文献翻译-数控技术
中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
加工中心数控技术出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日)作者：徐衡、段晓旭加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。
本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为：采用固定床身，电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上，床身导轨采用滚动导轨，可以实现Y方向的进给运动。
由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X，Y两个方向的进给运动;X，Y，Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠，并由交流伺服电机驱动。
导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。
加工中心（英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control）：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。
在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。
工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。
并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。
加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，数控系统能够处理加工程序，控制机床完成各种动作。
与普通机床相比，数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工，加工精度和生产效率都比较高，因而应用日益广泛。
数控机床的组成一般来说，数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。
数控机床是由程序控制的，零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。
伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分，计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。
普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机，分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。
【机械类文献翻译】数控技术与装备
NC technology and equipment数控技术与装备In China,the development of NC technology and equipment has been attached great importance to the considerable progress made in recent years.Especially in the common areas of computer numerical control,PC-based CNC system made that we have been in the forefront of the world.However,the technology research and industrial development in NC is also plagued with problems,especially in the technical innovation capability commercialization process,and other aspects of market share is particularly prominent.At the dawn of the new century,how to effectively address these issues,NC areas along the path of sustainable development in China.into the overall comprehensive advanced in the world,so we have a pivotal position in international competition.NC will be the research and development sector and the important tasks facing manufacturers.在我国，数控技术与装备的发展亦得到了高度重视，近年来取得了相当大的进步。
【机械类文献翻译】关于数控车床
英文原文On the NC latheCNC machine tool numerical control machine tools (Computer numerical control machine tools) abbreviation, is provided with a program control system of automatic machine tools. The logic control system can deal with the control code or other symbolic instruction specified program, and decoding the digital code, said information carrier, through the numerical control device input. After processing by CNC device control signals, control the machine movements, by drawing the shape and size requirements, will be automatically processed by the parts.Features: CNC machine tool operation and monitoring of all completed in the numerical control unit, it is the brain of CNC machine tools. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools has the following characteristics:● the processing object adaptability, adapt to the characteristics of mold products such as a single production, provide the appropriate processing method for die and mould manufacturing;● high machining accuracy, proce ssing with stable quality;● can coordinate linkage, processing complex shape parts;● machining parts change, only need to change the program, can save the preparation time of production;● the machine itself high precision, rigidity, can choose the amoun t of processing good, high productivity (3~5 times as common machine);The machine is a high degree of automation, reducing labor intensity;● conducive to the production management modernization. The use of CNC machine tools and the standard code of digital information processing, information transmission, the use of computer control method, has laid the foundation for the integration of computer aided design, manufacturing and management;● on the operators of higher quality, higher demands for the repair of the technical staff;● high reliability.Composition: CNC machine tools in general by the input medium, man-machine interactive equipment, CNC equipment, feed servo drive system, spindle servo drive system, the auxiliary control device, feedback apparatus and adaptive control device etc.. [4] in NC machining, NC milling processing is the most complex, need to solve most problems. NC programming of NC line in addition to CNC milling, cutting, CNC EDM, CNC lathe, CNC grinding, each with its owncharacteristics, servo system is the role of the motion signal is converted into the machine moving parts from the numerical control device of pulse. Concrete has the following parts: the structure of CNC machine tools.Driver: he is driving parts of CNC machine tools, actuator, including spindle drive unit, feeding unit, spindle motor and feed motor. He through the electric or electro-hydraulic servo system to realize the spindle and feed drive under the control of numerical control device. When several feed linkage, can complete the positioning, processing line, plane curve and space curve.The main performance(1) the main dimensions.(2) the spindle system.(3) feed system.(4) tool system.(5) electrical. Including the main motor, servo motor specifications and power etc..(6) cooling system. Including the cooling capacity, cooling pump output.(7) dimensions. Expressed as length * width * height.Development trend of CNC lathe:High speed, precision, complex, intelligent and green is the general trend in the development of CNC machine tool technology, in recent years, made gratifying achievements in practicality and industrialization. Mainly in the:1 machine tool composite technology to further expand with the CNC machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling - car compound, car milling compound, car - boring - drill - gear cutting compound, composite grinding, forming, composite processing, precision and efficiency of machining is greatly improved. "One machine is a processing factory", "one card, complete processing" concept is being accepted by more people, the development of compound processing machine tool is the trend of diversified.Intelligent technology 2 CNC machine tools have a new breakthrough, in the performance of NC system has been reflected more. Such as: automatically adjust the interference anti-collision function, after the power of workpiece automatically exit safety power-off protection function, machining parts detection and automatic compensation function of learning, high precision machining parts intelligent parameter selection function, process automatic elimination of machine vibration functions into the practical stage, intelligent upgrade the function of machine and quality.The 3 robots enable flexible combination of flexible combination of higher efficiency of robot and the host are widely used, make flexible line more flexible, extending the function, flexible line shorten further, more efficient. Robot and machining center, milling composite machine, grinder, gear processing machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser cutting machine, water cutting machine etc. various forms of flexible unit and flexible production line has already begun the application.4 precision machining technology has the machining precision of CNC metal cutting machine tools from the yarn in the original (0.01mm) up to micron level (0.001mm), some varieties has reached about 0.05 μ M. Micro cutting and grinding machining of ul tra precision CNC machine tools, precision can reach about 0.05 μ m, shape precision can reach about 0.01 μ M. Special processing precision by using optical, electrical, chemical, energy can reach nanometer level (0.001 μ m). By optimizing the design of ma chine tool structure, machine tool parts of ultra precision machining and precision assembly, using high precision closed loop control and temperature, vibration and other dynamic error compensation technology, improve the geometric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the shape of error, surface roughness, and into the submicron, nano super finishing tiThe 5 functional component to improve the performance of functional components are at a high speed, high precision, high power and intelligent direction, and obtain the mature application. A full digital AC servo motor and drive device, high technology content of the electric spindle, linear motor, torque motor, linear motion components with high performance, application of high precision spindle unit and other function parts, greatly improving the technical level of CNC machine tools.The feed drive system of CNC lathe:Effect of feed drive system,The feed drive system of CNC machine tools will be received pulse command issued by the numerical control system, and the amplification and conversion machine movements carry the expected movement.Two, the feeding transmission system requirementsIn order to guarantee the machining accuracy of NC machine tool is high, the feed drive system of transmission accuracy, sensitivity high (fast response), stable work, high stiffness and friction and inertia small, service life, and can remove the transmission gap.Category three, feed drive system1, stepping motor servo systemGenerally used for NC machine tools.2, DC servo motor servo systemPower is stable, but because of the brush, the wear resulting in use need to change. Generally used for middle-grade CNC machine tools.3, AC servo motor servo systemThe application is extremely widespread, mainly used in high-end CNC machine tools.4, the linear motor servo systemNo intermediate transmission chain, high precision, the feed speed, no length limit; but the poor heat dissipation, protection requirements are particularly high, mainly used for high-speed machine.Driving component four, feed system1, the ball screw nut pairNC machining, the rotary motion into linear motion, so the use of screw nut transmission mechanism. NC machine tools are commonly used on the ball screw, as shown in Figure 1-25, it can be a sliding friction into rolling friction, meet the basic requirements of the feed system to reduce friction. The transmission side of high efficiency, small friction, and can eliminate the gap, no reverse air travel; but the manufacturing cost is high, can not lock, size is not too big, generally used for linear feed in small CNC machine tool.2, rotary tableIn order to expand the scope of the process of NC machine tools, CNC machine tools in addition to make linear feed along the X, Y, Z three coordinate axes, often also need a circumferential feed movement around Y or Z axis. Circular feed motion of CNC machine tools in general by the rotary table to realize, for machining center, rotary table has become an indispensable part of.Rotary table of commonly used CNC machine tools in the indexing table and NC rotary table.(1) indexing tableIndexing table can only finish dividing movement, not circular feed, it is in accordance with the instructions in the NC system, when indexing will work together with the workpiece rotation angle. When indexing can also use manual indexing. Provisions of indexing table is generally only rotary angle (such as 90, 60 and 45 degree).(2) NC rotary tableNC rotary table appearance similar to the indexing table, but the internal structure and function is not the same. The main function of the NC rotary table is based on the numerical control devicesends command pulse signal, complete circumferential feed movement, various arc processing and surface processing, it can also be graduation work.3, guideRail is an important part of feed drive system, is one of the basic elements of the structure of machine tool, rigidity, precision and accuracy of NC machine tool which determines to a large extent retention. At present, guide the NC machine tool are sliding rail, rolling guideway and hydrostatic guideway.(1) sliding guideSliding guide rail has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, good stiffness, vibration resistance and high performance, widely used in CNC machine tools, the use of most metal plastic form, known as the plastic guide rail, as shown in figure 1-26.On characteristics of the plastic sliding guide: friction characteristic is good, good wear resistance, stable movement, good manufacturability, low speed.(2) rolling guideRolling guide is placed in the rail surface between the ball, roller or needle roller, roller, the rolling friction instead of sliding surface of the guide rail between wipe.Rolling guide rail and the sliding rail, high sensitivity, small friction coefficient, and the dynamic, static friction coefficient is very small, so the motion is uniform, especially in the low speed movement, the stick-slip phenomenon is not easy to occur; high positioning accuracy, repeatability positioning accuracy is up to 0.2 μ m; traction force is small, wear small, portable in movement; good precision, long service life. But the vibration of rolling guide, high requirements on protection, complicated structure, difficult manufacture, high cost.Automatic tool changer:One, the function of automatic tool changerAutomatic tool changing device can help save the auxiliary time of CNC machine tools, and meet in an installation completed procedure, step processing requirements.Two, on the requirement of automatic tool changerNumerical control machine tool for automatic tool changer requirement is: tool change quickly, time is short, high repetitive positioning accuracy, tool storage capacity is sufficient, small occupation space, stable and reliable work.Three, change the knife form1, rotary cutter replacementIts structure is similar to the ordinary lathe turret saddle, according to the processing of different objects can be designed into square or six angle form, consists of the NC system sends out the instruction to the rotary cutter.2, the replacement of the spindle head tool changeThe spindle head pre-loaded required tools, in order to machining position, the main motor is switched on, drives the cutter to rotate. The advantage of this method is that eliminates the need for automatic clamping, cutting tool, clamping and cutting tool moving and a series of complex operation, reduce tool change time, improveThe ATC reliability.3, the use of changing toolThe processing required tools are respectively arranged in the standard tool, adjust the size of the machine after certain way add to the knife, the exchange device from the knife and the spindle take knife switch.Four, the tool switching deviceAutomatic tool change device, device for knife library and the main shaft transmission and handling tool for tool exchange device. Tool exchange often have two kinds: mechanical hand tool exchange and by relative motion of knife and machine tool spindle exchange tool (knife to spindle forThe knife or the spindle motion to the knife knife tool change position), the mechanical hand tool change is most common.Five, the knifeThe knife is one of the most important parts in automatic tool changer, have great influence on the overall design of NC machine tool and its capacity, layout and structure.1, the capacity of the tool storageA number of knife inventory cutters, generally depending on the processing requirements. The capacity of small knife, can not meet the processing needs; capacity is too large, will make the knife database size, covers an area of large, tool selection process for a long time, and the knife library utilization rate is low, the structure is too complex, causing great waste. 2, the knife typeGenerally, the chain disc and drum type knife several.Disc cutter tool was circular arrangement, low utilization of space, size is not large but simple structure.Chain magazine compact structure, large capacity, link shape can also be random bed made of various forms and flexible layout, but also will change the cutter location prominent for tool change, widely used.Drum type or lattice type knife, covers an area of small, compact structure, large capacity, but cutter selection, tool movements are complicated, for centralized knife system for FMS.3, tool selectionOften order tool selection and random selection tool two.The order of tool selection is before processing, the processing required tools to process sequence of insert knife knife, order not wrong, processing adjust knife in order. The work piece changes, the need to reset the tool sequence, the operation is simple, and the processing tool with a workpiece can not be repeated use.A knife is the cutting tool has its own code, optional and can be repeatedly used in processing, also do not put in the fixed knife, knife, the knife is convenient.Technology file is the guiding file workers during processing, process scheme is reasonable, not only affect the efficiency of NC machining, and will directly affect the machining quality. Therefore, before NC programming, NC machining process follows the process of certain principles and combined with the characteristics of CNC lathe seriously and develop in detail the good parts.In the CNC lathe processing parts, should according to the principle of dividing process concentrated, in a fixture as far as possible to complete the most or even all of the surface processing. Part positioning, according to the structure of different shapes, usually cylindrical, face or end clamping, and strive to design basis, process reference and programming the unification datum.The main contents are: analysis of NC machining technology of part drawings, clear processing content; determination method, workpiece on lathe the surface processing sequence and tool feed line and cutting tools, fixtures and cutting the amount of choice.Analysis, part drawing processIn the machining process planning of parts, first of all to carry on in-depth analysis to the processing object. For NC turning process should consider the following aspects:1 reading part drawing, analysis of geometric conditions of part contourIn turning process of manual programming, to calculate each node coordinates; in automatic programming, to define the components outline all geometric elements. Therefore, in the analysis of parts should pay attention to:Parts of the map is missing a dimension, the geometric conditions are not sufficient to constitute the part outline, influence;Map location map parts of the ambiguity or dimension is not clear, so that the program can't start;The part drawing geometry given is not reasonable, resulting in mathematical difficulties.The part drawing dimensioning methods should adapt to the characteristics of CNC lathe processing, should size or directly given coordinate dimension with the same standard.2 dimensional accuracy requirementsAnalysis of the pattern of parts size precision requirements, to determine whether achieve the turning process, and determine the process method to control the dimension precision.In the analysis process, but also can convert some dimensions such as size, incremental and absolute size and dimension chain calculation. In the use of NC lathe turning parts, average value of components often required size and maximum and minimum limit of size size as the basis of programming.3 shape and position accuracy requirementsPattern of parts tolerance of shape and location given is important foundation to ensure the parts precision. When machining parts, to determine the location reference and measurement reference according to the requirements, can also carry out some technical processing according to the special needs of CNC lathe parts, in order to control effectively the shape and position accuracy.4 requirements of surface roughnessSurface roughness is an important requirement of micro precision parts of the surface, but also the reasonable selection of NC lathe, cutting tools and cutting the amount determined on the basis of.5 material and heat treatment requirementsThe part drawing on material and heat treatment given requirements, is the choice of cutter, CNC lathe, cutting the amount determined on the basis of model.Determination of two and fixture, clamping scheme selectionDivision 1.(1) according to the tool used by the process division can improve machining efficiency.(2) can keep the NC lathe machining according to the rough, finishing process division adopted this approach accuracy.The 2 part is determined and the fixture clamping scheme selectionThe CNC lathe parts mounting method is the same with the ordinary lathe, universal fixture should try to choose the existing clamping, and attention should be paid to reduce clamping times, as far as possible in one clamping parts can put all to processing surface processing. Datum location should be coincident with the design reference, in order to reduce the positioning error effect on the dimensional accuracy.CNC lathe with chuck with three jaws to clamp workpiece; shaft parts can also be used to support the tailstock center. Due to the NC lathe spindle speed is very high, for the convenience of the workpiece clamping, the use of hydraulic high-speed power chuck, because it is in the production plant has passed the strict balanced, with a high speed (the speed limit is 4000 ~ 6000rpm), high clamping force (the maximum force is 2000 ~ 8000N), high precision, convenient adjusting claw, a through hole long service life, etc.. By adjusting the pressure of oil cylinder, which can change the clamping force, the special needs of holding various thin-walled workpiece deformation and easy to meet.Deformation of slender shaft processing to reduce stress, improve the machining accuracy, as well as in processing the shaft with hole workpiece inner hole, the hydraulic automatic centering central frame, the centering precision can reach 0.03 mm.Three, determine the processing order and feed routeDetermination of 1 processing sequenceIn the process of NC machine tool, as the processing object is complicated, especially the shape and position of the myriads of changes curve, with the influence of different materials, different from that of the bulk and other factors, in the formulation of the processing sequence of specific parts, should make a concrete analysis and distinction, flexible processing. Only in this way, can the processing order of the rational, so as to achieve excellent quality, high efficiency and low cost objective.