英语演讲选修课chapter 2 topic

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英语演讲选修课教案2 selecting a topic

英语演讲选修课教案2 selecting a topic

山东理工大学教案注:教师讲稿附后Lesson two Selecting a topic and purposeI am lucky, honored and humbled to stand here, so many students watch how I would perform on this small but terrifying platform. Frankly speaking, I am quite nervous standing here, especially before you, a large group of audience, no one is perfect, it is not shameful at all to admit my nervousness, because everybody will be nervous to some extent when asked to speak before a big audience. Why did I say so, I have proof.One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. We may as well face the issue squarely. Many people who converse easily in all kinds of everyday situations become frightened ar the idea of standing up before a group to make a speech. If you are worried about stage fright, you may feel better knowing that you are not alone. A survey conducted in 1973 asked more than 2,500 Americans to list their greatest fears. To the surprises of the reserchers, the largest number fo people----41%----listed speaking before a group among their greatest fears. Amazing as it may seem, many Americans appear to consider public speaking a fate worse than death.This is A survey conducted in AmericaResearchers asked their respondents to list their greatest fears, here is how they responded:Greatest Fears Percent NamingA party with strangers 74Giving a speech 70Asked personal questions in public 65 Meeting a date’s parents 59First day on a new job 59Victim of a practical joke 56 Talking with sb. in authority 53Job interview 46 Formal dinner party 44Blind date 42 From the chart, we can see that speechmaking ranks near the top in provoking anxiety.Therefore, we can say that speaking in public means a great challenge to everybody. Nervousness mainly comes from the fact that we do not know what to say, how to say and less training. There are a lot of things that make a successful speech, such as your topic, your delivery, your language. Among them, the organization of the speech is the first concern of the public speaker. Then comes the second problem, How to organize you speech well. It involves several factors, such as your topic, your purpose and your central idea, and so on. They are what we are going to discuss today. Today we mainly focus on the following matters:Choosing a topicDetermining your purposeThe central ideaLet’s begin with selecting a topic:Selecting a topicThe first step in speech making is choosing a topic. It is a key element of a successful speech.. For speeches outside the classroom this is seldom a problem. Usually the speech topic is determined by the occasion, the audience, and the speaker’s qualifications. When George W. Bush lectures on a college campus, he is invited to speak about foreign policy and current events. The same is true of ordinary citizens. The doctor is asked to inform how to deal with sport injuries, the florist discusses how to grow better houseplants, Mr. Fan Yuejin is asked to talk about school management. And Certainly I will never be expected to tell you something about mathematics.In a public speaking class the situation is different. Most of your speech assignment will not come with a designated topic. You generally have great leeway in selecting subjects for your speeches. This would appear to be an advantage, since it allows you to talk about matters of personal interest. Yet how to choose a proper topic remains a difficulty.What is a suitable speech topicFirst your topic should be Worthwhil e: worthwhile topics must address issues that have significant implications for the audience. The topic must be important enough to merit the time and attention of a group of intelligent and educated persons.Second, it should be Appropriate: the best way to ensure that your topic is appropriate is to select a topic about which you know a lot and would like to learn more. It is a lot easier to please an audience when the topic interests them. The topic should also be appropriate for the occasion. Time limitations will exclude certain topics because they are too complex.Finally, your topic should be Limited in scopeThe major problem for beginning speakers is that they attempt to cover a huge topic in too short a time; the inevitable result is that nothing specific is covered – everything is touched on but only superficially. You have to narrow and limit your topic, and divide the topic into several significant parts.Determining your purposeThe purpose of your speech is your goal; it is what you hope to achieve during your speech. Generally speaking we have two types of purpose: general purpose and specific one.General purposes(the broad goal of a speech)The general purpose is he broad goal of a speech, usually it falls into one of two overlapping categories---to inform or to persuade.When your general purpose is to inform, you act as a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information ---and do it clearly, accurately and interestingly, your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before.When your general purpose is to persuade, you act as an advocate or a partisan. Your goal is to change or structure the attitudes or actions of your audience. The difference between informing and persuading is the difference between explaining and exhorting. Your aim is to win over yourlisteners to your point of view---to get them to believe something or do something as a result of your speech.Now I will ask you what I am here for? My general purpose is to inform or to persuade?Yes, you are absolutely right. I am here to inform, to inform the audience about how to organize the speech well, and how to be a better public speaker.If I am here to tell you that public speaking means a lot of fun, it can enhance your confidence, your linguistic competence, it can help you to find a better job. And I am the best teacher who teaches public speaking (also the only one). In a term, I will make you a great public speaker, public speaking will be a piece of cake if you come to my class.What is my purpose?Yes, my purpose is to persuade. To persuade you to take my course.In speech classes, the general purpose is usually specified as part of the speech assignment. For speeches outside the classroom, however, you have to make sure of your general purpose yourself. Usually this is easy to do. Are you going to explain, report, or demonstrate something? Then your general purpose is to inform. Are you going to sell, advocate, or defend something? Then your general purpose is to persuade. But no matter what the situation, you must be certain of exactly what you hope to achieve by speaking. Knowing your general purpose is the first step. The next step is determining your specific purpose.Specific purposes:( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.)Once you have chosen a topic and a general purpose, you must narrow your choices to determine the specific purpose . The specific purpose should focus on one aspect of a topic. You should be able to state your specific purpose in a single infinitive phrase.(to inform my audienceabout…; to persuade my audience to…) that indicates precisely what you hope to accomplish with your speech. Perhaps an example will help clarify the process of choosing a specific purpose. For example:If your topic is: EmergenciesYour general purpose is : To informSo far. So good. But what aspect of your topic would you discuss? The different kinds of emergencies? The emergency situations she had faced? Specific techniques such as water rescue, applyng first aid, or preventing a person from going into shock? She had to choose something interesting that she could cover in a six-minute speech. Finally, she settled on explaining the major steps involved in responding to an emergency. She stated her specific purpose this way.You should narrow your topic, focus on one aspect, and express it in a single infinitive phrase. For instance, we can define thespecific purpose as: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency This turned out to be an excellent choice, and her speech was among the best in the class. Notice how clear the specific purpose statement is. Notice also how it relates the topic directly to the audience. That is, it states not what the speaker wants to say, but what the speaker wants the audience to know as a result of the speech. This is very important, for it helps keep the audience at the center of you attention as you prepare the speech.Specific purpose: to explain the major steps in responding to an emergencyExplain to whom? To a group of medical students? To an introductory Red Cross class? Those would be two different speeches. The medical students already know the basic fact about responding to an emergency. For them, the speaker might provide a more advanced discussion.Tips for formulating the specific purpose statementFormulating a specific purpose is the most important early step in developing a successful speech. When writing your purpose statement, try to follow the general principles outlined below.The first tip is:1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragmentIf your specific purpose is: Calendars. Is it effective or ineffective?Why,because it is a fragment, not an infinitive.If your specific is:To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used inthe world today.It is much more effective.Another example:If your specific purpose is: Stem cell research . Is it effective or ineffective?Why,because it is a fragment, not an infinitiveIf your specific is: To persuade my audience that the federal government should increase funding for stem cell research.Of course, it is more effective.The ineffective statements above are adequate as announcements of the speech topic, but they are not thought out fully enough to indicate the specific purposeOk, Let’s move on to tip 22. Express your purpose as a statement, not as a questionineffective: Is China’s space program necessary?Is it effective or ineffective?Yes it is ineffective.Why,because it is a question, not an statementMore effective:To persuade my audience that China’s space program provides many important benefits to people here on earthIt becomes more effective.The questions might make an adequate title, but they are not effective as the specific purposestatement. They give no indication about what direction the speech willtake or what the speaker hopes to accomplish.The third tip is:3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statementIneffective:To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.More Effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.Here are two specific purpose statements, please tell which one is effective, which one is ineffective?Ineffective:To persuade my audience that the campus policy on off-campus living reallystinks.More Effective:To persuade my audience that the campus policy on off-campus living should be revised.Although the ineffective statements indicate something of the speaker’s viewpoint, they do not state concisely what he or she hopes to achieve. Metaphors, analogies, and the like are effective devices for reinforcing ideas within a speech,but they are too ambiguous for specific purpose statements.Yes ,very good.. Obviously I made myself understood.4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointHere I give you three statements, and you decide which one is not effective. Ineffective: To inform my audience about the developments of AIDS and the recent testing procedures for HIV infectionMore Effective: To persuade my audience about the developments of AIDSMore Effective: To inform my audience about the recent testing procedures for HIV infection. Why the first sentence is ineffective? Because it has two main points: the developments of AIDS and the recent testing procedures for HIV infectionWhat you need to avoid is not simply the word “and”, but a specific purpose statement that contains two unrelated ideas, either of which could easily be developed into aspeech in its own right.5. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or generalIneffective: To inform my audience about the Civil WarMore Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African American soldiers in the Civil WarThe ineffective purpose statement above falls into one of the most common traps---it is too broad and ill-defined. It gives no clues about what aspect of the Civil War the speaker will cover. The more effective purpose statement is sharp and concise. It reveals clearly what the speaker plans to discuss.Here is another example, this time from a persuasive speech:Ineffective: To persuade my audience that something must be done about medical care. More effective: To persuade my audience that the government should adopt a system of national health insurance for all people in China.Tell me which one is more effective?The second one, because, it is more concise. The ineffective purpose statement is vague and indistinct. It gives no indication of the speaker’s stance toward the topic. The “something”that “should be done” could include anything. The more effective purpose statement is crisp and clear. It does not leave us guessing what the speaker hopes to accomplish.When you determine your specific purpose, you should ask yourself the following questions to see whether your purpose is appropriate.Questions to ask about your specific purposeSometimes you will arrive at your specific purpose almost immediately after choosing your topic. At other times you may do quite a bit of research before deciding on a specific purpose. Much will depend on how familiar you are with the topic, as well as on any special demands imposed by the assignment, the audience,or the occasion. But whenever you settle on your specific purpose, ask yourself the following questions about it.1. Does my purpose meet the assignment?2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience?4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?All right, next we are going to discuss how to phrase your central idea.Phrasing the central idea (thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought)The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish. The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.Sometimes it is called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought. Whatever the term, the central idea is usually expressed as a simple, declarative sentence that refines and sharpens the specific purpose statement.What is the central idea?It is a one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you want the audience to absorb from your speech..Imagine you run into a friend on your way to speech class. She says, “ I have to dash to my history lecture, but I hear you’re giving a speech today. Can you tell me the gist of it in one sentence?”“ Sure,” you reply. “ America’s prison system suffers from three mafor problems---- overcrowding of inmates, lack of effective rehabilitation programs, and high expense to taxpayers.”Your answer is the central idea of your speech. It is more precise than your topic (America’s prison system) or your specific purpose statement ( To inform my audience of the three major problems facing America’s prison sustem”) By stating exactly what the three major problems are, the central idea sums up your speech in a single sentence.Notice that in persuasive speeches, the central idea puts forth a point of view, an opinion. The central idea is an arguable, debatable proposition. It is a non-neutral statement. You have to take your stance, whether you are for or against the preposition. Standing in the middle is not acceptableIn informative speeches, the central idea appears relatively neutral and objective.Let’s take a few examples we saw earlier in this chapter and develop them from the topic, general purpose, and specific purpose to the central idea.We start with the speech about responding to an emergency situation.Topic: EmergenciesGeneral purpose: To informSpecific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency. Central idea: The major steps in responding to an emergency are surveying the scene, contacting an emergency medical service, and starting CPR if needed.(cardiopulmonary resuscitation)Look carefully at this example, it shows how the speaker starts with a broad subject(emergencies) that becomes narrower and narrower as the speaker moves from the general purpose to the specific purpose to the central idea. Notice also how much more the central idea suggests about the content of the speech. From it we can expect the speaker to develop the main points in the speech---eachcorresponding to one of the major steps in responding to an emergency.Another example:Topic: Alternative-fuel vehiclesGeneral purpose: To persuadeSpecific purpose: To persuade my audience that the government should speed up efforts to develop alternative-fuel vehicles.Central idea: Developing alternative-fuel vehicles will help reduce China’s dependence on foreign oil and will help reduce air pollution.From this central idea we can deduce that the speaker will develop two main points in the speech:(1) alternative-fuel vehicles have the potential to reduce China’s need forimported oil, and (2) alternative-fuel vehicles will reduce the air pollutioncaused by automobile exhaust.The central idea statement serves three useful purposes. First, it helps you generate your main ideas . Second, it suggests suitable organizational patterns and strategies. Third, it focuses the audience’s attention on your central idea.Here I will give you some guidelines for the central idea.Guidelines for the central idea1.be expressed in a full sentence2.should not be in the form of a question.3.should avoid figurative language4.should not be vague or overly generalHere, for example, are two poorly written central ideas. See if you can identify the problem with each and figure out how each might be phrased more effectively.Ineffective: Problems of fad dietsIneffective: Zibo is an awesome place for a vacation.(A fad diet is a weight loss plan or aid that promises dramatic results. These diets don't offer long-term success, and they are usually not very healthy. Some of them can actually be dangerous to your health.)The first one is too general, it does not reveal enough about the content of the speech to serve as the central idea. It should be rewritten as a full sentence that identifies the problems of fad diets to be discussed in the speech:More effective: Although fad diets produce quick weight loss, they can lead to serious problems by creating deficiencies in vitamins and minerals and by breaking down muscle tissue as well as fat.The second one is flawed by its use of figurative language. To say that Zibo is an ‘awesome’ place for a vocation does not convey the speaker’s central idea clearly and concisely. It does not indicate what characteristics of Zibo the speaker intends to discuss. Moreover, “awesome”could mean quite different meanings to different people. A better central idea would be:More effective: Zibo has many attractions for vocations, including a warm climate, excellent food, and many historical sites.SummaryThe first step in speech making i s choosing a topic. For classroom speeches, it is often best to choose a subject you know well or in which you have personal experience.After you choose a topic, you need to settle on the general purpose of your speech. Usually, the general purpose will be to inform or to persuade. When it is to inform, you act as a teacher, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, you act as an advocate, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view.Once you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus in on a specific purpose that you can express as a single infinitive phrase. The phrase should indicate precisely what your speech plans to achieve.The central idea refines and sharpens your specific purpose. It is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points of your speech.. The central idea usually conveys the main points to be developed in the body of your speech.。

