哈工大2001年博士英语入学考试试题
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三Passage 1The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be debated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possible corner cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate approach id advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that would prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million-dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting society's priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers have begun to shift the tide, however, as abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell.1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation ____A.Are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuitB.Suffer injures from faulty merchandise and deserve appropriate compensationC.Will find their options limited in the future as product liability laws will move toward amore moderate positionD.Bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and profit-seeking groups2.Manufacturers in the text tend to ____A.Invariable produce dangerous products that require legislation to ensure safetyB.Hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safetyC.Be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets themD.Be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing theirproducts3.Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that ____A.Such laws curb producers' ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profitB.The laws need to be modified to better serve the needs both consumers and producersC.The result of such laws have been positive thus far, but need to be modifiedD.Strict product liability laws are unnecessary and should be disposed of4.The author's attitude toward the issue seems to be ____A.BiasedB.PuzzlingC.ObjectiveD.Indifferent5.The main purpose of this text is to ____A.Present two opposing sides of an argument for the reader's considerationcate the reader about the effect of product liability legislation on the legal systemC.Convince the reader that product liability laws need to be changedrm the reader of the current status of product liability lawsPassage 2The continuing and justified alarm over illegal drug use by the young has obscured an underlying problem that is larger and ever more threatening to society. It is an epidemic of legal drug abuse that is just what the doctor ordered.Depressing, social inadequacy, anxiety, apathy, marital disorder, children's misbehavior and other psychological problems are usually solved by physicians with prescription pads. Psychologists as well as physicians of every other sociality now prescribe a wide variety of mood-altering drugs for patients with emotional, motivational and learning problems, and even the mildest psychological discomforts. It is time for an immediate examination of the role that psychoactive drugs play in human life.We must combat the medical-psychiatric model of human behavior that seeks a drug for every psychological discomfort and under which a person who is not continuously calm, anxiety-free, happy and content is defined as a medical patient.We must question a medical approach in which psychoactive drugs are used as an easy solution, a simple acceptable way to avoid dealing with personal and interpersonal problems. Such “treatment” is counterproductive: it does not solve the underlying problems, it keeps the person from learning how to cope with his world, it often reduces a person’s willingness to interact with others, and it may actually impair the body’s self-regulating psychological functions. In addition, it deceives the medical and psychiatric professions into false security by suggesting that there is no urgent need for further research, no need for the development of more humanistic approaches.One of the most disturbing effects of psychoactive drugs is that they convince the drug user that psychological problems have chemical solutions and that the better psychological living can be achieved through chemistry rather than non-medical methods. The attitude that prompts one to seek psychological quick-change in a doctor’s office can also lead one to a pusher on the street corner. That the medically prescribed drugs are standardized and chemically pured begs the question.The drug-abuse problem is compounded by the pharmaceutical companies that seek new drug markets and bigger sales, persuading physicians and the public that unpleasant human emotions are abnormal and should be suppressed with drugs.The drug-abuse problem is further intensified by those physicians who see themselves as universal healers, who take the easy route by prescribing psychoactive drugs without consideringmore relevant non-medical approaches. Appealingly simplistic solutions to personal distress are the hallmark of the unprincipled politician, the intolerant social reformers and the medical quack.The public must demand concern for potential dangers and services confined to areas of competence. The welfare of society is too precious to be entrusted solely to the hands of physicians. We may have been basing our trust on a myth of medical competence. Perhaps what may be needed in local communities is more inquiry of experts who can really help solve psychological problems.6.People’s concern with illegal drug use by the young is ____A.The most important issueB.ReasonableC.HumanisticD.Unprincipled7.What is the exact meaning of “epidemic”(para.1) ____A.prevalentB.distinguishedC.devastatedD.sophisticated8.According to the author, ____A.Each psychological problems has a chemical solutionB.The physician is solely responsible for the welfare of societyC.Medical profession is competent for solving all our problemsD.The physician should also consider non-medical approached to our problem9.the main idea of the text is ____A.legal drug abuse become a serious problemB.psychoactive drugs have been used to treat psychological problemsC.there are several factors that lead to the abuse of psychoactive drugsD.physicians can not solve psychological problems10.What’s the function of paragraph 2?e examples to support the idea in paragraph onee examples to support the idea in paragraph twoC.Raise a question for the textD.Raise a solution for the problemPassage 3Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions, as citizens or as citizens individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The disinclination to suggest a real choice of individual decision, which is to be found in the media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication.The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently racked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, through they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where suchenquiries might really hurt. They will rend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché assumptions of democratic society disturbing application of them to features give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself. They will, therefore, again assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press. Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving as judgment. Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for, and so a hindrance to, judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and in the pulses. Mass communications, then, do, not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate them to allow them to sit on the side of the fireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.11.the media is reluctant to suggest a real choice of individual decision, ____A.solely out of a commercial desireB.it conforms to the nature of mass communicationsC.because its utmost aspiration is to make customers happyD.such a real choice is very complicated12.the author says that a natural concern of the Establishment is to ____A.change the form of public institutionsB.perform a good service to societyC.maintain its position in societyD.arouse strong emotions in the public13.too frequent exposure to the kind of material discussed in the passage causes the viewer orreader to ____A.lose touch with the real worldB.attach too much importance to testing reactionsC.form judgments which are too emotionalD.cease to examine his own reaction to problems14.What is the author’s final judgment on how mass communications deal with intellectualmatters?A.They regard them as unimportantB.They rob them of their dramatic impactC.They see them as a domestic pastimeD.They consider them to be of only domestic interest15.according to the passage, when covering and exposing problems, the media will ____A.sometimes make disturbing application of them but it’s uncharacteristicB.try to achieve an effect stimulation to challenge the status quoC.have a thoroughgoing inquiry to make people challenge the EstablishmentD.not challenge the cliché assumption of society because the mass media are notresponsible enoughPassage 4Social anxiety, in its many forms, is epidemic. About 40percent of American think of themselves as shy, while only 20percent say they have never suffered from shyness at some pointin their lives. Shyness occurs when a person's apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response. Symptoms of shyness can be as minor as failing to make make eye contact when speaking to someone, or as major as avoiding conversations whenever possible.“Shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,”said Jonathan Cheek, a psychologist at College who is one of those at the forefront of current research on the topic. “For example, for a smooth conversation, you need to pay attention to the other person’s cues—what he is saying and doing. But the shy person is full of worries about how he seems to the other person, and so he often misses cues he should pick up. The result is an awkward lag in the conversation. Shy people need to stop focusing on themselves and switch their attention to the other person.”Nevertheless, shy people by and large have better social abilities than they think they do. When Dr. Cheek videotaped shy people talking to strangers, and then had raters evaluate how socially skilled the people were, he found that, in the eyes of other people, the shy group had few obvious problems. But when he asked the shy people themselves how they had done, they were unanimous in saying that they had been social flops.Shy people are their own worst critics and in general they feel they are being judged more positively than they actually are. Shy people always overestimate how obvious their social anxiety is to other.Not all self-consciousness leads to social anxiety, in the view of Amold Buss, one of the first psychologists to study the phenomenon. The garden variety of self-consciousness, Dr. Buss has written, is simply an introspective awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings. What he calls “public self-consciousness,” on the other hand, is a powerful perception of oneself as the object of social scrutiny. The latter is the root of social anxiety.Social anxiety generally creates three different kinds of problems, which can occur separately or in tandem. For some people, their social anxiety is primarily cognitive: they suffer from repetitive thoughts expressing their fear of making a poor impression, such as “he must think I’m an idiot,” or “I can’t think of anything to say.” Other people, though experience their social anxiety almost entirely through physiological symptoms, such as blushing, a pounding heart, or sweating in social situation. In either case, these symptoms lead to a set of behavioral ones: for example, not being able to speak although one wants to, or a general social awkwardness.16.“shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,” can be paraphrased as shy peopleA.Are strict with themselvesB.Pay attention to their performanceC.Are excessively concerned with other’s comment on themselvesD.Are too concentrated on thinking to notice other things17.Jonathan Cheek believes that shy people ____A.Pay much attention to the other people’s cuesB.Have better social abilities than they think they doC.Always overestimate their social abilitiesD.Are too preoccupied with the conversation topic18.in para.3, the social flops means the people who ____A.are very sociableB.are awkward sociallyC.get to know people quicklyD.are skilled at communication19.According to Amold Buss, which of the following statement is true?A.Social anxiety is a kind of disease that can’t be curedB.Shy people worry too much about other people’s attitudeC.Shy people underestimate their anxietyD.No self-consciousness leads to anxiety20.Jonathan Cheek’s statement and Amold Buss’ statement ____A.Support each otherB.Are quite differentC.Are contradictoryD.Are the samePassage 5For companies on the cusp of the internet Age, the resource in shortest supply is neither raw material nor capital, neither powerful technology nor new markets. What keeps managers up nights at these companies is the scarcity of brainpower, the talent to give wings to visions of a future that becomes the present at the speed of light. “Capital is accessible, and smart strategies can simply be copied, “says Ed Michaels, a McKinsey & Co. Director.” The half-life of technology is growing shorter all the time. For many companies today, talented people are the prime source of competitive advantage.IBM founds Thomas Watson and earlier chieftains constructed organizations that were models of order, logic and conformity, the later best symbolized by the white shirts and stiff collars every IBM salesman had to wear. The hierarchy and bureaucratic protocol that were the hallmarks of those corporations were crucial to success in an age when change came slowly and markets were largely domestic.Today’s managers recognize that flat organizations of empowered people are critical to gaining quick decisions in a global market place that moves at net speed. Internet Age companies rely on the initiative and smarts of more responsive to the market. The ultimate goal, says CEO Jorma Ollila of Finland’s telecom giant Nokia, is “Flexibility, an open mind, and transparency of organization.”In this new environment, the most successful companies are endowing entry-level employees with the reverence once accorded only to customers. They are working to fulfill the desire for meaning and belonging by creating egalitarian meritocracies. And they are paying generously for performance, not only with cash, but with ownership. As Cisco System Inc. CEO John T. Chambers puts it: the new Economy is heavy on intellectual capital. The sharing of knowledge is what really makes it go. In the new Economy, you expect lifelong learning, not necessarily lifelong employment. People used to work for wages. In the new Economy, they work for ownership. Security comes from the stock. labor often fought management in the Old Economy. Today, teamwork and empowerment are crucial to success.In short, the world economy is going through a seismic shift to intellectual capital from capital investment. That’s why computer mogul Michael S. Dell made people No.1 on his top 10 list of priorities to executives earlier this year. And at a company adding more that 8000 people this year to its 29.000 employees, the talent must be hired and developed fast.Finding people like Martin is an all-consuming priority at Dell. Recruiters start with substantial research on what it likes to succeed. Besides confirming the necessary functional or technical skills, managers test applicants for their tolerance of ambiguity and change their capacity to work in teams and learn on the fly. At the VP level, candidates are sent to a consultant for a lengthy behavioral interview and extensive pencil-and-paper testing. “It is a high-risk, high-reward environment,” says Andy Esparza, vice-president of staffing. “We have to screen fro people who can thrive in that kind of culture.”21.