研究生英语精读教程答案(下)分章节

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研究生英语精读教程（下）unit1-7课后习题

研究生英语精读教程（下）unit1-7课后习题[unit1]II. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Considerable expertise is required to be a successful trial lawyer.A. know-howB. authorityC. prudenceD. resolution2. So it came about that even in ancient times tales of Moon voyages were written without any trace of magic and the earthiness of something that might be possible.A. footprintB. measurementC. remainderD. sign3. I’d like to come with you, but that’s not a promise. Don’t build on it.A. bring onB. depend onC. take onD. think on4. I must go and work up my notes, ready for the test. A. complete B. take C. review D. get5. Groundwater, a resource that exists everywhere beneath the Earth’s surface, is under increasing risk from contamination and overuse.A. popularizationB. pollutionC. contractionD. industrialization6. The most prominent technological success in the twentieth century is probably computer revolution. A. noticeable B. solemnC. prosperousD. prevalent7. Neon light is utilized in airport because it can penetrate fog.A. pass throughB. break upC. transmitD. suspend8. There is no point in applying for that job as you are not properly qualified.A. reasonB. resultC. chanceD. use9. It is estimated that almost one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are so minor that they pass undetected.A. with no damageB. with no noticeC. with no nameD. with no problem10. Inspired by another movement in art called Dadaism, the Surrealist movement has been one of the most influential art movements in the 20th century.A. DespisedB. InfluencedC. StifledD. CreatedB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11. In less than a millionth of a second, the vast computer of an international airline can ______ accept 800 booking inquiries, and search its 50 million memory units for appropriate replies.A. simultaneouslyB. implicitlyC. complacentlyD. cautiously12. There are two hundred and forty stamps in the sheet, arranged in twenty rows of twelve stamps _____.A. individually B. across C. horizontally D. vertically13. Many of the conditions that _____ population pressures—overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness—lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. bring outC. result inD. result from14. A severe illness _____ the hot weather has left the baby very weak.A. in accordance withB. in line withC. in conjunction withD. in agreement with15. It is a long time since we’ve been ____; I hop e everything goes as well as last time.A. united upB. brought upC. teamed upD. picked up16. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ____, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interactionB. interferenceC. interventionD. interruption17. In what _____ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites. A. applies B. accounts C. amounts D. attaches18. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _____ standards.A. equivalentB. alikeC. uniformD. likely19. It has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions and earthquake-related destruction has been _____ calculation. A. under B. over C. behindD. beyond20. W e’re in a _____ position here, with the enemy on the hill above us.A. strongB. powerfulC. vulnerableD. negative[unit2]II. Vocabulary1.Parents heartily endorsed the plan for a school playground.A. adoredB. admiredC. supportedD. denied2.Black clouds, thunder and lightning show that a storm is imminent.A. comingB. IrremediableC. unavoidableD. irresistible3.She had upset some boiling oil on her arm and was in agony.A. great painB. SufferingC. dangerD. despair4.The walls of the boathouse had been sapped away by the waves.A. carried awayB. destroyedC. washed upD. stricken5.You must always be ready to sacrifice inclination to duty.A. likingB. tendencyC. interestD. career6.Age had withered the old lady's face. A. destroyed B. hurtC. made decrepitD. flecked7.Unable to sleep, the patient thrashed about in bed.A. twistedB. TwitchedC. tossed aboutD. tossed off8.The committee's plans are set out in the report made by the chairman.A. mentionedB. intended to doC. arrangedD. made known and clear9.Their request was absurd and consequently rejected.A. ridiculousB. excessiveC. feasibleD. harsh10.He was given imprisonment without the option of a fine.A. punishmentB. requestC. demandD. freedom to chooseB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11.There was no school play because the principal ________ his consent.A. took silence forB. withheldC. rewardedD. awarded12.In many countries now, smoking is not ________ in publicplaces.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious13.The boy's curiosity ________ him to ask endless questions.A. madeB. helpedC. confusedD. prompted14.Condemned to death, Socrates could have escaped but chose to die by drinking ________ poison - seeking truth even to the end. A. strong B. dead C. dying D. lethal15.We believe in ________ treatment of prisoners so that they can turn over a new leaf.A. humanB. humaneC. cruelD. stern16.Being a commander, he should remain calm at the ________ moment.A. criticB. crispC. crucialD. crinkly17.Health without riches is ________ to riches without health.A. preferableB. betterC. desirableD. desirous18.The decision made by the party recently goes against everything I ________.A. stand in withB. stand fastC. stand in awe ofD. stand for19.The ________ of ill-feeling from the Treaty of Versailles made Hitler more determined to take revenge on France in World War Two. A. inheritance B. result C. wish D. desire20.Medical ________ do not permit doctors and surgeons to advertise.A. dutiesB. standardsC. lawsD. ethics[unit3]II. Vocabulary1.Henry Ⅵwas an overwhelming success, perhaps partially because Shakespeare drew characters from actual English history.A. greatB. amazedC. unexpectedD. unbelievable2.The new communication system is by no means a minute invention.A. insignificantB. minusculeC. accidentalD. significant3.On the notice board there was a list of forthcoming events at school.A. excitingB. ArisingC. WarningD. approaching4.In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevail in the forests. A. coexist B. invadeC. dominateD. gather5.Behind him were the ruins of a city, shattered, devastated, crumbled piles of concrete and stone that glowed. A. burnt B. ravaged C. isolated D. conquered6.Revision of technical prose requires word by word review and elimination of whatever is redundant. A. talkative B. profuseC. abundantD. wordy7.In the last chapter I proposed the hypothesis that a pure poetry-exists, e mploying the term "lyric― to describe poems which "consist of poetry and no thing else".A. conjectureB. deductionC. inferenceD. supposition8.Tacit parental approval should be obtained before marriage.A. tactfulB. permissiveC. intactD. implicit9.Then he sat and thought in the concentrated, abstracted way he has almost forgetting my presence. A. preoccupied B. observant C. intent D. careful10.An Alexandrian speculator finally thought of a way of turning cat mummies into money.A. spectatorB. observerC. businessmanD. magicianB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11. These demands _____ the agreements we have reached.A. run away fromB. go against toC. go counter toD. act counter from12. Mary’s _____ was whether to go to the party in her old dress or to stay at home.A. plightB. emergencyC. dilemmaD. jam13. In temperate regions the growth rings on turtles’ epidermal plates ____ seasonal variations in growth. A. stimulateB. reflectC. includeD. prevent14. When new math was introduced into schools, many parents were _____ by the approach it involved. A. interested B. enjoyed C. perplexed D. informed15. Most of the great European thinkers of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries helped to _____ the conception Shaftesbury first formulated. A. develop B. involve C. discover D. grow16.It is unfair for the manager to ____ the typist for being late, because she has been ill for a week.A. adviseB. reproachC. reviveD. strike17.A vast cigar-shaped body of gas was raised and eventually _____ from the surface of the sun.A. descendedB. outrunC. abstractedD. reflected。