英语演讲教程:DevelopingtheSpeechText_英语演讲稿_

英语演讲教程:DevelopingtheSpeechText_英语演讲稿_

英语演讲教程:Developing the Speech TextChapter II Developing the Speech TextI. Announcing the Beginning of the Speech TextTo begin with, I would like to talk about a principle.I think it would be best to start out by looking at some pictures.The first thing I would like to talk about is the definition of the terms which I’11 use in my presentation.II. Shifting to the Next Main PointWell, let's move on to the next point.We will now come to the second problem.Turning to the next question, I' 11 talk about the stages of the procedure.As the second topic, I shall stop here. Now let' s turn our attention to the third topic.So much for the methodology of our experiment. I would now like to shift to the discussion of the results.Now, let's move away from the first part and switch over to the next part of my presentation.That's all for the introduction and now we can go on to the literature review.Next, I would like to turn to a more difficult problem.The next point I'd like to talk about is the feasibility of this project.That brings me to my second point.I am glad that we can now leave this rather boring subject of mathematic deduction and go into a more attractive one, that isthe application of the formula.III. Resuming the TopicLet' s come back to what I said in the first part of my speech.Getting back to the subject of the problem of theoretical considerations we can find that...I want to return to the first part of my presentation.Now, to get back to the effect of temperature, you may be aware that the problems have been solved.This brings me back to the question of security.At this point I would like to refer again to the question of methods in the first part of my lecture.Referring again to the first question, I think...Referring to the Coming PointI'll deal with it later.I' 11 touch upon that point in a moment.I shall tell you in detail shortly.IV. Introducing the Supporting MaterialsI think this part is the most difficult, so I'll explain it in greater detail.I think this part of my paper is most important, so I plan to spend more time on it.Please allow me to deal with this matter more extensively.Being the most important part of my presentation, I will elaborate on it with more slides.I' 11 expand this topic with drawings and figures.Indicating the Points BrieflyLimited by the time available, I can only give you a very brief account of this matter.I don't think that I should describe the methods in detail, because they are included in the handout.I will not go into detail on it.This point has been talked about repeatedly in this symposium, so I am not going to spend too much time on it.Let's go through the following points very rapidly.I just want to outline for you what I experienced in using this new drug.I shall not go over all these explanations. My time is running short. So I'’11 be brief.It is sufficient to say that these experiments were poorly designed and without controls.V. Repairing a Slip of ToneThe first of such experiments began in 2000, rather than 1999.May I have the lights, I mean the slides.The temperature increased, I shall say decreased.The population is 13 million, sorry, 31 million.The exchange rate dropped from 2.5 to 1.8, I beg your pardon, 1.9.As you can see from the first row, excuse me, the second row, that the output increased two fold.VI. Expressions Concerning Audio-Visual AidsCould we have the lights off? And the first slide, please.Lights off, first slide, please.Dim the lights, and first slide, please.The slide is not so clear. Please darken the room a little more.Could you please turn on the lights, please?Now, we can have the lights on.Please switch on the lights.Lights on, please.I apologize that this slide is not so clear, but I hope you can still make out the general idea.Sorry for the small print.I'm sorry we left a figure out here.VI. Explaining the Contents on the SlidesThis slide demonstrates ...On this slide, you can see...This curve in this slide shows...This figure in this slide exhibits...This table on this slide presents...This diagram on this slide depicts...This chart on this slide displaces ...The picture on this slide shows ...The photomicrograph on this slide shows ...The flow-chart on this slide points out...The circuit diagram on this slide represents~...~Indicating the Sources of the Content in aThis figure is taken from.., by Dr. Li.This diagram is after that of Prof. Wang with some modificationVII. Demanding to Show the Next SlideMay I proceed to the next slide, please?I think we can move on to the next slide.Let me show you the next slide.Now, we can go on to the next slide. 'Next slide, please.Next, please.Next !VIII. Returning to the Previous SlideTo make a comparison, can we return to the first slide, please?Let's go back. No, not this one. One back. Back one more. Yes, that’s it. Thank you.May I go back two slides, please?Could you return to the second slide?May we have the previous slide again?IX. Correcting a MistakeSorry, this one is in the wrong order. May I have the next one?Oh, this slide is misplaced. Please skip over it. Yes, this is the correct one.I'm afraid I didn't ask for this slide. Can we go back to the previous one? Please.No, not this one. Next, please. Yes, this is the one I need. Thank you.I'm afraid you may have lost one slide which is a flow chart of the procedure.Sorry, there seems to be one slide missing.X. Indicating the Speed of Running SlidesLet's go through the following slides rapidly.The following three slides we will go through quickly without explanation.Wait a minute, please. I want to say more about this slide.Because of the shortage of time, I' Il have to omit the following slides.Time is up, let's come to the last slide directly.Would you please skip the next slid-e and go on to the table? Next, next. Go ahead... That's it.。

