非谓语动词(时态与逻辑主语) -
非谓语动词与其逻辑主语
非谓语动词与其逻辑主语在高中英语新教材中,非谓语动词的应用是学生学习的重点,其中非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语的关系是学生学习的难点｡要解决这一难题,必须注意以下四个方面｡一､非谓语动词和其逻辑主语的概念1. 非谓语动词是指不能在句中充当谓语的动词形式,即动词不定式､动名词､现在分词和过去分词四种形式｡2. 逻辑主语是指非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者,二者之间在逻辑上存在着主谓关系｡二､逻辑主语的判断1. 句子主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语｡例如:1) He likes helping others. (He是helping的逻辑主语)2) Moved by his words, I told him all the news. (I是moved的逻辑主语)2. 介词of或for的宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语｡例如:1) It’s kind of you to tell me the news. (you是to tell的逻辑主语)2) It is impossible for you to finish so much work in so short a time.(you是to finish的逻辑主语)3. 复合结构中的宾语就是非谓动词的逻辑主语｡例如:1) The teacher asked me to answer his question. (me是to answer的逻辑主语)2) I saw him playing at the river side. (him是playing的逻辑主语)三､逻辑主语对非谓语动词语态的影响1. 如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词表示的动作的执行者,非谓语动词就用主动形式｡例如:1) I like to go out for a walk after supper.2) He enjoys singing songs.2. 如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词的动作的承受者,非谓语动词就用被动形式｡例如:1) The boy dislikes being laughed at.2) Tom asked to be sent to the front. 3. 当句子中既有非谓语动词的逻辑主语又有逻辑宾语时,非谓语动词用主动形式｡例如:He has a lot of work to do.4. 逻辑主语与非谓语动词是动宾关系,而且句子中有表语形容词时,非谓语动词用主动形式｡例如:1) The work is easy to do.2) The problem is difficult to deal with.四､分词和动名词的逻辑主语的区别1. 分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致｡如果不一致,则要补出它自己的逻辑主语｡例如:1) It being a fine day, we went out for a picnic.2) The homework finished, she began to watch TV.以上两例中的逻辑主语It和The homework不能缺少｡2. 动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,可以补出来动名词的逻辑主语｡例如:1) Would you mind my opening the window?2) Would you mind opening the window?3. 动名词的逻辑主语常用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当,而分词的逻辑主语一般用主格形式(作宾语除外)｡试比较:1) Tom’s being late made the teacher angry.Tom being late, the teacher got angry.2) I being late, the teacher got angry.My being late made the teacher angry.注意:1) 当动名词作宾语时,其逻辑主语也可用宾格形式｡试比较:Would you mind my opening the window?Would you mind me opening the window?2) 当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的事物或不定代词时,不能用名词或代词的所有格｡例如:Is there any hope of our class (不能说class’s) winning the match?I was woken up by someone (不能说someone’s) crying for help.总之,非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系要在具体的语言环境中加以分析和判断1．(MET86)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut notB.not to shutC.to not shutD.not shut2.（MET89）She pretended ___me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeingC.to not seeD.having not seen3. It’s a great honour for me ______ to sp eak here.A.to inviteB.to be invitedC.to invitedD..to have invited4．(上海96) When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person____.A.to sendB.for sending itC.to send it toD.for sending it to5. - You have come just in time to help us- Fine, what needs ____.A. I doB. doneC. to be done D .to do6．04-27福建The news reporter hurried to the airport, only___the film stars had left.A. to tellB. to be told C .telling D. told7. 05—8浙江——more about university courses, call (920)746-3789.A. To find outB. Finding outC. Find outD. Having found outKey (BABCCBA) 1．I can’t think of ____ alone any longer.A. you livingB. you being livedC. you liveD. you are living2. He narrowly escaped ____ by a car..A. killingB. being killedC. having killedD. killed3. I’m afraid of ___ at home alone.A. leavingB. leftC. being leftD. live4. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed___.A. catchingB. to be caughtC. being caughtD. to catch5. Have you finished ___the notice on the blackboard?A. writtenB. wroteC. writingD. to write6．04—34安徽I really can’t understand ____ her like that.A. you treatB. you to treatC. why treatD. you treating7. 92—26上海He has always insisted on his ____ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.A. been calledB. calledC. having calledD. being calledKey (ABCCCDD)1．（86MET）The next morning she found the man ___in bed ,dead.A. lying B .lie C. lay D. laying2.(90MET) ___ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having given3(92MET) ___ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receivingB. Receiving notC. Not having receivedD. Having not received4. (97MET) The Olympic Games,_____ in 776 B. C. , did not include women playersuntil 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing5. (93上海) He didn’t keep on asking me the ti me any longer as he had had hiswatch____.A.. to repairB. repairedC. repairingD. repair6.(05—7天津) You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ____often enough.A. explainingB. to explainC. explainD. explained 7.(05—26湖北) ——from other continents for millions of years, Australia hasmanyplants and animals not found in any other countryin the world.A. Being separatedB. Having separatedC. Having been separatedD. To beseparatedKey ( A ACCBDC)。