(1) the coarse to fineIn order to improve production efficiency and ensure the precision parts processing quality, in the cutting process, should arrange the roughing process, in a relatively short period of time, the finishing before machining allowance amount of removed, at the same time as much as possible to meet the precision machining allowance uniformity requirements.When the roughing process arrangement is finished, and then arrange the semi-finish machining and finish machining for the knife after the. Among them, arrange the semi-finishing aims, when after the rough machining allowance of uniformity can not meet the precision requirement, canarrange the semi-finish machining as a transitional process, in order to make the finishing allowance is small and uniform.In the arrangement of a knife or blade finish machining process of the part, the final contour should be the last knife and continuous processing. At this time, the cutting tool and cutter location to consider appropriate, try not to arrange the cut and cut out or tool change and pause in a continuous contour, so as to avoid sudden changes of cutting force caused by elastic deformation, resulting in smooth connection defects, surface scratch shape mutation or retention tool mark profile.(2) to nearly far after processing, reduce air travel timeHere said the far and near, is according to the processing site relative to the size of the knife point distance. In general, especially in the rough, usually arranged from near the site of the first processing tool, tool bit far from site after processing, in order to shorten tool moving distance, reduce air travel time. For turning, the first after the far past helps maintain the rough orsemi-finished parts of the rigid, improve the cutting condition.(3) and crossOn both the inner surface (inner type cavity), and outer surface of machined parts, the processing sequence arrangement, should be done before and after surface rough machining, inner and outer surface finishing. Must not be parts of a portion of the surface (the inner or outer surface) after machining, processing and other surface (inner or outer surface).(4) surface of first principlesSurface is used as a fine benchmark priority should be processed, because the surface of locating datum is more precise, clamping error is smaller. For example, shaft parts processing, always first machining center hole, and then to the center hole for precision machining surface and surface.The principle is not immutable and frozen, for some special cases, you need to take a flexible scheme.Determination of processing feed line 2The feed line is the tool relative to the workpiece in the whole movement process, it not only includes the steps of content, but also reflect the step sequence. One of the feed line is the basis of programming.Determine the processing route must keep the size precision and surface quality of machining parts, then consider the numerical calculation is simple, knife route as short as possible, higher efficiency. Because of the feed line finishing is basically along the contour sequence, therefore the determination of feed line focus is to determine the feed line rough machining and air travel. The following will analyze:(1) the relationship between processing route and machining allowanceIn the CNC lathe is not to popularize the use of conditions, the general should be a roughcast margin too much, especially with forging, casting hard layer cushion placed in ordinary lathe. If must use NC lathe machining, should pay attention to the flexible program. The first cutting processing must arrange some subroutine to margin too much site.(2) the tool cut, cut outThe processing of CNC machine tools, to arrange the tool cut, cut out the route, the tangent direction to make the tool along the outline of the cut, cut out.(3) to determine the shortest route for emptyDetermine the shortest tool path, in addition to rely on a lot of practical experience, should be good at analysis, if necessary, supplemented by some simple calculations.(4) determine the cutting feed shortestCutting feed route is short, can effectively improve the production efficiency, reduce the tool wear. In the cutting feed route arrangement the rough or semi-finished, it shall also take into account to be rigid and processing parts processing technology requirements, do not care for this and lose that.Four, to determine the cutting parametersCNC programming, the programmer must determine the cutting parameters of each process, and instructions in the form of written procedures. Cutting parameters including spindle speed, depth of cut and feed speed. For the different processing methods, selection of cutting parameters for different needs. Principle of selection of cutting parameters is: to ensure the accuracy and surface roughness of the parts processing, give full play to the tool cutting performance, guarantee a reasonable tool life and give full play to the performance of the machine tool, to maximize the productivity, reduce the cost of.To determine the 1 spindle speed(1) determine the spindle speed of light carSpindle speed should be based on the allowable cutting speed and workpiece diameter selection, the calculation formula is as followsN=1000v/ (d)Type V -- the cutting speed (M / min), determined by the tool life.N -- the spindle speed (R / min);D -- or the diameter of cutter and workpiece diameter (mm).Spindle speed calculation n finally depends on the machine specifications selecting machine or close to the speed of.(2) the car threaded spindle speedIn thread cutting, the lathe spindle speed will be thread pitch (or lead) factors affecting size, driving motor movements frequency characteristics and thread interpolation operation speed, the different NC systems, recommended the spindle speed range of different options. Spindle speed as most ordinary lathe CNC system recommended threading:N ≤ 1200/p-KType P -- pitch or lead the thread (mm);K -- the insurance factor, usually taken as 80;N -- the spindle speed, rpm.To determine the 2 feed speedThe feed velocity is an important parameter in the CNC machine tool cutting, mainly according to the machining accuracy and surface roughness value selection of parts and tool, workpiece material properties. The maximum speed limit by the performance of machine tool stiffness and feed system.To determine the feed speed is the principle:(1) when the workpiece quality requirements can be guaranteed, in order to improve the production efficiency, can choose the higher feed rate. 100 ~ 200mm / min range selection.(2) in cutting, machining deep hole or processing of high-speed steel cutting tool, should choose a lower feeding rate, generally in the 20 ~ 50mm / min range selection.(3) when processing high precision and surface roughness values is small, the feed rate should be smaller, the range of 20~50mm/min selection.(4) the tool to air travel, especially to zero distance, can be set to the highest feed speed setting of the machine tool CNC system.To determine the depth of the 3The cutting depth was decided according to machine tool, workpiece and cutting tool rigidity, stiffness in the permit conditions, should as far as possible back an amount equal to the machining allowance of the workpiece, thus reducing the feeding times, improve production efficiency. In。
【机械类文献翻译】数控仿真技术
The numerical control simulation technology1、computer simulation concept and the applicationLooked from the project angle that,the simulation was through studies one to the system model experiment to have or in the design system.Analyzes the complex dynamic object,the simulation is one effective method,may reduce the risk,reduces cycle which designs and makes, and saves the investment.The computer simulation is draws support from the computer,the use system model conducts the experimental study to the actual system the process.But it develops rapidly along with the computer technology development,holds the more and more important status in the simulation.The computer simulation process may the essential factor three basic activities which through shown in Figure1describe:The modelling activity is through to the actual system observation or the examination,and cannot examine the variable in the neglect secondary factor in the foundation,carries on the description with physical or mathematics method,thus obtains the actual system the simplification approximate model.Here model should have the similarity with between the actual system function and the parameter and the correspondence.The simulation model is(simplification model)carries on certain algorithm processing to the system mathematical model,after causes it to become the appropriate form(for example becomes numerical integration iterative computation model),becomes can by the computer accept“may calculate the model”.The simulation model says to the actual system is a model which two times simplifies.The simulation experiment is refers the system simulation model the process which moves on the computer.The simulation is studies the actual system through the experiment one kind of technology,may clarify the system intrinsic structure variable and the environmental condition influence through the simulation technology.The computer simulation technology trend of development mainly displays in two aspects: Application domain expansion and simulation computer intellectualization.Not only the computer simulation technology in the traditional project area of technology(aspects and so on aviation, astronautics,chemical industry)continues to develop,moreover expands to the social economy, the biology and so on many non-project domains,in addition,technical and so on parallel processing,artificial intelligence,knowledge library and expert system development are affecting the simulation computer development.The numerical control processing simulation simulates the actual processing process using the computer,is confirms the numerical control processing procedure the reliability and the forecast cutting process powerful tool,reduces the work piece to try to cut,enhances the production efficiency.2、numerical control simulation technology research present situationNumerical control engine bed processing components are depend on the numerical control instruction procedure control to complete.In order to guarantee the numerical control procedure the accuracy,prevented in the processing process the interference and the collision occurrence,in the actual production,often uses the method which tries to cut to carry on the examination.But this method requires a lot of work uses a lot of material,the price is expensive,causes theproduction cost rise,increased the product process period and the production cycle.Afterwards used the track display law,namely delimited the needle or the pen replaces the cutting tool, replaced the work piece by the color plate or the paper to come the simulation cutting tool path the two-dimensional graph(also to be possible to demonstrate two-dimensional half processing path), had the quite big limitation.Regarding work piece three dimensional and multi-dimensional processing,also useful easy to cut the material replaces the work piece(for example,paraffin wax, lumber,modified resin and plastic and so on)examine the processing the cutting path.But,tries to take the numerical control engine bed vitally and to process the scene.Therefore,the people can gradually replace the computer simulation method continuously in the research which tries to cut, and was trying to cut aspects and so on environment simulation,simulation computation and graphical display has made the important progress,at present to is enhancing the model the precision,the simulation calculates the solid current events and improvement graphical display directions and so on third dimension develops.From tries to cut the environment the model characteristic to look that,at present the NC cutting process simulation is divided the geometry simulation and the mechanics simulation two aspects.The geometry simulation did not consider the cutting parameter,the cutting force and other physical factor influence,only the simulation cutting tool work piece geometric solid movement,confirms the NC procedure the accuracy.It may reduce or the elimination the engine bed damage,the jig which causes because of the program error destroys or the cutting tool breaks off,questions and so on components abandonment;Simultaneously may reduce from the product designs to the manufacture time,reduces the production cost.The cutting process mechanics simulation belongs to the physical simulation category,it through the simulation cutting process dynamic mechanics characteristic forecast the cutting tool breakage,the cutting tool vibrate,the control cutting parameter,thus achieves the optimized cutting process the goal.The geometry simulation technology development is,including the qualitative graphical display and the quota interference which develops along with the geometry modeling technology development confirms two aspects.At present the commonly used method has the direct entity model theory,asks based on the image space method and the separate vector to hand over the law.3、direct entity model theoryThis method is refers to the enveloping body which the work piece body and the cutting tool movement forms to carry on the entity Boolean difference operation,the work piece body three-dimensional model along with the cutting process is renewed unceasingly.Sungurtekin and Velcker have developed a milling machine analogous system.This system uses the CSG law to record the semifinished materials the three-dimensional model,uses some base map Yuan like cuboid,the circular cylinder,the cone and so on,with the set operation, specially and operates,scans the semifinished materials and a series of cutting tools the region to record,then the application difference of sets operation from the semifinished materials the order except has scanned the region.So-called the region which has swept the region is refers the cutting tool along some path movement when passes through.After scanned each section of NC code to demonstrate changed semifinished materials shape.Kawashima and so on the joint tree law and cuts the semifinished materials the region to set up with the joint(graftree)to indicate that,namely except spatial and the full two kind of points, the boundary point also took eight forks set up(octtree)the leaf point.The boundary pointcontains the half space,the point object use expressed on these half space CSG operation.The joint tree subdivides level half space integer decision which permits by the boundary point.The gradually cutting simulation and cuts the region using the semifinished materials the difference operation to realize.The semifinished materials demonstration has used the depth buffer algorithm, the semifinished materials division is the polygon realization semifinished materials visualization.With semifinished materials real-time visualization which renews continuously based on the entity modelling method realization,consumes when too is long,therefore some are raised based on the observation method.数控仿真技术1计算机仿真的概念及应用从工程的角度来看，仿真就是通过对系统模型的实验去研究一个已有的或设计中的系统。
中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
Reference: classification and their respective characteristics of nc machining center Press: chemical industry press; Version 1 (March 16, 2009)Author: Xu Heng, Duan XiaoxuMachining center is a typical set of high-tech machining equipment in one, itsdevelopmentrepresents a country'slevel of design andmanufacture greatlyimproved laborproductivity, reducelabor costs, improvedworking environmentand reduce the laborof workers strength.This movementthrough the differentprograms and thedesign of variouscomponents of qualitative analysis and comparison of vertical machining centers to determine the progress of education to drive the program are: fixed-bed body, spindle seat installed by installing the sliding seat rail bed , use rolling guide rail bed can beachieved to the movement into the Y direction. Precision CNC XY table by a two-way drive to complete the workpiece X, Y two directions into a movement; X, Y, Z three directions of movement are ball screw feed, driven by AC servo motor. Guides, ball screws with the corresponding lubrication, protection and other devices.Processing center ( English abbreviate is CNC called Computerized Numerical Control ): is the library with a knife and automatic tool changer of a highly automated multi function numerical control machine tool. In China, Hongkong, Taiwan and Guangdong generation also has many people call it the computer gongs.Workpiece in machining center by a clamping, digital control system can control the machine tool according to different process, automatic selection and replacement of tools, automatically change the spindle speed, feed rate and cutting tool relative to the workpiece movement track and other auxiliary functions, followed by the completion of several surface workpiece multiple processing procedures. And there are a variety of changing knife or blade selection function, thereby greatly improving the production efficiency.Machining center CNC machine tool is provided with a computer numerical control system of machine tools, CNC system capable of processing procedures, control machine tools to complete a variety of actions. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools to complete the plane curve and space curve surface machining, the machining precision and the production efficiency is relatively high, so it has been widely applied.The composition of CNC machine toolsIn general, numerical control machine tool is composed of a mechanical part, a digital control computer, servo system, PC control part, hydraulic pressure drive system, cooling and lubrication and discharge device. CNC machine tool is controlled by a program, part of the programming work is the important part of NC machine tool. Servo system of CNC machine tool is driven in part, computer output control command is generated by the servo system coordinate movement. Ordinary vertical machining center with three servo motors to respectively drive workbench,longitudinal, transverse worktable, spindle box along the X direction, Y, Z to exercise. X, Y, Z are mutually vertical coordinate axis, so when the machine three coordinate linkage can machining space curved surface. And for the five axis linkage CNC machine, is a B axis and C axis. The Y axis of rotation of the shaft as the axis B, Z axis of rotation of the shaft as the C axis.The processing of CNC machine tools motionMachining by cutting the main movement and feed motor complete, control the main movement can be a reasonable speed, to control the feed can obtain all kinds of different machining surface. CNC machine tool coordinate motion is motion, for the three coordinate NC machine tool, the coordinates of the direction of movement is usually perpendicular to each other, whereby the respective along the Cartesian coordinates X, Y, Z axis positive and negative direction. How to control the moving coordinate system to complete different kinds of spatial curved surface processing is the main task of digital control. As we all know, in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates, space any point can be used X, Y, Z coordinate values to indicate, to a space curve can also use the three-dimensional coordinate function to express. How to control the axis of movement to finish machining of curved surface? Now to introduce it.Curved surface cutting tool moving trajectory and theoretic curves do not coincide, but an approximation line. Due to various interpolation formula is different, the approximation of the line are also different, usually has the following several calculation methods: point by point comparison method, integration method and time division method.The advantages, disadvantages of NC machine toolCNC machine tool has many advantages, it is developing very quickly, become the dominant machine machining.