英语演讲教程-Developing the Speech Text

英语演讲教程-Developing the Speech Text

英语演讲教程:Developing the SpeechTextChapter II Developing the Speech TextI. Announcing the Beginning of the Speech TextTo begin with, I would like to talk about a principle.I think it would be best to start out by looking at some pictures.The first thing I would like to talk about is the definition of the terms which I’11 use in my presentation.II. Shifting to the Next Main PointWell, let's move on to the next point.We will now come to the second problem.Turning to the next question, I' 11 talk about the stages of the procedure.As the second topic, I shall stop here. Now let' s turn our attention to the third topic.So much for the methodology of our experiment. I would now like to shift to the discussion of the results.Now, let's move away from the first part and switch over to the next part of my presentation.That's all for the introduction and now we can go on to the literature review.Next, I would like to turn to a more difficult problem.The next point I'd like to talk about is thefeasibility of this project.That brings me to my second point.I am glad that we can now leave this rather boring subject of mathematic deduction and go into a more attractive one, that is the application of the formula.III. Resuming the TopicLet' s come back to what I said in the first part of my speech.Getting back to the subject of the problem of theoretical considerations we can find that...I want to return to the first part of my presentation.Now, to get back to the effect of temperature, you may be aware that the problems have been solved.This brings me back to the question of security.At this point I would like to refer again to the question of methods in the first part of my lecture.Referring again to the first question, I think...Referring to the Coming PointI'll deal with it later.I' 11 touch upon that point in a moment.I shall tell you in detail shortly.IV. Introducing the Supporting MaterialsI think this part is the most difficult, so I'll explain it in greater detail.I think this part of my paper is most important, so I plan to spend more time on it.Please allow me to deal with this matter moreextensively.Being the most important part of my presentation, I will elaborate on it with more slides.I' 11 expand this topic with drawings and figures.Indicating the Points BrieflyLimited by the time available, I can only give you a very brief account of this matter.I don't think that I should describe the methods in detail, because they are included in the handout.I will not go into detail on it.This point has been talked about repeatedly in this symposium, so I am not going to spend too much time on it.Let's go through the following points very rapidly.I just want to outline for you what I experienced in using this new drug.I shall not go over all these explanations. My time is running short. So I'’11 be brief.It is sufficient to say that these experiments were poorly designed and without controls.V. Repairing a Slip of ToneThe first of such experiments began in 2000, rather than 1999.May I have the lights, I mean the slides.The temperature increased, I shall say decreased.The population is 13 million, sorry, 31 million.The exchange rate dropped from 2.5 to 1.8, I beg your pardon, 1.9.Asyou can see from the first row, excuse me, the second row, that the output increased two fold.VI. Expressions Concerning Audio-Visual AidsCould we have the lights off? And the first slide, please.Lights off, first slide, please.Dim the lights, and first slide, please.The slide is not so clear. Please darken the room a little more.Could you please turn on the lights, please?Now, we can have the lights on.Please switch on the lights.Lights on, please.I apologize that this slide is not so clear, but I hope you can still make out the general idea.Sorry for the small print.I'm sorry we left a figure out here.VI. Explaining the Contents on the SlidesThis slide demonstrates ...On this slide, you can see...This curve in this slide shows...This figure in this slide exhibits...This table on this slide presents...This diagram on this slide depicts...This chart on this slide displaces ...The picture on this slide shows ...The photomicrograph on this slide shows ...The flow-chart on this slide points out...The circuit diagram on this slide represents~...~Indicating the Sources of theContent in aThis figure is taken from.., by Dr. Li.This diagram is after that of Prof. Wang with some modificationVII. Demanding to Show the Next SlideMay I proceed to the next slide, please?I think we can move on to the next slide.Let me show you the next slide.Now, we can go on to the next slide. 'Next slide, please.Next, please.Next !VIII. Returning to the Previous SlideTo make a comparison, can we return to the first slide, please?Let's go back. No, not this one. One ba ck. Back one more. Yes, that’s it. Thank you.May I go back two slides, please?Could you return to the second slide?May we have the previous slide again?IX. Correcting a MistakeSorry, this one is in the wrong order. May I have the next one?Oh, this slide is misplaced. Please skip over it. Yes, this is the correct one.I'm afraid I didn't ask for this slide. Can we go back to the previous one? Please.No, not this one. Next, please. Yes, this is the one I need. Thank you.I'm afraid you may have lost one slide which is a flow chart of the procedure.Sorry, there seems to be one slide missing.X. Indicating the Speed of Running SlidesLet's go through thefollowing slides rapidly.The following three slides we will go through quickly without explanation.Wait a minute, please. I want to say more about this slide.Because of the shortage of time, I' Il have to omit the following slides.Time is up, let's come to the last slide directly.Would you please skip the next slid-e and go on to the table?Next, next. Go ahead... That's it.。

朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要

朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要

朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要Part A and BNew words and phrases (要求:知道中文意思,会读,会拼写。

)competition 名词,竞争,比赛,竞赛 (注意发音)。

mark 名词,(考试的)分数,可数。

course 名词,1.科目,课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。

weight 名词,重量。

hard 它是个多义词,在本课中是个副词,意为“努力地”;比较级harder,更加努力地。

turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达,类似汉语中的成语,意为“重新开始,改过自新,翻开新的一页”。

wishing tree 许愿树make plans for...为...制定计划the new school year 新学年want to do sth. 想要做某事win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖,增重practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程join the Cubs加入幼童军Sentences (要求:会读,知道其中文意思,会拼,会写,会运用。

)本部分学习so作为连词的用法,在句中意为“所以,因此”What do you want to do? 你想要做什么?I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practiseswimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛,因此我计划更加努力地练习游泳。

句中用一般现在时描述目标,运用短语want to do sth. so后面连接计划、打算,用be going to一般现在将来时表达。

2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m goi to read more English books. 我想要提高英语,所以我计划读更多英文书。

英语演讲选修课chapter 2 topic教材

英语演讲选修课chapter 2 topic教材

Topic: Emergencies General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency. Central idea: The major steps in responding to an emergency are surveying the scene, contacting an emergency medical service, and starting CPR if needed.
• Ineffective: To inform my audience about the developments of AIDS and the recent testing procedures for HIV infection. • More effective: To persuade my audience about the developments of AIDS.

Selecting a topic
Speeches outside the classroom the occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications Speeches in the public speaking class no designated topic
Summary


Selecting a topic Determining your general purpose Determining your specific purpose Phrasing your central idea

Lesson 2, Public Speaking演讲

Lesson 2, Public Speaking演讲

•Use appropriate body language and gestures
GESTURES
• Symbolic Gestures communicate words, numbers, position. For example:
• A raised hand signals for a stop
• Overcoming stress • Breaking bad habits
• Being confident
• It’s now or never
• Healthy living
• Treat others the way you want to be treated
• Building self-esteem
• Your speech should come from the heart
• Tell the truth
• Use note cards if you like, but do not read from them word for word during your speech
INTRODUCTION
• A thumbs-up showing you agree
• Three fingers for the number three
• Pointing to show a position – up, down, behind, beside
GESTURES
• Descriptive Gestures communicate an idea or movement. • For example: • Spreading hands apart to show length • Using hands to show a shape. • Swaying hands to show a flow of movement.

新编英语演讲与辩论 (2)

新编英语演讲与辩论 (2)

Csibilites of PM and DPM
Opening remarks Substantiation Prime Minister Roles and Responsibilities Refute Rebuild Deputy Prime Minister
2.“This House believes that nuclear energy is dangerous.”
05
Warm-up Questions
A
What are the roles of the Prime Minister (PM) and Deputy Prime Minister (DPM)?
B
How does the Opening Government team start the
debate? In motions of policy, how does the Government prove the necessity, justification and effectiveness of their motion? What are the differences in constructing a propositional case for Motions of Policy and Motions of Value?
Attention gainer Interpreting the motion Claiming the stance Opening Remarks Presenting the model Giving a preview of the key arguments Illustrating the team line Necessity Substantiation Justification Effectiveness