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?A.Talented people are the prime source of competitive advantage.B.Flat organizations of empowered people are crucial to win the marketC.Sharing of knowledge is critical in competitionD.Teamwork and ownership are important to success.22.according to paragraph 4, how can employees gain egalitarian meritocracies?A.They share their knowledge.B.They respect their customersC.They get high paymentD.They work hard and gain stock23.the main idea of the last paragraph is ____A.technical skills are indispensableB.substantial research is the first step for recruitingC.interview and testing are two necessary methodsD.recruiting is a high-risk and high-reward job24.the author’s style in the text seems best characterized as ____A.respectfulB.persuasiveC.didacticD.diffident25.from the text we can infer that ____A.today’s market are largely globalB.capital investment is the priority at NokiaC.even new employees are respected in many companiesD.the management of former IBM was a model of hierarchyPassage 6Software piracy problems exists and have become serious in recent years due to information systems overload, decentralized purchasing, budget constraints, general user and corporate management attitudes, lack of knowledge of the copyright laws, and now internet access. Most organizations have not managed their software very effectively. Determining the extent of the problem is a time-consuming process.The industry’s response has been to from trade associations to educate the public about the copyright law and to aggressively pursue pirates. Some of the largest PC companies have set up their own in-house programs to combat the problem. Corporate exposure to software piracy problem is increasing due to the need to manage more machines, software and on-line and internet access. Civil and criminal penalties for copyright infringement have stiffened. As a result, law suits for copyright infringement have increased significantly as well as calls to hot-linesfrom unhappy employees due to corporate downsizing.When infringement software is reported, the company is at risk of embarrassing litigation for copyright infringement. The company will most probably lose as the copyright holder usually has a “smoking gun” based on reports from former employees or other whistle blowers. There is also the simple fact that no matter how hard the information systems staff try, there are and always will be copies of software programs that cannot be validated by purchasing records. They come in from home, are created by otherwise conscientious employees trying to get their jobs done or just unauthorized copies created by cost conscious managers and employees. Internet access lnly increases these problems as software is downloaded from sites worldwide.A software management program will reduce the risks from using counterfeit or copied software and help avoid damage from viruses and corrupt programs. By conducting an audit before infringement is reported, the corporation will reduce its exposure.Employers should set guidelines for when and how to download software and data from on-line support and provide the ability to download bug fixes and program updates. However, one bad virus can damage the whole company’s networks or shut down the whole system. Firewall technology that controls access to and from outside systems can help. Information systems staff should work with management to develop policies that reduce risk but reflect the level of openness that suits a particular company’s corporate culture.26.Which of the following contributes to software piracy problem?A.On-line accessB.The audit systemC.Software licensesD.Viruses27.Which measure is not taken to combat software piracy problems?A.Associations educate employees about proper downloadws have been laid down to punish piratesC.PC companies set up in-house programsD. A software management program is created28.“Smoking gun” in the fourth paragraph most probably refer to ____A.Strong infringementB.Angry responseC.Irrefutable evidenceD.validated record29.It can be inferred from the text that ____A.firewall technology is the best method of solving software piracy problemsrmation systems staff are familiar with software license practiesC.business management opposes software download from the internetD.the internet plays a part in software piracy problems30.This text is aimed at providing advice to ____A.software companiesB.business companiesC.corporate employeesD.public readersTranslationTranslate following passage from English to Chinese.Passage 1It might be supposed that greater efficiency should be achieved if several people collaborate to solve a problem than if only one individual works on it. Such results are by no means invariable.Although groups often may increase the motivation of their members to deal with problems, there is a counterbalancing need to contend with conflicts arising among members of s group and with efforts to give it coherent direction. Problem solving is facilitated by the presence of an effective leader who only provides direction but permits the orderly, constructive expression of a variety of opinions, much of the leader’s effort may be devoted to resolving differences. Success in problem solving also depends on the distribution of ability within a group. Solutions simply may reflect the presence of an outstanding individual who might perform even better by himself.Although groups may reach a greater number of correct solutions, or may require less time to discover an answer, their net man-hour efficiency is typical lower than that achieved by skilled individuals working alone.Passage 2Until about 100 years ago, people had by and large come to terms with death. They usually died in their homes, among their relatives. Numerous pictures attest to the fact that children were not excluded from deathbeds, as they were to be during the 20th century.The general acceptance of death was to be subverted by the advances of modern medicine and by the rapid spread of rationalist thought. This led, during a period of only a few decades, to a striking change of attitudes. In the advanced industrial countries, a large number of people now die in hospitals. The improvement in life expectancy and the advances of modern surgery and medicine have been achieved at a certain price. A mechanistic approach has developed, in which the protraction of dying has become a major by –product of modern technology. The philosophy of the modern medicine has been diverted from attention to the sick and has begun to concentrate on the sickness. Instead of perceiving death as something natural, modern physicians have come to see it as bad or alien, a defeat of all their therapeutic endeavors, at times almost a personal defeat. Sickness is treated with all possible weapons, often without sufficient thought for the sick person—at times even without thought as to whether there is still a “person” at all. Passage 3Given that literacy is not a prerequisite of rationality and civilization, it may be asked why writing systems were invented and why, when they were, they so completely displaced preexisting oral traditions. Many accounts have been given of the dramatic impact on an “oral”culture of the encounter with written text. Isak Dinesen, in her autobiographical Out of Africa reported on the response of Kikuyu tribesmen to their first exposure to written text. “I learned that the effect of a piece of news was many times magnified when it was imparted by writing. The messages that would have been received with doubt and scorn, if they had been given by word of mouth were now taken as truth.Certainly writing has been observed to displace oral traditions. The American scholar Albert Lord wrote: “when writing is introduced and begins to be used for the same purposes as the oral narrative song, when it is employed for telling storied and is widespread enough to find an audience capable of reading, this audience seeks its entertainment and instruction in books rather than in the living songs of men, and the older art gradually disappear.Passage 4In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species. And, as already noted, they are born cultureless. Therefore an infant Horno sapiens must learn a very deal and acquire a vast number of conditional reflexes and habit patterns in order to live effectively, not only in society but in a particular kind of sociocultural system, be it Tibetan, Eskimo, or French. The process, taken as a whole, is called socialization—the making of a social being out of one that was at birth wholly individualistic and egoistic.Education in its broadest sense may properly be regarded as the process by which the culture of a sociocultureal system is impressed or imposed upon the plastic, receptive infant. It is this process that makes continuity of culture possible. Education, formal and informal, is the specific means of socialization. By informal education is meant the way a child learns to adapt his behavior to that of others, to be like others, to become s number of a group. By formal education is meant the intentional and more or less systematic effort to affect the behavior of others by transmitting elements of culture to them, be it knowledge or belief, patterns of behavior, or ideals and values.Translate following passage from Chinese to English.1虽然这份报告描述的糟糕情况不太可能发生，但是确实有些问题需要马上解决。
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二Passage 1We have come a long way since 1896, and the clock cannot be turned back. Indeed, not only are women increasingly taking their rightful place on the Olympics athletics track, but there are also growing signs that the myth of their inevitable sporting inferiority may be about to be shattered for good.Women certainly are catching up fast. But although all the evidence points to a relentless closing of the gap between the athletics performances of men and women, there is still one last obstacle the women have to overcome: blind male prejudice.“Women can out-perform men in endurance events, and at extremes of heat and cold,” says Dr Graig Sharp, of Birmingham University’s Department of PhysicalEducation. “But in speed events, for a number of physiological reasons, the gender gap will level out at about 10 percent.” Other experts, however, see no reason why women won’t continue to narrow the gap even beyond that margin. “We cannot rely on physiology to assert that sex differences are fixed and inevitable. Women have always had fewer chances to train or participate to the same extent in most sports,” says Dr Kenneth Dyer of Adelaide University.In Britain sportswomen still face discrimination, even after the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act outlawed most forms of discrimination ongrounds of sex alone. In a section devoted specifically to the question of women in sport, the Act lays down that it is still perfectly legal to shut out women from “any sport, game or other activity of a competit ive nature where the physical strength, stamina or physique of the average women puts her at a disadvantage to the average man.” The legislationin its present form begs more questions than it answers. What is an average woman? Who decides whether she is at a disadvantage?During the 1930s, the Olympic Games were dominated by white, Anglo-Saxon males. Not because they were the best, but because they were the best of those who, for a variety of social, economic and cultural reasons were able to compete. Today, many of the same events ate dominated by black athletes. Is it inconceivable that when women have finally been offered the opportunities in the same numbers at the same competitive level, they too may leave men as equals?It is only 10 years since a US judge pronounced the immortal words:” Athletic competition builds character in our boys; we do not need that kind of character in our girls.” Time is catching up. And so are women.1. According to the text, the author believes that ____A. Women have become equals to men in sportsB. Women are inevitably inferior(身份)低下的，下级的) to men in sportsC. Women are at a disadvantage in most items of sportsD. The position of women in sports has changed with their achievements2. In the sentence “Women can out-perform men”, the word “out-perform” mean____A. DistinguishB. EnvyC. DefeatD. Match3. In paragraph 3, Dr. Graig Sharp’s statement shows that ____A. Women are physically and mentally weaker than menB. 10% women can surpass men in endurance sportsC. Women have either an advantage or a disadvantage in physiqueD. Women are catching up fast in their athletics performances4. The word “inconceivable”(Para.6, Sen.3) means ____A. ImaginableB. UnbelievableC. PredictableD. Impossible5. The function of paragraph 4 is ____A. To argue for the ActB. To use an example to support the idea in paragraph 1C. To reason out the controversies in paragraph 2D. To show an example of sex discriminationPassage 2It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’sHuman Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon----the “finish lines” each has crossed arelargely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than thedefinitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’rebeen in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likelyto take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust,an HGPparticipant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complains.Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do,” but by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our inve stors,” Venter told Newsweek in Match, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, andexpressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.6. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____A. The enthusiasm in scientific researchB. The significance of the space raceC. The public versus private conflictD. The prospect of the completion of DNA sequence7. The tone of the author to what they will say on the joint press conference this Monday is____A. AstonishedB. Enthusiastic热心的，热情的;热烈的C. DisappointedD. Doubtful8. It is implies in the third paragraph that ____A. The “finish lines” does mean what it readsB. The sequencing machines have stopped at the “finish lines”C. The former warriors are now collaboratorsD. Both sides will work on independently9. The word “thaw” (line3, para4) most probably means ____A. Aggravation in tensionB. Improvement in relationC. Intensification in attacksD. Stoppage of coordination10. The critical thing facing the scientists is to ____A. Apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankindB. End their horse race for the success of scienceC. Get down to their genome researchD. Set their differences asidePassage 3Family is older than the human species, work is younger, friendship is about as old as we are. It is friendship that marks us as human. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote an essay comparing human being with termites. Termites build nests as elaborate and as well designed as our cathedrals. Every termite nest is an architectural wonder, with arches, vaults, galleries, ventilators, storerooms, and nurseries. But no single termite carries the architectural plan in her head. The building of the nest is a collective process. Each termite rolls little balls of mud and sticks them onto other little balls rolled by her neighbors. Out of this collective rolling and sticking the cathedral grows. (状语提前)Thomas is saying that human societies grow in the same fashion. Instead of rolling mud balls we play words. Instead of piling arch upon arch to make a nest we pile conversation upon conversation to make a culture. Just as no single termite knows how to build a nest, no single human knows how to build a culture. A single termite alone cannot survive, and a single human being alone is not human. Human societies are glued together with conversation and friendship. Conversation is the natural and characteristic activity of human beings. Friendship is the milieu within which we function.Work came later in human history than conversation. We invented work when we becamecivilized. Unlike friendship, work is a mixed blessing. At its worst, work is slavery. At its best, work is a sustained and lifelong conversation. The more satisfying and enjoyable work is, the more it partakers of the nature of conversation. Science at the working level is mostly conversation. The building where I work has twenty people in twenty rooms. Most of the doors are open. From morning till night the buzz of conversation seldom ceases. That is the way science is done. When I am not talking with friends down the hall, I am writing papersfor friends around the world. Without the friends, my activity would be pointless. Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites. If the lives of scientists are on the whole joyful, it is because ourfriendships are deep and lasting. Our friendships are lasting because we are engaged in a collective enterprise. Our enterprise, the exploration of nature’s secrets, had nobeginning and will have no end. Exploration is as natural anactivity for human beings as conversation. Our friends the explorers are scattered over the centuries, from Archimedes and Euclid to the unborn genius who will one day understand the mystery of how our exploring minds work.11. Human species distinguish itself from other animals by ____A. Collective workingB. Smooth cooperationC. Immense workingD. Lasting friendship12. The writer’s analogy of termites to human beings suggests that ____A. The building of the neat is a collective processB. Human societies grow in the nest-building fashionC. The nest-making may be likened to culture-makingD. An architectural wonder must be as elaborate as a termite nest13. According to the author, work as one of human inventions is ____A. The source of civilizationB. The product of civilizationC. A premise of civilizationD. A foundation of civilization14. According to the text, friendship emerged in scientists as a result of ____A. Their ceaseless conversationB. The exact number of colleagues and friendsC. The efficiency of making friends on phoneD. Their friendly wording situation15. In the last paragraph, “Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites” where ‘gregarious’is equivalent to ____A. Living in the company of othersB. Industrious in terms of workC. CivilizedD. IngeniousPassage 4happened to them. The world has been Globalization belonged to us; financial crisesturned on its head. Consumers in the wealthiest nations arestruggling with the consequences of the credit crunch and with the soaring cost of energy and food. In China, retail sales have been rising at an annual 15 percent. I cannot think of a better description of the emerging global order.The trouble is that the politics of globalization lags ever further behind the economics. For all its tacit recognition that power has been flowing eastwards, the west still wants to imagine things as they used to be. In this world of them and us, “they” are accused in the USpres idential contest of stealing “our” jobs. Now, you hear Europeans say, “they” are driving up international commodity prices by burning “our” fuel and eating “our” food.What struck me, though, was how this crisis (no one is sure it is over) provides a perfect metaphor for the new geopolitical landscape.Think back to the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s. For those of us in the west, these were unfortunate events in faraway places; Latin America, Russia, Asia, Latin American again. There was a risk of contagion, but in so far as rich nations paid a price, it lay largely in the cost of bailing out their own feckless banks. The really unpleasant medicine, prescribed by the International Monetary Fund, had to be taken by the far less fortunate borrowers.The parameters of globalization were set by the west. Liberalization of trade and capital flows was a project owned largely by the US. It was not quite an imperialist enterprise, but, while everyone was supposed to gain from economic integration, the unspoken assumption was that the biggest benefits would flow to the richest. The rules were set out in something called, unsurprisingly, the Washington Consensus.Against that background, the west’s present discomfort is replete with irony. Asizeable chunk of the excess savings that inflated the credit bubble were a product of the Washington Consensus. Never again, the victims of the 1997 East Asian crisis said to themselves after being forced to take the IMF’s medicine. This would be the lasttime they were held hostage to western bailouts. Instead they amassed their own hugeforeign currency reserves.So the boot is now on the other foot. The IMF is forecasting thatthe advanced economies will just about keep their heads above water. With luck, growth this year and next will come in at a touch above 1 percent. If they do avoid recession----and most of my American friends think it unlikely as far as the US is concerned----they will have to thank robust growth rates in Asia and Latin America. The forecast for China is growth of about 9 percent in both years, for India 8 percent and for emerging and developing economies as a whole something more than 6 percent.The old powers have not grasped this new reality. There are nods, of course, to a need to restructure international institutions. The rising nations, you hear western politicians aver, must be given more of a voice. More seats, maybe, at the World Bank, the United Nations and, yes, on the board of the IMF. But the assumption is that the rising powerswill simply be accommodated within the existing system----a small adjustment here, a tweak there and everything will be fine again.Missing is a willingness to see that this is a transformational moment that demands we look at the world entirely afresh.16. According to the passage, we can draw the conclusion that the statement “Globalizationbelonged to us; financial crisis happened to them” is ____A. A valid view held by most EuropeansB. An illusion cherished by most EuropeansC. A result due to the differences between nationsD. A sensible forecast17. The sentence “The world has been turned on its head” can be paraphrased as ____A. The world is radically transformedB. The development pace is acceleratedC. The world is in total confusionD. God has altered it favor18. At the end of the second paragraph, the author employs several “they” and “our” to aim at____A. A vivid descriptionB. An ironic effectC. A precise conclusionD. Being objective19. According to the passage, the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s ____A. Is beneficial to the westB. Is strictly confined to the less developed nationsC. Mainly plagued the less developed nationsD. Is attributed to the rich countries20. Which of the following is true?A. The rich countries have made a sense of the new realityB. The countries other than the rich ones have learnt their lessons from the past crisesC. The globalization was launched by the eastD. The globalization only benefits the westPassage 5According to Aristotle, the subject of tragic drama were rightly drawn from ancient mythology, a source considered invariably reliable, for it was believed that if man had invented such strange incidents, they would have appeared impossible. Furthermore, the chief characters of a tragic action should be persons of consequence, of exalted station, according to Aristotle, and the leading personage should not be a mancharacterized by great virtue or great vice, but of a mixed nature, a proclivity for errors and weaknesses that lead him in to misfortune. Such a mixture of good and evil makes the protagonist seem like ourselves, thus more quickly arousing the spectator’ssympathy, saturating him with feelings of compassion, driving outhis petty personal emotions, and thus “purging” the soul through pity and terror. The crimes suitable for tragic treatment may be committed either in ignorance, or intentionally, and are commonly against friends or relatives, though crimes committed intentionally are generally the more dramatic and impressive----this in spite of the fact that the central crime in Oedipus the King was committed in ignorance. As to style, a certain archaic quality of diction is needful to the dignity of tragedy.Another of the most famous of the Aristotelian rules were those relating to the so-called unities of time, place, and action. The unity of time limits the supposed action to the duration of a single day,unity of place limits it to one general locally; and unity of action limits the play to a single set of incidents related cause and effect, “having a beginning, a middle, and an end.” Concerning the unity of time, Aristotlenoted that all the plays since Aeschylus, except two, did illustrate such unity, but he did not lay down such a precept as obligatory. Perhaps tacitly he assumed that observance of the unity of place would be the practice of good playwrights, since the chorus was present duringthe whole performance, and it would indeed be awkward always to devise an excuse for moving fifteen persons about from place to place.But the third unity, that of action, is bound up with the nature not only of Greek but of all drama, for Aristotle conceived the action, or plot, of a play as of far greater importance than the。
哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语模拟题
一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs.a. punishedb. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 chil dren . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-patt ern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic 20 . Even a few yearsago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usually leftwork at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22 at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards return to full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactionsof family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilitiesand interests of each of them.21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means oftelling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Gameswere suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of allfive continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air,anticyclones(高气压)generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel. Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims(朝圣者), and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonizationD. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housingcan be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation.Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor willwiden and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will besubstituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and itsatmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny"in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can befound in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak,plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent"called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is called Gondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of theinteraction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ringof Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphereand the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spiteof its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animalspecies cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patientper injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and preventthe multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one。
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博
育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015哈尔滨工业大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三
哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题三Passage 1The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be debated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possible corner cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate approach id advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that would prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluringpossibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million-dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting society's priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers have begun to shift the tide, however, as abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell.1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation ____A.Are primarily motivated by the possibility of quick money through a lawsuitB.Suffer injures from faulty merchandise and deserve appropriate compensationC.Will find their options limited in the future as product liability laws will move toward amore moderate positionD.Bring their issues to litigation based on both legitimate and profit-seeking groups2.Manufacturers in the text tend to ____A.Invariable produce dangerous products that require legislation to ensure safetyB.Hold profit and cost-cutting in higher regard than consumer safetyC.Be the victims of a legal institution that unfairly targets themD.Be bound by the current system, causing them to take caution in producing theirproducts3.Those who favor less strict product liability laws believe that ____A.Such laws curb producers' ability to create shoddy merchandise to attain greater profitB.The laws need to be modified to better serve the needs both consumers and producersC.The result of such laws have been positive thus far, but need to be modifiedD.Strict product liability laws are unnecessary and should be disposed of4.The author's attitude toward the issue seems to be ____A.BiasedB.PuzzlingC.ObjectiveD.Indifferent5.The main purpose of this text is to ____A.Present two opposing sides of an argument for the reader's consideration/doc/097718022.html,cate the reader about the effect of product liability legislation on the legal systemC.Convince the reader that product liability laws need to be changed/doc/097718022.html,rm the reader of the current status of product liability lawsPassage 2The continuing and justified alarm over illegal drug use by the young has obscured an underlying problem that is larger andever more threatening to society. It is an epidemic of legal drug abuse that is just what the doctor ordered.Depressing, social inadequacy, anxiety, apathy, marital disorder, children's misbehavior and other psychological problems are usually solved by physicians with prescription pads. Psychologists as well as physicians of every other sociality now prescribe a wide variety of mood-altering drugs for patients with emotional, motivational and learning problems, and even the mildest psychological discomforts. It is time for an immediate examination of the role that psychoactive drugs play in human life.We must combat the medical-psychiatric model of human behavior that seeks a drug for every psychological discomfort and under which a person who is not continuously calm, anxiety-free, happy and content is defined as a medical patient.We must question a medical approach in which psychoactive drugs are used as an easy solution, a simple acceptable way to avoid dealing with personal and interpersonal problems. Such “treatment” is counterproductive: it does not solve the underlying problems, it keeps the person from learning how to cope with his world, it often reduces a person’s willingness to interact with others, and it may actually impair the body’s self-regulating psychological functions. In addition, it deceives the medical and psychiatric professions into false security by suggesting that there is no urgent need for further research, no need for the development of more humanistic approaches.One of the most disturbing effects of psychoactive drugs is that they convince the drug user that psychological problems have chemical solutions and that the better psychological living can be achieved through chemistry rather than non-medicalmethods. The attitude that prompts one to seek psychological quick-change in a doctor’s office can also lead one to a pusher on the street corner. That the medically prescribed drugs are standardized and chemically pured begs the question.The drug-abuse problem is compounded by the pharmaceutical companies that seek new drug markets and bigger sales, persuading physicians and the public that unpleasant human emotions are abnormal and should be suppressed with drugs.The drug-abuse problem is further intensified by those physicians who see themselves as universal healers, who take the easy route by prescribing psychoactive drugs without consideringmore relevant non-medical approaches. Appealingly simplistic solutions to personal distress are the hallmark of the unprincipled politician, the intolerant social reformers and the medical quack.The public must demand concern for potential dangers and services confined to areas of competence. The welfare of society is too precious to be entrusted solely to the hands of physicians. We may have been basing our trust on a myth of medical competence. Perhaps what may be needed in local communities is more inquiry of experts who can really help solve psychological problems.6.People’s concern with illegal drug use by the young is ____A.The most important issueB.ReasonableC.HumanisticD.Unprincipled7.What is the exact meaning of “epidemic”(para.1) ____A.prevalentB.distinguishedC.devastatedD.sophisticated8.According to the author, ____A.Each psychological problems has a chemical solutionB.The physician is solely responsible for the welfare of societyC.Medical profession is competent for solving all our problemsD.The physician should also consider non-medical approached to our problem9.the main idea of the text is ____A.legal drug abuse become a serious problemB.psychoactive drugs have been used to treat psychological problemsC.there are several factors that lead to the abuse of psychoactive drugsD.physicians can not solve psychological problems10.What’s the function of paragraph 2?