( 1) machining with NC machine tool can achieve good accuracy, stable processing qualityCNC machine tool transmission parts, particularly a ball screw with high precision. The assembly eliminates the transmission gap, and the use of improved stiffness measures, so the transmission precision is very high. Machine tool use rolling guide rail or bonded with the friction coefficient is small synthetic plastic, thus reducing the friction force, elimination of slow speed creeping. Loop, loop servo system, with high accuracy position detection device, and at any time to position error feedback to the computer, which can timely error correction. Thus the CNC machine tools to obtain high precision. CNC machine tools of all operations are performed by program control, if the control system is stable and reliable, it is very reliable, and the manual operation, numerical control machine tool without human interference, and stable processing quality.( 2) has a high production efficiencyIn the NC machine tool is usually not heavy grinding clamping type props, with hard surface coating, so the high cutting speed. Using a tool for cutting, machining center knife with a sufficient number of cutter, automatic tool change speed is very quick, air travel speed is in 15m/min above, some reached 240m/min, so the auxiliary time is short.Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tool production efficiency can be increased by 2~3 times, some can reach several tens of times.( 3) multiple functionsMany numerical control machine tool has many processing functions, on one machine can be boring, boring, milling, slot milling, milling plane cam curves and contours, and lettering.In addition to clampingsurface of thehexahedron fivesurface processing,sometimes also withthe coordinate planeangled plane processing. Installed in a card to complete a variety of processing, can be eliminated by the repeated clamping errors. Also reduces the measuring and clamping auxiliary time.( 4) in different parts of adaptabilityIn the same units of CNC machine tools can be adapted to different types and sizes of the parts processing, as long as the replacement of the processing procedures, can change the processing parts varieties.( 5) to complete the common machine tool can not complete the complex surface processingSome of the space curved surface, such as a screw surface, five coordinate NC machine tool processing, so that the performance is greatly improved; NC copying a broader range of applications, with repeated application, image processing function.( 6) CNC machine tools can greatly reduce the labor intensity of workers, and has higher economic benefit.Everything has its duality, CNC machine tools is not without drawbacks, mainly has the following several aspects:1) high price, a large investment.2) repair and operate more complicated requirements with high technical level and cultural level of the workers and staff in operation and repair repair. NC machine tool is the development of science and technology results. High technology products, certain requirements of high technology talent operation and repair, and if it is a weakness, still be inferior to saying it to people culture to improve the technology level of a promotion.CNC machine tool is applicable to many varieties, small batch production; the more complex shapes, high precision parts processing; frequent update of the products, the production cycle short processing; NC machine tool can be composed with automation workshop and factory automation ( FA ), the more is composed of flexible automation production line ( FML ), flexible manufacturing unit ( FMC ) and flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ).CNC machine tool classificationAt present, CNC machine too ls complete varieties, many specifications, but from different angles and in various principles of classification.According to the technological purpose classification( 1) metal cutting type NC machine tool of this kind of machine tool and the traditional general breed of machine tool, CNC lathes, CNC milling machine, CNC drilling machine, CNC grinding machines, CNC boring machine and machining center. Machining centers with automatic tool changer, installed in a card can be a variety of processes of CNC machine tools.( 2) metal molding CNC machines such as CNC bending machine, CNC bending machine, CNC turret press.( 3) NC machining and other types of CNC machines such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM machine, CNC laser cutting machine, CNC flame cutting machine.Vertical machining center: refers to the spindle axis and a worktable arranged vertically processing center, is mainly suitable for processing board type, disc type, mold and small housing complex parts. Vertical machining center can finish milling, boring, drilling, tapping and using thread cutting process. Vertical machining center is at least three two axis, the general can achieve three three axis. Some five axes, six axis control. Vertical machining center column height is limited, to a case-body-like workpiece processing to be reduced, this is a vertical machining center. But the vertical machining center the workpiece clamping, convenient location; cutting tool trajectory easy observation, convenient debugging program check measurement, can discover a problem in time, is shut down or modified; cooling condition easy to establish, cutting fluid can directly reach the tool and machining surface; a three coordinate axis and Cartesian coordinates anastomosis, intuitional sense and pattern from the perspective of consistent, chip easy removal and fall, to avoid scratching the processed surface. And the corresponding horizontal machining center, and has the advantages of simple structure, small occupied area, low price.Machining center is a under the control of the computer with automatic tool changing system can complete multiple process composite processing automationmachine tool, and a forward high speed, high precision, modularization, network and complex of the direction of development. The machining center is a typical set of high-tech in one of the mechanical processing equipment, its high production efficiency, good flexibility, the use of a machine and is easy to process the complex curve, surface features, has become the industry developed countries the main processing equipment and machinery industry. A national processing center has quantity, consumption and overall technical level and the national machinery industry manufacturing technology level is closely related to. China's processing center begins from 70 time, already had very great progress, but the technology, variety and quantity are not adapted to the economy of our country, the needs of technology development. Enter after twenty-first Century, Chinese processing center consumption with the military and civilian machinery industry large-scale technical reformation and rapid growth, such as the 2001 China machining center consumption was only 2662 (of which imports 2290 ), and the same year the United States, Japan and German machining center consumption respectively 11505, 6090 and 5291. By 2005, China processing center consumption soared to about 13200 ( estimates, machining center output data not released), which imports 10343. In 2005 the processing center consumption is 4.96 times that of 2001, year all amplitude is amounted to 49.2%, in one fell swoop over the United States, Japan, Germany and countries, to become the world most the country consumption processing center.According to the "machinist " magazine andother units of the survey,from nearly 600 copies onthe user's effectivequestionnaire results,machining centerapplication has beenthroughout the 26 industries, including automobiles, motorcycles and spare parts manufacturing industry accounted for 34%, aerospace and military industry accountedfor 24%, accounting for 18% of machine tool industry, the mold industry accounted for 15%, light industry machinery industry accounted for 9%. In these enterprises have the processing center, although the popular type of vertical and horizontal machining centers still accounted for the majority, but the multi-axis, high speed, large precision and other high-end machining centers also occupy a certain proportion, such as in a survey of nearly 600 users, with 5 axis machining center 24%. Description of Chinese consumption market of machining center although popular mid-range machine, but high-grade machine in consumption proportion is estimated that 15% to 20%. China's consumption of machining center most rely on imports ( 2005 imports accounted for more than 70% of consumption ), import an amount of $1297000000, ranking first in all kinds of machine tool imports, mainly from Japan, China, Taiwan, Germany and South Korea to import. The first half of 2006, China imported machining center 5511, amount 688000000 dollar, grow respectively compared to the same period 20% and 11%, still maintain two digit growth, China machining center market scale and growth space.The technological level of industrial equipment and modernization of the entire national economy determines the level and degree of modernization, numerical control technology and equipment is the development of new high-tech industry and cutting-edge industries ( such as information technology and industry, biological technology and industry of aviation, aerospace and other defense industry industries) of the enabling technology and the most basic equipment, Kyth once said, " the distinction between the economic times, what is not production which is how the production, what the production of labor manufacturing technology and equipment is the human production of the most basic means of production activities, and numerical control technology is today's advanced manufacturing technology and equipment, the core technology. This in order to enhance the level of manufacturing capacity and to increase the dynamic market, adapt to the widely used around the world NC manufacturing technology, in addition, the developed countries in the world the numerical control technology and numerical control equipment as the strategic materials of the country, not only take significant measures to develop its own digitaltechnology and its industry, but also in the "sophisticated " digital key technology and equipment to China's policy of closures and restrictions. In conclusion, develop energetically with numerical control technology as the core of the advanced manufacturing technology has become the world each developed countries to accelerate economic development, enhance comprehensive national strength and the national status of important ways.NC technology is the use of digital information on the mechanical movement and the work process control technology, numerical control equipment is based on CNC technology as the representative of the new technology to traditional industry and burgeoning manufacturing industry form the infiltration of electromechanical integration products, the so-called digital equipment, the technical scope covers many fields: ( 1) machinery manufacturing technology; ( 2) information processing, processing, transmission technology; ( 3) automatic control technology; ( 4) servo drive technology; sensor technology; ( 5) ( 6) software technology.The development tendency of CNC numerical control technology application is not only to the traditional manufacturing industry has brought a revolutionary change, make the manufacturing industry to become a symbol of industrialization, and, with the continuous development of NC technology and the expansion of application fields, beneficial to the people's livelihood he on some important industry ( IT, automobiles, light industry, medical and so on ) development plays a more and more important, because these industries needed equipment digital is a modern development trend.Numerical control technology in China started in 1958, nearly 50 years of the development process can be divided into 3 stages: the first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed type development stage. At this stage, because foreign technology blockadeand our basic conditionsof development ofnumerical controltechnology is relativelyslow. The second stageis in the national " six five ", " seven five " and " eight five " during early restriction, namely technology introduction, digestion and absorption, preliminary build localization system stage. At this stage, because of reform and opening up the country, and the importance of research and development of environment and international environment improvement. Our country numerical control technology research and development as well as in the domestic products have made considerable progress. The third stage is in the national " eight five " and " Nine Five " of the late period, namely the implementation industrialization research, into the market competition stage. At this stage, China's domestic CNC equipment industry has made substantial progress. The "Nine Five " stage, domestic CNC machine tool 's 50% share of the domestic market with domestic NC system ( Universal ) also reached 10%. Looking at China's CNC technology development course of nearly 50 years, especially after the 4 5 years plan research, overall obtained the following results. Lay the CNC technology development foundation, basic knowledge of modern NC technique. China now has basically mastered from the NC system, servo drive, NC machine, special machines and accessories based technology. Most of these techniques have commercial development foundation, part of technology commercialization, industrialization. B. initially formed the industrial base of CNC, the research achievements and technology commercialization based on. To establish such as CNC, aerospace has a production capacity of the production plant of CNC system, CNC and a number of servo system and servo motor production plant, Beijing first machine tool plant, Ji'nan first machine tool plant of machine manufacturing plant. These factories basically formed our country numerical control industry base. C. established a CNC research, development, management personnel of the basic team. In the numerical control technology research and development and industrialization has made considerable progress, but we also should realise soberly, our high-end CNC technology research and development. Especially in the industrialization level of technical current situation and the reality of China's demand to still have bigger difference. Although from a longitudinal look at our country develops very fast, but transverse than ( contrast with abroad ) not only technical level to have difference, insome aspects of development speed also has difference, i.e. the number of sophisticated CNC equipment technical level difference has distensible tendency. Internationally, to our country numerical control technology and industrialization level is estimated as follows. The level of A. technique, with foreign advanced level lags behind about 10 ~ 15 years, in the sophisticated technology is larger. B. industrialization level, the market is had rate is low, breed coverage, has formed the scale of production, functional components of professional production level and complete sets of capacity is low; the appearance quality is relatively poor; reliability; commercialization; domestic CNC system has not been established their own brand, customer confidence. C. sustainable development ability of competition, before NC technology research and development, engineering ability is weaker; CNC technical application field strength is not strong; related standards, research, develop lag, analyse the existence of the gap between the main reason has the following sides, A. recognition. On domestic CNC industry process difficult, the complexity and the long-term characteristic of insufficient understanding; to the market is not standardized, overseas blockade and kill the system difficult underestimate; to our country numerical control technology application level and ability analysis is not enough. B. system, from the technical point of view about numerical control industrialization problem when much, from the system the angle of industrial catenary considering CNC industrialization problem when little; not the establishment of a complete quality system, perfect training, service network support system. C. mechanism of adverse mechanisms causing the loss of talented people, and restricted technology and technical route of innovation, product innovation, and restricts the effective implementation of the project, often the planning ideal, implementation difficulties. D. technology, enterprise technology independent innovation capability is not strong, the core technology of engineering ability is not strong, bed standard is backward, level is low, the new standard is not enough research of CNC system.control technology andindustrial development strategy:( 1) the strategic considerationof our country is a bigmanufacturing country in theworld, in the transfer ofindustry to accept the frontrather than the back transfer,namely to grasp the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in the new roundinternational industry structural adjustment, our country manufacturing industry willfurther " air core ". Our resources, environment, market price exchange may be thenew world economic pattern in the international " machining center " or " assemblycenters ", rather than to master the core technology of manufacturing center position,this will seriously affect our country with the development of modern manufacturingprocess. First, from the social security, because we should stand in the height ofnational security strategy to take the numerical control technology and the industrycontrol, industry in China is the most populous industry employment, manufacturingindustry development can not only improve the people's living standard, but also canalleviate the pressure of employment of our country social stability; secondly, fromthe defense safety, western developed countries have sophisticated CNC products areclassified as national strategic material for China to realize embargo and restrictions, "Toshiba event " and " the Cox report " is the best example. ( 2) development strategyfrom the perspective of China's basic national conditions, to the needs of nationalstrategy and national economy to market demand-oriented, to improve China'sequipment manufacturing industry comprehensive competitive ability andindustrialization level as the goal, in a systematic way, leading to the beginning of thetwenty-first Century time choice of China's equipment manufacturing industryupgrade key techniques and support industrialization development technology,supporting technology as the research content of the development of equipmentmanufacturing industry leaping development. Emphasize the market demand oriented, i.e. to terminal NC products, to machine ( such as the large volume of CNC lathes, milling machine, high speed and high precision high performance machine tools, key industries and key equipment ) drives the NC industry development, solve CNC system and related functional components ( digital servo system with high speed electric motor, the spindle system and the new equipment accessories ) reliability and scale of production problems. No scale will not have the high reliability of the products; no scale will have low prices and competitive products; of course not the scale of China's CNC equipment finally to have one's day. In the sophisticated equipment research and development, production and research and to emphasize the end user closely, with " do, use, sell out " as the goal, according to the national will to tackle key problem, in order to solve the urgent state. In the competition before the NC technology, emphasis on innovation, emphasis on research and development with independent intellectual property rights of technology and products, to industry of our country numerical control, the equipment manufacturing industry and the manufacturing industry to lay the foundation for sustainable development.加工中心数控技术出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版(2009年3月16日)作者：徐衡、段晓旭加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。
机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控
数控加工中心技术开展趋势与对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju(C Machining Processand equipment,2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备开展趋势与对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术与装备是开展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术与其产业、生物技术与其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最根本的装备。
数控专业的介绍作文英文
数控专业的介绍作文英文英文：As a CNC major, I have learned a lot about the world of computer numerical control. CNC technology is a vital partof modern manufacturing, allowing for precise and efficient production of parts and products. In my studies, I have gained a deep understanding of the principles andtechniques involved in CNC machining, including programming, tool selection, and machine operation.One of the most important aspects of CNC machining is programming. This involves writing code that tells the machine how to move and operate. It requires a high levelof technical skill and attention to detail, as even a small mistake in the code can result in a faulty product. However, with practice and experience, programming becomes easierand more intuitive.Another key skill in CNC machining is tool selection.Different tools are used for different tasks, and it is important to choose the right tool for the job in order to achieve the desired result. This requires knowledge of the properties of different materials and the capabilities of different tools.Finally, machine operation is a crucial part of CNC machining. This involves setting up the machine, loading the program, and monitoring the process to ensure that everything is running smoothly. It requires a keen eye for detail and the ability to troubleshoot problems quickly and effectively.Overall, I have found studying CNC technology to be both challenging and rewarding. It has given me a deep appreciation for the precision and complexity of modern manufacturing, as well as the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in this field.中文：作为一名数控专业的学生，我学到了很多关于计算机数控技术的知识。