英语演讲选修课chapter2topic5篇

英语演讲选修课chapter2topic5篇

英语演讲选修课chapter2topic5篇第一篇:英语演讲选修课chapter 2 topicchapter 2 topicSelecting a topicν Speeches outside the classroomthe occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualificationsν Speeches in the public speaking classno designated topicν What is a suitable speech topic?ν Worthwhileν Appropriateν Limited in scopeSuitable topicν Worthwhilesignificant implications for the audienceν Appropriateknow a lot, like to learn moreν Limited in scopedividing the topic into several significant parts.νGeneral purpose: the broad goal 总体目标ν T o inform: convey informationenhance the knowledge and understandingν T o persuade: advocate or partisanChange or structure the attitudes or actionsDifference: explain orexhortν Specific purpose 具体目标to inform my audience about…to persuade my audience to …Explain ←→ exhortSpecific PurposeνSpecific purpose:(single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes toaccomplish in his or her speech.).简单的肯定句ν T opic:Emergenciesν General purpose: To informν Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to anemergencyTips for formulating the specific purpose statementTip 1:Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语), not as a fragment(片段)νTip 2Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question陈述句Tip 3Avoid figurative language比喻语言Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointTip 5Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general Phrasing the central idea(Also called thesis statement,subject sentence, major thought)νWhat is the central idea?νGuidelines for the central ideaWhat is the central idea?ν A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech.It is what you wantthe audience to absorb from your speech.νIn persuasivespeechesarguable, debatable, take your stanceν In informative speechesrelatively neutral and objectiveνThe specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.ν The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.νGuidelines for the central ideaν The central idea1.Should be expressed in a full sentence2.should not be in the form of a question.3.should avoid figurative language4.should not be vague or overly generalSummaryν Selecting a topicν Determining your general purposeν Determining your specific purposeν Phrasing your central ideaFour brainstorming proceduresνMake a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and soforth.ν Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics thatcome to mind in several categories.νLook through a reference work for ideasν Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.第二篇:英语演讲选修课10informativeLesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of publicspeaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student AssignmentsWhat are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching proceduresνInformative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding ν T o enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before νConvey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methodsν Chronological order编年顺序ν Spatial order空间顺序ν Topical order主题顺序ν Causal order ν Problem-solution orderOther methods of speech organizationν Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship.method of speech organization in which the main pointsν Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.ν(Problem-cause-solution order)Speeches about processνProcess: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.νSpeeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works.3.Speeches about eventsνEvent: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.ν chronological order----to recount the history of an event, ν causal order----to explain the causes and effects4.Speech about conceptsνConcept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.ν Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order.One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking λDon’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2.Relate the subject directly to the audience* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved3.Don’t be too technica l* Simple, clear language is needed.4.Avoid abstractions One way to avoid abstractions is through description(a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness) Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons(A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)5.Personalize your ideas第三篇:英语演讲选修课11persuasiveLesson 11 Persuasive Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking.Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student AssignmentsWhat are the essentials of an effective speech? How to overcome nervousness? Teaching proceduresI.Persuasive speeches on questions of factν Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.νWe do not know enough information to know what it isWill the economy be better or worse next year?Will another earthquake strike California before the year2010? ν The facts are murky or inclusiveWhat will happen next in the Middle East?Is sexual orientation genetically determined?Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically II.Persuasive speeches on questions of valueνQuestions of value?---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.ν What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? νMatter of fact, value judgments νSpeeches on questions of value are mostly organized topicallyν Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判断的标准ν Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动What to do during spring vocation? Which strategy to use in selling a product? How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ? ν They are to decide whether something should or should not be anizing speeches on Questions of policyλProblem-solution order λProblem-cause-solution orderλComparative Advantage orderλD.Monroe’s motivated sequenceD.Monroe’s motivated sequence门罗促动顺序νA method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.ν The five steps of the motivated sequence are:1.attention2.need3.satisfaction4.visualization(形象化)5.actionPart 2: Methods of persuasionListeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotionsI.Building credibilityν Factors of credibility:petence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience ν Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction ing evidenceTips for using evidence e specific e novel e evidence from credible sources 4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoningν Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.ν Four types of reasoning:1.Reasoning from specific instances2.Reasoning from principle3.Causal reasoning4.Analogical reasoningGuidelines for reasoning from specific instancesA.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony 2.Reasoning from principle ν---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance: νAll people are mortal.νSocrates is a person.νTherefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.νThere is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” orν“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.” ν4.Analogical reasoning(类比推理)---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.ν If you are good at racquetbal l, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang.ν In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts less than three weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions ν Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.νGuidelines for generating emotional appealν e emotional language 2.Develop vivid example 3.Speakwith sincerity and conviction第四篇:英语演讲选修课7language_delivery范文Lesson 7 Language delivery Teaching Aim and Requirement Acquire a basic knowledge of topic,purpose and central idea of a public speech。

英语演讲unit 2 becoming a confident speaker

英语演讲unit 2 becoming a confident speaker

Public speaking and critical Thinking
Similarities and differences Between public speaking and Conversation
1
2
3
4
The tradition of Public speaking
Warming up
Demonstrating
3 Think positively
Negative thought Positive thought
I’m not a public speaker.
No one’s perfect, but I’m getting better with each speech I give.
Discuss and analyze
eye
Look upon or look down Focus on your paper too much
Body Too much hands movement You may keep taping the table Body shaking left to right Bite your lips Lower your head Put your hands back
Perfectly normal Even desirable Positive nervousness
Discuss and analyze
Skin perspire Heart race Hands shake Knees knock
Discuss and analyze
Language
Repeat words(4 times) Rate: a little fast

英语选修课之英语演说课程大纲

英语选修课之英语演说课程大纲

英语演说教学大纲课程号码主讲人课程译名English Speech 课程类型公共选修课授课对象全校部分学生开设学期学年第2学期课程学分 1 课程学时20使用教材《实用英语演讲口语》何高大盛之主编 2003年1月第一版《演讲口才培训手册》舒丹编著 2005年6月第一版参考书目《实用英语语音》葆青编著高等教育出版社《英语语音学》孟宪忠主编华东师范大学出版社《演讲学》李元授主编华中科技大学出版社《演讲的艺术》(美国) 卢卡斯著外语教学与研究出版社《主题式英语口语路路》王惠玲主编西安世界图书出版公司《“21世纪杯”全国英语演讲十周年精华本》江西文化音像出版社《疯狂英语十周年精选演讲特辑》江西文化音像出版社一、课程性质、目的、任务英语演说是一门利用英语作为交流和交际手段来进行语音训练﹑演讲表达﹑综合技能学习的公共选修课。

其目的就是针对部分教学学院英语综合能力相对比较好的学生进行有目的有计划的培训和学习从而达到提高学习兴趣﹑增强表达能力﹑娴熟运用英语表现自我﹑培养学生外语综合素质的目的,同时也成为我校爱好英语者交流和展示的公共平台。

其任务就是活跃大学英语学习的氛围,提供大学英语教学和实践相结合的训练平台,培养英语综合素质比较优秀的英语学习者,同时也为大学英语教学改革和专业英语教学第二课堂学习提供一种实验思路和教学创新。

二、课程基本要求要求学生通过课堂内的理论学习﹑实践活动以及课堂外的自主学习和相关练习,使学生能够基本正确掌握英语语音的发音和诵读,并且在此基础上清晰完整表达自己的思想和看法,结合英语自身语言特点可以在台上自信地进行某个话题的演讲和演说并可以进行初步的辩论。

课程通过多媒体教室演示﹑课件展示﹑教师讲解﹑口头训练﹑活动演练﹑演讲或者辩论比赛﹑才艺综合技能展演等不同形式让学生和老师都从中认识演说英语的魅力并且喜欢它。

三、课程内容基本介绍本课程是以英语为语言的演讲和口头表达,所以课程以此为基础把内容的讲授分为三部分。

英语演讲 Unit 2 Selecting a Topic

英语演讲 Unit 2 Selecting a Topic

Unit 2 Selecting a Topic
1. Know your audience
Analyze your audience: age education level income bracket profession potential interests

Unit 2 Selecting a Topic

Unit 2 Selecting a Topic
4. Choose a topic you know
This is the most important point. Don’t ever take the risk to speak on the unfamiliar topic because the audience can tell. Research beforehand to ensure the success of the speech.
Public Speaking
Unit 2 Selecting a Topic
Contents
How to select a topic 1. Know your audience 2. Know your time limit 3. Choose an interactive topic 4. Choose a topic you know 5. Choose a comfortable topic 6. Try out a few topics

Unit 2 Selecting a Topic
6. Try out a few topics
Put pen to paper: Take a few ideas and write opening paragraphs, getting the feel for how the speech would progress. Don’t include evt 2 Selecting a Topic