非谓语动词用法详解
非谓语动词用法详解动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词(一)不定式不定式由“to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”．不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语．不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for十名词或代词宾格”构成．1．不定式的用法：l)作主语．不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语．例如：To see is to believe．It is right to give up smoking．2)作宾语．不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。
往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语．例如：He wanted to go．I find it interesting to study work with him.3)作宾语补足语．例如：He asked me to do the work with him.注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have, let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to．但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to．例如I often hear him sing the song．He is often heard to sing the song．注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to．如：She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go．动词help之后，带to或不带to都可以。
Will you please help me (to) take this suitcase? 请你帮我提一下这个衣箱好吗？She often helps her mother (to) clean their house. 她经常帮助她妈妈打扫房子。
非谓语动词用法归纳
英语非谓语动词用法非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)一般来说，不定式做主语多表示一次性、具体性动作。
动名词做主语常表经常性、抽象性动作。
Looking after the children is her job.To clean the classroom is his job today.Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。
(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
非谓语动词逻辑主语可以不表示出来的情况
一般说来，非谓语动词的逻辑主语必定能在所在句中找到，否则被视为有语法错误。
但是，下列的非谓语动词形式逻辑主语却允许不表示出来。
一、不定式短语在下列情况下，逻辑主语可不表示出来。
1.不定式作主语或表语时泛指一个动作，并无具体实施者，其隐含主语是one。
例如：To borrow books from this library, it is necessary to register as a member of the library. [For one to borrow...]要从这个图书馆借书，在图书馆做登记是必要的。
To take such an attitude is to seek truth from facts.这种态度就是实事求是的态度。
2.不定式短语作插入语表示说话人的态度，其隐含的主语是I或we。
例如：To sum up, we have to work still harder.总之，我们还得更加努力地工作。
To tell the truth, I don't agree with you.老实说，我不同意你的意见。
3.不定式短语的逻辑主语可在上下文中找到。
例如：Well, I put on weight again. To take it off would be no easy job.嗯，我又发胖了。
再要减肥可不容易。
4.在一些科学论著中，隐含的不定式短语的逻辑主语是I, we, you(即作者或读者)。
例如：To increase the rate of reaction, a catalyst is used.要加快反应速度就得使用催化剂。
This medicine should be taken before meals to get the best result.这种药应在饭前服用以获得最佳疗效。
二、-ing分词短语在下列情况下，其逻辑主语可不表示出来。
非谓语动词使用中对逻辑主语判断中的主动被动关系
非谓语动词使用主动被动关系的判定非谓语动词使用中对逻辑主语判断中的主动被动关系非谓语动词使用中对逻辑主语判断非谓语使用首先要判断这个是非谓语形式，不是作谓语（谓语考查的是时态和语态）。
主动关系1. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam.Then I changed my mind，________(realize) that he could do nothing to help.答案realizing2. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam.Then I changed my mind，________(realize) that he could do nothing to help.答案realizing3. 改错Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish.________答案Felt→Feeling4. Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, ________ (wear) sun glasses.答案wearing5.The next thing he saw the smoke ________(rise) from behind the house.答案rising被动关系6．The island，________(join) to the mainland by a bridge，is easy to go to.答案.joined （过去分词表示被动和完成作后置定语）7.The rare fish，________(save) from the cooking pot，has been returned to the sea. 答案.saved （过去分词表示被动和完成作后置定语）8．Tsinghua University，________(found) in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures.答案.founded （过去分词表示被动和完成作后置定语）9. ________ (compare) with others in the world, he found himself a lucky one.答案Compared10. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ________ (finish) for the day.答案finished解析由于动词finish与their lessons之间为动宾关系。
英语非谓语动词知识点