研究生英语精读教程第三版下课后习题

《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版下)中国人民大学出版社2019年下半学期第1.2.3.6.8.单元习题机械工程刘聪整理Vocabulary (20)、Cloze (15)、Reading Comprehension (30 scores) 、Translation (20 scores)、Writing (15 scores)Instructor Zheng Li 郑莉Unit One1. Considerable expertise is required to be a successful trial lawyer.A. know-howB. authorityC. prudenceD. resolution2. So it came about that even in ancient times tales of Moon voyages were written without any trace of magic and the earthiness of something that might be possible.A. footprintB. measurementC. remainderD. sign3. I’d like to come with you, but that’s not a promise. Don’t build on it.A. bring onB. depend onC. take onD. think on4. I must go and work up my notes, ready for the test.A. completeB. takeC. reviewD. get5. Groundwater, a resource that exists everywhere beneath the Earth’s surface, is under increasing risk from contamination and overuse.A. popularizationB. pollutionC. contractionD. industrialization6. The most prominent technological success in the twentieth century is probably computer revolution.A. noticeableB. solemnC. prosperousD. prevalent7. Neon light is utilized in airport because it can penetrate fog.A. pass throughB. break upC. transmitD. suspend8. There is no point in applying for that job as you are not properly qualified.A. reasonB. resultC. chanceD. use9. It is estimated that almost one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are so minor that they pass undetected.A. with no damageB. with no noticeC. with no nameD. with no problem10. Inspired by another movement in art called Dadaism, the Surrealist movement has been one of the most influential art movements in the 20th century.A. DespisedB. InfluencedC. StifledD. Created11. In less than a millionth of a second, the vast computer of an international airline can ______ accept 800 booking inquiries, and search its 50 million memory units for appropriate replies.A. simultaneouslyB. implicitlyC. complacentlyD. cautiously12. There are two hundred and forty stamps in the sheet, arranged in twenty rows of twelve stamps _____.A. individuallyB. acrossC. horizontallyD. vertically13. Many of the conditions that _____ population pressures—overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness—lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. bring outC. result inD. result from14. A severe illness _____ the hot weather has left the baby very weak.A. in accordance withB. in line withC. in conjunction withD. in agreement with15. It is a long time since we’ve been ____; I hope everything goes as well as last time.A. united upB. brought upC. teamed upD. picked up16. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ____, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology. A. interaction B. interferenceC. interventionD. interruption17. In what _____ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A. appliesB. accountsC. amountsD. attaches18. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of _____ standards.A. equivalentB. alikeC. uniformD. likely19. It has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions and earthquake-related destruction has been _____ calculation.A. underB. overC. behindD. beyond20. We’re in a _____ position here, with the enemy on the hill above us.A. strongB. powerfulC. vulnerableD. negativeB. Put the following into English.1. 超级市场连同消费者都遭到了通货膨胀的沉重打击。

研究生英语(下)课文翻译及课后答案

幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说:‚我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

‛2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。

对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。

实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某方面有了改善。

3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。

这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。

创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。

在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。

更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达.4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。

我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面——一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。

那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。

事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人——他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义——或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对‚美好生活‛的探寻)最有发言权。

6这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。

它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。

新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案(1-5单元)

新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案（Unit 1-5）Unit One Exercise VII Translation教参：第一课翻译答案Section A哈里·波特的魔杖能让已死的语言起死回生吗？《哈里·波特与魔法石》的出版商认为这有可能。

据《每日电讯报》报道，他们打算把这个魔法学生的冒险故事译成拉丁文和古希腊文。

报纸说，该书作者J.K.罗琳和她的出版商布卢姆斯伯里出版社希望译本能帮助孩子们战胜对学习这两种古代语言的恐惧。

布卢姆斯伯里出版社罗琳的编辑爱玛·马修森说：“我们不指望拉丁版和希腊文版能成为畅销书，不过我们相信它们能让拉丁文和希腊文学习者学起来更有乐趣。

”顶尖男校伊顿公学的拉丁及希腊文教师彼得·尼德海姆正在翻译罗琳《哈里·波特》系列小说的第一部（即《哈里·波特与魔法石》——编者注）。

报纸援引他的话说：“它将成为孩子们的心爱之物，其中有非常诙谐机智的对白……。

”报纸还说，《哈里·波特与魔法石》并不是第一本被译成拉丁文的儿童书籍，《帕丁顿熊》、《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》和《维尼小熊》都有拉丁文译本。

Section BIt is most startling to hear a watch or clock clicking away the seconds, each click indicating the shortening of one’s life by a little bit. Likewise, with each page torn offthe wall calender, one’s life is shortened by another day. Time, therefore, is life. Nevertheless, few people treasure their time as much as their life. Time must not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquire some useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others, so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful. All that is self-evident, yet few people really strive to makethe best use of their time.Unit Two Exercise VII Translation教参：第二课翻译答案Section A60年前，毛泽东站在天安门城楼上，面对人山人海，用高亢的湖南方言宣布，中华人民共和国成立了，“中国人民从此站起来了！”这是一个充满自豪和希望的时刻。