英语演讲选修课教案2 selecting a topic

英语演讲选修课教案2 selecting a topic

山东理工大学教案注:教师讲稿附后Lesson two Selecting a topic and purposeI am lucky, honored and humbled to stand here, so many students watch how I would perform on this small but terrifying platform. Frankly speaking, I am quite nervous standing here, especially before you, a large group of audience, no one is perfect, it is not shameful at all to admit my nervousness, because everybody will be nervous to some extent when asked to speak before a big audience. Why did I say so, I have proof.One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. We may as well face the issue squarely. Many people who converse easily in all kinds of everyday situations become frightened ar the idea of standing up before a group to make a speech. If you are worried about stage fright, you may feel better knowing that you are not alone. A survey conducted in 1973 asked more than 2,500 Americans to list their greatest fears. To the surprises of the reserchers, the largest number fo people----41%----listed speaking before a group among their greatest fears. Amazing as it may seem, many Americans appear to consider public speaking a fate worse than death.This is A survey conducted in AmericaResearchers asked their respondents to list their greatest fears, here is how they responded:Greatest Fears Percent NamingA party with strangers 74Giving a speech 70Asked personal questions in public 65 Meeting a date’s parents 59First day on a new job 59Victim of a practical joke 56 Talking with sb. in authority 53Job interview 46 Formal dinner party 44Blind date 42 From the chart, we can see that speechmaking ranks near the top in provoking anxiety.Therefore, we can say that speaking in public means a great challenge to everybody. Nervousness mainly comes from the fact that we do not know what to say, how to say and less training. There are a lot of things that make a successful speech, such as your topic, your delivery, your language. Among them, the organization of the speech is the first concern of the public speaker. Then comes the second problem, How to organize you speech well. It involves several factors, such as your topic, your purpose and your central idea, and so on. They are what we are going to discuss today. Today we mainly focus on the following matters:Choosing a topicDetermining your purposeThe central ideaLet‟s begin with selecting a topic:Selecting a topicThe first step in speech making is choosing a topic. It is a key element of a successful speech.. For speeches outside the classroom this is seldom a problem. Usually the speech topic is determined by the occasion, the audience, and the speaker‟s qualifications. When George W. Bush lectures on a college campus, he is invited to speak about foreign policy and current events. The same is true of ordinary citizens. The doctor is asked to inform how to deal with sport injuries, the florist discusses how to grow better houseplants, Mr. Fan Yuejin is asked to talk about school management. And Certainly I will never be expected to tell you something about mathematics.In a public speaking class the situation is different. Most of your speech assignment will not come with a designated topic. You generally have great leeway in selecting subjects for your speeches. This would appear to be an advantage, since it allows you to talk about matters of personal interest. Yet how to choose a proper topic remains a difficulty.What is a suitable speech topicFirst your topic should be Worthwhil e: worthwhile topics must address issues that have significant implications for the audience. The topic must be important enough to merit the time and attention of a group of intelligent and educated persons.Second, it should be Appropriate: the best way to ensure that your topic is appropriate is to select a topic about which you know a lot and would like to learn more. It is a lot easier to please an audience when the topic interests them. The topic should also be appropriate for the occasion. Time limitations will exclude certain topics because they are too complex.Finally, your topic should be Limited in scopeThe major problem for beginning speakers is that they attempt to cover a huge topic in too short a time; the inevitable result is that nothing specific is covered – everything is touched on but only superficially. You have to narrow and limit your topic, and divide the topic into several significant parts.Determining your purposeThe purpose of your speech is your goal; it is what you hope to achieve during your speech. Generally speaking we have two types of purpose: general purpose and specific one.General purposes(the broad goal of a speech)The general purpose is he broad goal of a speech, usually it falls into one of two overlapping categories---to inform or to persuade.When your general purpose is to inform, you act as a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information ---and do it clearly, accurately and interestingly, your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before.When your general purpose is to persuade, you act as an advocate or a partisan. Your goal is to change or structure the attitudes or actions of your audience. The difference between informing and persuading is the difference between explaining and exhorting. Your aim is to win over yourlisteners to your point of view---to get them to believe something or do something as a result of your speech.Now I will ask you what I am here for? My general purpose is to inform or to persuade?Yes, you are absolutely right. I am here to inform, to inform the audience about how to organize the speech well, and how to be a better public speaker.If I am here to tell you that public speaking means a lot of fun, it can enhance your confidence, your linguistic competence, it can help you to find a better job. And I am the best teacher who teaches public speaking (also the only one). In a term, I will make you a great public speaker, public speaking will be a piece of cake if you come to my class.What is my purpose?Yes, my purpose is to persuade. To persuade you to take my course.In speech classes, the general purpose is usually specified as part of the speech assignment. For speeches outside the classroom, however, you have to make sure of your general purpose yourself. Usually this is easy to do. Are you going to explain, report, or demonstrate something? Then your general purpose is to inform. Are you going to sell, advocate, or defend something? Then your general purpose is to persuade. But no matter what the situation, you must be certain of exactly what you hope to achieve by speaking. Knowing your general purpose is the first step. The next step is determining your specific purpose.Specific purposes:( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.)Once you have chosen a topic and a general purpose, you must narrow your choices to determine the specific purpose . The specific purpose should focus on one aspect of a topic. You should be able to state your specific purpose in a single infinitive phrase.(to inform my audienceabout…; to persuade my audience to…) that indicates precisely what you hope to accomplish with your speech. Perhaps an example will help clarify the process of choosing a specific purpose. For example:If your topic is: EmergenciesYour general purpose is : To informSo far. So good. But what aspect of your topic would you discuss? The different kinds of emergencies? The emergency situations she had faced? Specific techniques such as water rescue, applyng first aid, or preventing a person from going into shock? She had to choose something interesting that she could cover in a six-minute speech. Finally, she settled on explaining the major steps involved in responding to an emergency. She stated her specific purpose this way.You should narrow your topic, focus on one aspect, and express it in a single infinitive phrase. For instance, we can define thespecific purpose as: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency This turned out to be an excellent choice, and her speech was among the best in the class. Notice how clear the specific purpose statement is. Notice also how it relates the topic directly to the audience. That is, it states not what the speaker wants to say, but what the speaker wants the audience to know as a result of the speech. This is very important, for it helps keep the audience at the center of you attention as you prepare the speech.Specific purpose: to explain the major steps in responding to an emergencyExplain to whom? To a group of medical students? To an introductory Red Cross class? Those would be two different speeches. The medical students already know the basic fact about responding to an emergency. For them, the speaker might provide a more advanced discussion.Tips for formulating the specific purpose statementFormulating a specific purpose is the most important early step in developing a successful speech. When writing your purpose statement, try to follow the general principles outlined below.The first tip is:1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragmentIf your specific purpose is: Calendars. Is it effective or ineffective?Why,because it is a fragment, not an infinitive.If your specific is:To inform my audience about the four major kinds of calendars used inthe world today.It is much more effective.Another example:If your specific purpose is: Stem cell research . Is it effective or ineffective?Why,because it is a fragment, not an infinitiveIf your specific is: To persuade my audience that the federal government should increase funding for stem cell research.Of course, it is more effective.The ineffective statements above are adequate as announcements of the speech topic, but they are not thought out fully enough to indicate the specific purposeOk, Let’s move on to tip 22. Express your purpose as a statement, not as a questionineffective: Is China‟s space program necessary?Is it effective or ineffective?Yes it is ineffective.Why,because it is a question, not an statementMore effective:To persuade my audience that China‟s space program provides many important benefits to people here on earthIt becomes more effective.The questions might make an adequate title, but they are not effective as the specific purposestatement. They give no indication about what direction the speech willtake or what the speaker hopes to accomplish.The third tip is:3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statementIneffective:To inform my audience that yoga is extremely cool.More Effective: To inform my audience how yoga can improve their health.Here are two specific purpose statements, please tell which one is effective, which one is ineffective?Ineffective:To persuade my audience that the campus policy on off-campus living reallystinks.More Effective:To persuade my audience that the campus policy on off-campus living should be revised.Although the ineffective statements indicate something of the speaker‟s viewpoint, they do not state concisely what he or she hopes to achieve. Metaphors, analogies, and the like are effective devices for reinforcing ideas within a speech,but they are too ambiguous for specific purpose statements.Yes ,very good.. Obviously I made myself understood.4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointHere I give you three statements, and you decide which one is not effective. Ineffective: To inform my audience about the developments of AIDS and the recent testing procedures for HIV infectionMore Effective: To persuade my audience about the developments of AIDSMore Effective: To inform my audience about the recent testing procedures for HIV infection. Why the first sentence is ineffective? Because it has two main points: the developments of AIDS and the recent testing procedures for HIV infectionWhat you need to avoid is not simply the word “and”, but a specific purpose statement that contains two unrelated ideas, either of which could easily be developed into aspeech in its own right.5. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or generalIneffective: To inform my audience about the Civil WarMore Effective: To inform my audience about the role of African American soldiers in the Civil WarThe ineffective purpose statement above falls into one of the most common traps---it is too broad and ill-defined. It gives no clues about what aspect of the Civil War the speaker will cover. The more effective purpose statement is sharp and concise. It reveals clearly what the speaker plans to discuss.Here is another example, this time from a persuasive speech:Ineffective: To persuade my audience that something must be done about medical care. More effective: To persuade my audience that the government should adopt a system of national health insurance for all people in China.Tell me which one is more effective?The second one, because, it is more concise. The ineffective purpose statement is vague and indistinct. It gives no indication of the speaker‟s stance toward the topic. The “something”that “should be done” could include anything. The more effective purpose statement is crisp and clear. It does not leave us guessing what the speaker hopes to accomplish.When you determine your specific purpose, you should ask yourself the following questions to see whether your purpose is appropriate.Questions to ask about your specific purposeSometimes you will arrive at your specific purpose almost immediately after choosing your topic. At other times you may do quite a bit of research before deciding on a specific purpose. Much will depend on how familiar you are with the topic, as well as on any special demands imposed by the assignment, the audience,or the occasion. But whenever you settle on your specific purpose, ask yourself the following questions about it.1. Does my purpose meet the assignment?2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted?3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience?4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience?5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?All right, next we are going to discuss how to phrase your central idea.Phrasing the central idea (thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought)The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish. The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.Sometimes it is called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought. Whatever the term, the central idea is usually expressed as a simple, declarative sentence that refines and sharpens the specific purpose statement.What is the central idea?It is a one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you want the audience to absorb from your speech..Imagine you run into a friend on your way to speech class. She says, “ I have to dash to my history lecture, but I hear you‟re giving a speech today. Can you tell me the gist of it in one sentence?”“ Sure,” you reply. “ America‟s prison system suffers from three mafor problems---- overcrowding of inmates, lack of effective rehabilitation programs, and high expense to taxpayers.”Your answer is the central idea of your speech. It is more precise than your topic (America‟s prison system) or your specific purpose statement ( To inform my audience of the three major problems facing America‟s prison sustem”) By stating exactly what the three major problems are, the central idea sums up your speech in a single sentence.Notice that in persuasive speeches, the central idea puts forth a point of view, an opinion. The central idea is an arguable, debatable proposition. It is a non-neutral statement. You have to take your stance, whether you are for or against the preposition. Standing in the middle is not acceptableIn informative speeches, the central idea appears relatively neutral and objective.Let‟s take a few examples we saw earlier in this chapter and develop them from the topic, general purpose, and specific purpose to the central idea.We start with the speech about responding to an emergency situation.Topic: EmergenciesGeneral purpose: To informSpecific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency. Central idea: The major steps in responding to an emergency are surveying the scene, contacting an emergency medical service, and starting CPR if needed.(cardiopulmonary resuscitation)Look carefully at this example, it shows how the speaker starts with a broad subject(emergencies) that becomes narrower and narrower as the speaker moves from the general purpose to the specific purpose to the central idea. Notice also how much more the central idea suggests about the content of the speech. From it we can expect the speaker to develop the main points in the speech---eachcorresponding to one of the major steps in responding to an emergency.Another example:Topic: Alternative-fuel vehiclesGeneral purpose: To persuadeSpecific purpose: To persuade my audience that the government should speed up efforts to develop alternative-fuel vehicles.Central idea: Developing alternative-fuel vehicles will help reduce China‟s dependence on foreign oil and will help reduce air pollution.From this central idea we can deduce that the speaker will develop two main points in the speech:(1) alternative-fuel vehicles have the potential to reduce China‟s need forimported oil, and (2) alternative-fuel vehicles will reduce the air pollutioncaused by automobile exhaust.The central idea statement serves three useful purposes. First, it helps you generate your main ideas . Second, it suggests suitable organizational patterns and strategies. Third, it focuses the audience‟s attention on your central idea.Here I will give you some guidelines for the central idea.Guidelines for the central idea1.be expressed in a full sentence2.should not be in the form of a question.3.should avoid figurative language4.should not be vague or overly generalHere, for example, are two poorly written central ideas. See if you can identify the problem with each and figure out how each might be phrased more effectively.Ineffective: Problems of fad dietsIneffective: Zibo is an awesome place for a vacation.(A fad diet is a weight loss plan or aid that promises dramatic results. These diets don't offer long-term success, and they are usually not very healthy. Some of them can actually be dangerous to your health.)The first one is too general, it does not reveal enough about the content of the speech to serve as the central idea. It should be rewritten as a full sentence that identifies the problems of fad diets to be discussed in the speech:More effective: Although fad diets produce quick weight loss, they can lead to serious problems by creating deficiencies in vitamins and minerals and by breaking down muscle tissue as well as fat.The second one is flawed by its use of figurative language. To say that Zibo is an …awesome‟ place for a vocation does not convey the speaker‟s central idea clearly and concisely. It does not indicate what characteristics of Zibo the speaker intends to discuss. Moreover, “awesome”could mean quite different meanings to different people. A better central idea would be:More effective: Zibo has many attractions for vocations, including a warm climate, excellent food, and many historical sites.SummaryThe first step in speech making i s choosing a topic. For classroom speeches, it is often best to choose a subject you know well or in which you have personal experience.After you choose a topic, you need to settle on the general purpose of your speech. Usually, the general purpose will be to inform or to persuade. When it is to inform, you act as a teacher, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, you act as an advocate, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view.Once you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus in on a specific purpose that you can express as a single infinitive phrase. The phrase should indicate precisely what your speech plans to achieve.The central idea refines and sharpens your specific purpose. It is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points of your speech.. The central idea usually conveys the main points to be developed in the body of your speech.。