英语非谓语动词知识点1) 总的概述：不定式作主语——具体的，一次性的To understandothers is hard.动名词作主语——一般的，经常性的Washing clothes is her daily job.分词不能作主语——分词有形／副的作用，但主语只能是带有名词意义的词2) 具体用法：动名词在句型里作主语的运用：i. It’s no good/ useless/ a waste of time/ a good pleasure + doi ng sth. (it’s+形容词／形容词性短语+doing)It’s a waste of time dating you.ii. It’s + adj. + 动名词It’s delighted playing.iii. There was/ is + no + doingThere is no standing still in this life.1) 不定式的逻辑主语不定式不能作自己的主语，但在意思上仍然有履行该动作的逻辑主语，其逻辑主语前总有“for/ of”的标志。
It’s foolish of you to stay away from your family.The hardest thing is for him to give up.She was sent there to be trained as a teacher.2) 动名词的逻辑主语当动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，应在动名词前加上物主代词／名次属格来作其逻辑主语。
Your being curious almost hurt yourself.3) There be句型Of there beingHe spoke of there being a magnificent ranch.For / about there to beIt’s easy for there to be a gap between parents and children.1) 能接动名词作宾语的动词为防止危险－禁止犯罪－假设犯，应坦白／成认escape/ avoid－forbid－ confess/ acknowledge/ admit男方推迟约会－女方介意，忍耐，原谅－再犯，放弃put off/delay－mind/tolerate/endure/excuse/pardon/forgive－give up提倡的建议－被民众喜欢／感激advocate/ suggest－enjoy/ appreciate2) 介词后只能接动名词Feel like doing sth.Be/ get used to doing sth.其他的都是介词＋（in）doing sth.1) 能接不定式为宾语的动词往往差生－自愿参军－准备提出申请－等待同意tend－volunteer－prepare/ offer－agree渴望梦想－下定决心－做好计划／打算－尽力／设法去实现long－determine－plan/ aim－endeavor/manage未能拒绝要求－假装（做外表工作）fail/ refuse/ ask/ claim/ demand－pretend2) 连词except/ but与不定式except/but只能与不定式，不能与动名词连用We have no choicebut to wait.但假设前有do，那么except/but后也只能加do（前后一致）Iwould do anything for you except to be a missioner.1) 接动名词／不定式，意思都不变的动词喜欢一个人－憎恨麻烦－宁可不追求like/love－hate－prefer计划／试图创业－开始遇难－无法继续－停止告终intend/attempt－begin/start－continue－cease假设like/love/hate/prefer前有should/would，那么只能接不定式（本来would／should只能接动原，为让步，加带“to”的动原）Iwould like to have a drink.2) 接动名词／不定式，会改变本义的动词进程改变（to do未完成；doing正在做／做过了）记得－忘记－后悔－停止－继续remember/forget－regret－stop－go on意义改变当别人需要你时－尝试忍住不耐－设法去帮助他们need－try/ stand－mean/ helpTo do人设法做不忍心想要做帮助Doing物（主作被）试着做忍受意味着禁不止3) 在这些动词这，动名词作宾语，不定式作宾语补足语该俱乐部只允许有推荐信的人申请－假设无，那么禁止入内－建议呱permit/ allow－remend－forbid－adviseIdon’t allow you to go.My dad doesn’t allow smokingin our family.1) 分词作补语－现在分词～动作正在进行／状态；过去分词～被动Iheard someone knocking at the door.（就省去that和was了）She kept us waiting for 2 hours!Iheard the song sung.（用歌被唱表示人在唱歌）不定式作补语－还未完成Please remind me to take my medicine.我想要劝他去帮助1) Want/wish－后加(to be) doneIwant it finished today.2) 表示劝请/要求Teac h/ ask/ remind…表示劝请／要求的动词后都可以接sb. to do sth.Ididn’t ask you to do it for me.Hope/ agree/ suggest/demand/decide后不可加sb. to do sth. Hope/ agree/ suggest + thatDemand/ decide + to do3) 使役动词have/make/let后加不带to的不定式，但在动词为主语的被动语态时可接to doHe makes his son study.He was made to study.4) Help后加不加to都无所谓You got to help me to fix it.Idon’twant to help you fix it.现在分词－性质：It is exciting.过去分词－状态：The store is closed.Washing clothes is my daily task.在主系表句型中，假设主语局部有实义动词do的某种形式，那么作主语补足语的不定式既可以带to也可不带toThe last thing Iwant to do is (to) arguewith you.分词：Not obtaining a ticket for the match动名词：Not being tall不定式：Not to be tallThe racing horse = thehorse is racingA fallen leaf = a leaf that alreadyfallen.The buildingpleted before = the buildingwas pleted before. The washing machine= themachineis for washing.The meeting to be continued is on our top agenda.1) 分词－时间／原因／让步／条件／方式／伴随伴随：Iwas sad, wandering alone the river.原因：Being a good father, Ineed to work harder.条件：Given more time, Icould make it.2) 不定式－目的／结果／原因目的：To satisfymyself, Idecide to have a good meal.结果：Iwas too scareto ask him. / The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, only to be captured by the police each time.1) 分词的独立结构（修饰分句）假设分词修饰的主语与主句的主语不一致，那么分词要有自己的逻辑主语——逻辑主语＋分词（可表时间／原因／伴随／条件／目的）The guest having departed, I laid on my bed and fall asleep. Time permitting, we should stay here a littlebit longer.Her son lost, she got crazy.2) 某些不加逻辑主语的分词短语的独立结构（修饰全句）总的／严格来说－假设这是判断题－该如何判断是否正确呢Generally/strictly speaking－provided/providing/suppose/ given－judgingfrom谈到未来的职业选择－考虑到我的兴趣－是在关于，包括语言方面的－既然是这样，所以我决定考研talking of－considering/ given－regarding/concerning－including－seeing that3) 不定式的独立结构To tell the truth; to be plain with you; to be brief; to be honest; to sum up; to cut a long story short; to say the least; to be sure; to begin with; not to mention; strangeto say; needless to say; to conclude（其实2和3这两个知识点都是一样的，分词和不定式的独立结构都是在修饰全句，而不是单单一个主语，因此我们可以把这些分词和不定式的独立结构看作一个固定搭配。
非谓语动词作状语 逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系-概述说明以及解释