/doc/097718022.html,e examples to support the idea in paragraph one/doc/097718022.html,e examples to support the idea in paragraph twoC.Raise a question for the textD.Raise a solution for the problemPassage 3Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions, as citizens or as citizens individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicatedthrough the mass media. The disinclination to suggest a real choice of individual decision, which is to be found in the media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication.The organs of the Establishment, however well intentioned they may be and whatever their form (the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently racked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, through they go through the motions of dispute and enquiry, do not break through the skin to where suchenquiries might really hurt. They will rend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché assumptions of democratic society disturbing application of them to features give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself. They will, therefore, again assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.The result can be seen in a hundred radio and television programs as plainly as in the normal treatment of public issues in the popular press. Different levels of background in the readers or viewers may be assumed, but what usually takes place is a substitute for the process of arriving as judgment. Programs such as this are noteworthy less for the “stimulation” they offer than for the fact that stimulation (repeated at regular intervals) may become a substitute for, and so a hindrance to, judgments carefully arrived at and tested in the mind and in the pulses. Mass communications, then, do, not ignore intellectual matters; they tend to castrate them to allow them to sit on the side of thefireplace, sleek and useless, a family plaything.11.the media is reluctant to suggest a real choice of individual decision, ____A.solely out of a commercial desireB.it conforms to the nature of mass communicationsC.because its utmost aspiration is to make customers happyD.such a real choice is very complicated12.the author says that a natural concern of the Establishment is to ____A.change the form of public institutionsB.perform a good service to societyC.maintain its position in societyD.arouse strong emotions in the public13.too frequent exposure to the kind of material discussed in the passage causes the viewer orreader to ____A.lose touch with the real worldB.attach too much importance to testing reactionsC.form judgments which are too emotionalD.cease to examine his own reaction to problems14.What is the author’s fin al judgment on how mass communications deal with intellectualmatters?A.They regard them as unimportantB.They rob them of their dramatic impactC.They see them as a domestic pastimeD.They consider them to be of only domestic interest15.according to the passage, when covering and exposing problems, the media will ____A.sometimes make disturbing application of them but it’suncharacteristicB.try to achieve an effect stimulation to challenge the status quoC.have a thoroughgoing inquiry to make people challenge the EstablishmentD.not challenge the cliché assumption of society because the mass media are notresponsible enoughPassage 4Social anxiety, in its many forms, is epidemic. About 40percent of American think of themselves as shy, while only 20percent say they have never suffered from shyness at some pointin their lives. Shyness occurs when a person's apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response. Symptoms of shyness can be as minor as failing to make make eye contact when speaking to someone, or as major as avoiding conversations whenever possible.“Shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,”said Jonathan Cheek, a psychologist at College who is one of those at the forefront of current research on the topic. “For example, for a smooth conversation, you need to pay attention to the other person’s cues—what he is saying and doing. But the shy person is full of worries about how he seems to the other person, and so he often misses cues he should pick up. The result is an awkward lag in the conversation. Shy people need to stop focusing on themselves and switch their attention to the other person.”Nevertheless, shy people by and large have better social abilities than they think they do. When Dr. Cheek videotaped shypeople talking to strangers, and then had raters evaluate how socially skilled the people were, he found that, in the eyes of other people, the shy group had few obvious problems. But when he asked the shy people themselves how they had done, they were unanimous in saying that they had been social flops.Shy people are their own worst critics and in general they feel they are being judged more positively than they actually are. Shy people always overestimate how obvious their social anxiety is to other.Not all self-consciousness leads to social anxiety, in the view of Amold Buss, one of the first psychologists to study the phenomenon. The garden variety of self-consciousness, Dr. Buss has written, is simply an introspective awarene ss of one’s thoughts and feelings. What he calls “public self-consciousness,” on the other hand, is a powerful perception of oneself as the object of social scrutiny. The latter is the root of social anxiety.Social anxiety generally creates three different kinds of problems, which can occur separately or in tandem. For some people, their social anxiety is primarily cognitive: they suffer from repetitive thoughts expressing their fear of making a poor impression, such as “he must think I’m an idiot,” or “I can’t think of anything to say.” Other people, though experience their social anxiety almost entirely through physiological symptoms, such as blushing, a pounding heart, or sweating in social situation. In either case, these symptoms lead to a set of behavioral ones: for example, not being able to speak although one wants to, or a general social awkwardness.16.“shy people tend to be too preoccupied with themselves,” can be paraphrased as shy peopleA.Are strict with themselvesB.Pay attention to their performanceC.Are excessively concerned with other’s comment on themselvesD.Are too concentrated on thinking to notice other things17.Jonathan Cheek believes that shy people ____A.Pay much attention to the other people’s cuesB.Have better social abilities than they think they doC.Always overestimate their social abilitiesD.Are too preoccupied with the conversation topic18.in para.3, the social flops means the people who ____A.are very sociableB.are awkward sociallyC.get to know people quicklyD.are skilled at communication19.According to Amold Buss, which of the following statement is true?A.Social anxiety is a kind of disease that can’t be curedB.Shy people worry too much about other people’s attitudeC.Shy people underestimate their anxietyD.No self-consciousness leads to anxiety20.Jonathan Cheek’s statement and Amold Buss’ statement ____A.Support each otherB.Are quite differentC.Are contradictoryD.Are the samePassage 5For companies on the cusp of the internet Age, the resource in shortest supply is neither raw material nor capital, neither powerful technology nor new markets. What keeps managers upnights at these companies is the scarcity of brainpower, the talent to give wings to visions of a future that becomes the present at the s peed of light. “Capital is accessible, and smart strategies can simply be copied, “says Ed Michaels, a McKinsey & Co. Director.” The half-life of technology is growing shorter all the time. For many companies today, talented people are the prime source of competitive advantage.IBM founds Thomas Watson and earlier chieftains constructed organizations that were models of order, logic and conformity, the later best symbolized by the white shirts and stiff collars every IBM salesman had to wear. The hierarchy and bureaucratic protocol that were the hallmarks of those corporations were crucial to success in an age when change came slowly and markets were largely domestic.Today’s managers recognize that flat organizations of empowered people are critical to gaining quick decisions in a global market place that moves at net speed. Internet Age companies rely on the initiative and smarts of more responsive to the market. The ultimate goal, says CEO Jorma Ollila of Finland’s telecom giant Nokia, is “Flexibility, an open mind, and transparency of organization.”In this new environment, the most successful companies are endowing entry-level employees with the reverence once accorded only to customers. They are working to fulfill the desire for meaning and belonging by creating egalitarian meritocracies. And they are paying generously for performance, not only with cash, but with ownership. As Cisco System Inc. CEO John T. Chambers puts it: the new Economy is heavy on intellectual capital. The sharing of knowledge is what really makes it go. In the new Economy, you expect lifelong learning, not necessarilylifelong employment. People used to work for wages. In the new Economy, they work for ownership. Security comes from the stock. labor often fought management in the Old Economy. Today, teamwork and empowerment are crucial to success.In short, the world economy is going through a seismic shift to intellectual capital from capital investment. That’s why computer mogul Michael S. Dell made people No.1 on his top 10 list of priorities to executives earlier this year. And at a company adding more that 8000 people this year to its 29.000 employees, the talent must be hired and developed fast.Finding people like Martin is an all-consuming priority at Dell. Recruiters start with substantial research on what it likes to succeed. Besides confirming the necessary functional or technical skills, managers test applicants for their tolerance of ambiguity and change their capacity to work in teams and learn on the fly. At the VP level, candidates are sent to a consultant for a lengthy behavioral interview and extensive pencil-and-paper testing. “It is a high-risk, high-reward environment,” says Andy Esparza, vice-president of staffing. “We have to screen fro people who can thrive in tha t kind of culture.”21.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?A.Talented people are the prime source of competitive advantage.B.Flat organizations of empowered people are crucial to win the marketC.Sharing of knowledge is critical in competitionD.Teamwork and ownership are important to success.22.according to paragraph 4, how can employees gain egalitarian meritocracies?A.They share their knowledge.B.They respect their customersC.They get high paymentD.They work hard and gain stock23.the main idea of the last paragraph is ____A.technical skills are indispensableB.substantial research is the first step for recruitingC.interview and testing are two necessary methodsD.recruiting is a high-risk and high-reward job24.the author’s style in the text seems best characterized as ____A.respectfulB.persuasiveC.didacticD.diffident25.from the text we can infer that ____A.today’s market are largely globalB.capital investment is the priority at NokiaC.even new employees are respected in many companiesD.the management of former IBM was a model of hierarchyPassage 6Software piracy problems exists and have become serious in recent years due to information systems overload, decentralized purchasing, budget constraints, general user and corporate management attitudes, lack of knowledge of the copyright laws, and now internet access. Most organizations have not managed their software very effectively. Determining the extent of the problem is a time-consuming process.The industry’s response has been to from trade associations to educate the public about the copyright law andto aggressively pursue pirates. Some of the largest PC companies have set up their own in-house programs to combat the problem. Corporate exposure to software piracy problem is increasing due to the need to manage more machines, software and on-line and internet access. Civil and criminal penalties for copyright infringement have stiffened. As a result, law suits for copyright infringement have increased significantly as well as calls to hot-linesfrom unhappy employees due to corporate downsizing.When infringement software is reported, the company is at risk of embarrassing litigation for copyright infringement. The company will most probably lose as the copyright holder usually has a “smoking gun” based on reports from former employees or other whistle blowers. There is also the simple fact that no matter how hard the information systems staff try, there are and always will be copies of software programs that cannot be validated by purchasing records. They come in from home, are created by otherwise conscientious employees trying to get their jobs done or just unauthorized copies created by cost conscious managers and employees. Internet access lnly increases these problems as software is downloaded from sites worldwide.A software management program will reduce the risks from using counterfeit or copied software and help avoid damage from viruses and corrupt programs. By conducting an audit before infringement is reported, the corporation will reduce its exposure.Employers should set guidelines for when and how to download software and data from on-line support and provide the ability to download bug fixes and program updates. However, one bad virus can damage the whole company’s networks orshut down the whole system. Firewall technology that controls access to and from outside systems can help. Information systems staff should work with management to develop policies that reduce risk but reflect the level of openness that suits a particular company’s corporate culture.26.Which of the following contributes to software piracy problem?A.On-line accessB.The audit systemC.Software licensesD.Viruses27.Which measure is not taken to combat software piracy problems?A.Associations educate employees about proper download/doc/097718022.html,ws have been laid down to punish piratesC.PC companies set up in-house programsD. A software management program is created28.“Smoking gun” in the fourth paragraph most probably refer to ____A.Strong infringementB.Angry responseC.Irrefutable evidenceD.validated record29.It can be inferred from the text that ____A.firewall technology is the best method of solving software piracy problems/doc/097718022.html,rmation systems staff are familiar with software license practiesC.business management opposes software download fromthe internetD.the internet plays a part in software piracy problems30.This text is aimed at providing advice to ____A.software companiesB.business companiesC.corporate employeesD.public readersTranslationTranslate following passage from English to Chinese.Passage 1It might be supposed that greater efficiency should be achieved if several people collaborate to solve a problem than if only one individual works on it. Such results are by no means invariable.Although groups often may increase the motivation of their members to deal with problems, there is a counterbalancing need to contend with conflicts arising among members of s group and with efforts to give it coherent direction. Problem solving is facilitated by the presence of an effective leader who only provides direction but permits the orderly, constructive expression of a variety of opinions, much of the leader’s effort may be devoted to resolving differences. Success in problem solving also depends on the distribution of ability within a group. Solutions simply may reflect the presence of an outstanding individual who might perform even better by himself.Although groups may reach a greater number of correct solutions, or may require less time to discover an answer, their net man-hour efficiency is typical lower than that achieved by skilled individuals working alone.Passage 2Until about 100 years ago, people had by and large come to terms with death. They usually died in their homes, among their relatives. Numerous pictures attest to the fact that children were not excluded from deathbeds, as they were to be during the 20th century.The general acceptance of death was to be subverted by the advances of modern medicine and by the rapid spread of rationalist thought. This led, during a period of only a few decades, to a striking change of attitudes. In the advanced industrial countries, a large number of people now die in hospitals. The improvement in life expectancy and the advances of modern surgery and medicine have been achieved at a certain price. A mechanistic approach has developed, in which the protraction of dying has become a major by –product of modern technology. The philosophy of the modern medicine has been diverted from attention to the sick and has begun to concentrate on the sickness. Instead of perceiving death as something natural, modern physicians have come to see it as bad or alien, a defeat of all their therapeutic endeavors, at times almost a personal defeat. Sickness is treated with all possible weapons, often without sufficient thought for the sick person—at times even without thought as to whether there is still a “person” a t all. Passage 3Given that literacy is not a prerequisite of rationality and civilization, it may be asked why writing systems were invented and why, when they were, they so completely displaced preexisting oral traditions. Many accounts have been given of the dramatic impact on an “oral”culture of the encounter with written text. Isak Dinesen, in her autobiographical Out of Africa reported on the response of Kikuyu tribesmen to their firstexposure to written text. “I learned that the effect of a piece of news was many times magnified when it was imparted by writing. The messages that would have been received with doubt and scorn, if they had been given by word of mouth were now taken as truth.Certainly writing has been observed to displace oral tradition s. The American scholar Albert Lord wrote: “when writing is introduced and begins to be used for the same purposes as the oral narrative song, when it is employed for telling storied and is widespread enough to find an audience capable of reading, this audience seeks its entertainment and instruction in books rather than in the living songs of men, and the older art gradually disappear.Passage 4In the human species individuals are equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species. And, as already noted, they are born cultureless. Therefore an infant Horno sapiens must learn a very deal and acquire a vast number of conditional reflexes and habit patterns in order to live effectively, not only in society but in a particular kind of sociocultural system, be it Tibetan, Eskimo, or French. The process, taken as a whole, is called socialization—the making of a social being out of one that was at birth wholly individualistic and egoistic.Education in its broadest sense may properly be regarded as the process by which the culture of a sociocultureal system is impressed or imposed upon the plastic, receptive infant. It is this process that makes continuity of culture possible. Education, formal and informal, is the specific means of socialization. By informal education is meant the way a child learns to adapt his。