文献翻译-数控机床
附录1数控机床是一种以数字量作为指令信息、形式，通过电子计算机或专用计算机装置控制的机床，是在机电一体化技术的基础上发展起来的一种灵活而高效的自动化机床，在机械行业中得到了日益广泛的应用数控机床是按照预定程序自动工作的，一般情况下工作过程不需要人工干预，这就消除了操作者认为生产的误差。
在设计制造设备主机时，通常采取了许多措施，使数控设备的机械部分达到较高的精度。
数控装置的脉冲当量可达0.01—0.00002mm,同时，可以通过实现检测反馈修正误差或补偿来获得更高的精度。
因此，数控机床可以获得比机床本身精度更高的加工精度。
尤其提高了同批零件生产的一致性，使产品质量获得稳定的控制。
数控机床的工作是按预先编制好的加工程序自动连续完成的，操作者除输入加工程序及相关的操作之外，不需进行繁重的重复手工操作，劳动条件和劳动强度大为改善。
数控机床与普通机床相比具有许多优点，其应用范围正在不断扩大，但目前它并不能完全替代普通机床，也还不能以最经济的方式解决机械加工中的所有问题。
在实际选用时，一定要充分考虑其技术经济效益。
由于数控机床的自动化程度、生产效率都很高，可最大限度地减小操作工人。
因此，大批量生产的零件采用数控机床加工，在经济上也是可行的。
车床主要是用于车削加工，在机床上一般可以加工各种回转表面，如内外圆柱面、圆锥面、成形回转表面及螺纹表面等。
在数控车床上还可以加工高精度的曲面与端面螺纹。
用的刀具主要是车刀、各种孔加工工具（钻头、铰刀、镗刀等）及螺纹刀具。
车床主要用于加工各种轴类、套筒类和盘类零件上的回转表面。
数控车床加工零件的尺寸精度可达IT5~IT6，表面粗糙度可达 1.6μm以下。
数控车床的种类很多，各种卧式车床都有数控化的。
数控车床主要可分为数控卧式车床、数控立式车床和数控专用车床（数控凸轮车床、数控曲轴车床、数控丝杠车床等）；或分为普通数控车床和车削加工中心。
现在，数控车床技术还在不断向前发展着。
数控技术数控编程外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
原文：NC and CNCThe History of NC and CNC DevelopmentNumerical Control (NC) is any machining process in which the operations are executed automatically in sequences as specified by the program that contains the information for the tool movements. The NC concept was proposed in the late 1940s by John Parsons of Traverse City, Michigan. Parsons recommended a method of automatic machine control that would guide a milling cutter to produce a "thru-axis curve" in order to generate smooth profiles on work pieces.In 1949, The U.S. Air Force awarded Parsons a contract to develop a new type of machine tool that would be able to speed up production methods. Parsons commissioned the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) to develop a practical implementation of his concept. Scientists and engineers at M.I.T. built a control system for a two-axis milling machine that used a perforated paper tape as the input media. In a short period of time, all major machine tool manufacturers were producing some machines with NC, but it was not until the late 1970s that computer-based NC became widely used. NC matured as an automation technology when inexpensive and powerful microprocessors replaced hard-wire logic-making computer-based NC systems.When Numerical Control is performed under computer supervision, it is called Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Computers are the control units of CNC machines, they are built in or linked to the machines via communications channels. When a programmer input some information in the program by tape and so on, the computer calculates all necessary data to get the job done.On the first Numerically Controlled (NC) machines were controlled by tape, and because of that, the NC systems were known as tape-controlled machines. They were able to control a single operation entered into the machine by punched or magnetic tape. There was no possibility of editing the program on the machine. To change the program, a new tape had to be made.Today's systems have computers to control data; they are called Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines. For both NC and CNC systems, workprinciples are the same. Only the way in which the execution is controlled is different. Normally, new systems are faster, more powerful, and more versatileThe Applications of NC/CNCSince its introduction, NC technology has found many applications, including lathes and turning Centers, milling machines and machining centers , punches , electrical discharg machines(EDM) Flame cutters,grinders,and inspection equipment. the most complex CNC machine tools are the turning center,shown in Fig.4-1(Amodern turning center with a ten-station turret that accepts quick-chang tools.Each tool can be positioned in Seconds with the press of a button).And the machine center shown in Fig.4-2(Vertical machining center,the tool magazine is on the machine.the control panel on the right can be swiveled by the operator)and Fig.4-3(horizontal machining center,equipped with an automatic tool changer .tool magazines can store 200 ctting tools.When preparing a progam for a particular operation ,the prommer must select all cutting data using recommendations for conventional machining .this includes proper Selection of cutting speeds,feedrate,tools and tool geometry,and so on.when the programmer has chosen all of the necessary information properly,the operator loads the programme into the machine and presses a button to start the cutting crycle .the CNC machine moves automatically from one maching operation to another , changing the cutting tols and applying the coolent.in a surprisingly short time ,the workpiece is Machined according to the highest quality stangards. But that is not all.no matter how big the work series is,all of the parts will be almost identical in size and surface finishing. At this time of advanced technology,with its high demands for surface finishing and tolerances of components in,for example ,aerospace,nuclear,and medical equipment manufacturing,only CNC machines provide successful results.Numerical control (NC) is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers, letters, and other symbols. The numbers, letters, and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job. The instructions are provided by either of the two binary coded decimal systems: the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) code, or the American Standard Code for Information Interchange(ASCII). ASCII-coded machine control units will not accept . EIA coded instructions and vice versa. Increasingly, however, control units are being made to accept instructions in either code. 121Automation operation by NC is readily adaptable to the operation of all metalworking machines. Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, boring machines, grinding machines, turret punches, flame or wire-cutting and welding machines, and even pipe benders are available with numerical controls.Basic Components of NCA numerical control system consists of the following three basic components:(1) Program instructions(2) Machine control unit(3) Processing equipmentThe program instructions are the detailed step by step commands that direct the processing equipment. [31In its most common form, the commands refer to positions of a machine tool spindle with respect to the worktable on which the part is fixtured. More advanced instructions include selection of spindle speeds, cutting tools, and other functions.The machine control unit (MCU) consists of the electronics and control hardware that reads and interprets the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool or other processing equipment.The processing equipment is the component that performs metal process. In the most common example of numerical control, it is used to perform machining operations. The process-ing equipment consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and controls needed to drive them.Types of NCThere are two basic types of numerical control systems: point to point and contouring.Point to point control system, also called positioning, is simpler than contouring control system. Its primary purpose is to move a tool or workpiece from one programmed point to another. Usually the machine function, such as a drilling operation, is also activated at each point by command from the NC program. Point to point systems are suitable for hole machining operations such as drilling,countersinking, couterbofing, reaming, boring and tapping. Hole punching machines, spotwelding machines, and assembly machines also use point to point NC systems.Contouring system, also known as the continuous path system, positioning and cutting operations are both along controlled paths but at different velocities. Because the tool cuts as it travels along a prescribed path, accurate control and synchronization of velocities and movements are important. The contouring system is used on lathes, milling machines, grinders,incrementally, by one of several basic methods. There are a number of interpolation schemes that have been developed to deal with the various problems that are encountered in generating a smooth continuous path with a contouring type NC system. They include linear interpolation,circular interpolation, helical interpolation, parabolic interpolation and cubic interpolation. In all interpolations, the path controlled is that of the center of rotation of the tool. Compensation for different tools, different diameter tools, or tools wear during machining, can be made in the NC .Programming for NCA program for numerical control consists of a sequence of directions that causes an NC machine to carry out a certain operation, machining being the most commonly used process. Programming for NC may be done by an internal programming department, on the shop floor, or purchased from an outside source. Also, programming may be done manually or with computer assistance.The program contains instructions and commands. Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the workpiece. Processing instructions pertain to spindle speeds, feeds, tools, and so on. Travel instructions pertain to the type of interpolation and slow or rapid movements of the tool or worktable. Switching commands pertain to on/off position for coolant supplies, spindle rotation, direction of spindle rotation, tool changes, workpiece feeding, clamping, and so on. The first NC programming language was developed by MIT developmental work on NC programming systems in the late 1950s and called APT(Automatically Programmed Tools).DNC and CNCThe development of numerical control was a significant achievement in batchand job shop manufacturing, from both a technological and a commercial viewpoint. There have been two enhancements and extensions of NC technology, including:(1)Direct numerical control(2) Computer numerical controlDirect numerical control can be defined as a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time. The tape reader is omitted in DNC, thus relieving the system of its least reliable component. Instead of using the tape reader, the part program is transmitted to the machine tool directly from the computer memory. In principle, one computer can be used to control more than 100 separate machines. (One commercial DNC system during the 1970s boasted a control capability of up to 256 machine tools.) The DNC computer is designed to provide instructions to each machine tool on demand. When the machine needs control commands, they are communicated to it immediately.Since the introduction of DNC, there have been dramatic advances in computer technology. The physical size and cost of a digital computer has been significantly reduced at the same time that its computational capabilities have been substantially increased. In numerical control, the result of these advances has been that the large hard-wired MCUs of conventionalNC have been replaced by control units based on the digital computer. Initially, minicomputers were utilized in the early 1970s. As further miniaturization occurred in computers, minicomputers were replaced by today's microcomputers.Computer numerical control is an NC system using dedicated microcomputer as the machine control unit. Because a digital computer is used in both CNC and DNC, it is appropriate to distinguish between the two types of system. There are three principal differences:1) DNC computers distribute instructional data to, and collect data from, a large number of machines. CNC computers control only one machine, or a small number of machines.2) DNC computers occupy a location that is typically remote from the machines under their control. CNC computer are located very near their machine tools.3) DNC software is developed not only to control individual pieces of production equipment, but also to serve as part of a management information system in the manufacturing sector of the firm. CNC software is developed to augment the capabilities of a particular machine Tool.译文：数控技术数字控制与计算机数字控制的发展历史数字控制是按照含有机床(刀具)运动信息程序所指定的顺序自动执行操作的加工过程。
中英文中英文文献翻译-数控切削技术综述
CNC Cutting Technology ReviewNumerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology.1, high-speed CNC machining meaningHigh speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency.With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas.The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting.In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a can obtain good economic benefits and high speed, is the unity of technology and benefit.High-speed cutting technology is in the machine tool structure and materials, machine tool design, manufacturing technology, high-speed spindle system, high performance and fast feeding system, a high performance CNC system, tool holder system, high performance tool material and tool design and manufacturing technology, high efficiency and high precision measurement and testing technology, the mechanism of high speed cutting, high speed cutting process and other related hardware and software technology are fully integrated into the development foundation. Therefore, high speed cutting technology is a complex system engineering, is a with the related technology development and the development of the concept of.2, the superiority of high-speed CNC machiningDue to the large amplitude of the increase of the cutting speed, high speed machining technology not only improves the cutting productivity, and compared with the conventional cutting also has some obvious advantages: first, small cutting force: in high speed milling, cutting adopts the form of small quantities, high cutting speed, the cutting force is reduced by 30% compared to the conventional cutting, especially the radial cutting force greatly spindle bearing, tool, workpiece is reduced. Both to reduce tool wear, and effective control of the vibration machining system, improve the machining accuracy. Second, the material removal rate is high: the use of high speed cutting, cutting speed and feed rate are improved greatly, the same time the material removal rate is improved greatly. Thus greatly improve the processing efficiency. Third, thermal deformation small: in the high-speed cutting, cutting heat, most of the time to the work piece by the outflow of high-speed chip away, so the heating time of the machined surface is short, not because of the temperature rise leads to thermal deformation, is helpful to improve the surface accuracy, physical and mechanical properties of the machined surface processing method is better than the common. Fourth, high precision machining: high speed cutting usually feed is relatively small, so that the machined surface roughness is greatly reduced, at the same time as the cutting force is smaller than the conventional vibration cutting, machining system is reduced, the machining process more smoothly, so that good quality, can realize high accuracy, low degree of rough machining. Fifth, the green environmental protection: when high speed cutting, workpiece machining time is shortened, the use of energy and equipment rate, high processing efficiency, low processing energy consumption, at the same time, due to the high speed cutting can be achieved even without dry cutting, reduce the cutting fluid, reduce pollution and consumption.Research and application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, 3In view of the above characteristics of high speed machining, the technology has great application potential in the field of traditional processing weak. First of all, the workpiece for thin-wall parts and slender, uses the high-speed cutting, the cutting force is significantly reduced, the heat is chipping away, can be very good for using the traditional method of the deformation problem caused due to the influence of cutting force and cutting heat, greatly improving the processing quality. Secondly, because of the cutting resistance is small, to reduce tool wear, materials of highmanganese steel, hardened steel, austenitic stainless steel, composite materials, wear-resistant cast iron is difficult to be processed by traditional methods, can be studied using numerical control high speed cutting technology to process. In addition, in the automotive, aerospace, mold, manufacturing field, some integral components require relatively large material removal rate, the feed speed CNC high speed cutting with the cutting speed increase and the corresponding increase in unit time, so that the material removal rate is greatly improved, thus in the mold manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, aerospace manufacturing application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, will produce the enormous economic benefits. Fourth, because of the high-speed cutting, machining process is stable, the vibration is small, compared with the conventional cutting, high speed cutting can significantly improve the precision of 1~2, can be cancelled completely finishing, and subsequent, adopt numerical control high speed cutting technology, can achieve and rough, finishing on the overall structure of complex parts in a machine, reduces the likelihood of locating error transfer process, which is also conducive to improve the machining accuracy. Therefore, high speed cutting technology has a wide application prospect in precision manufacturing. Aluminium mould such as a business process, the mold cavity length is 1500mm, the required size error of ±0.05mm, surface roughness Ra0.8 μm, manufacturing process the original: rough planing - semi finish planing - finishing - Manual scraping - manual polishing, manufacturing cycle is 60 hours. Using high speed milling, after semi-finish machining and finish machining, the processing cycle is only 6 hours, not only improve efficiency, but also greatly improve the quality of mold.4, research on Key Technologies of high-speed CNC machiningNC High-speed machining is a complex systems engineering, involves cutting mechanism, cutting machine, cutter, cutting process monitoring and processing technology and other related hardware and software technology, implementation and development of numerical control high speed cutting technology, rely on this system of various elements, the key technology to realize high-speed CNC cutting technology cannot do without, specifically in the following aspects:1) the mechanism of high speed cutting: the various materials in high speed machining conditions, the chip formation mechanism, variation of cutting force, cutting heat, tool wear patterns and effects on the surface quality, the basic theory above experiments and research, will be conducive to promoting the high-speed cutting process for determining and cutting the amount of choice, and provide a theoretical basis for the processing of specific parts and material formulation, which belongs to the technical principle. At present, to determine the process specification of high speed cutting and cutting ferrous metals and difficult to machine materials, is one of the difficulties in the production of high-speed cutting, and is also the focus of research in the field of high speed machining.2) technology of high speed cutting machine tool module: high-speed cutting machine needs high-speed spindle system, feeding system and high-speed CNC control system. Able to work invery high speed under the high-speed processing requirements of spindle unit, the above general spindle speed 10000 r\/min, some even as high as 60000-100000r\/min, and to ensure good dynamic and thermal properties. The key part is the main shaft bearing, it decides the life of high-speed spindle and load capacity, one of the core components and high-speed cutting machine tool spindle structure, improvement and performance improvement is one of the most important technology of high-speed machine tools. Another important element of the technology is high speed feed system. With the development of machine tool spindle speed increasing, in order to ensure each cutter teeth or feeding amount per rotation invariant, machine tool feed speed and acceleration is also a corresponding increase, the same time to improve travel speed. Therefore, machine tool feed system must move quickly and fast and accurate positioning, which is obviously on the machine tool guide, servo system, working table, put forward new and higher requirements, is the key technology of high-speed machine tool technology control unit.3) the high speed cutting tool technology module: high-speed machining process system composed of machine tools, tool and workpiece, tool is the most active factor. The cutting tool is one of the key technology to ensure high speed cutting smoothly. With