非谓语动词作状语逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述非谓语动词作状语以及逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系是语法学中重要的概念，对于理解句子的结构和意义起着关键的作用。
非谓语动词可以以动词、形容词、副词和介词短语的形式出现在句子中，并且在句子中起到修饰或补充动词的作用。
有时，非谓语动词能够包含丰富的信息，使句子更具表达力和准确性。
逻辑主语是一个概念，指的是在一个句子中承担实际动作或状态的实体或事物。
逻辑主语与动词之间存在着主被动关系，也就是动词所表示的动作或状态是由逻辑主语所承担的。
主动语态表示逻辑主语执行动作，而被动语态则表示逻辑主语接受动作。
本文旨在探讨非谓语动词作状语的定义、分类和用法，并且分析非谓语动词作状语的实际运用。
同时，我们还将深入研究逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系，介绍逻辑主语的定义和作用，以及动词的主被动关系的规律。
通过示例分析，我们将展示非谓语动词作状语和逻辑主语与动词的主被动关系的重要性和实际应用。
最后，本文的结论将总结非谓语动词作状语的重要性，并归纳逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系的规律。
同时，本文也将探讨对语言学研究的启示，以期为语法学领域的进一步研究提供参考和借鉴。
通过对非谓语动词作状语和逻辑主语与动词的主被动关系的深入理解和应用，我们可以更好地理解句子的结构和意义，提高语言表达的准确性和流利性。
1.2 文章结构2.1 定义和分类：在本章中，我们将探讨非谓语动词作状语的相关概念和分类。
非谓语动词是指在句子中作除谓语外的其他成分的动词形式。
它们可以用来修饰主语、谓语、宾语以及其他成分，起到状语的作用。
根据用途和形式的不同，非谓语动词可以分为分词、不定式和动名词等几种类型。
首先，我们来看分词。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种形式。
现在分词通常以-ing结尾，而过去分词则是根据动词的不同规则变化而来。
分词作状语时，可以表达时间、条件、原因、方式、目的等不同的意义。
其次，不定式是另一种常见的非谓语动词形式。
(完整版)非谓语动词语法讲解
非谓语动词语法讲解一、非谓语动词的概念动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态一般式完成式进行式不定式主动to do to have done to be doing被动to be done to have beendoneing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having beendone过去分词被动done四、非谓语动词的否定形式在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing五、非谓语动词的复合结构不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)六、非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如：________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. Walk(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 Bb. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.It’s important for us to learn English well.It’s kind of you to help us.注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：It’s no good / use doing sth.It’s usel ess doing sth.There is no need to do sth.2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。
非谓语动词解题方法
非谓语动词的做题步骤1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。
非谓语动词考点解题方略福建邵武一中兰利华非谓语动词是英语语言的一大特色,是一个系统性,综合性很强的语言项目。
它是中学英语教学的重点、难点，在历届高考中备受命题者的青睐。
许多学生对它缺乏全面、系统的认识，又习惯于把汉语思维模式带到英语学习中，因而在学习中焦头烂额，疲于招架。
要做好此类题目，除了要掌握其各种基本形式与语法功能，能准确分析句子成分、结构，牢记动词用法，还应熟悉一些有效的解题技巧。
一、非谓语动词的基本形式及其语法功能二、解题方略步骤一分析句子结构，确定答案范围一个句子中通常不能有两个（以上）的谓语动词，除非动词是并列谓语或多个谓语动词是分别出现在主从复合句或并列句中。
根据这个语法规则，我们可以确定答案该用谓语动词还是非谓语动词。
例1 Who could have imagined such a sweet-tempered girl as Alice ______ such a thing!A. doingB. to doC. will doD. does解析：句中已有谓语动词imagined , 且句子不属于主从复合句或并列句，故空格处不可再填谓语动词，排除C、D, 再结合考虑动词用法imagine (sb) doing, 得出答案为A.例2 ______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he had been toldC. He had been toldD. Having told解析: 从bu t 得知逗号前后为表示转折关系的并列句, 逗号前的内容为一个句子,所以空格处不能是非谓语动词, 排除 A 、D, 又因为though和but不能同用，故答案为C.步骤二多角度考虑确定非谓语动词的具体形式1．非谓语动词的否定形式not均放其前例3______ full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.A. Not being madeB. Having not madeC. Making notD. Not having made解析：根据not的位置可排除B和C, 再根据句意可确定主语we与非谓语动词make之间为主动关系，所以答案为D.2．非谓语动词不同形式之间的区别非谓语动词包括不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词，每种形式都具有各自的语法功能和意义。
英语语法非谓语动词的语态：逻辑主语
英语语法|非谓语动词的语态：逻辑主语非谓语动词的语态是指非谓语动作与它的“逻辑主语”之间的主被动关系。
什么叫做“逻辑主语”?非谓语动词虽然不作谓语，但依然保留着动词的特征，就是动词表示的动作一定有“执行者”，及物的动作会有一个“承受者”。
非谓语动作的执行者和承受者就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
比如：We will have many difficult problems to deal with. 我们会有许多棘手问题需要处理。
这里，不定式动作有两个逻辑主语，执行者是句子主语we，承受者是problems。
如何确定非谓语动词的逻辑主语?这与非谓语动词在句子里作什么成分有关，也与它们的复合结构有关。
具体说来，非谓语动词的逻辑主语的确定依据如下：1、如果非谓语动词在句子里作“状语”、“宾语”、“表语”，它的逻辑主语就是句中主语。
a. Not knowing what to do next, we went to the teacher for help. 因为不知道下一步怎么办，我们去求助老师。
是we不知道下一步怎么办，所以，作原因状语的非谓语动词短语(not knowing what to do next)的逻辑主语(执行者)是句子主语we。
b. She wishes to be sent to work in Tibet. 她希望派她去西藏工作。
she被派往西藏工作。
作宾语的非谓语动作(to be sent to work in Tibet)的逻辑主语(承受者)是句子主语she。
c. The symptoms are cunfusing and the doctors are confused. 病症令人不解，医生们困惑了。
and前面的句子里，句子主语symptoms是作表语的非谓语动词(confusing)的逻辑主语(执行者);后面的句子中，句子主语doctors是作表语的非谓语动词(confused)的逻辑主语(承受者)。
谓语动词、非谓语动词vs时态、语态
谓语动词、非谓语动词 vs时态、语态四级语法讲义一:时态:所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表:过去现在将来过去将来一般 did do will/shall do should/woulddo 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成had done have/has done will/shall have should/woulddone have done用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been / /doing1(主动形式过去现在将来过去将来一般 was/were given am/is/are givenwill/shall be given should/wouldbe given 进行 was/were being am/is/are being / /given given完成 had been given have/has been will/shall have should/wouldgiven been given have beengiven 完成进行 / / / 2(被动形式, CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。