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语真题01_02_04
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of fo rest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still ―frontier forests,‖ defined a s relatively undistu rbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer anumber of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as ―frontier‖ because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. ―There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,‖ says research associa te Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are ―on the edge‖; 28 countries with ―not much time‖; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant,―only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as fro ntier forest quali fies today.‖1Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. ―Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,‖ says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms. What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism andselective tim ber extraction. ―It’s possible to restore frontiers,‖ says Bryant, ―but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.‖1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B. The history of ecology.C. The forest map in the past.D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2. The word ―unveiled‖ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A. They keep climate stable.B. They enhance timber industry.C. They provide people with unique scenery.D. They are of various types.4. The p hrase ―on the edge‖ in Paragraph 5 probably means________.A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting makeit possible for people to________.A travel to other places through the short –cutB exploit more forest landC find directions easilyD protect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed;the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries:it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processesit into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable. Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, thenBritish dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6. The sentence ―This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries‖ means that________.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7. The local authorities are_________.A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 If paper is to be recycled,________.A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9. British dairies are________.A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottlesD reusing their old glass bottles10. The environmentalists think that________.A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC too much plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, thecities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by ―land value‖. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. ―Putting land to its highest and best use‖ becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the ―vertical‖ growth ofcities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum ―psychological elbow room‖. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit in this process is ―IM‖(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrumen t. The ―man-educated‖man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD able to save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC point out the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C be economically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedlydifferent from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority ofhumans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like.Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in thejuvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when thelobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handednessin humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws andcutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher cla w is supported by information in the passage except________.A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixthstage.21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designedto_______.A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetricalC more likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developmentC the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likely in view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totallyadequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship withthe other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields theinteresting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speedof light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number andwould seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for massesthat are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book ―Sound and Symbol‖, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time aspecial relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express therelationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not atvariance with Einstein’s theories, since the ―faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26 the ―sound‖ in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.A the music of the spheresB music in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons27 The passage supports the inference that_______.A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is________.A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculativeD speculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as whichof the following?A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB plan for time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon tracesD attempt to improve current notation31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics is a_______.A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physicsD difficult field of study32 in the first sentence, the author refers to ―philosopher‖ as well as to ―scientist‖because________.A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33 when the passage says the ―particle called the tachyon may exist‖, the r eader may infer that_________.A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.The term ―remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary meansfor remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range ofvisible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions underwhich rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conductedin small areas, the continuity of regional features that hadintermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, andof these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But thecancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack againstthe invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broadumbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targetedtreatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence theeight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in thelabB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin,transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue ofthe New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe theauthor's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday.A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among thecity's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's excitingabout the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact onhealth according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that。
哈尔滨工业大学博士研究生英语课复习资料
You Can Make My Job Easier*By Dr. Reed TuckmanAs the Commissioner of Public Health for a major city, I have a responsibility to provide leadership in developing and implementing the public policy response to [the AIDS] epidemic. As a citizen, I share with every other American the responsibility to protect my own individual health and to participate in an informed and compassionate manner in the shaping of our collective local, state, and national behavior.Ultimately, our success will depend heavily on cooperation between the American people and the professional public health community. As one of those public health professionals, I’d like to suggest ways that you can make it easier for people like me to do our jobs during this emergency.You should learn the facts about how AIDS is transmitted and how it is not transmitted. It is tragic to lose lives because of ignorance and misinformation. It is equally tragic for us to make incorrect choices that harm others because of this same ignorance and misinformation.Share that knowledge with your family and community. Invite public health professionals to address your church and other organizations. Parents have a special responsibility to talk with their children and advise them about the consequences of their behavior in a manner that is sensitive to both the child’s age and the family’s values.Many cities need community-based treatment centers for drug users and homes for persons with AIDS who cannot care for themselves but don’t need to be hospitalized. It is difficult enough to provide such services without having to face neighborhood opposition. This is a critical moment in the history of this country; it is time to draw together, not push each other away.Beware of any discriminatory actions directed against persons with AIDS or persons who are infected with the virus. If people are concerned that their [infected] status could result in the loss of their home or income, could cause their child to be denied access to an education, or could subject them to the scorn of their neighbors, then people at risk will be reluctant to cooperate with the public health system.Many communities need volunteers to assist in AIDS-related work. Offering help with simple chores such as shopping or housecleaning could be of enormous benefits to the person with AIDS and to the community in general.Finally, too many babies born to infected mothers are condemned to confinement in our nation’s hospitals. We need foster parents and other people of good will to volunteer to care for these precious little lives.When the history of our time is written, let America be proud that we responded to our challenges in a competent and compassionate manner. Let it record the collective effort of a society that expressed the noblestqualities of its civilization.* This article appeared in a book You can do something about AIDS which was first published in 1988.Summary of You can make my job easier Dr. Reed Tuckman’s essay, “You can make my job e asier”, which is included in You can do something about AIDS (1988), makes several suggestions about what people can do to help in the war against AIDS. People should not only learn how AIDS is or is not transmitted, says Tuckman, but they should also share that information with their family and community with the help of public health professionals. People should also recognize the need for community-based treatment centers for drug users and AIDS victims who do not need hospitalization. Just as importantly, people can be aware of discriminatory actions that would threaten infected persons and keep them from cooperating with the public health system. Tuckman urges his readers to be volunteers to assist in AIDS-related work, even to care for the numerous babies that are infected with the disease. If Americans do these things, Tuckman believes that they will meet the challenge of AIDS “in a competent and compassionate manner.”。
最新哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语模拟题
精品文档一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs. a. punished b. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.精品文档精品文档a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 chil dren . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic 20 . Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usually left work at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22 at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards return to full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.精品文档精品文档21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .精品文档精品文档A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear精品文档精品文档42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel. Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonization精品文档精品文档D. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been invented精品文档精品文档C. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.精品文档精品文档B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is called Gondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.精品文档精品文档B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.66. What is the difference between antibiotics and interferon?A. Interferon has serious side effects, whereas antibiotics do not.B. Interferon is available in large supply, whereas antibiotics not.C. Antibiotics are very potent, while interferon is not.D. Antibiotics kill germs by attacking them directly, while interferon does not.67. What effect does interferon have on infection?精品文档。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。
哈工大博士申请考核英语测试知乎
哈工大博士申请考核英语测试知乎全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Insights into the Harbin Institute of Technology Doctoral Application Assessment English Test on ZhihuIntroductionZhihu, a popular question-and-answer platform in China, has been a valuable resource for applicants seeking insights into the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) doctoral application assessment, specifically the English test. In this article, we will explore the common questions, strategies, and experiences shared by users on Zhihu regarding the HIT doctoral application assessment English test.Common QuestionsOne of the most common questions asked on Zhihu is about the format and content of the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Many users seek information about the types of questions, topics covered, and the level of difficulty of the test. Others inquire about the scoring criteria and how they can prepare effectively.StrategiesZhihu users often share their strategies for preparing for the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Some recommend focusing on improving vocabulary and grammar skills, while others suggest practicing reading and writing exercises to enhance comprehension and expression. Additionally, some users advise taking mock tests to familiarize themselves with the format and time constraints of the actual exam.ExperiencesMany Zhihu users also share their experiences of taking the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Some describe the test as challenging but manageable with sufficient preparation, while others highlight the importance of time management during the exam. Overall, users emphasize the significance of thorough preparation and practice in achieving success in the test.ConclusionIn conclusion, Zhihu serves as a valuable platform for applicants seeking information and insights into the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. By addressing commonquestions, sharing strategies, and recounting experiences, users on Zhihu contribute to a better understanding of the test and help future applicants prepare effectively.