英语演讲选修课教案informativespeech I

英语演讲选修课教案informativespeech I

英语演讲选修课教案Informative Speech I一、课程简介本课程旨在通过系统的训练,帮助学生提高英语演讲能力,特别是信息性演讲。

通过本课程的学习,学生将能够清晰、有条理地表达自己的观点,提高英语听说能力和公共演讲技巧。

二、教学目标1. 学生能够理解信息性演讲的基本结构和要素。

2. 学生能够准备并有效地进行信息性演讲。

3. 学生能够提高自己的公共演讲技巧和自信心。

三、教学内容1. 信息性演讲的基本结构和要素。

2. 如何选择和组织演讲主题。

3. 如何进行演讲研究和资料搜集。

5. 如何进行演讲练习和修改。

四、教学方法1. 讲授法:讲解信息性演讲的基本结构和要素,教授演讲技巧和策略。

2. 实践法:学生进行演讲练习,教师进行指导和评价。

3. 小组讨论法:学生分组进行讨论,分享经验和互相反馈。

五、教学评估1. 课堂参与度:学生参与课堂讨论和练习的积极程度。

2. 演讲练习:学生的演讲内容和表达效果。

六、教学活动1. 演讲主题选择:学生根据个人兴趣和专业知识,选择一个主题进行演讲。

教师提供主题选择的建议和指导。

2. 资料搜集和整理:学生进行资料搜集,整理相关信息,构建演讲框架。

教师提供资料搜集的技巧和方法。

4. 演讲练习和修改:学生进行演讲练习,教师提供评价和修改建议。

学生根据教师的建议,进行演讲稿的修改和完善。

七、教学资源1. 教材:使用相关的英语演讲教材,提供理论和实践指导。

2. 网络资源:利用互联网资源,搜集和整理演讲相关的资料和案例。

3. 视听材料:观看和分析优秀的英语演讲视频,学习演讲技巧和表达方式。

八、教学进度安排1. 第一周:介绍信息性演讲的基本结构和要素,讲解演讲技巧和策略。

2. 第二周:选择和组织演讲主题,进行资料搜集和整理。

4. 第四周:进行小组讨论和分享,互相反馈和改进。

5. 第五周:进行课堂演讲,教师进行评价和总结。

九、教学注意事项1. 鼓励学生积极参与,充分展示自己的观点和能力。

乐学英语演讲教学课件Unit 2

乐学英语演讲教学课件Unit 2

《乐学英语演讲教程》
Unit 2 Speaking to Persuade
Sample Two
影响听众思维的劝 说类演讲
2018 Commencement Speech
Notes: 11. unchastened: 未受限制的 12. arbiter: 仲裁人 13. aspiration: 强烈愿望 14. attribute: 特性 15. unwavering: 坚定的
2. Drew Gilpin Faust (德鲁·吉尔平·福斯特): 曾任哈佛大学校长(2007至 2018年),是哈佛历史上第一位女性校长,第一位非哈佛毕业生校 长,杰出的历史学家。此篇是在2018年哈佛毕业典礼上福斯特所发表 的演讲。
《乐学英语演讲教程》
Unit 2 Speaking to Persuade
Step Four
Deliver Your Speech
《乐学英语演讲教程》
Unit 2 Speaking to Persuade
Activity Step One
Choose a Topic
Topic 1: My Dream—An Excellent Speaker Topic 2: My View of Success Topic 3: Make Our Campus Much Cleaner Topic 4: Technology and Life
《乐学英语演讲教程》
Unit 2 Speaking to Persuade
Activity
Choose a Topic Step One
Step Two
Make Your Introduction and
Conclusion
Write a Preparation Outline