, 时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一(非谓语动词一(不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语----将要发生2)不定式做状语----目的3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性;+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
非谓语动词(non-finite verbs)
在英语中，不做句子谓语，而具有谓语外其他语法功能的动词中，叫“非谓语动词”非谓语动词包括：动词不定式（the Infinitive）动名词（the Gerund）现在分词（the Present Participle）过去分词（the Past Participle）Ⅰ。
动词不定式：动词不定式有两种，带“to”和不带“to（动词原型）”，有人称之为“光秃不定式”，在大多数情况下不定式都带to，动词不定式由“to+动词原型”，这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义，不定式具有名词，形容词，或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态。
一：1。
不定式做主语：eg : To over come the problem is very difficult不定式做主语，往往用it做形式主语，真正的主语不定式放置句子后面：eg : It‟s so nice to hear your voice.但是，用不定式做主语的句子中还有一个不定式做表语时，不能用it‟s…to…的句型eg : To teach is to learn.比较“it‟s for sb和it‟s of sb1)for sb句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如”easy, hard, difficult, impossible”等2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如”good, kind, nice, clever, foolish”等3)用介词for或者of后面的逻辑主语做句子的主格，用介词前边的形容词做表语，造这个句子，如果通顺用of，不通则用for2．不定式做表语：不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语eg : My dream is to be a teacher.3．不定式做宾语1）有些及物动词用不定式做宾语，结构为“动词+不定式”P2892）有些动词除了可以用不定式做宾语，还用些不定式做补语，即“动词+宾语+不定式”结构eg : I like to keep everything tidy.I like you to keep everything tidy.3）有些动词或动词词组可以用“动词+疑问词+不定式”的结构：eg : I want to know how to solve the problem.4）如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用“ it ”做形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语4．不定式做补语1）有些动词+宾语+不定式P291eg : Father will not allow us to play on the street.2）有些动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去eg : We believe him (to be) quilty (adj.)我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be fool. (n.) (to be不能省)3）有些动词可以跟”there + to be的结构eg : We didn‟t expect there to be so many people.You wouldn‟t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧？5．不定式做定语不定式做宾语，通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。
非谓语动词的逻辑主语
非谓语动词的逻辑主语非谓语动词是指在句子中作为动词，但没有表达主谓关系的一类动词形式。
在句子结构中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语可以是句子的主语、宾语、或者其他从句的主语/宾语。
本文将从句子结构、实例和用法等方面进行探讨，帮助读者更好地理解非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
1. 非谓语动词的基本形式非谓语动词包括动词的不定式、动名词和分词形式。
不定式以to+动词原形构成，动名词以动词的-ing形式构成，分词形式包括现在分词（动词-ing形式）和过去分词（动词的-ed、-en或其他变化形式）。
2. 非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词可以作为句子的主语，通常用于强调或在句子中充当逻辑主语。
例如：- To speak a foreign language fluently is important for international communication.（不定式作主语）- Swimming in the ocean is my favorite activity.（动名词作主语）- Reading books broadens our horizons.（动名词作主语）- Singing in the choir brings me joy.（现在分词作主语）3. 非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词也可以作为句子的宾语，常常跟在动词后面作补充说明。
例如：- I like to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）- He enjoys swimming in the lake.（动名词作宾语）- She heard him singing in the shower.（现在分词作宾语）4. 非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词还可以作为句子的状语，用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。
例如：- He went to the park to have a picnic.（不定式作目的状语）- Running quickly, he caught the last bus.（现在分词作方式状语）- Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（过去分词作时间状语）5. 主语的确定在使用非谓语动词时，需要确定逻辑主语。
非谓语动词的要点
非谓语动词的要点作者：安冬来源：《高中生·高考指导》2012年第02期一、非谓语动词的标志非谓语动词即不作谓语的动词，它具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等成分。
一般来说，一个英语单句由主语部分和谓语部分两部分构成。
除此之外，如果再出现动词，就须使用非谓语动词的形式。
例1 There is a great deal of evidence indicating that music activities engage different parts of the brain.析：因为there be句型中的there be为谓语部分，所以主语evidence后面的动词应用非谓语动词形式。
因为evidence与indicate之间为主谓关系，所以应用indicating。
例2 The news shocked the public，leading to great concern about students’ safety at school.析：该句为简单句，shocked是谓语动词，因此lead to要用非谓语形式。
因为主语news和lead to是主谓关系，所以用leading to。
区分并列谓语动词与非谓语动词的关键是：并列谓语最后两个并列成分之间有and/but/or 等并列连词，而非谓语动词通常是用逗号与主句分开。
如：He rose up，raised his eyes and looked at the sky.（rose，raised，looked为并列谓语动词）He rose up，surprised.（surprised为非谓语动词）二、非谓语动词的关键非谓语动词本身具有两个概念：一是时间概念，二是主动、被动概念。