篇2As one of the most prestigious universities in China, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) has a rigorous admission process for its doctoral program. One of the key components of this process is the English test, which is designed to assess the English proficiency of applicants.The English test for HIT's doctoral program is typically a comprehensive examination that covers all aspects of the language, including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. The purpose of this test is to ensure that applicants have the necessary language skills to successfully complete their studies at the university.The reading section of the English test usually consists of a series of passages on various topics, followed by a set of questions that test the applicant's comprehension and understanding of the material. This section is designed to assess the applicant's ability to read and comprehend academic texts, which is essential for success in a doctoral program.The writing section of the test typically requires applicants to write an essay on a given topic. This section is used to evaluate the applicant's ability to express ideas clearly and cohesively in written form. Applicants are expected to demonstrate their ability to organize their thoughts, support their arguments with evidence, and produce well-structured and coherent essays.The speaking section of the English test is designed to evaluate the applicant's oral communication skills. Applicants may be required to participate in a structured conversation, give a presentation, or respond to questions from an interviewer. This section assesses the applicant's ability to communicate effectively in English and demonstrate their fluency and confidence in speaking.The listening section of the test is designed to assess the applicant's ability to understand spoken English. Applicants may be required to listen to a series of recordings or lectures and answer questions based on what they hear. This section tests the applicant's ability to comprehend spoken English, follow complex instructions, and extract relevant information from aural sources.Overall, the English test for HIT's doctoral program is designed to assess the applicant's language proficiency andreadiness for graduate-level studies. Applicants are expected to demonstrate a high level of competence in all aspects of the language in order to qualify for admission to the university.In conclusion, the English test for HIT's doctoral program is an important component of the admission process and plays a crucial role in determining the eligibility of applicants. Applicants who are serious about pursuing a doctoral degree at HIT should prepare thoroughly for the English test and demonstrate their language proficiency to the best of their abilities.篇3Applying for a doctoral program at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) is a rigorous process, especially when it comes to the English exam. Known for its high academic standards and cutting-edge research, HIT attracts top scholars and researchers from around the world. In this article, we will delve into the details of the English test for the HIT doctoral application, providing insights and tips for prospective applicants.The English test for the HIT doctoral application is designed to assess the candidates' language proficiency and academic readiness for graduate studies. The test typically consists of four sections: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Each sectionevaluates different aspects of the candidates' English skills and poses unique challenges.The listening section tests the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts, such as academic lectures, discussions, and presentations. Candidates are required to listen to audio recordings and answer questions based on the content. This section assesses not only the candidates' listening skills but also their critical thinking and analytical abilities.The reading section evaluates the candidates' reading comprehension skills and their ability to analyze and interpret complex texts. Candidates are given academic articles, research papers, and other texts related to their field of study and asked to answer questions or write a summary. This section tests the candidates' ability to understand and critique scholarly work, as well as their knowledge of academic vocabulary and conventions.The writing section assesses the candidates' ability to communicate effectively in written English. Candidates are required to write essays, research proposals, or other academic papers on specific topics. This section tests the candidates' writing skills, including their ability to organize ideas coherently,support arguments with evidence, and use proper grammar and punctuation.The speaking section evaluates the candidates' oral communication skills and their ability to express their ideas fluently and convincingly. Candidates are required to participate in a speaking test, where they may be asked to discuss a given topic, present their research interests, or engage in a mock academic conversation. This section tests the candidates' speaking fluency, pronunciation, and ability to engage in academic discourse.In order to excel in the English test for the HIT doctoral application, candidates should focus on improving their language skills in all four areas. They can practice listening to English podcasts, reading academic articles, writing essays, and speaking English with native speakers or language partners. Additionally, candidates can take online English courses, attend language workshops, or seek feedback from teachers or tutors to enhance their English proficiency.Moreover, candidates should familiarize themselves with the format and requirements of the English test for the HIT doctoral application. They can review sample questions, practice mock tests, and seek advice from current students or alumni who havegone through the application process. By understanding the expectations of the test and preparing effectively, candidates can increase their chances of success and demonstrate their readiness for doctoral studies at HIT.In conclusion, the English test for the HIT doctoral application is a crucial component of the admissions process, as it assesses the candidates' language proficiency and academic preparedness. By focusing on improving their listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills, candidates can enhance their performance in the English test and showcase their abilities to excel in graduate studies at HIT. With dedication, practice, and perseverance, prospective applicants can conquer the English test and pave the way for a successful academic journey at one of China's top universities.。
中国社会科学院研究生院 2001 博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中国社会科学院研究生院 2001 博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word．1．Totally perplexed by the first question on the exam，he passed on to the second．A．relieved by B．satisfied with C．confused by D．sated with2．To the growing perturbation of the unions，the Ministry of Labour has been pressing for a stringent income policy．A．satisfaction B．disappointment C．relief D．anxiety3．Adages are frequently mutually antagonistic：witness，“ignorance breeds prejudice” and “familiarity breeds contempt．”A．is at the heart of B．multiplies C．worsens D．generates4．His mother's scolding pierced him to the quick．A．froze him completely B．shamed him enormouslyC．hurt him to the core D．stuck in his craw5．This year's sterling depreciation，only a few aver，has no impact On the economy at large．A．increase in value B．fall in value C．lack of use D．drastic change6．How valiant that general who prosecutes a war with vigor!A．brings to trial B．wages C．praises D．condemns7．Management was not acting in good faith when it alleged that worker's wages would have to be cut for the company to remain solvent．A．prosperous B．out of debt C．productive D．out of trouble8．The new military junta suppressed dissent．A．initiated B．quashed B．supported D．reinstated9．To cream a circuit，a conducting wire is attached to an electric cell at one end，and to an electric outlet at the other．A．battery B．faucet C．socket D．appliance10．The former Soviet state of Georgia today exhibits a diversified economy．A．a multifaceted B．a sagging C．a dissolving D．an improved11．The Mayor asked the city council to recommend potential programs for the benefit of the indigent．A．transient B．unemployed C．homeless D．needy12．He wears strange clothes，talks to himself，and appears unkempt．Is it any wonder his neighbors view him as an eccentric?A．a crank B．cuckoo C．an anchorite D．unconventional13．So engrossed was the detective in considering the evidence that he completely forgot where he was．A．wrapped up B．impressed C．disinvolved D．impatient14．Disastrous forest fires are quite often caused by simple carelessness：a dropped butt ignites dead leaves．A．enflames B．burns C．lights D．blackens15．The reciprocal hatred between various members of different races underlies the difficulty of integration in the United States．A．hidden B．profound C．mutual D．racialSection BDirections：Choose the answer that best completes the sentence．16 ．Having discovered the shadiness in which her employers were involved ，sheimmediately________ her connection with them．A．converted B．severed C．improved D．realized17．An important customer may resent being________ by an assistant rather than by the boss．A．condescended to B．devoted to C．attended to D．conformed to18．The antique silver________ the beautifully set table．A．complemented B．implemented C．augmented D．complimented19．He spends his time in________ complaints rather than acting．A．fragile B．fertile C．frangible D．futile20．She________ because she found the journal interesting．A．subscribed B．prescribed C．described D．inscribed21．It is in the chairman of the board's interest，before a meeting，to________ with the directorsabout sensitive matters．A．confer B．contend C．conspire D．consort22．Complacency towards ecological balance (“It can't happen here!”) has resulted in a numberof________．A．damages B．wastes C．catastrophes D．dangers23．The village lies over the mountain and is________ only by boat．A．acceeded to B．available C．accessible D．obtainable24．A nation-wide service was announced to________ the sacrifice made by the heroes of thewar．A．memorize B．commemorate C．award D．reward25．The doctor pondered for a while，trying to recall which of several medications would be bestto________ the patient's suffering．A．alleviate B．restrict C．decrease D．diminish26．The volume knob，if turned toward the left，will________ the sound．A．magnify B．enlarge C．amplify D．reinforce27．Having reached the top of the hill，we were appalled to find the path________ precipitously．A．departed B．decreased C．descended D．derailed28．Often considered in common thought as________，language，culture，and personality are in fact inseparable．A．indistinct paradigms B．separate reasonsC．irreplaceable concepts D．independent entities29．Based on economic studies，it seems possible to forecast that a recession may________ adepression．A．imply B．indicate C．symbolize D．precede30．The speech consisted of________ phrases，well-chosen imagery，and amusing rhetorical flourishes．A．suitable B．selected C．apt D．fitPart ⅡGrammar (15 points)Section ADirections：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．31．Before Columbus set sail on his first voyage of discovery，many pooh-poohed his chances，and were unwilling to________ on his chances of success．A．make bets B．make the bet C．make a bets D．make bet32．Although her research topic had been approved by her thesis advisor，the library persistedin________ the documents．A．its denial for access B．deny her access toC．denying her access to D．denying her access for33．Their differences were urnreconcilable：they had no alternative________ the law to settle the dispute between them．A．but going to B．but to go C．but go to D．but invoking34．________，water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen．A．As is known B．As be knownC．As known D．Which is known35．It is imperative that he________ full charge of the joint project．A．take B．taking C．took D．takes36．He________ leave her than a child would abandon a favorite plaything．A．would no more B．would rather C．will no longer D．may no more37．The radio was of________ quality that I took it back and asked for a better one．A．such the infeaior B．such a inferior C．so an inferior D．such inferior38．He goes shopping so frequently not because he is rich，but because he enjoys________ politely．A．speaking B．being spoken to C．being spoken D．speaking to39．Eighteenth-century statesmen were totally convinced that war could be used as________ settling disputes．A．a mean to B．a means for C．some means for D．means for40．She does not believe that he is________ the honor accorded him．A．worth of B．worth C．worthy of D．worthy41．Few of the young realize what feats lie________ them．A．in the store for B．in store for C．waiting D．awaiting for42．Reading________ the mind________ food is to the body．A．is for．．．is as B．as．．．is asC．is to．．．_______what D．what is．．．is as43．Obviously，he decided not to say anything about it because he hoped to________．A．keep it as a secret B．keep it to be a secretC．keep it a secret D．keep it being a secret44．She was slated to present an abstract of her thesis at the national convention，and so spent the holiday________．A．touching on it B．touching it upC．touching it D．touching it down45．Greeley's injunction “Go West，young man!” resulted in a massive migration of population，with people occupying land________ no one held title of ownership and that had yet to be sold．A．to which B．that C．which D．of whichSection BDirections：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．46．Now，as our urban areas sink ever deeper into drug-produced crime，death from the illic it useof unregulated and dangerous drugs following death，that becomes vital for the parents，teachers，C Dand advisors of our youth to have as wide an understanding of these problems as possible．47．It was musingly noted that the major reason why the English colonized so much of the worldAwas that，no matter what weather conditions they met abroad，they had already experiencedB Csomething like it at home．D48．I like sculptors，modern painters were influced by primitive，and ancient art，whichA B Cdemonstrated in the works of the Gaugin and Rousseau．D49．The moon may be considered a world that is complete in itself yet utterly dead，a sterile，mountainous waste on which during the day the sun blazes down with great heat，but on whichA Bduring the night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experiencing on the earth．C D50．It is often the result with new ideas，a great deal of frantic activity and optimistic forecastingA B Cproduce no discernible results．D51．By definition，a discount store offers standard merchandises at prices lower than those of moreA Bconventional merchants．It is able to do so by accepting a lower profit margin，by purchasingat higher volume，and by paying workers less．C D52．In the digestive process，food is initially processed in the stomach，with its nutrient valueApassing into the bloodstream．Alcohol，however，is highly unusual so that some 20 percent entersB C Dthe bloodstream directly from the stomach，having bypassed the digestive process．53．The clothes you wear do not serve only a pure practical function．They speak volumes about theA Bway you view your personality，your state of mind，your social status，and even your aspirations and dreams．C D54．The greatest utility，of an education lies not so much in teaching one information rather than inA B Cteaching one how to deal with the information acquired．D55．The obstacles Nancy Kerrigan faced as she strove to win the Olympic ice skating medal atALikehamma in 1944 form the kind of story about whom a fascinating novel might be written．56．It is on occasion the manner in which a person expresses the thought rather than the actualA Bwords which tells us whether the speaker is serious or not．C D57．The Quebecois，partly because of language，and partly because of religion，have long been consideringA Bto separate themselves from the rest of the Canadian provinces．C D58．Despite the President wrote a conciliatory letter deploring the incident，the press was adamantA B Cin continuing its condemnation．D59．Acids constitute a family of chemical compounds that，in solution，have the ability to turnA Bcertain blue vegetable dyes red，a corrosive action on metals，and taste sharp．C D60．Well over three-fourths of that book on noted British writers are about authors who wroteA B Cduring the nineteenth century．DPart ⅢCloze Test (10 points)Directions：Choose the word that best completes the meaning．It was a foolish question to ask．It 61 more sense for me to have learned if she had 62 or a point of view，but it was 63 for that now and I supposed that the 64 Relations Office had 65 her before granting the interview．I didn't have time this week to read 66 pieces about corporate rainmakers and their golden parachutes or women at midtown law firms 67 six times my salary but whining about breaking the 68 ceiling．“Won't waste your time，”she 69 ．“If the details on your 70 are accurate and the articles Laura 71 me have correct background，we won't have to 72 that．”I 73 in approval．She was obviously a 74 ，and an intelligent one 75 ．It was always 76 to sit for a 77 when the questioner spent the first hour asking what schools I had 78 ，how long 79 ，and whether I liked my job．“Is it all right 80 you if we start with some information about the Sex Crimes Prosecution Unit?”“I'd like that，”I replied．61．A．made B．would make C．would have made D．would be62．A．a fish to fry B．a nut to crack C．