the substantial increase of cutting velocity, have put forward different from traditional speed cutting requirements of cutting tool materials, geometric parameters of cutting tool, cutter body structure, high speed cutting tool material and tool manufacturing technology has undergone tremendous changes, high-speed machining, to ensure productivity and high machining precision, but also to to ensure safety and reliability. Therefore, high speed cutting tool system must meet with a clamp repeat positioning accuracy of geometric accuracy good and high loading, clamping rigidity, good high speed when the equilibrium state and safe and reliable. As far as possible to reduce the knife body quality, in order to reduce the high speed rotating centrifugal force by security, meet the requirement for high speed cutting tool, clamping method improvement. Technology research and development tool system is one of the key tasks of high-speed CNC machining.4) numerical control high speed cutting process: high speed cutting as a new cutting method, to be applied to actual production, the lack of application examples for reference, not the amount of cutting and processing parameter database, parameter optimization technology of high speed machining is one of the key technologies of the current constraints should be used. In addition, the high-speed cutting parts NC program must ensure stable load in the whole cutting process, but most CNC software is now used in the automatic programming function still cannot meet the requirements, needs to be added and optimized by manual programming, which reduces the high speed cutting value in a certain extent, must study a new programming method, so that the cutting data power characteristic curve for high speed spindle, give full play to the advantages of numerical control high speed cutting.Development and comprehensive development and application of high speed machining technology depends on the key technology of the above principles, machine tool, cutting tool, theprocess of the.Research status and development trend of high speed cutting technology, 5Due to the high speed cutting has great potential in improving production efficiency, has already become important technologies in the field of competing for the United States and Japan, Germany and other countries. The United States Japan as early as the 60 century, started to study on the mechanism of high speed cutting. The last century 70's, the United States has developed high-speed milling machine maximum speed of up to 20000r\/min. Now, Europe and the United States and other developed countries the production of different specifications of the various high-speed machine tool has the commercial production and into the market, the actual application in aircraft, automotive and mold manufacturing industry. For example, manufacturing enterprises in the American Boeing aircraft, has adopted the high-speed CNC machining technology to machining integral super high-speed milling of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy thin-walled structure and the waveguide, flexible gyroscope frame of the ordinary method of parts. In recent years, the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries of the new generation of NC machine tools, high-speed machining center, high speed tool system and industrialization process further speed up the pace, the specialized production electric spindle technology and high performance products increase; tool system technology of high performance rapid development; application of linear motor in high speed feed system.Our country in the research and development of high speed cutting technology, many universities and research efforts and exploration, including cutting mechanism, cutting tool material, spindle bearing, etc., have also made considerable achievements. However, compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, basically still in the research stage of laboratory. In order to meet the needs of economic and social development, to meet the needs of aerospace, automobile, mold and other industry, NC Application Research of high-speed cutting technology has a long way to go.At present, the research of high-speed cutting technology has been to the application stage from the stage of experiment. Research in the application of includes two aspects: one is the basic theoretical research on the key technology of high speed machining, including high speed spindle unit and a high speed feed unit, realizing the localization of high-speed machine tool. On the other hand, based on existing laboratory practice technology, application of process performance and process scope. Among them, research on the high speed cutting process is one of the most active research areas at present, the main goal is to directly process through advanced equipment testing or import, processing technology to resolve the issue of key parts, the development and perfection of the high-speed cutting method of special materials; research and development to adapt to the CAD\/CAM software system in high speed machining and post processing system, the processing state safety monitoring system based on a new detection technology.When we entered the twenty-first Century, from the observation of the world, we are in theadvanced manufacturing technology unprecedented rapid development period. Due to the advent of CNC machine tool (NC), the development of a series of CNC machining, such as machining center (MC), flexible manufacturing unit of flexible manufacturing system (FMS), computer integrated manufacturing system, and even the emergence of virtual axis machine tool is completely different with the traditional machine (also known as the six legs machine), closely and machine tool at the same time complement each other up the development of high speed machining technology, new tools, new technology, make the mechanical processing greatly reduces the labor intensity, auxiliary time is greatly shortened, the product quality and the production efficiency is improved greatly, become the development of manufacturing industry and the global economy has played a tremendous role in promoting. In the case of the United States, the manufacturing industry is known as the most economic sectors in the United States, for the United States in the 90's gross domestic product (GDP) growth reached 29%.Today, vigorously develop the NC technology and equipment, has become the strategic decision of the governments in the world, with CNC equipped modern industry and transformation of traditional industries have become the developing direction of manufacturing countries in the world. In the late 90's as the output of CNC machine tools of Germany, Japan, Italy, the rate has reached more than 51.75%. CNC machine tools has become the main equipment in modern manufacturing technology, NC machining technology has become the mainstream of the advanced manufacturing technology, a new era of the modern manufacturing industry. The party's sixteen big clearly pointed out: "to revitalize the equipment manufacturing industry". New China's equipment manufacturing industry after many generations, especially the 20 years of reform and opening up and modernization construction, has established a relatively complete, independent industrial system, has the certain material and technical basis, the overall production scale has been ranked the fourth in the world. Many economists predict, in数控切削技术综述数控高速切削技术(High Speed Machining,HSM,或High Speed Cutting,HSC),是提高加工效率和加工质量的先进制造技术之一,相关技术的研究已成为国内外先进制造技术领域重要的研究方向。
【机械专业文献翻译】数控立式车削中心数控化改造
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目数控立式车削中心数控化改造外文原文：Vertical Turning Center of NCNew SINUMERIK 802D CNC system on the use of more than 10 years of SKIQ16 CNC B Vertical Turning Center of NC, NC Machine Tool powerful features greatly broadened the scope of machining parts, and better ensuring the processing of parts the consistency and quality of products. This article was the second SINUMERIK NC application essay activities and the transformation of a prize-second prize.KIQ16 CNC B Vertical Turning Center in the Czech HULIN companies in the 1990s manufacture, use FANUC-BASK 6T CNC system. Since the machine had been in use for more than 10 years, and the NC system upgrading, BASK 6T-FANUC CNC system has been shutdown, system board of aging, expensive spare parts. A new CNC machine tools to transform the system is imperative so that the machine can restore vitality, and give better play to the potential of machine tools.Transformation programme developmentThe original full-featured machine, including spindle (table) and the rotation axis milling campaign, X, Z-axis coordinates of movement, 15 knives in a knife library systems, and such as the cooling system, hydraulic system, lubrication system , Paixie system functional machine. Spindle axis and milling by DC and DC motor speed regulator. X and Z-axis also coordinates by DC servo motor and DC servo governor. The knife used ordinary three-phase asynchronous AC motor from the five binary cam positioning. The mechanical part of the machine all good mechanical properties of stability, accuracy fair and normal hydraulic system, the part of the capital remain unchanged.NC system and the replacement of electrical control part, by SIEMENS SINUMERIK 802D CNC system. X and Z axes and knives coordinates the servo drive system uses SIIMODRIVE 611UE variable frequency drive system and a FK7 servo motor, encoder pulse chosen as a location detection devices, digital servo drive system to achieve closed-loop control. And milling spindle axis drive system by the British company's 590 + Eurotherm Series DC motor speed control device. Machine control of other electrical lines, the replacement of electrical control devices to ensurethat all kinds of machine control function and operation of the realization of the electrical control machine tools guarantee a long-term reliable work.Apart from increasing MCP machine control panel, we must also re-designed machine operator panel with all types of machine function buttons and lights. NC system and the servo drive system coordinatesSIEMENS SINUMERIK 802D CNC system is all CNC, PLC, HMI and communications tasks integration, is based on the NC system of PROFIBUS. Maintenance-free hardware integration PROFIBUS interface used to drive and I / O module and installed a speed of the operation panel. SINUMERIK 802D CNC control system X, Z axes and knives to the three figures into a spindle axis and. The machine used two I / O modules and machine operator panel PP72/48 MCP. TOOLBOX 802D use in PROGRAMMING TOOL PLC 802 software development PLC control procedures, call the subroutine library PLC SBR32 PLC-INI PLC initialization, SBR33 EMG-STOP exigency stop processing, transmission SBR34 MCP-802D machine control panel corresponding I / O status, NCK-SBR38 MCP MCP machine control panel signal, signal sent to the operation panel HMI NCK interface, SBR39 HANDWHL from the operation panel HMI in the machine coordinates or workpiece coordinate system selection hand wheel, SBR40 AXIS-CTL Feed spindle axis and enable control. The subroutine is the standard lathe control procedures, and so different from the actual situation of the machine, the digital knife-axis, an increase of the number of digital axis. In the machine control panel and feed axis and the spindle can control subroutine will be done in certain modifications. Vertical Turning Center unlike ordinary horizontal lathe, coordinates a different direction, it is also necessary to do subroutine amended accordingly.SIIMODRIVE 611UE variable frequency drive system is a function of the drive system can be configured with SINUMERIK 802D CNC system constitutes an ideal combination. SIIMODRIVE 611UE variable frequency drive system in the machine to meet the dynamic response and speed adjustment range and rotation accuracy characteristics of the requirement to use modular design can be optimized to best independent state. Debugging can drive on a PC using SimoCom U or use of the front of the driver modules for display and keyboard. SimoCom U can be set using drivesand motors and power modules matching the basic parameters of actual under servo motor drive mechanical parts, the SIIMODRIVE 611UE speed controller for automatic optimization of the parameters; can monitor the operational status of drivers, including actual motor current and the actual torque.axis milling spindle and drive systemAnd milling spindle axis drive system using the British company's 590 + Eurotherm Series DC motor speed control device. 590 + series of DC motor speed control device as supporting and control equipment installed in the standard box components and design. AC 380V control devices using the standard three-phase voltage, providing DC output voltage and current for the armature and exciting, applicable to DC Motor control and permanent magnet motor.590 + series of DC motor speed device is used to achieve 32-bit microprocessor, has many advanced features: complex control algorithms; standard software modules and software configuration can control circuit integration of the serial link, and NC transmission devices or other communications systems, advanced to a process system. Axis milling spindle motor and not replaced, the original analog volume control. The spindle motor and non-spindle between 1:1 Direct Connect, spindle SIEMENS installed on the 5000 line TTL pulse incremental encoder. SIIMODRIVE 611UE bus will address the biaxial 12 A feed channel module with the spindle, set a stack axis. Through the SINUMERIK 802D CNC system parameter settings, the use of SimoCom U driver debugging tools adjustment SIIMODRIVE 611UE bus configuration parameters and analog output, analog output interface for a given output spindle speed (±10V), digital Output can be used to simulate the spindle control, WSG interface used to connect a spindle speed encoder feedback, and complete control of spindle configuration.knife Library Systemknife because the original system used for general motors, mechanical transmission ratio 1:360. The mechanical structure of special knives, knife disc in the vertical Z-axis ram, its direction and the B-axis rotation direction of the same. After transformation, using SIIMODRIVE 611UE and a variable frequency drive system FK7 servo motor, a knife to the NC coordinate axis, as increased pulse encoderposition detection devices, digital servo drive system to achieve closed-loop control. The removal of the original five binary cam positioning mechanism. As the knife after the full gravity knives, knife the disk can not achieve balance gravity. Although the movement can knife precise positioning, but the reasons for the deviation of the actual location, location is still used after positioning coordinates movement pin inserted accurate positioning methods.The special machine tool change process, with different vertical lathe general. PLC control ATC procedures are completed the following process: when the knife with X and Z-axis movement a safe place, Z axis, no knife, a machine tool relaxed state. PLC control manipulator out to promote vertical lathe tool to Z axis machine tool after the completion of that process finished with knives. Shirking knife, X and Z-axis movement a safe place, Z axis, a knife, a machine tool clamping state. PLC control mechanical hand outstretched, this tool to relax, manipulator driven vertical lathe tool retractable knife was back on, machine tool, knife disposal process is complete.SINUMERIK 802D CNC system support for the use of M code or user calls T code cycle can be used for machine tool exchange. By setting parameters M activation code, the use of the procedure called M06 fixed exchange cycle enforcement tool. Procedures for the preparation of users cycle through each algorithm to determine the knife knife-axis (B-axis) rotation angle, use of the definition of M ATC activation PLC logic. PLC NC system will be "read to prohibit" buy-signal so that the cycle of a fixed stop. ATC will be mechanical movements M code with a custom implementation of decomposition, such as: M12 dumping knives, M13 with knives. ATC completed, the PLC will be "read prohibits" reset signal so that the fixed cycle continue. In the fixed cycle shown in the preparation of CNC system prompts on the screen to ATC by step.Machine debuggingNC system connecting the various components after the completion of the installation, commissioning start PLC control procedures. Since the equipment is vertical lathe, unlike PLC subroutine library in the lathe applications, it must address the specific conditions of the machine to amend PLC subroutine.Set the knife for B-axis, and the standard procedures only X and Z axis, and the need to increase the B-axis in the MCP plus or minus adding B-axis direction to move the button, the need for SBR34, SBR38, SBR40 such as subroutine. Because it is vertical lathe, X, Z-axis direction to move the plus or minus key MCP and set different standards also needs to be revised. According to MCP on the machine need to design user-defined keys, such as hydraulic launch, hydraulic stop, relax beams, and light beams locking design MCP and machine operator panels PLC control procedures and debugging features to achieve. Fully tested by the use of the subroutine library of subroutines to ensure that the subroutine with the functions of PLC control procedures linked, are correct. Alarm users edit PLC design, machine parameters provided by setting the properties of each alarm. Machine set basic parameters include: PROFIBUS bus configuration, positioning servo drive module, the spindle axis position control and coordinate enable ratio and transmission parameters.In the machine undergone a series of adjustments, NC Machine Tools has basically can be in normal operation. But to make the whole system into the best running state, but also a system parameter optimization work.When the normal operation of the system as a whole, should also coordinate axis corresponding parameters such as optimal adjustment, such as: speed, gain, and the acceleration of the control parameters, in order to enable access to the best system of the state. In the normal operation of machine tools, machine tools should also mechanical parts, such as the vertical axis, the reverse gap, transmission precision measurement adjustments, the mechanical system to the best. Of course, the mechanical adjustments, should also fine-tune system parameters to enable the machine running in the best condition. When the part of the adjustment after the end of the machine through mechanical precision measurement, CNC machine tools needed for the position control system for precision compensation. Reverse clearance compensation for position feedback encoder mounted on the lead screw drive-head, although the slowdown in bins eliminate mechanical part of the reverse gap, but the reverse itself leadscrew gap still exists, the value of the corresponding input system parameters, each reverse operation, the system of compensation. Because long-termuse of the leadscrew wear, the location of the leadscrew pitch and will have a nominal value error, to improve positioning accuracy, the system parameters compensation. According to the production needs of users with the process of transforming machine tools, from SINUMERIK 802D CNC system for the analysis, design and implementation. At present, against the machine mechanical, electrical, various aspects of the system transformation, installation, commissioning work has been completed, samples were processed fully achieve the desired results. Machine Tool has been transformed into normal use, the progressive completion of a number of machining tasks. From the use of the machine running the state, the modified machine compared with the original machine, greatly enhancing the functionality, a high degree of automation. NC powerful features greatly broadened the scope of machining parts. Better guarantee the consistency of the parts processing, and product quality. At the same time a high degree of automation has greatly reduced the labor intensity operations workers, but in the operation of the overall quality of workers has also put forward higher requirements.From the machine operable, compact structure reasonable, displays, switches and indicator of the layout more suitable for the use of operators. At the same time increased by a small handheld unit operations, in order to operate in different state of the operation of a more appropriate choice of location. The hoisting of the entire operating system using TFT LCD, the window menu-operation, not only to reduce the operation buttons, but more simple and easy operation.After transformation, the machine can be maintained and enhanced. NC system for monitoring the work of the state control components and fault and displayed on the monitor in a timely manner, while PLC control applications, so that the whole machine tool control systems greatly simplify the circuit. All this makes machine fault detection and maintenance more convenient and rapid. Secondly, the need to be tested, liquid injection, fuel components are arranged in operation or maintenance staff accessible areas, which will help the day-to-day maintenance.After transformation, the machine reliability greatly improved. NC system, servo control systems, such as the various components of the system are highly integrated computer control system, which makes the whole machine tool control system itselfhas a high reliability. Design and Application of PLC, succeeded in bringing all of the control to the harmonization greatly simplifies the machine control circuit and the necessary components, and more conducive to improving the reliability of the whole system. The completion of the machine tool, not only for users to expand the scope of the processing machine, but also save a lot of money. The success of this transformation for the future transformation of the machine has accumulated a wealth of experience.译文：数控立式车削中心数控化改造用新型SINUMERIK 802D数控系统对使用10多年的SKIQ16 CNC B数控立式车削中心进行数控化改造，机床强大的数控功能极大地拓宽了机床加工零件的范围，更好地保证了零件加工的一致性和产品质量。