一般来说，to do表示主动、将来（或几乎同时），doing表示主动、进行，done表示被动、完成。
把握它的这两个概念是理解非谓语动词根本含义的关键。
非谓语动词非谓语形式(详细)
非谓语动词非谓语形式(详细)动词非谓语形式一．基本概念：顾名思义，不担任谓语成分而担任其他语法功能的动词称为非谓语动词，有to do（动词不定式）/ -ing（现在分词/动名词）/ -ed（过去分词）三个形式。
由于他们不受主语人称和数的限制，故也称为"非限定动词"。
（研究中不要刻意去区分现在分词和动名词）二．非谓语动词的时态和语态意义：英语中动词有两大基本特征：时态和语态的变化。
非谓语动词也是动词，当然也具备动词的这两大特征。
1.时态概念：非谓语动词只有"过去、现在和将来"三个时间概念，他与谓语动词时态的区别是：谓语动词表示的是实际时间概念，如I am learning English.是指讲话的时候或那段时间里"我正在学英语"。
而非谓语动词的"过去、现在和将来"是指相对于谓语动词而言的"过去、现在和将来"，即先于谓语动词的行为或状态称为"过去时"，与谓语动词的行为或状态发生在同一时间（段）的称为"现在时"，而发生在谓语动词的行为或状态之后的称为"将来时"。
这个时间概念对于后面要讲的非谓语动词的句法功能是非常重要的。
2.语态概念：与谓语动词一样，非谓语动词也有主动语态和被动语态之分。
也就是要记住四句话：(1)表示将来时；(2)表示现在时；(3)表示曩昔时（一定是被动的）(4)动词不定式的完成时表示过去时非谓语动词的上述时态和语态概念是理解非谓语动词句法功能、应试判题和翻译的基础。
请你判断一下，下面句子中的非谓语动词是什么时态和语态：Your duty is to look after the sick child。
(你的责任是照料这个病孩。
将来/主动)The sick child needs to be looked after by a special person。
非谓语的常见误用情况
非谓语的常见误用情况由于自身的特点和复杂性，非谓语动词是较难掌握语法项目之一，也是各类考题热点命题方向。
非谓语动词内容很多，因此命题的知识点也有很多。
各类考题除了考查非谓语动词的基本功能外，还考查非谓语动词的形式变化以及动词与非谓语动词的不同搭配等。
易错点回顾：1. 下面短语中的to是介词，后面只能跟名词或动名词：devote oneself/one’s time, energy, etc. to(投入……)，get down to(着手干……)，lead to (通向，导致)，object to(反对)，pay attention to (注意)，look forward to (盼望)，be used to (习惯于)，stick to (坚持)等。
此种情况分类如下:一、动词+介词to+动名词1. admit to doing sth 承认做了某事2. apply to doing sth 适用于做某事3. object to doing sth 反对做某事4. see to doing sth 负责做某事5. stick to doing sth 坚持做某事6. take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事。
7. lead to通向8. see to 负责二、动词+宾语+介词to+动名词9.devote oneself to doing sth专心致力于做某事把……献给做某事；献身于做某事10. limit sth to doing sth 把…限制在做某事的范围内11. reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事12. give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事13. give one’s mind to doing sth 专心做某事14. have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事15. have an eye to doing sth 注意做某事15. have an eye to doing sth16. have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事17. pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事18. set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事三、be+形容词(含过去分词)+介词to+动名词19. be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事20. be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事21. be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事22. be reduced to doing sth使某人沦为做某事23. be devoted to doing sth 把时间(钱，精力等)献给做某事24. be limited to doing sth把……限制在做某事的范围内四、其他结构+介词to+动名词25. get down to doing sth开始做某事，认真处理某事26. look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事五、to作介词（后接名词、动名词）短语一览be / get / become used to 习惯于be given to 喜欢；癖好be related to 与…有关系be addicted to 沉溺于；对…上瘾be opposed to 反对devote oneself to献身于；专心于be devoted to 致力于；忠诚于be admitted to 被…录取；准进入be reduced to 沦为reduce…to…使…沦为be attached to附属于；喜欢；依恋be adjusted to 适应be known to 为…所知be married to 和…结婚be sentenced to被判处be connected to 和…连在一起be exposed to 暴露于；遭受be compared to 被比喻成compare… to…把…比作…be engaged to 与…订婚be / become / get accustomed to accustomed to 惯于；有…习惯be engaged to 与…订婚get down to 着手做lead to 导致object to反对；不喜欢；不赞成put one’s mind to全神贯注于give rise to 引起look forward to 盼望stick to 坚持pay attention to 注意attend to 专心；注意；照料see to 负责；注意contribute to对…作贡献；有助于make contributions to对…作贡献apply oneself to 致力于come close to几乎；将近reply to 回答add to 增加add up to 加起来in addition to除…之外turn to转向；求助于feel up to 能胜任于look up to 尊敬admit to承认belong to 属于take to 喜爱；开始cling to 附着fall to 开始respond to 回答；对…作出回应accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于amount to等于prefer… to…更喜欢set an example to 给…树立榜样refer to 谈到；参考；查阅agree to sth. 同意某事（比较：agree to do sth. 同意做某事）prefer… to…更喜欢take / make a trip to到…地方去join…to…把…和…连接起来turn a blind eye to对…视而不见turn a deaf ear to 对…充耳不闻show honor to向…表示敬意put an end to(bring… to an end) 结束set fire to 放火烧……drink (a toast) to 为……干杯propose a toast to 提议……happen to… 发生了……事occur to sb. 想起；想到total up to 总计达be close to 几乎；将近hold to 坚持；抓住help oneself to 随便用……hold on to 抓住；固守do harm to 对……有害处do wrong to 冤枉某人date back to 追溯到when it comes to… 谈到……时come to 来到；达到；结果为 (比较：come to do sth逐渐做某事)give an eye to着眼于have an eye to doing 打算the key to ……的答案describe to 向……描述treat sb. to sth. 请某人吃……trust sth. to sb.