研究生英语精读教程第三版下第三单元

Unit Three Evolution and Natural Selection［1］The idea of evolution* was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle①, speculation* had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing; no real evidence was forthcoming*. When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived*, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers – Bacon①, Descartes②, Leibniz③ and Kant④. Herbert Spencer① was preaching* a full evolutionary doctrine* in the years just before Darwin's② book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing* view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.［2］The first complete theory was that of Lamarck①(1744～1829), who thought that modifications* due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type. Though no evidence for such inheritance was available, the theory gave a working hypothesis* for naturalists to use, and many of the social and philanthropic* efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit* assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.［3］But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend* Robert Malthus① (1766～1834),sometime curate* of Albury in Surrey. The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence* unless the redundant* individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes:［4］In October 1838,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck* me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations* would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.［5］Darwin spent twenty years collecting countless facts and making experiments on breeding* and variation in plants and animals. By 1844 he had convinced himself that species are not immutable*, but worked on to get further evidence. On 18 June 1858 he received from Alfred Russell Wallace a paper written in Ternate, in the space of three days after reading Malthus's book. Darwin saw at once that Wallace had hit upon the essence of his own theory. Lyell① and Hooker②arranged with the Linnaean③Society to read on July 1st 1858 Wallace's paper together with a letter from Darwin and an abstract* of his theory written in 1844.Then Darwin wrote out an account of his labors, and on 24th November 1859 published his great book The Origin of Species.［6］In any race of plants or animals, the individuals differ from each other in innate* qualities. Darwin offered no explanation of these variations, but merely accepted their existence. When the pressure of numbers or the competition for mates* is great, any variation in structure which is of use in the struggle has "survival value" and gives its possessor an improved chance of prolonging life and leaving offspring. That variation therefore tends to spread through the race by the elimination of those who do not possess it, and a new variety or even species may be established. As Huxley said, this idea was wholly unknown till 1858.Huxley① said the book was like a flash of lightning in the darkness. He wrote:It did the immense service of freeing us from the dilemma - Refuse to accept the Creation hypothesis, and what have you to propose that can be accepted by any cautious reasoner? In 1857 I had no answer ready, and I do not think anyone else hadA year later we reproached* ourselves with dullness for being perplexed* with such an enquiry. My reflection* when I first made myself master of the central idea of the Origin was " How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"［7］The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself - an acceptance of the theory of organic* evolution, which the years have but confirmed. Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating*, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm* all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed* with Disraeli① that he was "on the side of the Angels".［8］Darwin himself took a modest view. While thinking that natural selection was the chief cause of evolution, he did not exclude Lamarck's idea that characters acquired by long use or disuse might be inherited, though no evidence seemed to be forthcoming. But about 1890 Weismann①drew a sharp distinction between the body (or soma) and the germ cells which it contains. Somatic cells can only reproduce cells like themselves, but germ* cells give rise not only to the germ cells of a new individual but to all the many types of cell in his body. Germ cellsdescend from germ cells in a pure line of germ plasm，but somatic cells trace their origin to germ cells. From this point of view, the body of each individual is an unimportant by-product of his parents’ ger m cells. The body dies, leaving no offspring, but the germ plasms show an unbroken continuity. The products of the germ cells are not likely to be affected by changes in the body. So Weismann's doctrine offered an explanation of the apparent noninheritance of acquired characters.［9］The supporters of pure Darwinism came to regard the minute variations as enough to explain natural selection and natural selection enough to explain evolution. But animal breeders and horticulturists* knew that sudden large mutations* occur, especially after crossing, and that new varieties might be established at once. Then in 1900 forgotten work by Mendel①was rediscovered and a new chapter opened.［10］In 1869 Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton①, applied these principles to mental qualities. By searching books of reference, Galton examined the inheritance of ability. For instance, he found that the chance of the son of a judge showing great ability was about 500 times as high as that of a man taken at random, and for the judge's father it was nearly as much. While no prediction can be made about individuals, on the average of large numbers, the inheritance of ability is certain.Ⅰ. ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1. From para.［1］，it may be inferred that _______.A.philosophers were more sensitive than naturalistsB.Darwin's idea was based on Spencer'sC.the essential unity of structure in animals may prompt speculations about evolutionD.the prevailing view refers to Darwin's evolution2. Which of the following is not true?marck was one of the first scientists to attempt an explanation for the causes ofevolution.B.According to Lamarck, athletes develop their muscles by constant exercise and themuscular athlete will produce offspring whose muscles are well developed.marck's theory seemed reasonable.marck's theory was fully accepted by naturalists.3. Malthus's population theory _______.A.was the origin of Darwin's idea of evolutionB.was established from observation of the habits of animals and plantsC.stimulated Darwin's idea of natural selectionD.convinced Darwin that evolution has occurred4. Para.［5］suggests all the following except ______.A.Darwin was a methodical manB.Wallace was as impulsive as Darwin was deliberateC.Wallace found Darwin's work after many yearsD.Darwin's painstaking effort to document his views would have been extendedconsiderably but for the work of Wallace.5. Para.［6］mainly explained ______.A.the source of variationB.the idea of natural selectionC.the difference between favorable plants and animals and unfavorable onesD. the competition of animals6. Huxley ______.A.was reluctant to accept the Creation hypothesis but couldn’t offer another satisfyinganswer to the problemB.fully accepted Darwin’s ideaC.thought Darwin’s natural selection was a very simple ideaD.all of the above7. Which of the following is most likely to be the main reason why the public opposed Darwin’s theory?A.They lacked knowledge of biology.B.They were disturbed by gaps in the theory.C.The idea that humans developed from some subhuman creature outraged them.D.They found the evidence for the theory not convincing.8. What is the main idea of the last three paragraphs?A.Darwin’s theory of evolution was out of date.B.The conflict between Darwinism and anti-Darwinism.C.Strong objections were expressed against Darwin’s concept of organic evolution.D.There were weaknesses in Darwin’s theory and new theories were forming.9. What was not explained by Darwin?A.Variation within a species is common.B.New species can develop, either in one generation or gradually over many generations.C.New species may arise from former ones.anisms that are best suited to adapt to environmental changes will survive.Ⅱ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Henry Ⅵ was an overwhelming success, perhaps partially because Shakespeare drew characters from actual English history.A. greatB. AmazedC. unexpectedD. unbelievable2. The new communication system is by no means a minute invention.A. insignificantB. minusculeC. accidentalD. significant3. On the notice board there was a list of forthcoming events at school.A. excitingB. arisingC. warningD. approaching4. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevail in the forests.A. coexistB. invadeC. dominateD. gather5. Behind him were the ruins of a city, shattered, devastated, crumbled piles of concrete and stone that glowed.A. burntB. ravagedC. isolatedD. conquered6. Revision of technical prose requires word by word review and elimination of whatever is redundant.A. talkativeB. profuseC. abundantD. wordy7. In the last chapter I proposed the hypothesis that a pure poetry-exists, employing the term "lyric“ to describe poems which "consist of poetry and nothing else".A. conjectureB. deductionC. inferenceD. supposition8. Tacit parental approval should be obtained before marriage.A. tactfulB. permissiveC. intactD. implicit9. Then he sat and thought in the concentrated, abstracted way he has almost forgetting my presence.A. preoccupiedB. observantC. intentD. careful10. An Alexandrian speculator finally thought of a way of turning cat mummies into money.A. spectatorB. observerC. businessmanD. magicianB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11. These demands _____ the agreements we have reached.A. run away fromB. go against toC. go counter toD. act counter from12. Mary’s _____ was whether to go to the party in her old dress or to stay at home.A. plightB. emergencyC. dilemmaD. jam13. In temperate regions the growth rings on turtles’ epidermal plates ____ seasonal variations in growth.A. stimulateB. reflectC. includeD. prevent14. When new math was introduced into schools, many parents were _____ by the approach it involved.A. interestedB. enjoyedC. perplexedD. informed15. Most of the great European thinkers of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries helped to _____ the conception Shaftesbury first formulated.A. developB. involveC. discoverD. grow16. It is unfair for the manager to ____ the typist for being late, because she has been ill for a week.A. adviseB. reproachC. reviveD. strike17. A vast cigar-shaped body of gas was raised and eventually _____ from the surface of the sun.A. descendedB. outrunC. abstractedD. reflected18. What a coincidence! It _____ me only this very morning that we hadn't seen each other for twenty years.A. hit onB. struckC. reproachedD. reflected on19. Many people mistake a familiar for a vulgar style, and suppose that to write without affectation is to write _____.A. overwhelminglyB. at randomC. in the abstractD. cautiously20. His opinions were _____ and easily influenced by anyone who had any powers of persuasion.A. reflectiveB. speculativeC. strikingD. startlingⅣ. TranslationA. Put the following into Chinese.If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. School often has too restricting atmosphere, with its timetable and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. Most s tudents would, I believe, profit by a year or so’s exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all-rounders” with no particular interest.B. Put the following into English.1. 聪明的动物依情况或环境的需要而改变自己的行为，但人类能有意识地改变自己的行为。

[下册]研究生英语精读教程 Six

1. regression n. backward movement; reversion退步；回归；退回 2. irrationally adv. unreasonably无理地, 荒唐地 3. glorify v. cause to appear more important than in reality使更重要；美化
1. fit n. outburst一阵；一次发作 2. eruption n. (the sudden appearance of) an unhealthy spot or area on the skin皮疹
［5］Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries. However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern* steps in the process.
1. norm※ n. standard of proper behavior or principle of right and wrong规范, 准则 2. cue n. signal that guides behavior; information that indicates what to do行动的方向(方针)；(应如何行动的)暗示；准则
1. orient※ v. adjust or adapt to a particular situation使适应 (环境)；定向, 采取方向