中英文文献翻译-数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策
英文原文Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development.Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, highfinish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependabilityof the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, acc urate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , inaddition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUV oution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next GenerationWork-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basicEntrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control atpresent.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage in "the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period" of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for "the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular).Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.（1）Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.（2）Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically.（3）Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talent's basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendencyto expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level.（1）On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.（2）On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; One's own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence.（3）On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind.It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect.（1）Realize the respect. Know to industry's process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the unstandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. （2）System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system.（3）Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty.（4）Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study.3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country3.1 Strategic considerationOur country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try one's best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and " leave the core spaces ". We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international " machining center " in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and " assemble the centre ", but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen fromnational defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development .Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up one's head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard " drawing, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.中文译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。
【机械专业文献翻译】数控技术发展趋势1
The development trend of the numerical control technologySummary : Have introduced numerical control technology and the development trend of the equipment and the current situations of the technical development of numerical control equipment and industrialization of our country of our times briefly , have discussed under the new environment further deepened in our country''s accession to the WTO and opening to the outside world on this basis, develop technology of numerical control of our country and the importance of the information-based level of manufacturing industry of our country and international competitiveness equips , improves, and has put forward technology of numerical control of our country and some views equipped of developing from two aspects of strategy and tactics.The engineering level of equipment industry and modernized intensity are determining the level of the whole national economy and modernized intensity , numerical control technology and equip , develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry To can make technology and basic equipment most (national defense industry industries , such as information technology and their industry , biotechnology , industry , aviation , spaceflight ,etc. ). Marx has ever said " the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, lie in how produce, with what means of labor produce ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology to equip most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts the technology of numerical control extensively; in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one''s own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in " high-grade, precision and advanced " key technology and equipment of numerical control. In a word, develop taking technology of numerical control as the core advanced manufacturing technology become world all developed country; accelerate economic development already in a more cost-effectivemanner, important route to improve the comprehensive national strength and national position.Numerical control technology to go on technology that control with digital information to mechanical movement and working course, numerical control equipment whether represented by technology of numerical control new technology make industry and new developing infiltration electromechanics integrated product that form of manufacturing industry to tradition, i.e. what is called digitization equip, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology;(2)Information processing , processing , transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Transducer technology;(6)Software engineering ,etc..1 Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of the technology of numerical control has not only brought the revolutionary change to traditional manufacturing industry, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of the technology of numerical control and enlargement of application, the development of he some important trades (IT , car , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people''s livelihood plays a more and more important role, because these trade necessary digitization that equipped has already been the main trend of modern development. According to the technology of numerical control and equipment development trend in the world at present, its main research focus has the following several respect [1~4].1.1 A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equippedEfficiency, quality are subjects of the advanced manufacturing technology. At a high speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, quality and grade to raise product, shorten production cycle and improve the competitive power of market. Japan carry technological research association classify their as one of the 5 loud modern manufacturing technologies first for this reason, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century to study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce 40 second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip one of the key problems thatmust be solved; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, its processing''s spare parts are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity very bad, material aluminum or aluminum alloy, in high to cut pace and cut strength very under the little situation only, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy blank method of " pay empty " make the wing recently, large-scale parts such as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection ways, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these requirement for processing and equipping and proposing high-speed , high and precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, the high-speed machining center enters for the pace to can reach 80m/min, even high; air transport competent pace can reach 100m/min about. A lot of car factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, adopt, substitute and makethe lathe up with high-speed machining center production line part that make up already. HyperMach lathe of Company , CINCINNATI of U.S.A. , enter , give pace to be most loud to reach 60m/min, it is 100m/min to be fast, acceleration reach 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, process and need 8h with ordinary milling machine; The paces and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company reach 12* separately! 000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, in the past 10 years, ordinary progression has accused of the machining accuracy of the lathe to already improve from 10μm to 5μm, accurate grades of machining center from 3- 5μm, raise to 1- 1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy begin , enter getting nanometer already.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe raise to 5μm , from 3- 5μm accurate grades of machining center from 10μm already, improve to 1- 1.5μm, and the ultraprecision machining accuracy has already begun to enter nanometer (0.01μm )ly. In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . For realize at a high speed , high finish machining, related to it function part if electric main shaft , straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is further expanded .1.2 axles link and process and compound and process the lathe to develop fastAdopt 5 axle link , to three-dimensional curved surface processing of part , can cut with the best geometirc form of the cutter, not only highly polished, but also efficiency is improved by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , a 5 axle gear beds of efficiency can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , use cubic nitrogen boron wait ultra hard material milling cutter go on at a high speed milling , sharpening , quenching hard steel at the part, 5 axle link , process constant 3 axle link , process , give play to high benefit. But go over because 5 axles link the numerical control system , complicated reason of host computer structure, price its link numerical control to be lathe several times higher than 3 axle, in addition programming technological difficulty relatively heavy , have restricted 5 axle gear beds of development. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, make , realize 5 axle compound main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify, it make difficulty and cost reduce by a large margin , numerical control price disparity of systems shrink. So promote compound main shaft head type 5 axle gear bed and compound development to process lathe (process the lathe including 5 ).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machineprocess lathe adopt compound main shaft hair, can realize 4 processing and arbitrary processing of angle of vertical plane, make 5 process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized at the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Company , DMG of Germany , exhibit DMUVoution series machining center , can put , insert , down 5 process and 5 axes link and process in one, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM controls directly or indirectly.1.3 intellectualizations, open style, the network turns into for the contemporary numerical control system development mainly hastensThe 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized the system, the intellectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and the use connection convenient intellectualization, like the feed-forward control, the electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation,the automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, is automatic entire grades; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like intellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so onIn order to solve the traditional numerical control system seal and the numerical control application software industry production existence question. At present many countries conduct the research to the open style numerical control system, like US''S NGC (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), European Economic Community''s OSACA (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan''s OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller), China''s ONC (Open Numerical Control System) and so on. The numerical control system will open already becomes the numerical control system road of the future. The so-called open style numerical control system is the numerical control system development may in the unified movement platform, face the engine bed factory and the end-user, through the change, the increase or the tailor structure object (numerical control function), forms the seriation, and may conveniently integrates user''s special application and the technical knack in the control system, the fast realization different variety, the different scale open style numerical control system, forms has the bright individuality famous brand goods. At present the open style numerical control system system structure standard, the correspondence standard, the disposition standard, the movement platform, the numerical control system function storehouse as well as the numerical control system function software development kit and so on is the current research core.The network numerical control equipment is a nearly two year international famous engine beds expositions new luminescent spot. The numerical control equipment network enormously will satisfy the production line, the manufacture system, the manufacture enterprise to the information integration demand, also will be realizes new manufacture pattern like agile manufacture, hypothesized enterprise, the global manufacture foundation unit. The domestic and foreign some famous numerical controls engine bed and the numerical control system manufacture company has all promoted the related new concept and the prototype in the nearly two years, if unfolds in EMO2001, Japanese Shan Qima Mazak the company displays "CyberProduction Center" (intelligence production control center, is called CPC); Japan is Okuma the enginebed company to display "IT plaza" (information technology square, is called the IT square); German Simens (Siemens) the company displays Open Manufacturing Environment (opening manufacture environment, is called OME) and so on, had reflected the numerical control engine bed processing the tendency which develops to the network direction.1.4 takes the new technical standard, the standard establishment1.4.1 about numerical control system design development gaugeAs noted previously, there are better commonability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, countries such as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on research and formulation of the systematic norm of structural numerical control of the open system (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ), 3 of world heavy economy carry on the same science plan and standardize formulation nearly in a short time most, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of the technology of numerical control. Our country started research and formulation which standardized the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Numerical control technology information exchange of 50 year born , to based on ISO6983 standard, adopt G , M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can''t meet demands of high-speed development of the technology of modern numerical control more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC ) in the world, its purpose is offering a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in whole lifespan of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, and even the standardization of each industrial field product information.ance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technical field of the numerical control, on development and even the whole manufacturing industry of the technology of numerical control , will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC putsforward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea , in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on single computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of technology of numerical control. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system also can reduce , process (about 75% ) drawing , process procedure work out (about 35% ) time and process (about 50% ) time greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1- 2001.12.3 ) of STEP-NC. 20CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users , manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed and accused of the super model (Super Model ) of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS , FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, i.e. closed developing stage. In this stages, technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of the technology of numerical control is comparatively slow. During " Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", introduce technology , digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arisesing tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is that on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period ", implement the research of industrialization , enter marketcompetition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In " the Ninth Five-Year Plan " latter stage,domestic numerical control domestic market share of lathe reach 50% , mix domestic numerical control system (popular ) to up to 10%.Review the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially pass the brainstorm of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.a. Have establish the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has basically mastered the technology of modern numerical control. Our country know from numerical control system , servo urge , numerical control host computer , special plane and their basic of fittings basically already now, among them most technology have already possessed the foundation that is commercialized and developed , some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.a.Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize , set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity of batch such as numerical control of Central China , spaceflight numerical control etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, a batch of servo systems and first machine tool plant , first machine tool plant of Jinan of servo electrical machinery factory and Beijing ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories such as the numerical control in Central China. These factories have basically formed the numerical control industrial base of our country.b.Have set up research of a numerical control, development , managerial talent''s basic team . Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of the technology of numerical control, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, there is greater disparity between current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level especially in industrialization. Though very fast from longitudinal development to watch our country, horizontal until (contrast with foreign countries ) , the engineering level has disparity, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, i.e. the disparity of engineering level between some high-grade , precision and advancednumerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world , estimate roughly as follows about the numerical control engineering level of our country and industrialization level.a.On the engineering level, in probably backward 10- 1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.b.At the industrialization level, the market share is low, the variety coverage rate is low, have not formed the large-scale production yet; Function part specialized level of production and form a complete set ability to be lower; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high,the commercialized intensity is insufficient; Not setting up one''s own brand effect yet in domestic numerical control system, users have insufficient confidence.c.At the ability of sustainable development, to competition numerical control research and development of technology, engineered ability weaker; Numerical control technological application expand efforts to be better; The research , formulation that relevant standards are normal lags behind.It is analyzed that the main reason for having disparity described above has the following several respect.a.Realize the respect. Know to domestic numerical control industry process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic insufficiently; One that is to market unstandard, foreign blockade add strangle , system ,etc. underestimate while being difficult; It is not enough to analyze to technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country.b.System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue , consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one , industry chain in terms of technology; Set up intact related system , complete training , service network ,etc. of high quality support the system.c.Mechanism. The bad mechanism causes the brain drain , restraining technology and technological route from innovating again , products innovation, and hasrestricted the effective implementation of planning , has often planned the ideal , implement the difficulty. d.Technology. Enterprises are indifferent in autonomous innovation in technology, key technology is engineered and indifferent. Lathe standard lag behind, level relatively low, numerical control system new standard study enoughly.3 strategic thinking until technology and industrialization of numerical control of our country develop3.1 Strategic considerationOur country of strategic consideration makes the big country , should try hard to accept the front instead of the back transformation in the world industry shifts , should master and make key technology advancedly , otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, of our country manufacturing industry step forward " the empty core ". We regard resource , environment , market as cost, possibility got to exchange " assemble the centre ", but not master the status of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to the technology of numerical control and industry''s question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people''s living standard but also can relieve the pressure of employment ofour country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from security of national defence, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realize embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of the national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal,use the systematic method , be able to choose the support technology that the initial our country makes the key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and supports the development of industrialization in 21st century of leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump type development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development.Emphasize market demand is a direction, take terminal products of numerical control as the core , with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , model digitized machinery , key industry key equipment ,etc. ) drive numerical control development of industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability in (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , electric main shaft system of high speed and new attachment that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products without high dependability of scale ; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale ; Certainly, it is difficult finally to have the day to hold up head that there is no Chinese numerical control equipment of scale .In equipping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of end user, regard " obtaining, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. The technology of numerical control, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the numerical control industry of our country , sustainable development of the equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.References:[1]China machine tool industrial association Development department of the trade. CIMT2001 tour [J ]. The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2001 (3): 18-20.[2]The roof beam trains a king to declare , the distribution is helped. Newtendency [J ] of the technical development of the lathe . The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2001 (3): 21-28.[3]China machine tool industrial association Systematic branch of numerical control. CIMT2001 tour [J ]. The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2001 (5): 13-17.[4]Yang XueTong, Li DongRu, He WenLi ,etc.? Numerical control lathe technical development strategic research [M ] from now to century. Beijing: State Bureau of Machinery Industries, 2000.数控技术的发展趋势摘要：简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状，在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下，发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性，并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。
文献翻译-液压集成块的数控系统
液压集成块的数控系统W.Xiang,C.W.Chuen, C.M.Wong andL.H.YamDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong摘要：生成型特征计算机辅助的工艺设计/液压集成块数控系统可以产生排序的过程操作和仿真后处理数据,它会自动的被连接到生成型特征的产品模型，用一个向后循环的方式决定特征的过程计划，一个最优的搜索算法的序列工艺操作可以排定过程操作。
被排定的过程操作可以被翻译为适当的仿真后处理数据。
数据可以被数控机器识别。
此外,视景仿真模拟都是用于检查加工数控代码的可靠性和设计和制造工艺的可行性，该软件是建立一个面向对象的方法，它可以运行在Windows环境下。
关键词:计算机辅助的工艺设计/ 数控系统;特征;生成;液压阀块;视景仿真模拟3.1 介绍计算机辅助工艺规划（CAPP），用来分析各部分的几何特征的大小，形状，位置，把他们转化为生产操作指令，并确定一个粗略的部分转换成所需的最佳工艺序列成品。
CAPP方法的两个主要类型是派生式CAPP方法和生成的CAPP方法。
派生式CAPP方法采用成组技术生成一个组一部分的过程序列。
在生成的CAPP方法，过程计划通过决策逻辑，公式，算法，以及基于几何数据转换的一部分，从原材料到成品状态的处理决定的方式产生。
在这篇文章中，使用生成的方式的最佳工艺规划方法，是采用制造液压集成块，这是在液压系统中为不同功能的液压阀及管接头安装的块生成的过程。
这生产基于特点的CAPP/C数控系统接口，一个面向对象特色为基础开发的产品模型，由翔等开发了。
[2]. 工艺规划，数控编程系统和基于特征的产品模型接口的信息流和CAPP / C数控系统结构见图1。
翔等介绍产品模型、特点图书馆和标准图书馆的细节。
[2]. 工艺规划系统接收零件的几何描述，分析以知识为基础的规则零件上的所有功能，并为每个功能的使用加工能力数据库和工具库选择适当的制造工艺。
数控基础英文作文
数控基础英文作文英文：When it comes to the basics of CNC (Computer Numerical Control), there are several key concepts that are important to understand. CNC is a manufacturing process that uses computerized controls to operate and manipulate machine tools. These machine tools can include lathes, mills, routers, and grinders, among others. The use of CNC machines allows for precise and efficient production of complex parts and components.One of the fundamental concepts in CNC is the use of G-codes and M-codes. G-codes are used to control the movement of the machine, such as its speed and position, while M-codes are used to activate specific functions or processes, such as turning on coolant or changing tools. Understanding how to write and interpret G-codes and M-codes is essential for programming CNC machines.Another important aspect of CNC is the use of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) software. CAD software is used to create the digital design of the part or component, while CAM software is used to generate the toolpaths and machininginstructions for the CNC machine. Being able to work with CAD and CAM software is crucial for designing and producing parts with CNC machines.In addition to G-codes, M-codes, CAD, and CAM, it's also important to have a good understanding of thedifferent types of cutting tools and their applications. For example, end mills are used for milling slots and pockets, while drills are used for creating holes. Knowing which tool to use for a specific operation is essential for achieving the desired result in CNC machining.Furthermore, a basic knowledge of the different types of CNC machines and their capabilities is important. For instance, a 3-axis CNC machine is capable of moving the cutting tool in three different directions (X, Y, and Z), while a 5-axis CNC machine can move the tool in fivedifferent directions, allowing for more complex andintricate machining operations.Overall, having a solid understanding of G-codes and M-codes, CAD and CAM software, cutting tools, and types of CNC machines is essential for anyone looking to work in the field of CNC machining.中文：谈到数控（计算机数控）的基础知识，有几个重要的概念是很重要的。
文献翻译-数控机床的组成部分
N/C Machine Tool ElementsN/C machine tool elements consist of dimensioning systems, control systems, servomechanisms and open-or close-loop systems. It is important to understand each element prior to actual programming of a numerically controlled part.The team measuring system in N/C refers to the method a machine tool uses to move a part from a reference point to a target point. A target point may be a certain location for drilling a slot, or other machining operation. The two measuring systems used on N/C machines are the absolute and incremental. The absolute (also called coordinate) measuring system uses a fixed reference point (origin). It is on this point that all positional information is based. In other words, all the locations to which a part will be moved must be given dimensions relating to that original fixed reference point. The incremental measuring system (also called delta) has a floating coordinating system. With the inference point each time the part is moved .Notice that with this system, each new location bases its values in X and Y from the preceding location. One disadvantage to this system is that any errors made will be repeated throughout the entire program, if not detected and corrected.There are two types of control systems commonly used on N/C equipment: point-to-point and continuous path. A point-to-point controlled N/C machine tool, sometimes referred to as a positioning control type, has the capability of moving only along a straight line. However, when two axes are programmed simultaneously with equal values a 45°angle will be generated .Point-to-point systems are generally found on drilling and simple milling machine where hole location and straight milling jobs are performed. Point-to-point systems can be utilized to generate arcs and angles by programming the machine to move in a series of small steps. Using this technique, however, the actual path machined is slightly different from the cutting path specified.Machine tools that have the capability of moving simultaneously in two or more axes are classified as continuous-path or contouring. These machines are used for machining arcs, radii, circles, and angles of any size in two or three dimensions. Continuous-path machines are more expensive than point-to-point systems andgenerally require a computer to aid programming when machining complex contours.N/C servomechanisms are devices used for producing accurate movement of a table or slide along an axis. Two types of servos are commonly used on N/C equipment: electric stepping motors and hydraulic motors. Stepping motor servos are frequently used on less expensive N/C equipment. These motors are generally high-torque power servos and mounted directly to a lead screw of a table or tool slide. Most stepping motors are actuated by magnetic pulses from the stator and rotor assemblies. The net result of this action is that one rotation of the motor shaft produces 200 steps. Connecting the motor shaft to a 10-pitch lead screw allows 0.0005-in, movements to be made (1/200×1/10=0.0005 in.).Hydraulic servos produce a fluid pressure that flows through gears or pistons to effect shaft rotation. Mechanical motion of lead screws and slides is accomplished through various valves and controls from these hydraulic motors. Hydraulic servos produce more torque than stepping motors. However, they are more expensive and very noisy. Larger N/C machines use hydraulic servos.N/C machines that use an open-loop system contain no-feedback signal to ensure that a machine axis has traveled the required distance. That is, if the input received was to move a particular table 1.000 in, the servo unit generally moves the table 1.000 in. There is no means for comparing the actual table movement with the input signal, however. The only assurance that has actually moved 1.000 in is the reliability of the servo system used. Open- loop systems are, of course, less expensive than close-loop systems. A close-loop system compares the actual output (the table movement of 1.000 in.) with the input signal and compensates for errors. A feedback unit actually compares the amount the table has been moved with the input signal. Some feedback units on close-loop systems are transducers, electrical or magnetic scales, and synchros. Close-loop systems greatly increase the reliability of N/C machines.数控机床的组成部分数控机床的组成部分包括测量系统，控制系统，伺服系统及开环或闭环系统，在对数控零件进行程序设计之前，了解各组成部分是重要的。
数控类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译——模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究
Mould type of numerical control process computer assist the cutter choose and studyForewordNumerical control include cutter production and cutter of orbit choose two key problems process ,. The first problem has been got and studied extensivly and deeply over the past 20 years, a lot of algorithms developed have already got application in commercial CAD/ CAM system. Most CAM systems can produce the cutter orbit automatically after users input relevant parameters at present. Comparatively speaking , it is still not ripe to regard quality , efficiency as the research of choosing the problem of cutter of optimizing the goal correctly, do not have commercial CAM system that can offer the preferred decision support tool of cutter at present, therefore it is difficult to realize the integrating automatically and organically of CAD/ CAM.. The cutter is chosen to usually include cutter type and cutter size. Generally speaking , suitable for one processing cutter of target for much kind , one cutter can finish different processing tasks, so it is easier to only consider meeting the cutter that basically processes the requirement and choose, especially to geometirc characteristics of model such as the hole , trough ,etc.. But in fact, it is common for cutter to choose and sure optimization goal interrelate, for instance most heavy to cut efficiency , process time , minimum process cost , longest service life ,etc. at least, so the cutter is chosen it is a complicated optimization question. Such as mould type one of parts, because the geometirc form is complicated (usually include curved surface of freedom and island), influence geometry that cutter choose it restrains from to be can explicit to say among CAD model, need to design the corresponding algorithm to draw, therefore choose the cutter specification suitable and cutter association , it is not easy things by improving efficiency and quality processed in numerical control.Mould type generally with preparation method that numerical control mill, usually including rough machining, half finish machining , precise process of processing etc.. The principle of rough machining is to spare no effort to remove the surplus metal with high efficiency, therefore hope to choose the larger cutter, but the cutter is oversized, may causethe increase of the crude volume ; Half finish machining of tasks to remove rough machining leave over step that get off mainly; Finish machining mainly guarantees size of the part and surface quality. Consider , go on , select exist , sure by computer difficult automatically totally up till now, therefore assist the cutter to choose in the computer that we developed (Computer Aided Tool Selection , CATS) among the system, base on , provide one aid decision tool for user, rough machining , half finish machining , precise to process etc., the real policy-making power is still left to users, in order to give full play to the advantages of computer and people.1 Basic structure of the systemCATS system is CAD model, output for cutter type , cutter specification , mill depth of sharpening , enter the giving amount , rotational speed of main shaft (cut the pace ) and process six parameters such as time (such as Fig. 1), including choosing the aid decision tool in cutter type, rough machining cutter choose aid decision tool, half finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool and finish machining cutter choose aid decision tool ,etc.Given the rough machining in Xingqiang processing of the important position (usually rely time 5~10 times), rough machining, the system automatically optimize portfolio with cutlery functions to enhance overall processing efficiency. In addition to the decision-making tools, the system also has a detailed look cutlery norms, based on the type and size cutlery recommended processing parameters and assess the function of processing time, the last generation of the overall results of choice cutlery statements (figure 2). All the data and knowledge systems cutlery done by the background database support.2Key technologies and algorithms2.1C utlery type choiceAccording to Assistant Xingqiang digital processing practice, Xingqiang Xi state general processing cutlery into milling cutter, milling cutter radius milling cutter and the first three balls. D based cutlery diameter, radius radius r when r=0 for milling cutter, 0<R Cutlery can be divided into the overall style and embed films ceremony. For inlay film style, the key is to select the materials razor blades, razor blades materials choice depends on three elements : the processing of working materials, machine tools and cutlery jig stability of the state structures. Processing system will be translated intomaterial steel, stainless steel, cast iron, nonferrous metals, materials and hard to cut materials six groups. Machine tool jig stability into good, better and less than three levels. Cutlery investigation into the short and long cantilever structures two, the system automatically reasoning on the basis of the specific circumstances of razor blades materials, decision-making knowledge from Walter cutlery manual system by the users first choice cutlery type in the world. To embed film style cutlery, a rules-based automated reasoning suitable razor blades materials. For example, if the final processing of materials for the "steel", machine tool jig for good stability, cutlery cantilever structures for short, razor blades materials for WAP25.Rough machining cutlery portfolio optimizationXingqiang rough machining the aim is to maximize the removal of excess metal normally used milling cutter, take-cutting approach. Thus, 3D mould Xingqiang the rough machining process, is actually a series of 2.5D components Xingqiang processing. Cutlery optimization is to find a group of cutlery portfolio, allowing for maximum efficiency removal of most metals. Cutlery portfolio optimized basic methods as follows :A.To do some long step into knife in the direction of a group of vertical and horizontal search Xingqiang another entity to form a search layer.B.Derive closed to the contours.C.Calculated between Central and outside the island or islands and the distance between the key that affect cutlery choice geometric constraints algorithm flow As shown in figure 3D.According to the principle of the merger (adjacent to the critical distance will be smaller than the difference between the threshold) to search layer merger, graphic processing and identifying viable cutlery sets, a processing layer.E.Determine the use of each processing layer cutlery, cutlery Xingqiang processing portfolio.F.According cutlery recommended processing parameters (cutting speed, depth and into Xianxiao to speed), the calculation of material removal.G.According to the actual removal of the volume processing layer, the processing time for each processing layer.H.Xingqiang calculating the total processing time and residual volume.I.The overall portfolio of the Group cutlery processing efficiency assessment.J . Repeat a~i until derive optimal mix of cutlery. If time is the goal, called for the entire processing time t Xingqiang shortest portfolio to optimize cutlery.2.2Semi-finished cutlery choiceThe main purpose is to remove semi-finished rough machining residual contours of the new warrants. To completely remove height, depth must be greater than Xianxiao parts of each level to the surface distance x. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1:entity models from parts of two adjacent to the cross section of the surface contours and the corresponding length;Step 2: The average length of contours;Step 3:calculate its width;Step 4 : calculating height floor to the surface of parts to the law distance x;Step 5 : steps 1~ repeat steps 4, each level of decision Xianxiao depth;Step 6 : calculate cutlery diameter D, by or under cutlery experience D=x/0.6 manual recommended;steps7 : choose Xianxiao x depth than the smallest cutlery.2.3fine cutlery choiceFine cutlery choice is the basic principle : cutlery parts surface radius smaller than the smallest size R curve radius r, the general admission R= (0.8~0.9) r. Its algorithm steps are as follows :Step 1 : from the smallest curve radius calculation model parts entities;Step 2 : From cutlery database search radius of less than a cutlery calculated radius of the curve all cutlery;Step 3 : select the best cutlery meet the above requirements;Step 4 : If all cutlery than the smallest curve radius, the smallest chosen as a recommended cutlery.3 summary and discussionMould type of craft of processing plan , need high technology and experience very usually, prepare NC time of data nearly and process time to be large. So person whoproduce of craft of processing plan and NC process demand of the order right away seem further more urgent automatically.This text system research mould type of craft cutter plan , choose problem, put forward mould of rough machining , half finish machining , finish machining principle and method that cutter chooses, the realization algorithm with corresponding structure , and has carried on the realization of preliminary programming under the environment of UG/OPEN API, have developed CATS prototype system. In cutter type and on the foundation that the specification is fixed, system also can recommend parameter of processing according to cutter manual (cut pace , mill , sharpen depth , enter person who give ,etc.), evaluate corresponding processing time. Final purpose its to realize integration of CAD/CAM really , produce through aftertreatment numerical control process the order.Need to point out , should improve the mould type totality of and process efficiency, need it from the rough machining , half finish machining , consideration on the whole of finish machining , make up and optimize many targets, this will be work that we want to carry on next .模具型腔数控加工计算机辅助刀具选择和研究引言数控加工中包括刀具轨迹的产生和刀具选择两个关键问题。