把某物委托给某人pay a visit to 参观……access to 进入；取得的方法be a stranger to 不习惯；对……陌生on one’s way to 在去某处的路上；在达成某事的过程中be kind to 对……和善be important to 对……重要be senior to 年龄长于……be equal to 和……相等be particular to ……所特有的（比较：be particular about 对……过于讲究；挑剔）be subject to 服从；隶属；易遭\受\患be familiar to 为……熟悉be similar to 和……相似be open to 对……开放be loyal to 对……忠诚be helpful to对……有益处be useful to对……有用be good to sb对某人好（比较：be good for 对……有益处）be bad to 对……不好be bad for（比较：对……有害处）be new to 对……不习惯；对……陌生as to 关于；至于next to（否定词前）几乎；be due to do sth.预定要做某事next to ……的旁边due to 由于；归因于……thanks to 多亏了；由于owing to 由于；因……的缘故in / with regard to 关于in /with relation to 关于；就……而论subject to 在……条件下；依照be given to 沉溺于be related to 与…相关get down to着手做lead to 着手做object to / be opposed to 反对p ut one’s mind to全神贯注于be equal to 胜任devote oneself to献身于give rise to 引起look forward to 盼望pay attention to 注意be addicted to 沉溺于…对…上瘾according to 根据access to 接近(某地的)方法contribute to 为…作贡献［误］His whole family objected to his give up the job.［正］His whole family objected to his giving up the job.2. 下列动词后只能跟不定式：afford, agree, ask, attempt, choose, decide, hope, expect, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题 2
一、不定式的逻辑主语当不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，用for引出逻辑主语，有时用of。
1.It+ be +形容词（+for sb.）+to do（形容词说明真正主语不定式。
）可作主宾表定状。
a)It was pretty hard for him to bring up the child on his own.（主）b)It’s impossible for the job to be finished in time. （被动式）（主）c)The note was a simple request for a porter to be sent to room 201. 指派搬运工到…（同位关系）d)I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
（宾）e)I would like for you to stay as long as you want. 我希望你留下来，想留多久就留多久。
（宾）f)His idea is for us to travel in train. 他的意思是要我们乘火车旅行。
（表）g)It’s time for everybody to go to bed. （定）h)The question is simple for him to answer. （状）有时可用for + there to be表示（there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
例如：It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
2.It+ be +形容词+of sb. +to do （形容词说明不定式的逻辑主语人的性格、特性等。
）可作主：It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time. It’s foolish of him to do it.It was wise of him to do that.●与of 连用的形容词常表赞扬或批评：right, wrong, careful, careless, possible, good, kind,nice, honest, modest, polite, lazy, foolish, silly, stupid, clever, wise, absurd, bold, brave,courageous, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked等。
非谓语动词在句子中的位置与与动词搭配特点
非谓语动词在句子中的位置与与动词搭配特点一、引言非谓语动词是汉语中的一种特殊形式，它在句子中的位置与动词搭配具有一定的特点。
本文将详细讨论非谓语动词在句子中的位置以及与动词搭配的特点。
二、非谓语动词的定义与分类非谓语动词是指在句子中充当动词的其他形式，不具备谓语功能。
常见的非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词。
在句子中，非谓语动词通常位于主要动词之前或之后，起到补充、修饰或限制的作用。
三、非谓语动词在句子中的位置1. 动词不定式动词不定式一般位于主要动词之前，可以表示目的、原因或方式等。
例如：- I went to the store to buy some groceries.（我去商店买些杂货。
）- She worked hard to achieve her goals.（她努力工作以实现她的目标。
）2. 动名词动名词一般位于主要动词之前或之后，一般用作主语、宾语或介词的宾语。
例如：- Swimming is my favorite sport.（游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
）- I enjoy playing the piano.（我喜欢弹钢琴。
）3. 分词分词可以位于主要动词之前或之后，用途较为复杂，可以用作定语、状语或主语补语等。
例如：- The book written by the author is very popular.（这本书是作者写的，非常受欢迎。
）- Being well-prepared, she confidently faced the challenge.（准备充分的她，自信地面对挑战。
）四、非谓语动词与动词的搭配特点1. 完成时态的搭配非谓语动词可以与动词的完成时态搭配使用，表示完成的动作或状态。
例如：- Having finished his homework, he went out to play.（完成作业后，他出去玩了。
）2. 逻辑主语的搭配非谓语动词可以作为逻辑主语与某些动词搭配使用，表达某种感觉或态度。
英语中的逻辑主语
逻辑主语：是非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者；它们在逻辑上存在着主谓关系或动宾关系，但不能直接作非谓语动词的主语，因此叫逻辑主语。
逻辑主语的判断：1. 句子主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语，它们之间是逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
例如：She likes helping others .（she 就是helping 的逻辑主语）Moved by my words , her father told me the truth . （her father 是moved 的逻辑主语）2. 介词of 或for的宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
例如：It”s kind of you to tell me the news . （you 是to tell 的逻辑主语）这个句子中，it是形式主语，句子的真正主语是to tell me the news.It is impossible for you to finish so much work in so short a time . （you 是to finish 的逻辑主语）3. 复合结构中的宾语就是非谓动词的逻辑主语。
例如：The doctor asked me to answer her question . （me 是to answer 的逻辑主语）I saw him playing at the river side . （him 是playing 的逻辑主语）在句子中不是谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分3种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。
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构成”名词普通格(或代词主格) + 分词”的结构,称为分词独立结 构.该结构通常修饰整个句子,表 示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况. The problem having been solved, we ended the meeting.(=having solved the problem, we ended the meeting.