研究生英语精读教程答案(下)分章节

研究生英语精读教程（下）答案Unit 2Exercise AI．Comprehension1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die．2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family．3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less．4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death．5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live．6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple．7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized．10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter．Ⅱ．V ocabulary1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．DⅢ．Cloze1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．CⅣ．TranslationA．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。

研究生英语精读教程答案(下)分章节

研究生英语精读教程（下）答案Unit 2Exercise AI．Comprehension1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die．2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family．3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less．4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death．5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live．6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple．7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized．10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter．Ⅱ．Vocabulary1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．DⅢ．Cloze1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．CⅣ．TranslationA．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。

研究生英语(下),综合教程课后答案,何莲珍主编

忧无虑，深得上帝垂爱，至少算个幸运儿，少数人才享有的尊荣富贵，我垂手得之。

就像百岁人瑞总有人讨教，我的秘诀也总有人探询。

2. And so Franklin Roosevelt found that he had, in effect, to recruit an entirely new and temporary government to be piled on top of the old one, the new government to get the tanks and airplanes built, the uniforms made, the men and women assembled and trained and shipped abroad, and the battles fought and won. 2. 富兰克林·罗斯福因此意识到他必须招募新班人马，组建临时机构来补强不能胜任的旧政府。

新成立的政府机构专门负责建造坦克飞机，定制军服，招募培训战士。

这些战士将被派往前线，去赢得一场场的战争。

Unit2一.段落选词填空 Under what conditions do commercial 、、、、、、(1.revenues2.receipts3.economic4.rewards5.athletes6.sponsor7.spectators8.maintain9.availability10.stadiums11.anticipated12.publicity)二.汉译英 1.超越国家或文化界限(transcend national or cultural boundaries) 2.一些实际优惠(some tangible benefits) 3.被无休止的争论(have been debated endlessly) 4.以指出别人的错误为乐(delights in pointing out other people`s mistakes) 5.对于失败者的同情(sympathy with losers) 6.因为几乎说不清的原因(for reasons that can be barely articulated) 7.为在线服务开启新的时代(define a new era for online services) 8.对他来说是重要的(matter to him) 三.选词填空 1.From the corner of my eye, I (glimpsed) 2.Ulike Colin, who remains……(fever) 3.An additional 28 persons ……(reckless) 4.I felt that the other kids ……(despised) 5.The woods beside our house…… (aura) 6.None can provide a(n) ……(definitive) 7.Some believe that increasing … (bolster) 8.The results of the survey were ……(staggering) 9.They became the first English … (trophy) 10.Scientists have to break ……(constituent) 11.The room turns silent ……(anthem) 12.Looking at the photographs (stirred) 四.英译汉 1 We should not be surprised that increasing numbers of people choose to live……泽文:越来越多的人们选择完全足不出户的生活，离开楼群也只是为了开汽车或者乘飞机，透过密封的窗户去看一看外面的大千世界，假设他们去看的话，也不过如此。

研究生英语精读教程（下）课文翻译及答案

Unit One Techn‎o logy‎vs. Terro‎r ism参考译文应对恐怖主‎义的技术毒素嗅探器‎、导弹人为干‎发射机、放射性核弹‎探测器：‚9〃11‛事件后闪电式的‎保卫行动不‎仅影响着公‎共安全——还在改变着‎科学的进程‎。

史蒂芬〃汉德曼[1] 在防止未来‎的“9·11” 事件式攻击‎—或更恶劣的‎攻击—的竞赛中，华盛顿以前‎苏联发射人‎造地球卫星‎以来所未有‎的规模对美‎国的科学机‎构做了安排‎。

自2003‎年以来，联邦政府对‎国土防卫研‎究的投资猛‎增到近 40 亿美元，而这只不过‎是安全总开‎支的沧海一‎粟。

更重要的是‎，加快的开支‎把以前截然‎不同的科学‎项目结合了‎起来：软件工程师‎、流行病学家‎和生物学家‎合作开发保‎护空气与食‎物不遭受生‎物恐怖手段‎破坏的技术‎。

核物理学家‎和生物恐怖‎活动专家如‎今与行为科‎学最好的智‎囊人物合作‎，设计减少核‎走私与自杀‎式炸弹威胁‎的方法。

[2] 然而有些专‎家认为，这么大的开‎支实际上只‎能提供一种‎安全上的错‎觉。

《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑‎变幻莫测世‎界的安全问‎题》的作者布鲁‎斯· 施奈尔说：“这当中有许‎多都是做表‎面文章的保‎安技术，目的是让你‎感到更安全‎。

” 他指出，高技术防护‎措施大量涌‎入了从白宫‎到各地市政‎厅等标志性‎建筑内，他声称这就‎会将恐怖分‎子的注意力‎引向地铁与‎体育场等“ 较软性” 目标。

但政府似乎‎也赞同此观‎点。

不断扩大的‎国土保安措‎施不仅包括‎了大目标，而且也包括‎了国家广大‎易受攻击的‎区域。

下面是 5 个风险最高‎的领域以及‎今后几年会‎出现的一些‎保卫它们的‎技术。

空气、水、食品[3] 这个领域里‎最大的难题‎之一是研制‎一系列传感‎器，它们能觉察‎出对从田地‎里的庄稼到‎公共场所的‎空调系统等‎各样事物所‎发动的攻击‎。

环保局和疾‎病控制预防‎中心及联邦‎调查局协作‎，在美国 30 个城市部署‎了一个微型‎毒素检测器‎的网络，作为叫做“ 生物警卫” 的 3 亿美元项目‎的一部分。

10个单元研究生英语精读教程,课后练习

UNIT 11.你对他说的话不能为你这种行为辩护。

(justify)2.你认为他会因为同主教的私人关系而免受宗教迫害吗? (immune from)3.你对心理医生的忠告采取什么态度会影响到你是否会再做恶梦。

(recur)4.乐观主义者成功的秘诀在于他们是用积极的态度对待失望和失败。

5.悲观主义者往往容易失败，部分原因就是一个人对自己的看法常常是一种能够自我实现的预言。

(in part)6.在幼儿的性格特征没有来得及发展之前，他们的行为不如大多数成年人的行为那样保持一致(consistent)。

一个儿童行为的改变，可能表明他的注意力已因其活动特点的不同而转变。

他的兴趣总是集中在手头的事情上。

个性坚强、兴趣强烈的人能够坚持把自己正在做的事进行下去，只有重大的环境变化才能干扰其行为的方向和目的。

1. What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours. 2. Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?3. Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.4.The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in apositive way. 5.The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person’s opinion about himself is often aself-fulfilling prophecy. 6.In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behaviour is lessconsistentthan it is in most adults.A child’s changing behaviour may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand.The person with strong traits and interestspersists in what he is doing.Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behaviour.UNIT 21.那个政客以许多事实和数字作为武器。

