North America, South Pacific, etc.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Unrest in England
1840’s were the worst years in the century for unemployment, hunger and disease. This lead to social unrest. 1884 created universal male suffrage. Change was the only constant. People began to trust in progress. The Education Act of 1891 created free schools for everyone up until age 12
Life of Queen Victoria
Victorian gained the throne at age 18 She associated with England’s industrialization, economical expansion and imperialism. By the time of her death it was said that England was “an empire upon which the sun never set.” She married Prince Albert in 1840. Albert had and interests in science, the arts, trade and industry. He is best known for establishing many of the museums in London.
Changes in England
England continued to expand industrially under Victoria. By 1848 England produced as much iron as the rest of the world combined. The number of people doubled in England between 1801 and 1850. Cities continued to grow According to author Disraeli pointed out that there were “two nations” in England– the rich and the poor.
End of Queen Victoria’s Life
Even though Queen Victoria lost much of her sovereign power, she was well liked and was able to influence many of parliament’s decisions. She was a strong supporter of the Empire, which flourished under her rule. She was a proponent of education and aid to the poor and ran many charities. She continued to work until the day of her death, having just returned from visits to Ireland and South Africa. Victoria had the longest rule of 64 years when she died in 1901.
The Victorian Era
1837-1901
Victorian Background
Follows the reign of Queen Victoria Parallels the Renaissance– there is an expansion of wealth, power and culture
Pቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱtato Famine
The 1840’s brought the Potato Famine to Ireland. In two years a million people died. This brought many more starving poor into England’s already crowded streets
Queen Victoria Continued
Until the late 1860’s, Queen Victoria rarely made public appearances. There were several attempts on her life between 1840 and 1880. With family encouragement, Queen Victoria finally reentered the public arena, following the death of her devote husband. During Victoria's long reign,the crown lost much of its direct power. A series of Acts broadened the social and economic base of the parliament and prime minister. This gave voters and individuals in England more say in English politics.
Life for the Poor
Many people believed that this widespread death and poverty was a trade for the power to which England grew If there was a depression in the trade market, an entire factory could be unemployed. This lead to extreme poverty and urban slums. This left many families in outdoor slums in the bitter English winters.