英语演讲选择进修课期末深刻复习最后大归纳

英语演讲选择进修课期末深刻复习最后大归纳

chapter 1ABCWhy Study Public Speaking❖Increase personal and social abilities❖Enhance your academic and career skills❖Refine your general communication abilities❖Increase your public speaking abilities❖….Increase Personal and Social Abilities❖self-awareness❖self-confidence❖dealing with the fear of communicatingPublic Speaking VS Conversation❖Purpose: both communicate with a certain purpose❖Audience: a public speech is usually directed at more listeners.❖Feedback: public speaking is relatively uninterrupted discourse.❖Delivery: public speaking requires intensified volume of voice and bodily action.❖Materials and organization: public speeches are mostly prepared ones.Impromptu speeches are rare.The essentials of a speech❖Objective: why am I making this speech?❖Audience:whom am I making this speech to?❖Place:where❖Time and length❖Method of delivery:how❖Content:what❖Notes❖Rehearsal: identify weakness, practice difficult pronunciationsDealing with nervousness❖Acquire speaking experience❖Prepare, prepare, prepare❖Think positively❖Use the power of visualization❖Know that most nervousness is Not visible❖Don’t expect perfectionAcquire Speaking Experience❖Enrolled in a public speaking course❖Stage fright: fear of the unknown❖Learning to give a speech is not much different from learning any otherskill---it proceeds by trial and error. The purpose of your speech class is to shorten the process, to minimize the errors, to give you a nonthreatening arena---a sort of laboratory--- in which to undertake the “trial”Think positivelyConfidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking.Negative Thought & Positive Thought❖I wish I didn’t have to give this speech.This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker.❖I am not a great public speaker.No one is perfect, but I am getting better with each speech I give.Terms❖Positive nervousness---controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.❖Visualization---mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures herself or himself giving a successful presentation.❖Creat a vivid mental blurprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speechOther tips for dealing with nervousness❖Be at your best physically and mentally. A good night’s sleep will serve you better.❖As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.❖Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. Most people take short and shallow breaths, which only reinforces their anxiety. Deep breathing breaks this cycle of tension and help calm your nerves.❖Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speaker’s anxiety level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 seconds of a presentation❖Make eye contact with members of your audience. Remember that they are individual people, not a blur of faces. And they are your friends.❖Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. If you get caught up in your speech, your audience will too.❖Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and make you feel less self-conscious.chapter 2 topic Selecting a topic⏹Speeches outside the classroomthe occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications⏹Speeches in the public speaking classno designated topic⏹What is a suitable speech topic?⏹Worthwhile⏹Appropriate⏹Limited in scopeSuitable topic⏹Worthwhilesignificant implications for the audience⏹Appropriateknow a lot, like to learn more⏹Limited in scopedividing the topic into several significant parts.⏹General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标⏹To inform: convey informationenhance the knowledge and understanding⏹To persuade: advocate or partisanChange or structure the attitudes or actionsDifference: explain or exhort⏹Specific purpose 具体目标to inform my audience about…to persuade my audience to …Explain ←→exhortSpecific Purpose⏹Specific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what aspeaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句⏹Topic: Emergencies⏹General purpose: To inform⏹Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding toan emergencyTips for formulating the specific purpose statementTip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语), not as a fragment(片段)Tip 2Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question陈述句Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语言Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointTip 5Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or generalPhrasing the central idea(Also called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought )⏹What is the central idea?⏹Guidelines for the central ideaWhat is the central idea?⏹ A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It iswhat you want the audience to absorb from your speech.⏹In persuasive speechesarguable, debatable, take your stance⏹In informative speechesrelatively neutral and objective⏹The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.⏹The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.⏹Guidelines for the central idea⏹The central idea1. Should be expressed in a full sentence2.should not be in the form of a question.3. should avoid figurative language4. should not be vague or overly generalSummary⏹Selecting a topic⏹Determining your general purpose⏹Determining your specific purpose⏹Phrasing your central ideaFour brainstorming procedures⏹Make a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs,and so forth.⏹Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the firsttopics that come to mind in several categories.⏹Look through a reference work for ideas⏹Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scanpossible topic.chapter 3 Analysis Analyzing the audience1. Audience-centeredness 以听众为中心2. The psychology of audience 听众的心理3. Demographic audience analysis 听众分析统计4. Situational audience analysis 听众分析的具体情形5. Adapting to the audience 适应听众1. Audience-centeredness▪Audience-centeredness: keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.Questions to be asked when preparing▪To whom am I speaking?▪What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?▪What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?(how)2. The psychology of audiences▪Question: what do you do when you listen to a speech?▪two messages:speaker, filter, listener▪people hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest.▪Question: what do people want to hear?▪Meaningful▪Egocentrism: The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.▪Listeners typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: “Why is this important to me?”What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker?▪Listeners: what they already know▪Speakers: relate the message toTwo steps of demographic audience analysis⑴identifying the general demographic features of your audience⑵assessing the importance of those features to a particular speaking situationDemographic Audience Analysis▪Age▪Gender▪Sexual orientation▪Racial, ethnic and cultural background ▪Religion4. Situational audience analysis:▪Situational factorsSizePhysical settingDisposition toward the topicDisposition toward the speakerDisposition toward the topic▪Interest▪Knowledge▪AttitudeDisposition toward the speaker▪keep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitudes toward you as a speaker.▪Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech is a crucial part of situational audience analysis.Summary▪audience-centered. They know that the aim of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind:(1)To whom am I speaking?(2)What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?(3)What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?▪Psychology of audience.People hear what they want to hear.EgocentricWhy is this important to me?chapter4 ntroduction1. Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story2. Reveal the topic3. Establish credibility▪Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience. It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.4 Preview the body of the speech▪Preview statement 预先叙说▪ A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing the introduction1.Keep the introduction relatively brief. Under normal circumstances it shouldnot constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.3. Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.4. Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5. Work out your introduction in detail. Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word; others prefer that you outline it. Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact. This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions ▪Don’t apologize.▪Don’t pretend▪Don’t make hollow promises ▪Don’t rely on gimmicks▪Don’t preface your introductionchapter 5 conclusion To let the audience know you are ending the speech•“In conclusion”•“One last thought”•“In closing”•“My purpose has been”•“Let me end by saying”Reinforce the central idea1. Summarize your speech2. End with a quotation3. Make a dramatic statement4. Refer to the introduction5. MotivateTips for preparing the conclusion1. As with the introduction, keep an aye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech.2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Be creative in devising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings, and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact.3.Do not be long-winded. The conclusion will normally make up no more thanabout 5 to 10 percent of your speech. Nothing aggravates audiences more than a speaker who says, “In conclusion”and keeps on talking.⏹chapter 6 -7 language_delivery⏹Language is important⏹Meaning of words⏹Using language accurately⏹Using language clearly⏹Using language vividly⏹Using language appropriately⏹ A note on inclusive languageUsing language clearly1. Use familiar words2. Choose concrete words3. Eliminate clutter2. Choose concrete words⏹Concrete words: words that refer to tangible objects⏹Abstract words: words that refer to ideas or concepts⏹Keep this in mind: few words are completely abstract or concrete.Abstractness and concreteness are relative.Two main ways to use moving and vivid language: imagery and rhythm1. Imagery: (意象)The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions orideas.It is a word picture that gets you totally involved.Three ways to generate imagery:A. Concrete wordsB. Simile(明喻)An explicit comparison introduced with the word “like”or “as”between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Example:C. Metaphor (暗喻)Unlike simile, metaphor does not contain the words “like”or “as”.2. Rhythm(节奏)The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.Four basic stylistic devices to improve the rhythmA. Parallelism(排比):the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Examples:①Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman---it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)②There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem. (Lyndon Johnson)③I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United Sates Senator. I speak as an American.(Margaret Chase Smith)B. RepetitionRepeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences①When you see your street, see my street. When you see your house, see my house. When you see your children, see my children. (Whitney Young, Jr.)②We will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail. (George W .Bush)C. Alliteration(头韵法)Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Examples: ①Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for Peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan)②In a nation founded on the promise of human dignity, our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. (Hillary Rodham Clinton)D. Antithesis 对比法The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Examples: ①Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John. F. Kennedy)②Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens at the White House, but on what happens inside your house. (Barbara Bush)Using language appropriately恰当地使用语言1. Appropriate to the occasion2. Appropriate to the audience3. Appropriate to the topic4. Appropriate to the speakerA NOTE ON INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE⏹Inclusive language: language that does not stereotype, demean, orpatronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.Four basic methods of delivering a speech⏹Reading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word andread to the audience.⏹Reciting from memory⏹Speaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediatepreparation.⏹Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speechthat is presented from a brief set of notes.The speaker’s voiceThe aspects of voice you should work to control are:⏹Volume 音量⏹Pitch 音高⏹Rate 频率⏹Pauses 停顿⏹Vocal variety 嗓音变化⏹PronunciationThe speaker’s voice⏹volume : the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.⏹Pitch: t he highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.⏹Rate: the speed at which a person speaks.The speaker’s body1. Personal appearance2. Movement3. Gestures4. Eye contactThere are four basic methods of delivering a speech, They are⏹Reading from a manuscript.⏹Reciting from memory⏹Speaking impromptu⏹Speaking extemporaneouslychapter 8 SpecialSpeeches on special occasions1. Speech of introduction介绍性演讲2. Speech of presentation赠与演讲3. Speeches of acceptance受奖演讲4. Speeches of tribute赞扬5. Speeches of welcome 欢迎6. Speech of farewell欢送1. Speech of introduction▪ a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.Three purposes be achieved in the introduction▪Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker▪Build enthusiasm for the speaker’s topic▪Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker’s credibilityGuidelines for speeches of introduction▪Be brief▪Make sure your remarks are completely accurate▪Don’t take the speaker’s job▪Adapt your remarks to the main speaker▪Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama▪Adapt your remarks to the audience比尔盖茨在清华大学的演讲.flv2. Speech of presentation▪ A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognitionGuidelines▪State the purpose of the award▪Focus on the accomplishments of the recipient▪Avoid over-praising3. Speeches of acceptance▪ A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition▪ A speech of acceptance usually includes the following three steps.The first step▪Thank those who grant you the awardThe second step▪Thank those who helped you attain the award.The third step▪Accept the award graciously4.Speeches of tribute5. A speech that honors a person, a group or an event.6. A special form of the speech of tribute is the eulogy, a speech of praise usuallygiven for those who have recently died. A minister performing a funeral usually gives a speech of eulogy by praising and honoring the deceased.Speeches of tribute 我有一个梦想.flv▪Establish noble themes▪Be sincere▪Connect with the audience▪Appeal to the audiencechapter 9 supporting Three kinds of supporting materials⏹examples 实例⏹testimony 证词⏹statistics 统计数据Hypothetical example⏹An example that describes an imagery or fictitious situation 描述的是想象或虚构的情形Tips for using examples1. Use examples to clarify your ideas说明2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas强化3. Use examples to personalize your ideas使思想个人化II.Testimony⏹Testimony ---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.引用或释义的用于支持观点的话---Expert testimony 专家证词---Peer testimony 普通人证词Tips for Using testimony1. quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone; make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase; make sure you do not quote out of context2. Use testimony from qualified sources. That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.3. Use testimony from unbiased sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase. The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketch her or his qualifications before presenting the testimonyask yourself the following two questions:⏹Are the statistics representative?⏹Are the statistics from a reliable source?⏹Tips for using statistics1. Use statistics to quantity your ideas2. Use statistics sparingly3. Identify the source of your statistics4. Explain your statistics5. Round off complicated statistics6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends⏹C hapter 10 informative⏹Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge andunderstanding⏹To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners--- to givethem information they did not have before⏹Convey clearly accurately interestinglyOrganizational methods⏹Chronological order 编年顺序⏹Spatial order 空间顺序⏹Topical order 主题顺序⏹Causal order⏹Problem-solution orderOther methods of speech organization⏹Causal order: A show a cause-effect relationship. method of speechorganization in which the main points⏹Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which thefirst main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second mainpoint presents a solution to the problem.⏹(Problem-cause-solution order)Speeches about process⏹Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result orproduct.⏹Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something isdone, or how something works.3. Speeches about events⏹Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.⏹chronological order----to recount the history of an event,⏹causal order ----to explain the causes and effects4. Speech about concepts⏹Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.⏹Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order. Onecommon approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.Guidelines for informative speaking●Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.2. Relate the subject directly to the audience* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.* Get your listeners involved3. Don’t be too technical* Simple, clear language is needed.4. Avoid abstractionsOne way to avoid abstractions is through description (a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons (A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)5. Personalize your ideaschapter11 persuasiveI. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact⏹Questions of fact ---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.⏹We do not know enough information to know what it isWill the economy be better or worse next year?Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010?⏹The facts are murky or inclusiveWhat will happen next in the Middle East?Is sexual orientation genetically determined?Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topicallyII. Persuasive speeches on questions of value⏹Questions of value? ---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, andso forth of an idea or action.⏹What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morallyjustifiable? What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?⏹Matter of fact, value judgments⏹Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically⏹Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判断的标准⏹Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III. Persuasive speeches on questions of policyQuestions of policy ---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动What to do during spring vocation?Which strategy to use in selling a product?How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ?⏹They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.2. Organizing speeches on Questions of policy●Problem-solution order●Problem-cause-solution order●Comparative Advantage order●D. Monroe’s motivated sequenceD. Monroe’s motivated sequence门罗促动顺序⏹ A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.⏹The five steps of the motivated sequence are:1. attention2. need3. satisfaction4. visualization(形象化)5. actionPart 2: Methods of persuasionListeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:I. credibility.II. evidence.III. reasoning.IV. emotionsI. Building credibility⏹Factors of credibility:A. Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B. Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2. Establishing common ground with your audience⏹Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connectshimself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3. Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with convictionII. Using evidenceTips for using evidence1. Use specific evidence.2. Use novel evidence.3. Use evidence from credible sources4. Make clear the point of your evidence.III. Reasoning⏹Reasoning---the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.⏹Four types of reasoning:1. Reasoning from specific instances2. Reasoning from principle3. Causal reasoning4. Analogical reasoningGuidelines for reasoning from specific instancesA. Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B. Be careful with your wording. If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C. Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony2. Reasoning from principle⏹---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance:⏹All people are mortal.⏹Socrates is a person.⏹Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3. Causal reasoning---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.⏹There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk. You slip, fall, and break your arm. Youreason as follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.”or⏹“If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and brokenmy arm.”⏹4. Analogical reasoning(类比推理)---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.⏹If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang.⏹In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts lessthan three weeks. Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV. Appealing to emotions⏹Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty,afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like. These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.⏹Guidelines for generating emotional appeal⏹ 1. Use emotional language2. Develop vivid example3. Speak with sincerity and conviction。