[教学]新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案（1-5单元）

新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案（Unit 1-5）Unit OneSection ACan Harry Potter wave his magic wand 棒and revive a dead language? Publishers of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, who plan to translate the adventures of the schoolboy wizard into Latin and ancient Greek, think it might help, the Daily Telegraph newspaper reported. Author J.K. Rowling and her publishers Bloomsbury hope the translations will help children overcome the dread of studying the two ancient languages, the newspaper said. "We aren't under any illusions that the Latin and Greek will be best-sellers but we think that it will mean much more fun lessons for anyone studying Latin and Greek," said Emma Matthewson, Rowling's editor at Bloomsbury. Peter Needham, who taught Latin and Greek at top boys' school Eton College, was translating the first of Rowling's books. "This is going to be a wonderful thing for children. It has got very witty dialogue..." he was quoted as saying. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is not the first children's book to be translated into Latin. Paddington Bear, Alice in Wonderland and Winnie the Pooh have all had the Latin treatment, the newspaper said.哈里·波特的魔杖能让已死的语言起死回生吗？《哈里·波特与魔法石》的出版商认为这有可能。

研究生英语下课后习题答案

研究生英语下课后习题答案1词汇U3laden(loaded)fretful(anxious)disintegrated(broke up)quell (reduce)rudimentary (simple)eavesdropping (overhearing)leafing (skimming)materialistic (concerned with money)dumped (put down)melancholy (unhappy)U5cling to (hold tightly to)delicate (fragile)distant (remote) departs (leaves)distinction (difference)bond (tie)afflict (torture)vicinity (neighborhood)haunts (troubles)haze (mist)desolate (bleak)domestic (family)clasped (clutched) bound (likely)dwell on (think about)U6abolished (ended)solemn (serious)observe (celebrate)quest (search)pledge (promise)heritage (inheritance) commits (obligates)alliance (union) tempered(softened)converted(changed)subversion(sabotage)er adicate(get rid of)U7train (series)intricate(complicated)proposition(suggestion)surmounte d (topped)disgraced (humiliated)debased(devalued)lamentable (disappointing)terminate (end)adjacent (next)endeavor (strive) U8echoed (sounded repeatedly)contempt (scorn)deciphering (decoding)conviction (belief)turbulent (disorderly)tumbled (fell)passing up (missing)mortal (deadly)perceived (viewed)requisite (necessity)U9underscores (emphasizes)trivial (unimportant)peripheral (insignificant)credible (reliable)inherent (innate)poses (causes)duplicate (reproduce)grant (consent to)funded (sponsored)encompassed (involved)U9.1collided with(clashed with)addressed (tackled)furnish (provide)conveyed (expressed)to the core (totally)misshapen (deformed)catastrophe (failure)round-up (summary)deplete (exhaust)envision (foresee)完型填空1What then is good mind? 1 searches 2 connections 3 inventive 4 discerning 5 anticipates 6 future 7 individual 8identifies 9 fallacy 10 self discipline2Under what conditions 1 revenues 2 receipts 3 economic 4 rewards 5 athletes 6 sponsor 7 spectators 8maintain 9 availability 10 stadiums 11 anticipated 12 publicity3Travelling provides tremendous 1 gain 2 similarities 3 diverse 4 enrich 5 perspective 6 discover 7challenging 8 specific 9 adventure 10 enlightens 11 opportunities 12 memories 13 joyful 14 outweighs 15 span 6On this day 1 remain 2 childish 3 reaffirm 4 precious 5 equal 6 measure 7 greatness 8 journey 9 leisure 10fame 11 obscure 12 prosperity 7Less than a century ago 1 alive 2 awakened 3 trip 4 stone 5 remains 6 beyond 7 records 8 social 9across 10 surrounding 11 mental 12 miracle 13 having 14 failure 15 participateA wolf gives out a deep chesty 1 echoes 2 pays heed to 3 hidden 4 objectively 5 decipher 6 presence 7 conviction 8 shot 9 however 10 slaughter 11 bare 12 trim 13 are connected to 14 strive 15 yield9.1"Mass media"is a deceptively 1 encompassing 2 standard 3 constraints 4 presented 5 resolution 6 constitute 79 distinction 10 fuzzy 11 technically 12 devote to 13 ranging 14 competing 15biases9.2The mass media denote 1 coined 2 been in use 3 similar 4 entertainment 5 require 6 include 7 individuals 8 comparable 9previously 10 viewed 11 forming 12 characteristics 13 susceptible 14 propaganda 15 widely10The French are elegant people 1 exquisite 2 soothe 3 equivalent 4 literally 5 effective 6 havoc 7 posted 8 notify 9 clumsy 10 autonomously10Throughout my life 1 continued his education 2 evaluating 3 with the objective of 4 introduction 5 worked on 6opportunities 7 tailoring 8 interacting with 9 an eye opener 10 witnessed 11 in addition to 12 sustaining business 13 exposure 14 requisite 阅读理解U11.Positive responses (Anyone) 2.what doesn't(going through) 3.post traumatic(One ) 4.those who (Those who)5.we need(Pleasure)6.It dominated(A good life)7.but this(the pain)8.still (Changes)9.what makes them(become special)10.the short term (Other)U41.I feel as if (constantly) 2.I'm as likely(Chances) 3.the perfect (extraordinary) 4.what the net (My capacity)5.once I was (Once) 6.his thinking (The staccato)7.thanks to(We are likely)8.reading(Unlike speech)U5.11.John because(there was) 2.which of marriage (theoretically) 3.in the lives(they could not) 3.a couple could(criminal)4.which of life(murder) 5.John murder(mentally) 6.Mrs.Bodman(suffer)7.to the husband(picturesque)8.why didn't(In case)9.why did wife(chance)10.the wife killed(revenge)11.the wife said(more intense)U5.21.Why did the man(To learn) 2.what was the result (He convinced) 3.what …exception(insulted)3.what did the man(interesting)4.what conclusion(enough evidence)5.which of the following(He was thinking of)6.What did the doctor(prescribed)7.what was the advice(Live a physically)U81.If a man must be(man needs) 2.if it happens(If by any) 3.it is small wonder(childhood) 4.along with my dream(several2boats) 5.my first encounter (experienced) 6.my sailing has(bring me pleasure)7.this is an intellectual(follow my compulsion)8.finally deciding that (deciding I could not sail anymore)U9 1.A free speech society(A free-speech) 2.in a stimulating (Due to) 3.our basic biological(posed to human beings)4.similarly other forms (Like TV) 5.Osama Bin Laden(Before September 11, Osama bin Laden)6.the several thousands(The pubic)7.police and firefighters (After)8.a nation already(People suffering)9.Sunday morning political(The distinct)10.given such manipulative (What should)U101.Cultural awareness(beyond mere) 2.our own culture (We usually) 3.price for the simplest(People can)4.the simplest cultural(Even the simplest) 5.beyond con crete(It ’s not)6.in the US (we and companies)7.when the couple(shocked)8.each aspect of (have a big impact)为在线服务开启新时代 define a new era for online services 对他来说事重要的 matter to him 可能会对产生微妙的影响 may have a subtle effect on 提供免费阅读电子书籍的机会 provide free access to e books 正发生巨变 is in the midst of a sea change 一直在哈佛任教 has been on the faculty of Harvard University 如饥似渴的读者 a voracious book reader 你就会把心思全花在这上了 you'll stay focused on it 信息传递者 the conduit for information 你的支票真是天赐之物 you check came as an absolute godsend 我弄不清故事的脉络了lost the thread of the story 徜徉在优美的散文中stroll through elegant prose 水不是有效的遮挡物water is not an effective shield 被火焰吞没 engulfed in flame 主权国家的权利 the rights of sovereign nations 在市场上胜过他的竞争者 outpaced its rivals in the market 没有必要唠叨这点 there is no need to belabor the point 她恳求几位有名的学者she invoked several eminent scholars 从两个被围困的村庄 from two embattled villages 根据证人证词所示 according to the witness's testimony 虽然我们尽了最大努力in spite of our best endeavors 经过了许多考验和磨难之后after many trials and tribulations 极其令人兴奋的经历a mind blowing experience 内置储存空间 built in storage space 自我保护措施self protection measres 短期工作 short term employment 歪曲的否定的自我观念 distorted and negative self perception 改变看生活的事件 life changing events 无所不包的细节 all encompassing details 一个好的自我形象a good self image 超越国家或文化界限transcend national or cultural boundaries 一些实际优惠some tangible benefits 被无止休地争论 have been debated endlessly 以指出别人的错误为乐delights in pointing out other people's mistakes 对于失败者的同情sympathy with losers 因为几乎说不清楚的原因 for reasons that can be barely articulated 课文翻译愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。