【机械专业文献翻译】数控技术1
NC technology development trends1 NC system developments at home and abroadWith the rapid development of computer technology, the traditional beginning of a fundamental change manufacturing, the industrial developed countries spent huge sums of money on the modern manufacturing technology research and development, to create a new model. In modern manufacturing systems, CNC technology is the key to technology, which combines microelectronics, computers, information processing, automatic detection, automatic control, such as the integration of advanced, a high-precision, high-efficiency, flexible automation, and other characteristics, the manufacturing industry Flexible automation, integrated, intelligent play the pivotal role. At present, NC technology is undergoing a fundamental change, from a special closed-loop control mode togeneral-purpose real-time dynamic open all closed-loop control mode. In the integrated on the basis of the CNC systems ultra-thin, ultra-light; on the basis of the intelligent, integrated computers, multimedia, fuzzy control, neural network and other technical disciplines, NC system to achieve high-speed, high-precision, Efficient control, automatic processing can be amended to regulate compensation and the parameters for an online intelligent fault diagnosis and treatment of the network based on the CAD / CAM and CNC systems integration as one machine network, makes the central government centralized control of the group control processing.For a long time, China''s CNC system for traditional closed architecture, but only as a non-intelligent CNC machine controller. Process variables based on experience in the form of pre-fixed parameters, processing procedures before the actual processing by hand or through CAD / CAM and automatic programming system prepared. CAD / CAM and CNC have no feedback control link, the entire manufacturing process CNC is a closed ring-opening implementing agencies. In a complex and changing environment under the conditions of processing tool in the process of composition, workpiece material, spindle speed, feed rate, tool path, cutting depth, step, allowance and other processing parameters, not at the scene circumstances under external interference and real-time dynamic random factors, not by random amendment feedback control link CAD / CAM settings volume, in turn, affect the work of CNC machining efficiency and product quality. Clearly, the traditional fixed CNC system that controlled mode and closed architecture, limiting the CNC to the development of more intelligent control variables, can no longermeet the increasingly complex manufacturing process, therefore, the CNC technology in the potential for change inevitable.2 NC technology development trends2.1 Performance development direction(1) high-speed high-precision efficient speed, accuracy and efficiency of machinery manufacturing technology is the key performance indicators. As a result of the high-speedCPU chips, RISC chip, as well as multi-CPU control system with high-resolution detector of the absolute exchange digital servo system, taken at the same time improve the machine dynamic and static characteristics of effective measures, the high-speed high-precision machine has been efficient greatly enhanced.(2) Flexible includes two aspects: CNC system itself flexibility, NC system is modular in design, functional coverage, can be cut and strong, and easy to meet the needs of different users; group control system flexibility, with a control system pursuant to the requirements of different production processes, materials flow and information flow automatically dynamically adjusted to maximize their group control system performance.(3) Process of composite and multi-axis to reduce the process time for the main purpose of supporting the composite processing, and are moving towards multi-axis, multi-function control of the direction of series development. NC Machine Tool Technology composite refers to the workpiece in a single machine on a fixture, through an automatic tool change, rotating spindle head or turntable, and other measures to accomplish multiple processes, multi-surface machining compound. Axis CNC technology, Siemens 880-axis control system for up to 24 axes.(4) Real-time Intelligent early for the real-time system is usually relatively simple ideal environment, and its role is to scheduling tasks, to ensure that the task be completed within a specified time limit. And artificial intelligence is used to model the realization of mankind''s various intelligent behaviors. To the development of science and technology today, real-time systems and artificial intelligence combined with each other towards artificial intelligence is a real-time response, a more realistic field of development, and also in the real-time system with intelligent behavior, the more complex application development, resulting in the Intelligent real-time control of this new area. NC technology in the field, real-time intelligent control of the research and application of developmentalong several main branches: adaptive control, fuzzy control, neural network control, experts control, learning control, feed-forward control. For example, in CNC programming system with expert systems, fault diagnosis expert system parameters automatically set and tool management and automatic compensation, such as adaptive conditioning systems, in high-speed processing of the integrated motion control ahead of the introduction of budget projections and functional, dynamic Feedforward functions in pressure, temperature, position, velocity, control, fuzzy control, the control of the NC system performance greatly improved, so as to achieve optimal control purposes.2.2 functional development direction(1) The user interface is graphical user interface with the CNC system of dialogue between the user interface. Since different users interface requirements are different, thus the development of the workload of great user interface, user interface software developed into the most difficult part of. At present INTERNET, virtual reality, visualization in scientific computing and multimedia technologies, such as the user interface has put a higher demand. Graphical user interface greatly facilitates the use of non-professional users, it can be carried out through the window and menu operation, ease of programming and blueprint for rapid programming, three-dimensional dynamic three-dimensional color graphics, graphics, simulation, graphics, dynamic tracking and simulation, and the different directions view and partial display ratio scaling function can be achieved.(2) visualization in scientific computing visualization in scientific computing can be used for efficient data processing and interpretation of data, so that the exchange of information is no longer limited to using the written word and language, and can direct the use of graphics, image, animation, video and other information. Visualization technology and virtual environment technology, to further broaden the application areas, such as a drawing design, virtual prototyping technology, which shorten product design cycles, improving product quality, reduce production cost is of great significance. NC technology in the areas of visualization technology can be used for CAD / CAM, such as automatic programming design parameters automatically set, tool compensation and tool management of dynamic data processing and display, as well as the processing of visual simulation, and other presentations.(3) interpolation, and a variety of methods of compensation interpolation methods such as multiple linear interpolation, circular interpolation, cylindrical interpolation, spaceelliptical surface interpolation, thread interpolation, polar coordinates interpolation, 2 D +2 helical interpolation , NANO interpolation, interpolation NURBS (non-uniform rationalB-spline interpolation), spline interpolation (A, B, C kind), such as polynomial interpolation.A variety of functions such as compensation gap compensation vertical compensation quadrant error compensation, and measurement systems pitch error compensation, and speed-related feedforward compensation and temperature compensation, with nearly smooth and exit, as well as the opposite point of the cutter radius compensation.(4) high-performance PLC contents contents performance CNC system PLC control module can be directly used ladder diagram or high-level language programming, with intuitive online debugging and online help function. Programming tools include the standard used lathe and milling machine PLC user program an example, users may PLC user program standards on the basis of editorial changes, thus easily build their own applications.(5) application of multimedia technology of multimedia technology-computers, audio-visual and communication technology, and it has the computer integrated voice, text, images and video information. In NC technology, multimedia technology can be applied to information processing integrated, intelligent, real-time monitoring system in the field and production equipment fault diagnosis, monitoring of process parameters such as production has a significant value.2.3 Development of the Architecture(1) integration of a highly integrated CPU, programmable RISC chips and large-scale integrated circuits FPGA, EPLD, CPLD and ASIC ASIC chips that can improve the CNC system integration and hardware and software operating speed. Application FPD flat panel display technology can improve display performance. Flat-panel displays with high science and technology content, light weight, small size, low power consumption and portability advantages can be realized Supersized, a counterweight to the emerging and CRT display technology, display technology in the 21st century the mainstream. Application of advanced packaging and interconnect technologies, semiconductors and surface mount technology integration. By increasing the density of integrated circuits, reducing the length and number of interconnection products to reduce prices, improve performance, reduce component size, improve the reliability of the system.(2) easy to implement modular hardware modular NC systems integration and standardization. According to various functional requirements, the basic modules, such as CPU, memory, position servo, PLC, the input and output interfaces, and communications modules, making the standard Series products, through functional building-block approach to cutting the number of steps and modules, a NC system at different grades.(3) machine interconnection network for remote control of unmanned operation. Machine through networking, can be in any one machine on the other machine programming, configuration, operation, operating, different machine can be displayed on the screen each machine on the screen.(4) general-open the closed-loop control mode to adopt a common computer component Bus, modular, open, embedded architecture, ease of cutting, expansion and upgrading, can be composed of different grades, different types, different degree of integration CNC system. Closed-loop control mode is the traditional CNC system only for single closed-open-loop control mode proposed. The manufacturing process is a multi-variable control and the role of integrated processing complex process, including processing, such as size, shape, vibration, noise, temperature and thermal deformation, and other factors, therefore, to achieve the process of multi-objective optimization, Multivariable must adopt the closed-loop control, real-time processing in the dynamic adjustment process variables. Processing the adoption of open universal real-time closed-loop control mode the whole dynamic, easy real-time intelligent computer technology, network technology, multimedia technology, CAD / CAM, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management and dynamic tool compensation, dynamic simulation and other high technology into one, a tight closed-loop manufacturing process control system to achieve integrated, intelligent, network-based.3 PCNC new generation of intelligent CNC systemResearch and Development adapted to the current complexity of the manufacturing process, with the structure of the closed-loop control system, a new generation of intelligent PCNC CNC system has become possible. PCNC NC intelligent system will be a new generation of intelligent computer technology, network technology, CAD / CAM, servo control, adaptive control, dynamic data management and dynamic tool compensation, dynamic simulation and other high technology into one, a tight closure of the manufacturing process Central control system.。
【机械类文献翻译】计算机数控机床的安全和维护
1 Safety Notes for CNC machine Operations
Safety is always a major concern in a metal-cutting Operation. CNC equipment is automated and very fast, and consequently it is a source of hazards , The hazards have to located and the personnel must be aware of them in order to prevent injuries and damage to the equipment. Main potential hazards include, rotating parts, such as the spindle, the tool in the spindle, chuck, part in the chuck, and the turret with the tools and rotating clamping devices, movable parts, such as the machining center table, lathe slides, tailstock center , and tool carousel, errors in the program such as improper use of the G00 code in conjunction with wrong coordinate value, which can generate an unexpected rapid motion, an error in setting or changing the offset value ,which can result in a collision of the tool with part or the machine, and a hazardous action of the machine caused by unqualified changes in a proven program, To minimize or avoid hazards, try the following preventive action: (1) Keep all of the original covers on the machine as supplied by the machine tool builder (2) (3) Wear safety glasses, gloves, and proper clothing and shoes. Do not attempt to run the machine before you are familiar with its control.
数控专业的英语作文范文
数控专业的英语作文范文Title: The Significance of CNC Technology in Modern Manufacturing。
In recent years, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology has emerged as a cornerstone in the realm of manufacturing. Its application spans across various industries, revolutionizing production processes and enhancing efficiency. This essay delves into the significance of CNC technology in modern manufacturing.First and foremost, CNC technology epitomizes precision engineering. Through meticulous programming and automated processes, CNC machines can achieve levels of accuracy and consistency unattainable through manual operation. This precision is particularly crucial in industries such as aerospace and medical device manufacturing, where even the slightest deviation can have profound consequences. By ensuring consistently high-quality outputs, CNC technology elevates product standards and bolsters competitiveness inthe global market.Moreover, CNC technology facilitates versatility in manufacturing. Traditional manufacturing methods often necessitate retooling and reconfiguring machinery for different tasks, resulting in downtime and inefficiency. Conversely, CNC machines can swiftly adapt to various production requirements with minimal downtime, thanks to their programmable nature. This flexibility enables manufacturers to respond promptly to changing market demands and produce diverse product lines withoutsignificant retooling costs.Furthermore, CNC technology enhances productivity and throughput. By automating repetitive tasks and streamlining production processes, CNC machines can operate around the clock with minimal human intervention. This 24/7 operation translates to increased output rates and shorter lead times, enabling manufacturers to meet tight deadlines and fulfill large-scale orders efficiently. Additionally, CNC machines can perform complex machining operations with remarkable speed and efficiency, further boosting productivity inhigh-volume production environments.In addition to efficiency gains, CNC technology fosters innovation in manufacturing. The ability to precisely fabricate intricate designs and geometric shapes empowers designers and engineers to push the boundaries ofcreativity. Complex components that were once deemed impractical or unfeasible to manufacture using conventional methods can now be realized with ease through CNC machining. This capability not only spurs innovation in product design but also enables the development of cutting-edge technologies across various industries.Furthermore, CNC technology promotes sustainability in manufacturing. By optimizing material usage and minimizing wastage through precise machining processes, CNC machines contribute to resource conservation and environmental preservation. Additionally, the energy-efficient operationof CNC machines, coupled with the potential for lights-out manufacturing, reduces carbon emissions and energy consumption compared to traditional manufacturing methods. As sustainability becomes increasingly paramount in globalmanufacturing practices, CNC technology emerges as apivotal enabler of eco-friendly production processes.In conclusion, CNC technology stands as a transformative force in modern manufacturing, driving advancements in precision, versatility, productivity, innovation, and sustainability. Its profound impact reverberates across industries, from aerospace and automotive to healthcare and consumer electronics. As technology continues to evolve, the role of CNC technology in shaping the future of manufacturing is poised to expand, promising continued enhancements in efficiency, quality, and competitiveness on a global scale.。
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附录1 译文数控技术1 当前世界NC机床的研究现状世界各国对数控机床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各种新技术的研究与发展进程，是与世界经济形势紧密相连的。
机床工业有世界经济相互促进和发展，进入21世界知识机警时代，人们的知识所起的作用更加突出，而机床工业作为机器制造业的基础，其重点地位与战略意义也更加明显。
在1991—1994年间，世界经济衰退，昂贵的FMS，CIMS降温，1995—2000年间，世界经济在低速增长，根据当前世界市场各方面用户为提高生产率对NC机床的要求以及世界四大国际机床展（欧洲的EMO、美国的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中国的CIMT）上展品的分析，当前世界NC机床的技术研究主要有以下几点：（1）更加重视新技术和创新在世界范围内，对新工艺、新材料、新结构、新单元、新元件的研究开发工作正在大力开展，如新的刀具材料、新的主轴结构、高速电主轴、高速直线电机等的开发研究。
以加工工艺的改进创新为基础，为加工超硬、难切削材料及特殊复合材料及复杂零件、不规则曲面等在不断研究开发新机种。
（2）提高机床加工的精度和研究为了提高加工中心的加工精度，不断提高机床的刚度、减少振动，消除热变形，降低噪声，提高NC机床的定位精度、重复精度、工作可靠性、稳定性、精度保持性，世界很多国家都在进行机床热误差、机床运动及负载变形误差的软件补偿技术研究，并采取精度补偿、软件补偿等措施加以改善，有的已经可以使此类误差消除60%。
并在不断开发精细加工，纳米加工。
（3）提高机床加工生产率的研究世界NC机床、加工中心及相应的高速点主轴、直线电机、测量系统、NC系统的开发，均以提高生产率为前提。
2 加工中心的分类（1）按工艺用途分类有：镗铣加工中心，分为立式樘铣加工中心、卧式樘铣加工中心和龙门樘铣加工中心。
其加工工艺以樘铣为主，用于箱体，壳体以及各种复杂零件特殊曲线和曲面轮廓的多工序加工，适合多品种小批量生产。
复合加工中心，主要指五面复合加工，主轴头可自动回转，进行立，卧加工，在主轴自动回转后，在水平和垂直方向实现知道变换。
（2）按特殊功能分类有：单工作台、双工作台加工中心；单轴、双轴、三轴及可换主轴箱的加工中心；立式转塔加工中心和卧式转塔加工中心；刀库加主轴换刀加工中心；刀库接写手加主轴换刀加工中心；刀库加机械手加双主轴转塔加工中心。
3 当今数控机床的发展趋势：目前，世界先进制造技术不断兴起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技术的应用，柔性制造系统的迅速发展和计算机集成系统的不断成熟，对数控加工技术提出了更高的要求。
当今数控机床正在朝着以下几个方向发展。
（1）高速度、高精度化速度和精度是数控机床的两个重要指标，它直接关系到加工效率和产品质量。
目前，数控系统采用位数、频率更高的处理器，以提高系统的基本运算速度。
同时，采用超大规模的集成电路和多微处理器结构，以提高系统的数据处理能力，即提高插补运算的速度和精度。
并采用直线电动机直接驱动机床工作台的直线伺服进给方式，其高速度和动态响应特性相当优越。
采用前馈控制技术，使追踪滞后误差大大减小，从而改善拐角切削的加工精度。
（2）可靠性最大化数控机床的可靠性一直是用户最关心的主要指标。
数控系统将采用更高集成度的电路芯片，利用大规模或超大规模的专用及混合式集成电路，以减少元器件的数量，来提高可靠性。
通过硬件功能软件化，以适应各种控制功能的要求，同时采用硬件结构机床本体的模块化、标准化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生产批量，又便于组织生产和质量把关。
还通过自动运行启动诊断、在线诊断、离线诊断等多种诊断程序，实现对系统内硬件、软件和各种外部设备进行故障诊断和报警。
利用报警提示，及时排除故障；利用容错技术，对重要部件采用“冗余”设计，以实现故障自恢复；利用各种测试、监控技术，当生产超程、刀损、干扰、断电等各种意外时，自动进行相应的保护。
附录2 英文参考资料NC Technology1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our timesResearch and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:（1）Pay more attention to new technology and innovationWorldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.（2）Improve the precision and research of machine toolingIn order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.（3）Improve the research of the machine tooling productivityWorld NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.2、Classification of the machining center（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simplestructure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces .Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.(2) Classify by craft useIs it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.(3) Classify by special functionSingle workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.3、Development trend of the current numerical control latheAt present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.（1）The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.（2）The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot ofthe hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on.. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.。