a song to sing D．an axe to grind63．A．still late B．too late C．so late D．past64．A Common B．Financial C．Local D．Public65．A．vetted B．called C．connected with D．contacted with66．A．rushed B．windy C．puff D．blowing67．A．taking B．making C．slaving for D．losing68．A．plastered B．glass C．fragile D．limited69．A．rambled B．carried on C．lectured D．went on70．A．application B．curriculum vitae C．report D．folder71．A．phoned B．faxed C．had phoned D．had faxed72．A．re-paint B．remix C．re-write D．rehash73．A．trembled B．grimaced C．smiled D．winked74．A．girl B．pro C．tyro D．mogul75．A．at that B．at this C．to reboot D．added76．A．agreeable B．instructive C．impatient D．aggravating77．A．photo B．portrait C．profile D．sketch78．A．attended B．matriculated C．enrolled D．preferred79．A．I had worked B．did I work C．was I working D．would I work80．A．for B．to C．according to D．withPart ⅣReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions：Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1Early that June Pius XII secretly addressed the Sacred College of Cardinals on theextermination of the Jews．“Ev ery word We address to the competent authority on this subject，andall Our public utterances，”he said in explanation of his reluctance to express more open condemnation，“have to be carefully weighed and measured 15 by us in the interest of the victims themselves，lest，contrary to Our intentions，We make their situation worse and harder to bear．”He did not add that another' reason for proceeding cautiously was that he regarded Bolshevism as afar greater danger than Nazism．The position of the Holy See was deplorable but it was an offense of omission rather than commission．The Church，under the Pope's guidance，had already saved the lives of more Jewsthan all other churches，religious institutions，and rescue organizations combined，and was presently hiding thousands of Jews in monasteries，convents，and Vatican City itself．The recordof the Allies was far more shameful．The British and Americans，despite lofty pronouncements，had not only avoided taking any meaningful action but gave sanctuary to few persecutedJews ．The Moscow Declaration of that year—signed by Roosevelt ，Churchill ，and Stalin—methodically listed Hitler's victims as Polish，Italian，French，Dutch，Belgian，Norwegian，Soviet，and Cretan．The curious omission of Jews (a policy emulated by the U. S. Office of War Information) was protested vehemently but uselessly by the World Jewish Congress．By thesimple expedient of converting the Jews of Poland into Poles，and so on，the Final Solution waslost in the Big Three's general classification of Nazi terrorism．Contrasting with their reluctance to face the issue of systematic Jewish extermination was the forthrightness and courage of the Danes，who defied German occupation by transporting toSweden almost every one of their 6，500 Jews；of the Finns，allies of Hitler，who saved all but four of their 4，000 Jews；and of the Japanese，another ally，who provided refuge in Manchuria for some 5，000 wandering European Jews in recognition of financial aid given by the Jewish firm of Kuhn，Loeb & Company during the Russian—Japanese War of 1904—1905．1．“We，Our” and “Us” in the first paragraph refer to________．A．Pius XII himselfB．Plus XII and the College of CardinalsC．an unknown groupD．something that cannot be determined by the text2．“The Allies” refers to________．A．Britain，the Soviet Union，and the U. S. A．B．the Polish，Italians，etcC．the JewsD．something that cannot be determined by the text3．The actions of the British and the Americans，as contrasted to the actions of the Church，may be illustrated by which of the following?A．There's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip．B．A stitch in time saves nine．C．All say and no do．D．What goes around comes around．4．The U. S. Office of War Information________．A．eschewed the policy mentioned B．emasculated the policy mentionedC．aped the policy mentioned D．did none of the above5．“The Final Solution” refers to________．A．the extermination of the JewsB．the answer to the problem of war in generalC．a mathematical problemD．none of the above6．“Their” in paragraph 3，line 1，refers to the________．A．Jews B．Poles，and so on C．Big Three D．DanesPassage 2Between the invention of agriculture and the commercial revolution that marked the end ofthe middle ages，wealth and technology developed slowly indeed．Medieval historians tell of the centuries it took for key inventions like the watermill or the heavy plow to diffuse across the landscape．During this period，increases in technology led to increases in the population，with little if any appearing as an improvement in the median standard of living．Even t he first century of the industrial revolution produced more “improvements” than “revolutions” in standards of living．With the railroad and the spinning and weaving of textiles as important exceptions，most innovations of that period were innovations in how goods were produced and transported and in new kinds of capital，but not in consumer goods．Standards of living improved，but styles of life remained much the same．The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw a faster and different kind of change．For thefirst time，technological capability outran population growth and natural resource scarcity．By the last quarter of the nineteenth century，the typical inhabitant of the leading economies—a Briton，a Belgian，an American，or an Australian had perhaps three times the standard of living of someone in a pre-industrial economy．Still，so slow was the pace of change that people，or at least aristocratic intellectuals，couldthink of their predecessors of some two thousand years before as effectively their contemporaries．Marcus Tullius Cicero，a Roman aristocrat and politician，might have felt moreor less at home in the company of Thomas Jefferson．The plows were better in Jefferson's time．Sailing ships were much improved．However，these might have been insufficient to createa sense of a qualitative change in the order of life for the elite．Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero．So slow was the pace of change that intellectuals in the early nineteenth century debatedwhether the industrial revolution was worthwhile ，whether it was an improvement or a degeneration in the standard of living．Opinions were genuinely divided，with as optimistic a liberal as John Stuart Mill coming down on the “pessimist” side as late as the end of the 1840s．In the twentieth century，however，standards of living exploded．In the twentieth century，the magnitude of the growth in material wealth has been so great as to make it nearly impossibleto measure．Consider a sample of consumer goods available through Montgomery Ward in 1895—when a one-speed bicycle cost $65．Since then，the price of a bicycle measured in “nominal” dollars has more than doubled (as a result of inflation)．Today，the bicycle is much less expensive in terms of the measure that truly counts，its “real” price：the work and sweat needed to earn its cost．In 1895，it took perhaps 260 hours' worth of the average American worker's production to amass enough money to buy a one-speed bicycle．Today an average American worker can buy one—and of higher quality—for less than 8 hours worth of production．On the bicycle standard (measuring wealth by counting up how many bicycles the labor canbuy) the average American worker today is 36 times richer than his or her counterpart was in 1895．Other commodities would tell a different story．An office chair has become 12．5 times cheaper in terms of the time it takes the average worker to produce enough to pay for it．A Steinway piano or an accordion is only twice as cheap．A silver teaspoon is 25 percent more expensive．Thus t he answer to the question “How much wealthier are we today than our counterparts ofa century ago?” depends on which commodities you view as important．For many personal services—having a butler to answer the door and polish your silver spoons—you would find little difference in average wealth between 1895 and 1990：an hour of a butler's time costs about the same then as now．For mass-produced manufactured goods—like bicycles—we are wealthier by as much as 36 times．7．In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries upper-class intellectuals________．A．believed that they were very much the same as their equals some two thousand years before B．probably thought that great changes had occurred since CiceroC．felt that qualitative changes had occurred in the last two thousand yearsD．believed in the efficacy of slavery8．In the nineteenth century________．A．worthwhile，visible change occurred as a result of the Industrial RevolutionB．scholars such as John Stuart Mills felt the Industrial Revolution was a negative forceC．led to widespread degenerative behavior in urban conglomeratesD．none of the above9．A bicycle today，generally speaking，________．A．requires more work and sweat because fewer people work to produce itB．is comparatively less in real price than a bicycle in the nineteenth centuryC．needs to be considered in terms of “nominal” costsD．is cheaper in America than any other western country10．Commodities in the twentieth century________．A．are impossible to compare across centuriesB．are more expensive than the nineteenth centuryC．are cheaper than they were in the nineteenth centuryD．need to be measured by comparing upper-class essentials such as having a butler11．The sentence “Moreover，being a slave of Jefferson was probably a lot like being a slave of Cicero”________．A．shows that the author believes that slaves were commoditiesB．reveals that lower class people in the nineteenth century were really slavesC．reinforces the idea that the quality of life really had not changed much over the centuries D．comments on the long-lasting effects of slavery from Roman times12．A suitable title for this passage might be________．A．The Tempo and Temper of ChangeB．The Steadily Increasing Rate of ChangeC．An Explosion of Material WealthD．Improving the Standards of Living for AllPassage3Scholars often seem to operate on the assumption that any analysis with a rosy outlooksimply does not adequately understand the matter at hand．Ecotourism researchers have not been derelict in this regard，as the literature review earlier showed．All the researchers who have looked at Capirona's project，however，have been impressed by its grassroots nature and are optimistic about its potential as eco-development (Colvin 1994；Wesche 1993；Silver 1992)．All of these researchers，however，visited the community in its early years of operation．As mentioned previously，recent，non-scholarly reports are less positive．Thus there remains some doubt as to the long-term viability of even such a model of indigenous ecotourism development as Capirona．This study originally proposed to study Capirona's project，but that community was wear of such research visits and refused a request to carry out the study there．Palo Blaneo，though completing only its first year of ecotourism development was chosen as an alternate site．Perhaps it should not be surprising that the prospects for ecotourism in，Palo Blanco appear，as they did in Capirona quite bright．Ecotourism development efforts differ from mainstream development efforts in that，asidefrom start-up loans，much or all of the continuing financial support comes from tourists rather than from governments or development agencies．As a result，the two main players in any ecotourism endeavor—the hosts and the guests—are driven by differing motivations．The local population hopes to improve its own lot by taking advantage of the curiosity，disposable income，and in some cases，perhaps，good intentions of ecotourists．The tourists want to “explore the natural wonders of the world，”whether that be a wildebeest migration across the Serenget i or the march ofleaf-cutter ants across the jungle floor (Ryan and Grasse 1991：166)．In contrast to mass tourism，ecotourism permits tourists to seek educational self-fulfillment inthe form of travel，and tries to transform that activity into something that benefits the greater good—specifically，to fund environmental preservation，rural development，and even cultural survival．However，in order to satisfy everyone—tourists，environmentalists，tour operators and the local hosts ，ecotourism must bring into aliganment a variety of contradictory purposes．Ecotourism promotes feelings among tourists that they are part of the solution when，in fact，the very act of flying a thousand miles or more to their destination consumes resources and pollutes the environment (cf．Somerville 1994)．The beauty of ecotourism is that it can exploit this egotistic motivation；the flaw is that it is forever limited by it．Even a brief foray into development literature ，however ，shows that flawed conceptualizations are the rule，not the exception．As development，ecotourism may be no more inchoate than any other approach，and in some ways it is as progressive as any theory．For example，ecotourism twin development goals—conserving the environment and benefiting local peoples—are increasingly seen ，both within and outside of tourism circles ，asinterdependent．Without economic development，many argue that environmental conservation is neither ethical nor sustainable (Boo 1990：1；West and Brechin 1992：14，Brandon and Wells 1992)．Such conservation can b e achieved only by “providing local people with alternative income sources which do not threaten to deplete the plants and animals within the protected zone”(Brandon and Wells 1992：557)．Most research on this issue，however，assumes that the protective regulations have been established by the government or another external agency．In Palo Blanco，however，the people themselves are already acting to protect their land．13．According to the author，scholars________．A．see life through rose-colored glassesB．should never give favorable reportsC．are expected to give only favorable response following their research and analysisD．seem to believe a favorable result to research missed the point14．Ecotourism relies on________．A．government aid exclusivelyB．local people and their donations of time and moneyC．initial loans at the beginning，followed by support from touristsD．government assistance through agencies and local disposable income15．The main contradiction raised in this text is that________．A．local people do not need outside touristsB．tourists who believe in ecotourism actually bring some measure of damage to the placesthey visitC．tourists are egotistical but do not want to beD．tourists do not want to spend money but the local people expect them to16．A study of the studies available on this topic shows that________．A．ecotourism is not like other projects that earn moneyB．the twin goals actually coincide with each otherC．the rule in the thinking about ecotourism is that the thinking is well putD．later studies and reports may differ from earlier studies17．The key to conserving the environment is________．A．economic self-relianceB．income for the local people that is independent of ecotourismC．ameliorating accessibilityD．all of the above18 ．The expres sion “explore the natural wonders of the world” is in quotation marksbecause________．A．there are no specific natural wonders of the worldB．it is meant to bring attention to the use of the word “wonder”C．it is meant to be amusing in its comparison of a wildebeest to an antD．it is probably a quotation from Ryan and GrassePassage 4It is not forbidden to dream of building a better world，which is by and large what the social sciences try to help us to do．How to make cities more harmonious，reduce crime rates，improve welfare，overcome racism，increase our wealth—this is the stuff of social sciences．The trouble is that the findings of social sciences are often dismissed as being too theoretical，too ambitious or。
黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题
黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs.a. punishedb. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been inher 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or fivelived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 children . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-fiveand can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirementat sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliancesand convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effecton women’s economic 20 . Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usuallyleft work at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards returnto full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, accordingto the abilities and interests of each of them.21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel.Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonizationD. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people willbe dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. Forus, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is calledGondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.。
博士入学考试-1001英语
A) follow along
B) lift up
C) follow up
D) pass
9. Bob’s __________comments insulted me
A) insincere positive
B) overdue
C) inspiring
D)