[下册]研究生英语精读教程 Seven

1. outpace v. to surpass in speed, to outdo超过
［11］Ehrlich‘s is such an obvious proposition* in a finite world: things run out. A slogan used by environmentalists puts it nicely: "We do not inherit the earth from our parents. We borrow it from our children." The idea shapes our actions when we bundle newspapers to avoid running out of wood for paper. The counter argument is not nearly as intuitively convincing. It has generally consisted of a simple question: why haven't things run out yet?
1. depletion△ n. lessening markedly in quantity, content or power空虚；干枯, 干涸
［5］The economist, Julian L. Simon①, 59, is a professor at the University of Maryland. His views have helped shape policy in Washington for the past decade, but he has never enjoyed Ehrlich‘s academic success or popular appeal*. He is the optimist.

英语精读（下）6课后题答案

Unit 1Translate the following sentences into English．1. The whole of life, so to speak, is involved in the pursuit of the good life.2. It is hard to conceive of living without electricity and other modern conveniences.3. He dedicated his life to trying to find an appropriate architecture for his country which was realistic and integral tothat society.4. He also highlighted the well-known dangers of people becoming addicted to computers.5. But after the race riots it was seen as something which the state would have both to cater for and to take control of.6. He appeared to be very perplexed, and more than a little shocked, by what he saw in the window.7. For a moment or two Peter contemplated his newly elevated status.8. One of the advantages of big cities over the countryside is that big cities have lots of cinemas and many other diversions.9. In my wildest imagination, I could not have foreseen such a wonderful life lay before me.10. In terms of academic achievement, I was never a failure, and will definitely make it in the future.Translate the following short passage into English．While he shared his generation's horror of war and was once called the "spiritual father" of appeasement, Keynes never, in fact, entertained the delusion that Hitler could be pacified. He hated the Nazi regime, never visited Germany after 1933. Instead, as Britain's chief negotiator in contact with the Allies against Hitler, he pursued vigorously the common interest between London and Washington.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1．美国宪法赋予美国人民追求幸福的权利，但是似乎谁也说不清幸福跑到哪里去了。

新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案(1-5单元)

新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案(1-5单元)新版研究生英语精读教程翻译练习参考答案（Unit 1-5）Unit OneSection ACan Harry Potter wave his magic wand 棒and revive a dead language? Publishers of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, who plan to translate the adventures of the schoolboy wizard into Latin and ancient Greek, think it might help, the Daily Telegraph newspaper reported. Author J.K. Rowling and her publishers Bloomsbury hope the translations will help children overcome the dread of studying the two ancient languages, the newspaper said. "We aren't under any illusions that the Latin and Greek will be best-sellers but we think that it will mean much more fun lessons for anyone studying Latin and Greek," said Emma Matthewson, Rowling's editor at Bloomsbury. Peter Needham, who taught Latin and Greek at top boys' school Eton College, was translating the first of Rowling's books. "This is going to be a wonderful thing for children. It has got very witty dialogue..." he was quoted as saying. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is not the first children's book to be translated into Latin. Paddington Bear, Alice in Wonderland and Winnie the Pooh have all had the Latin treatment, the newspaper said.哈里·波特的魔杖能让已死的语言起死回生吗？《哈里·波特与魔法石》的出版商认为这有可能。

研究生英语精读教程课后答案西安交通大学出版社

21当前国际金融危机深层次影响仍未根本消除大宗商品价格上涨全球通胀压力加大世界经济复苏存在不确定因素全球金融治理更是任重道远
Model Test One
1
PART I VOCABULARY 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. D 20. C PART II CLOZE TEST 21. [C] follow 22. [B] painless 23. [D] take 24. [B] available 25. [D] record 26. [C] experienced 27. [D] whether 28. [A] required 29. [C] being 30. [A] put
丧亲之痛和神恩赐福此起彼伏，让我们悲喜交加。死亡让我们更加珍视生命。在生命的庄严时刻，在痛苦和失却的阴影之下，人才会真正地认识自己。
事有悲欢离合，因循往复；人有喜怒哀乐，周而复始，甚至死亦能让人对生益加眷恋。所以，当惘然若失，悲由心生之时，人往往最接近自我。
6
Part IV Translation
可是，就像伟大和自豪的国家在其鼎盛时期一样，它们必须克服一个完全不能掉以轻心的危险因素：它们传统的绝对强势将会导致谨小慎微、追求内部特权及自满，这将使它们不能与时俱进。
18
Section B 同时，过去10年里，国际和地区热点此起彼伏，影响着世界和平稳定。
On the other hand, the last decade also witnessed incessant international and regional hotspots which undermined world peace and stability.