I’ve been looking forward to going to Beijing for a long time. Norman hated being a fool.
2.动名词的逻辑主语如果不与 句子的主语一致，则该动名词 前一般有一个物主代词或名词 所有格作为它的逻辑主语．这 种 “ 物主代词或名词所有格＋ 动名词 ” 结构就是动名词的 复合结构．它在句中具有主语， 表语、定语或宾语的功能。
You should have finished your homework. We needn’t have worried about him. You shouldn’t have been there.
be ill. He must be waiting for us. have seen her.
He wants to learn English.
Some stars are too small to be seen. This point to be explained is about the long history of iron.
2.在以“宾语＋不定式”的复 合结构中，宾语就是不定式的 逻辑主语．
4.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing. A. To see B. Seeing C. See D. To be seen
5.She pretended ________the letter I wrote the day beforan’t can may might could
+
be n. / adj. / … be doing have done
Nobody opened the door. She might (may) have left. The road is all wet. It must have rained last night. I saw him just now. He can’t have gone to Shanghai.
A. not to receive B. not receiving C. not to hear from D. having not received
Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到他父亲的来信， 他决定给他打个电话。
Not having been finished, the book can’t be returned at present. The building being built is our new library.
完成式
Thank you for having helped me so much. He is praised for having devoted his life for his country.
Before being used, the machine must be checked.
对比下列句子 He insisted on being sent to hospital. He insisted on sending her to hospital.
She wants you to call him back at 11. I often heard him sing the song.
They want the machine to be tested at once.
3.在“ for/of ”+名词（或代词 的宾格）＋动词不定式的结构 中，“ for/of ” 后的名词（或 代词的宾格）为动词不定式的 逻辑主语． This is for you to decide.
3分词作定语时, 被修饰的名词 就是其逻辑主语. The hours being built is our laboratory. Officials say diseases caused directly by smoking kill at least 320,000 Americans every year.
Some companies are offering special gifts and lower prices to people signing an agreement to stop smoking.
4.分词独立结构
分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主 语与句中的主语不一致,它可 以有自己的逻辑主语.该逻辑 主语通常用名词的通格或代 词的主格表示,放在分词的前 面.
A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided
3.Is______necessary to change trains at Beijing? A. this C. it B. that D. he
It’s important for the students to learn a foreign language.
It’s very kind of you to dinner. 二．动名词的逻辑主语 He avoided giving us a definite answer.
Have you finished reading the book?
现在分词的时态和语态
时态 一般式
主 动
doing having done
被 动
being done having been done
完成式
现在分词的时态和语态：
Having been to the Great Wall many times, He didn’t go there yesterday. 分词的动作发生在谓语动词 的动作之前
注意下面句式
n.
S. + be worth
doing of + n. S. + be worthy to be done of being done
不定式的时态和语态
时态 一般式 主 动 to do 被 动 to be done
to have been 完成式 to have done done 进行式 to be doing 无
He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. He seems to be eating something I’m sorry 后 to have kept you waiting.
前
Pay special attention to: hoped promised wanted to have done wished 表示过去没有 expected 实现的期待和 planned 愿望
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Do you think her going there will be of any help?
They all thought Lao Li’s going there a great mistake. I had no idea of their having done such a thing.
三.分词的逻辑主语 1.分词作状语时,其逻辑主语 就是句中的主语.
When heated, water will be changed into vapour. Given enough time, he would do it better.
While heating water, we can change it into vapour.
时态 语态
逻辑 主语
练习
时态和语态
英语基本时态构成一览表
一般式 进行时 将来时 完成时
do be doing
shall / will do
have done
完成进行时 have been doing
动名词的时态和语态
时态
一般式
主 动
doing having done
被 动
being done having been done
Being a league member, he always sets a good example to others.
2.分词作宾语补足语时, 宾语 就是其逻辑主语.
Suddenly I heard the door opened. Suddenly I heard someone opening the door.
练习
1.____is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.
A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
2.When and where to build the new power station____ yet.
He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didn’t get there in time. We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month