10. He was mentally ________ to keep going long after his body had given up.
A) clap
B) hit
C) pat
D) pad
7. Jack is a student who ________ on activity.
A) lingers thrives
B) invests
C) deserves
D)
8. You should ________ your letter with a phone call.
5. He has some ________ ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.
A) vulgar subtle
B) vague
C) delicate
D)
6. The teacher gave me a ________ on the back for getting an “A” on the test.
A) understandable B) understanding C) understood
D)
misunderstand
17. It is __________ to say that the truly humorous individual is not only well liked, but is often the focus of attention in any
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Vocabulary and Structure(36points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.Foreach sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choosethe one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she________too long.A.has been readingB.had readC.is readingD.read2.Niagara Falls is a great tourist________,drawing millionsof visitors every year.A.attentionB.attractionC.appointmentD.arrangement3.The hopes,goals,fears and desires________widely betweenmen and women,between the rich and the poor.Geng duo yuan xiao wanzheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.alterB.shiftC.transferD.vary4.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.A.being cultivatedB.been cultivatedC.having cultivatedD.cultivating5.The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience________on benches,chairs or boxes.A.having seatedB.seatingC.seatedD.having been seated6.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ________comfortably.A.is wornB.wearsC.wearingD.are worn7.Some diseases are________by certain water animals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted8.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders________ will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.this9.—“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o’clock tonight?”—“I’m sorry.Mr.Williams________to a conference long before then.”A.will have goneB.had goneC.would have goneD.has gone10.You________him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A.shouldn’t followB.mustn’t followC.couldn’t have been followingD.shouldn’t have been following11.We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever12.It is our________policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A.consistentB.continuousC.considerateD.continual13.Between1974and1997,the number of overseas visitors expanded________27%.A.byB.forC.toD.in14.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful________it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A.by whichB.to whichC.in thatD.so that15.He is________about his chances of winning a gold medal inthe Olympics next year.A.optimisticB.optionalC.outstandingD.obvious16.Sometimes I wish I________in a different time and a different place.A.be livingB.were livingC.would livedD.would have lived17.The director was critical________the way we were doing the work.A.atB.inC.ofD.with18.In a sudden________of anger,the man tore up everything within reach.A.attackB.burstC.splitD.blast19.________she realized it was too late to go home.A.No sooner it grew dark thanB.Hardly did it grow dark thatC.Scarcely had it grown dark thanD.It was not until dark that20.In Britain people________four million tons of potatoes every year.A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD.exhaust21.I’d________his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community,and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out22.It is essential that these application forms________back as early as possible.A.must be sentB.will be sentC.are sentD.be sent23.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it________enough to eat.dB.slightC.lightD.tender24.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough________.A.nuisanceB.troubleC.worryD.anxiety25.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you ________you need.A.all the informationB.all the informationsC.all of informationD.all of the information26.Young people are not________to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A.conservativeB.contentC.confidentD.generous27.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairlycriticized and argue that the power of the medium is________.A.grantedB.impliedC.exaggeratedD.remedied28.I have no objection________your story again.A.to hearB.to hearingC.to having heardD.to have heard29.The clothes a person wears may express his________or social position.A.curiosityB.statusC.determinationD.significance30.You will see this product________wherever you go.A.to be advertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising31.The early pioneers had to________many hardships to settle on the new land.A.go along withB.go back onC.go throughD.go into32.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what33.I didn’t know the word.I had to________a dictionary.A.look outB.make outC.refer toD.go over34.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A.to be based onB.to base onC.which to base onD.on which to base35.There are signs________restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.whose36.It is said that the math teacher seems________towards bright students.A.partialB.beneficialC.preferableD.liable(D)本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2001-2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案
PART 1SECTION A 1-5ACDBA 6-10ACADCSECTION B 1.far exceed those 2.devoted to research 3.applied aspects 4.drive out basic reasearch 5.invariably be undertaken 6.major scientific discoveries 7.pure 8.degradePART 2作文：在冬天锻炼身体PAPER TWO 1-5CCABC 6-10DBDCD 11-15DAABB 16-20CCADD 21-25DCACC 26-30CABAA 31-35CABAA 36-40BCCDB 41-45CCABB 46-50CDBDA 51-55CAADD 56-60CAACC 61-65DABDD 66-70CAADD 71-75CACDA2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5BCCAD 6-10BCCBC 11-15CDDCB 16-20ACBBA 21-25DDCCC 26-30ADACB 31-35BCACD 36-40CCCDD 41-45BDDBC 46-50DABAB 51-55BCDAC 56-60CCCAA 61-65ADDBA 66-70DDACC 71-75BAAAA 76-80BCBCD 81-85CBDDD 86-90ABCAD作文：如何保持充沛的精力2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DDBAB 6-10DCDBD 11-15BDDAA 16-20CADDD 21-25CDDAC 26-30DDBCD 31-35ABDCA 36-40DACCA 41-45ACCDD 46-50BDDCA 51-55BACAC 56-60BACBA 61-65CBCBC 66-70CBDAB 71-75DADCD 76-80BDCCA 81-85AADCB 86-90BCADB作文：健康从早餐开始2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5ABCCC 6-10BDADD 11-15ABCCD 16-20DACBA 21-25ABDCD 26-30ADCBC 31-35BADAB 36-40BABCB 41-45ACBDC 46-50DCADA 51-55ABDAB 56-60CAABC 61-65DCBDC 66-70DDCDB 71-75BDBCB 76-80BADAB 81-85BDCCA 86-90BDAAD作文：入世后看病如何挑医院2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1 -5 CACDA 6-10CDBCB 11-15CADBA 16-20DDBCB 21-25ABCBD 26-30CCDAD 31-35CABAA 36-40CADAD 41-45BACBA 46-50ABDCC 51-55BBABD 56-60ACACB 61-65BCB,B,C 66-70BDABC 71-75CACAB 76-80AADBD 81-85CBAAA 86-90DDDCB作文：艾滋病是全社会的威胁2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5 CBCDA 6-10BDDDC 11-15BAADB 16-20DDACD 21-25BCBAB 26-30BBDCC 31-35CDCCB 36-40BCBDA 41-45ACACA 46-50ACDDB 51-55BCACA 56-60BADBC 61-65DDDDA 66-70ACABD 71-75ACCCC 76-80BBAAD 81-86DBDBD 86-90DDB,B,C作文：走路与健康2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5DBBAD 6-10ABDCB 11-15ADACC 16-20BADDA 21-25CBDAC 26-30ACACC 31-35ADBAA 36-40BCDAC 41-45ACBDD 46-50ABCDB 51-55BADBC 56-60CACAD 61-65BCBAD 66-70CACCC 71-75BBBDA 76-80B,B,CDC 81-85CDCAA 86-90DDAAD作文：手术与害怕2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CBACC 6-10CADBA 11-15CDBCD 16-20ADDCA 21-25ADBAB 26-30BDCDA 31-35ACCDB 36-40CBCCB 41-45BCDDB 46-50ADCBD 51-55BACDB 56-60CADCA 61-66DBCBD 66-70DBDDC 71-75CCDBD 76-80BCCBA 81-85ADBCD 86-90AACAA作文：珍爱生命从护心开始1-5DBCCB 6-10CBDAB 11-15DABAB 16-20DABCD 21-25B,B,CDD 26-30CCADB 31-35ACBBA 36-40DCBAB 41-45BACDB 46-50ADDDC 51-55BBAAC 56-60BBACC 61-65DCBDB 66-70ADDAD 71-75DACAC 76-80DCBBB 81-85CDDBA 86-90CCDCB作文：水果是否可吃可不吃。
博士生入学英语考试试题说明
博士生入学英语考试试题说明博士生入学英语考试试题说明Should Men and Women Be Equal?Should men and women be equal? This is a question much talked about by many people. Some hold the opinion that men are superiro to women in many ways. For one thing, many a job men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough; and for another, most of the word-famous scientists or statemen are found to be males. Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Isn’t it evident enough to show that men are a lot stronger than women? Hence, the former should enjoy more rights than the latter.Other people, however, think quite differently on this question. They firmly believe that men and women are born equal. And women are certainly as talented as men if they are given equal opportunities of education. Isn’t it a fact known to us all that women have been working side by side with men in China and elsewhere in the wordl? Like their men folks, they have been distinguishing themselves not only in research institutions, but in government bodies and other organizations as well.Personally, I am firmly standing on the side of those women’s rights defenders. Since men and women are playing an equally important role in all human activities, why should not they be on an equal footing? Furthermore, from time immemorial, there have been two sex groups, namely, men and women. Our Human society could definitely not have existed or advanced without either of them. Is it wonder that men and women ought to be equal and enjoy equal rights accordingly?。