研究生英语精读教程第三版下

UNIT TWO Active and Passive Euthanasia[1]The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is thought to be crucial for medical ethics. The idea is that it is permissible, at least in some cases, to withhold treatment and allow a patient to die, but it is never permissible to take any direct action designed to kill the patient. This doctrine seems to be accepted by most doctors, and it is endorsed* in a statement adopted by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association on December 4, 1973.The intentional termination of life of one human being by another - mercy killing - is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association①.The cessation* of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong* the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent* is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family①. The advice and judgment of the physician should be freely available to the patient and/or his immediate family.However, a strong case can be made against this doctrine. In what follows I will set out some of the relevant arguments and urge doctors to reconsider their views on this matter.［2］To begin with a familiar type of situation, a patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily alleviated*. He is certain to die within a few days, even if present treatment is continued, but he does not want to go on living for those days since the pain is unbearable. So he asks the doctor for an end to it, and his family joins in the request.［3］Suppose the doctor agrees to withhold treatment, as the conventional doctrine* says he may. The justification for his doing so is that the patient is in terrible agony*, and since he is going to die anyway, it would be wrong to prolong his suffering needlessly. But now notice this. If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and lethal* injection given. This fact provides strong reason for thinking that, once the initial decision not to prolong his agony has been made, active euthanasia is actually preferable to passive euthanasia, rather than the reverse. To say otherwise is to endorse the option* that leads to more suffering rather than less, and is contrary to the humanitarian impulse* that prompts the decision not to prolong his life in the first place.［4］Part of my point is that the process of being "allowed to die" can be relatively slow and painful, whereas being given a lethal injection is relatively quick and painless. Let me give a different sort of example. In the United States about one in 600 babies is born with Down's syndrome*①. Most of these babies are otherwise healthy— that is, with only the usual pediatric*care, they will proceed to an otherwise normal infancy*. Some, however, are born with congenital* defects such as intestinal* obstructions*① that require operations if they are to live. Sometimes, the parents and doctor will decide not to operate, and let the infant die. Anthony Shaw describes what happens then：... When surgery is denied ［the doctor］must try to keep the infant from suffering while natural forces sap* the baby's life away. As a surgeon whose natural inclination* is to use the scalpel* to fight off death, standing by and watching a salvageable* baby die is the most emotionally exhausting experience I know. It is easy at a conference, in a theoretical discussion, to decide that such infants should be allowed to die. It is altogether different to stand by in the nursery and watch as dehydration* and infection* wither a tiny being over hours and days. This is a terrible ordeal* for me and the hospital staff - much more so than for the parents who never set foot in the nursery.I can understand why some people are opposed to all euthanasia, and insist that such infants must be allowed to live. I think I can also understand why other people favor destroying these babies quickly and painlessly. But why should anyone favor letting "dehydration and infection wither a tiny being over hours and days?" The doctrine that says that a baby may be allowed to dehydrate and wither but may not be given an injection that would end its life without suffering seems so patently* cruel as to require no further refutation*. The strong language is not intended to offend but only to put the point in the clearest possible way.［5］My second argument is that the conventional doctrine leads to decisions concerning life and death made on irrelevant grounds.［6］Consider again the case of the infants with Down's syndrome who need operations for congenital defects unrelated to the syndrome to live. Sometimes, there is no operation, and the baby dies, but when there is no such defect, the baby lives on. Now, an operation such as that to remove an intestinal obstruction is not prohibitively difficult. The reason why such operations are not performed in these cases is, clearly, that the child has Down's syndrome and the parents and doctor judge that because of that fact it is better for the child to die.［7］But notice that this situation is absurd*, no matter what view one takes of the lives and potentials of such babies. If the life of such an infant is worth preserving, what does it matter if it needs a simple operation? Or, if one thinks it better that such a baby should not live on, what difference does it make that it happens to have an unobstructed intestinal tract? In either case, the matter of life and death is being decided on irrelevant grounds. It is the Down's syndrome, and not the intestines, that is the issue. The matter should be decided, if at all, on that basis, and not be allowed to depend on the essentially irrelevant question of whether the intestinal tract is blocked.［8］What makes this situation possible, of course, is the idea that when there is an intestinal blockage, one can "let the baby die", but when there is no such defect, there is nothing that can be done, for one must not "kill" it. The fact that this idea leads to such results as deciding life or death on irrelevant grounds is another good reason why the doctrine should be rejected.［9］One reason why so many people think that there is an important moral difference between active and passive euthanasia is that they think killing someone is morally worse than letting someone die. To investigate this issue, two cases may be considered that are exactly alike except that one involves killing whereas the other involves letting someone die. Then, it can be asked whether this difference makes any difference to the moral assessments. It is important that the cases be exactly alike, except for this one difference, since otherwise one cannot be confident that it is this difference and not some other that accounts for any variation in the assessments of the two cases. So, let us consider this pair of cases:［10］In the first, Smith stands to gain a large inheritance* if anything should happen to his six-year-old cousin. One evening while the child is taking his bath, Smith sneaks into the bathroom and drowns the child, and then arranges things so that it will look like an accident.［11］In the second, Jones also stands to gain if anything should happen to his six-year-old cousin. Like Smith, Jones sneaks in planning to drown the child in his bath. However, just as he enters the bathroom Jones sees the child slip and hit his head, and fall face down in the water. Jones is delighted; he stands by, ready to push the child's head back under if it is necessary, but it is not necessary. With only a little thrashing* about, the child drowns all by himself, "accidentally", as Jones watches and does nothing.［12］Now Smith killed the child, whereas Jones "merely" let the child die. That is the only difference between them. Did either man behave better, from a moral point of view? If the difference between killing and letting die were in itself a morally important matter, one should say that Jones's behavior was less reprehensible* than Smith's. But does one really want to say that? I think not. In the first place, both men acted from the same motive, personal gain, and both had exactly the same end in view when they acted. It may be inferred from Smith's conduct that he is a bad man, although that judgment may be withdrawn or modified if certain further facts are learned about him - for example, that he is mentally deranged. But would not the very same thing be inferred about Jones from his conduct? And would not the same further considerations also be relevant to any modification of this judgment? Moreover, suppose Jones pleaded*, in his own defense, "After all, I didn't do anything except just stand there and watch the child drown. I didn't kill him; I only let him die." Again, if letting die were in itself less bad than killing, this defense should have at least some weight. But it does not. Such a "defense" can only be regarded as agrotesque perversion of moral reasoning. Morally speaking, it is no defense at all.［13］Now, it may be pointed out, quite properly, that the cases of euthanasia with which doctors are concerned are not like this at all. They do not involve personal gain or the destruction of normal healthy children. Doctors are concerned only with cases in which the patient's life is of no further use to him, or in which the patient's life has become or will soon become a terrible burden. However, the point is the same in these cases: the bare difference between killing and letting die does not, in itself, make a moral difference. If a doctor lets a patient die, for humane* reasons, he is in the same moral position as if he had given the patient a lethal injection for humane reasons. If his decision was wrong - if, for example, the patient's illness was in fact curable - the decision would be equally regrettable no matter which method was used to carry it out. And if the doctor's decision was the right one, the method used is not in itself important.[14] The AMA policy statement isolates the crucial issue very well; the crucial issue is "the intentional termination of the life of one human being by another". But after identifying this issue, and forbidding "mercy killing", the statement goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life. This is where the mistake comes in, for what is the cessation of treatment, in these circumstances, if it is not "the intentional termination of the life of one human being by another"? Of course it is exactly that, and if it were not, there would be no point to it ... Ⅰ. ComprehensionAnswer the following questions.1.What is the distinction between active and passive euthanasia?2.What is the attitude of AMA toward the problem of euthanasia?3.What is a lethal injection? Why does the author think the doctor should give it to thehopeless patient?4.What is the most painful thing to do for a surgeon? Why?5.Why are some people opposed to all kinds of euthanasia?6.Why does the author say the conventional doctrine leads to decisions concerning life anddeath made on irrelevant grounds?7.Is killing someone morally worse than letting someone die? Can you give any otherexample to prove your opinion?8.What is the difference between the doctor's role in active euthanasia and that of someonein a criminal case of killing?9.Are mercy killing and conventional euthanasia the same thing? Why or why not?10.What is the mistake AMA made in the statement? Why is it a mistake?Ⅱ. VocabularyA. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1. Parents heartily endorsed the plan for a school playground.A. adoredB. admiredC. supportedD. denied2. Black clouds, thunder and lightning show that a storm is imminent.A. comingB. IrremediableC. unavoidableD. irresistible3. She had upset some boiling oil on her arm and was in agony.A. great painB. SufferingC. dangerD. despair4. The walls of the boathouse had been sapped away by the waves.A. carried awayB. destroyedC. washed upD. stricken5. You must always be ready to sacrifice inclination to duty.A. likingB. tendencyC. interestD. career6. Age had withered the old lady's face.A. destroyedB. hurtC. made decrepitD. flecked7. Unable to sleep, the patient thrashed about in bed.A. twistedB. TwitchedC. tossed aboutD. tossed off8. The committee's plans are set out in the report made by the chairman.A. mentionedB. intended to doC. arrangedD. made known and clear9. Their request was absurd and consequently rejected.A. ridiculousB. excessiveC. feasibleD. harsh10.He was given imprisonment without the option of a fine.A. punishmentB. requestC. demandD. freedom to chooseB. Choose the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.11. There was no school play because the principal ________ his consent.A. took silence forB. withheldC. rewardedD. awarded12. In many countries now, smoking is not ________ in public places.A. permissiveB. permissibleC. permutableD. pernicious13. The boy's curiosity ________ him to ask endless questions.A. madeB. helpedC. confusedD. prompted14. Condemned to death, Socrates could have escaped but chose to die by drinking ________ poison - seeking truth even to the end.A. strongB. deadC. dyingD. lethal15. We believe in ________ treatment of prisoners so that they can turn over a new leaf.A. humanB. humaneC. cruelD. stern16. Being a commander, he should remain calm at the ________ moment.A. criticB. CrispC. crucialD. crinkly17. Health without riches is ________ to riches without health.A. preferableB. betterC. desirableD. desirous18. The decision made by the party recently goes against everything I ________.A. stand in withB. stand fastC. stand in awe ofD. stand for19. The ________ of ill-feeling from the Treaty of Versailles made Hitler more determined to take revenge on France in World War Two.A. inheritanceB. resultC. wishD. desire20. Medical ________ do not permit doctors and surgeons to advertise.A. dutiesB. standardsC. lawsD. ethicsⅣ. TranslationA. Put the following into Chinese.No young man believes he shall ever die. There is a feeling of eternity in youth, which makes us amend for everything. To be young is to be one of the Immortal Gods. One half of time indeed is flown— the other half remains in store for us with all its countless treasures; for there is no line drawn, and we see no limit to our hopes and wishes. We make the coming age our own.“The vast, the unbounded prospect lies before us.” We look round in a new world, full of life, and motion, and ceaseless progress; and feel in ourselves all the vigor and spirit to keep pace with it, and do not foresee from any present symptoms how we shall be left behind in the natural course of things, decline into old age, and drop into the grave.B. Put the following into English.1.阅读（提供）给心灵的只是知识材料，思维才能把我们所读的东西变成自己的（东西）。

