(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念

1.1 the definition of a word

（

alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.

1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇

nonbasic vocabulary

非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇

by notion 按概念分：

content words and functional words

实义词和功能词

by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性

stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性

terminology 术语

jargon 行话

slang 俚语

argon 黑话

dialectal words 方言词

archaism 古语词

neologism 新词

neutral in style 文体上中性

frequent in use 使用频繁

native words

本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词

aliens 异形词

translation-loans 译借词

1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin

2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly

3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition

4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious

characteristics

明显的特点

(Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between

notions, words, etc.)

2D e v e l o p m e n t

It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.

2.1 Indo-European

印欧语Eastern set

：

东部诸语族

Western set：

西部诸语族

Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语

Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语

Armenian 亚美尼亚语

Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语

Celtic 凯尔特语

Italic 意大利语

Hellenic 希腊语—Greek

Germanic 日耳曼语

Persian 波斯语

Bengali 孟加拉国语

Hindi 印地语

Romany 普吉赛语

Prussian 普鲁士语

Lithuanian 立陶宛语

Polish 波兰语

Czech 捷克语

Bulgarian 保加利亚语

Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语

Russian 俄语

Norwegian 挪威语

Icelandic 冰岛语

Danish 丹麦语

Swedish 瑞典语

German 德语

Dutch 荷兰语

Flemish 佛兰德语

Portuguese 葡萄牙语

Spanish 西班牙语

French 法语

Italian 意大利语

Roumanian 罗马尼亚语

Scottish 苏格兰语

Irish 爱尔兰语

Welsh 威尔士语

Breton 布里多尼语

Scandinavian languages

斯堪的纳维亚语

Latin 拉丁语言