英语对话关于选修课的作文

英语对话关于选修课的作文

英语对话关于选修课的作文Student A: Hey, have you decided on your elective courses for the next semester?Student B: Not yet, I'm a bit overwhelmed by the options. How about you?Student A: I've narrowed it down to a couple of choices. I'm thinking between a second language course and a photography class.Student B: That sounds interesting. What do you like about each option?Student A: Well, learning a second language has always been on my bucket list. It could be useful for travel and broadening my cultural understanding. On the other hand, photography is a hobby of mine, and I think it would be fun to learn more about it in a structured setting.Student B: Those are both great choices. Have you considered how each course might fit into your degree program or future career?Student A: Yes, the language course could be beneficial for my international business major, but I also think it's important to have some creative outlets. Photography could provide that.Student B: True, and it's always good to have a mix of practical and enjoyable subjects. What about the workload? Do you think you can handle both?Student A: I've checked the syllabus for both, and they seem manageable. The language course requires more regular practice, while the photography class has a few projects throughout the semester.Student B: That's a good point. It might be wise to balance a more intensive course with a lighter one. Speaking of which, I've been considering a philosophy elective. It's notdirectly related to my major, but I find the subject fascinating.Student A: Philosophy can be quite thought-provoking. It might help you develop critical thinking skills, which are valuable in any field.Student B: Exactly! I've also heard that the professor is excellent and really makes the subject engaging.Student A: Well, it sounds like we both have our reasons for choosing our electives. I guess the key is to find a balance between academic requirements and personal interests.Student B: Definitely. It's our chance to explore new areas and maybe even discover a new passion. I'll probably register for the philosophy course and see how it goes.Student A: I might do the same with my choices. It's an exciting time, isn't it?Student B: Absolutely! It's all about making the most of our educational opportunities. Let's keep each other updated on how our classes go.Student A: Sounds like a plan. Good luck with your philosophy journey!Student B: And good luck with your language and photography adventures!This dialogue illustrates a conversation between two students discussing their options and thought processes for choosing elective courses, highlighting the importance of balancing academic goals with personal interests and the potential benefits of exploring new subjects.。

大二选修课英文自我介绍

大二选修课英文自我介绍

大二选修课英文自我介绍Self-Introduction for a College Elective CourseHello everyone,My name is [Your Name], and I’m a sophomore majoring in [Your Major] at [Your University]. Today, I’d like to take a moment to introduce myself to all of you as we embark on this elective course together.I decided to take this course because [briefly explain your interest in the course topic, for example: "I have always been fascinated by environmental science, and I believe this course will deepen my understanding of the subject."] I am eager to learn more about [specific topics you hope to explore in the course], and I think this course will provide valuable insights and practical knowledge.Aside from my academic pursuits, I enjoy [mention a few of your hobbies or interests, such as: reading, traveling, playing sports, or participating in clubs].I am a member of [any relevant organizations or clubs], where I have had the opportunity to [briefly describe any relevant experiences or skills].I believe that collaboration and sharing ideas are essential for learning, and I look forward to engaging with all of you in discussions and group projects throughout this course. I am excited to get to know each of you better and to share our thoughts and perspectives.Thank you for your time, and I’m looking forward to a great semester with all of you!。

the value of life 英语课前小演讲(大学英语2-Unit 2)

the value of life 英语课前小演讲(大学英语2-Unit 2)
The Value of Life
Created by 631&633 HK LFY ZPY
What do you appreciate most in the world?
• • • • • Love? Wealth? Honor? Status? ··· ···
Virtually ,it's your life!
Belief
We need to be optimistic
We should have courage
说明:适用于作为英语课前的 小演讲
整体布局 1.1-9,作为引子,引出话题,自己可 以调整。 2.10-17,以四个人的事例来讲述,点 出四个关键词 3.18,总结 4.19,结束
Optimistic
Optimistic
• There are only two ways in my life:one is the way to death,the other is to live your life brilliantly!
Pursuit
• Life is so short,but we have a long way to go,so anyone can't achieve their dream drogen bomb in China
Courage
• Life is full of danger and difficulty,we have to face them bravely which means we need to have sufficient courage!
Courage
• The boy is the hero in Wenchuan earthquake who saved two classmates in the urgent situation

演讲英语演讲稿(南昌大学选修课)

演讲英语演讲稿(南昌大学选修课)

四、课程主要内容:演讲的基本理论和概念,帮助学生理解言语交流过程中的七大要素,即:“讲话者”(speaker)、“信息”(message)、“渠道”(channel)、“听众”(listener)、“反馈”(feedback)、“干扰”(interference)和“场景”(situation)。

理解倾听与批判性思维的关系,介绍几种不同的倾听方式,例如:“欣赏性倾听”(appreciative listening)、“同情性倾听”(empathic listening)、“理解性倾听”(comprehensive listening)、和“批判性倾听”(critical listening)。

了解在演讲的准备阶段如何选题和立意,如何分析听众的特点,如何收集资料和如何规范地使用所收集到的论据来说明自己的想法。

诸如在选题时如何确定演讲的“总目的”(general purpose),“具体目的”(specific purpose),和“中心思想”(central idea)。

演讲中使用论据可分为:“例证”(examples)、“统计数据”(statistics)和“证明”(testimony)等,并介绍使用各类论据时所要注意的一些问题。

介绍英语演讲稿的写作方法和写作规范。

组织演讲稿正文常用的构想方法主要有:“时间顺序法”(chronological order),“空间顺序法”(spatial order),“因果顺序法”(causal order),“话题顺序法”(topical order)和“问题与解决方案顺序法”(problem-solution order)。

根据英语“形合性”的特点,英语文本中上下文之间的关系经常要通过连接词来表达,这与中文“意会性”特点极不相同。

因此,连接词正确而恰当的使用可使英文演讲稿逻辑清晰,结构紧凑。

连接词语主要包括“过度”(transitions)、“段落预展”(internal previews)、“段落总结”(summaries)和“指向标”(signpost)等。

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What is a suitable speech topic?
Worthwhile Appropriate Limited in scope

Suitable topic



Worthwhile significant implications for the audience Appropriate know a lot, like to learn more Limited in scope dividing the topic into several significant parts.
Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语

Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main point
Tip 5 Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general

The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.
The central idea is a concise statement of what

you expect to say.
Guidelines for the central idea
Phrasing the central idea
(Also called thesis statement, subject sentence,
major thought )

What is the central idea? Guidelines for the central idea

What is the central idea?
The central idea 1. Should be expressed in a full sentence 2.should not be in the form of a question. 3. should avoid figurative language 4. should not be vague or overly general

General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标
To inform: convey information enhance the knowledge and understanding To persuade: advocate or partisan Change or structure the attitudes or actions Difference: explain or exhort



Make a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and so forth. Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics that come to mind in several categories. Look through a reference work for ideas Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.


Specific purpose 具体目标 to inform my audience about… to persuade my audience to … Explain ←→ exhort
Specific Purpose



Specific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句 Topic: Emergencies General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergencyLeabharlann Summary

Selecting a topic Determining your general purpose Determining your specific purpose Phrasing your central idea
Four brainstorming procedures
Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement
Tip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase( 完整的短语) , not as a fragment(片段)

Tip 2 Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question 陈述句
Selecting a topic
Speeches outside the classroom the occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications Speeches in the public speaking class no designated topic



A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you want the audience to absorb from your speech. In persuasive speeches arguable, debatable, take your stance In informative speeches relatively neutral and objective
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