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青春时期有一种永恒的感觉，使我们能自我纠正，适应一切事物。

年轻人酷似神仙。

虽半生一晃就过去了，还有下半生带着无限的宝藏给我们储备着，因为前程远大，希望无穷。

这个新的时代是属于我们年轻人的。

“一个远大无边的前景展开在我们面前。

”我们环顾周围这个新的世界，充满着生命，活跃和不断的进步；我们自身感到朝气蓬勃，精神焕发，紧跟时代步伐。

没有任何征兆会使我们预感到有朝一日，自己行将落伍，沦入老年，而最终掉进墓穴中去。

B．1．Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge；it is thinking that makes what we read ours．2．Houses should be built so as to admit plenty of light as well as of fresh air．3．There is but one safe way for every young person starting in life，whatever the business may be．4．When you write an article，be sure to set out the points of your argument carefully．5．While it seems unlikely that such a radical proposition will pass，the fact means this is an issue we will soon be facing nationally．6．So what's wrong with the argument that a dying，pain wracked patient should be able toask his or her physician for a prescription for a fatal overdose? Practically speaking，thefirst place，if pain medication is liberally and properly used，there is virtually no patientwho cannot be kept comfortable with it．Admittedly，in some cases these doses mayhave to be SO strong that they will lead to respiratory depression and hasten death．Butthe goal of such medication is to relieve pain，not bring about death．So it will be acrucial problem，if the patient dies from over dose．WritingEuthanasia Mercy KillingReasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find．People everywhere in the world are living longer，so that lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illnesses as the primary cause of death．This has not only brought great agony to the old people and their relatives but also resulted in a lot of social problems．Those who are for “mercy killing”argue that every human being should have the right to die with dignity．Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia contend that the right should be accorded only to the terminally and incurably i11．However，some people believe active euthanasia isa criminal act and so does aiding a suicide．They take such acts as“a case of barbarism”unworthy of our civilization．I think “mercy killing” is different from murdering both legally and morally．We do notimpose death on anyone but seek the individual's right to determine when and how to die．Anyway，people live in the world in order to enjoy themselves and make others happy．So when one's living becomes a burden to others as well as to himself，living loses its meaning．What's wrong with him if the terminally ill wants to relieve himself from its endless pain and sorrow and be more considerate of his close relatives?Exercise BI．1．surroundings 2．pledge 3．pet4．onset 5．fellow 6．paradise7．orphan 8．utensils 9．pessimist10．transportation 11．transformer 12．plague13．inclinations 14．incentive 15．fusion16．ideologyⅡ．1．will quench 2．Massage 3．wither4．were bugged 5．crooked 6．shrugged7．salute 8．to propagate 9．narrated10．be greasedⅢ．1．to wink—wink2．N3．N4．(doubt)in——of5．1egible——more legible6．(comply)on——with7．N8．(an invasion)in—of9．into—from10．for—to11．N12．In—OnIV．1．in 2．in，which 3．into，if4．on，of 5．into，of 6．what7．until 8．of，that，by 9．at，of, that10．that，for 11．of，as，of 12．in，near13．at, with 14．since，on，in 15．to，from，of16．about，which 17．if，so that 18．At，in，under19．which，to，by 20．on，that 21．of，which，in，asSupplementary Reading1．Marie and her daughter Rose were in favor of having euthanasia while Marie's doctor didn't quite approve of it．2．Because there is sophisticated machinery t0 extend a patient's life，and the real control is in the hands of a tangled bureaucracy．It cannot be decided just by the doctors and the patients．3．More and more people began to accept the idea of euthanasia．4．It is a kind of suicide manual，telling a terminally—ill patient how to end his or her life．5．No．refers to death by euthanasia．6．It is o tell others what medical treatment a patient wants or does not want when he is no longer able to express his wishes7．No．The sentence rather implies that the hospital may not end a patient's life as he wishes．8．Because he was not sure whether he was doing the right thing concerning a conflict between the two ideals—sustaining life and relieving suffering．9．It is not easy because of the complicated factors involved such as the voluntariness of the patient and the complex ethics of medical technology．10．Yes．According to him，how we die is a personal choice，which means he is in favor of euthanasia．Unit 4Key to the ExercisesExercise AI．Comprehension1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 5．D6·A 7．B 8．D 9．C 10．DⅡ·VocabularyA·1·D 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．D6·D 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．CB·11·B 12．A 13．C 14．A 15．B16·C 17．A 18．C 19．C 20．AⅢ．Cloze1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．C6·B 7．C 8．C 9．A 10．D11·D 12．A 13．C 14．C 15．BIV．TranslationA．1969年7月20日，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为地球上第一个站在导一个世界上的人。