英语版英国文学
大学英语英国文学lecture1EnglishPoetry.
( Dactylic Bi-metre ) （两步抑抑格）
galloping measure a hop and a
trot and a gallop ( Dactylic Hexametre or 6 - foot Dactyl ) （六步扬抑抑格）
4. Foot（音步）
1) 2) 3) 4) Iambus（抑扬格） Anapaest（抑抑扬格） Trochee（扬抑格） Dactyl（扬抑抑格）
( Poe )
b) Masculine Rhyme（阳韵）:
If all be true that I do think. There are five reasons we should drink :
c) Feminine Rhyme（阴韵）:
(1) What is fame? An empty bubble.
rhymes charactering a whole poem or its stanzas
Thou art more love ly and more tem perate. Rough winds do shake the dar ling buds of may, And sum mer’s lease hath all too short a date.
a
b a b
Iambic Pentametre ( 5 - foot Iambus)
2. Kinds of Poetry
In terms of metre:
1) Metrical Poems（格律诗）
Regular Rhyme; Regular Rhythm; Definite Number of Lines
2) Free Verse（自由诗） Irregular Rhyme and Rhythm; Irregular Number of Lines 3) Blank Verse（无韵诗） Without Rhyme ; With Rhythm
英国文学4篇200词故事英文梗概：雾独孤儿、苔丝、简爱、呼啸山庄
Oliver Twist 《雾独孤儿》—Charles Dickens 查理斯·狄更斯The novel tells the miserable story of an orphan boy in London called Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is born in a workhouse with unknown parentage and brought up under the tyrannous parish beadle Bumble. After serving an unhappy apprenticeship to an undertaker, he run away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves who make every effort to convert Oliver into a thief. Then Oliver is rescued by the benevolent, rich Mr. Brownlow, but the thieves kidnap him again with the help of Monks, the half brother of Oliver. Then Oliver is made to participate in a burgling expedition, in the course of which he was shot wounded, and comes into the hands of Mrs. Maylie and her protégée Rose, by whom he is kindly treated. In order to seek all of the inheritance, Monks schemes to defame Oliver’s reputation by making him a thief. However, Nancy discovers his plot and reveals the truth to Rose. But Fagin, the head of the gang, discovered the action of Nancy and murders her after which the rest of the gang are arrested and Fagin executed. At last, Monks is compelled to disclose the truth and Oliver is adopted by Mr Brownlow.1.Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》—Emily Bronte 艾米丽·勃朗台The novel tells a story of Heathcliff, a gipsy waif of unknown parentage, picked up by Mr. Earnshaw in the streets and brought up with his children in his house called Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is treated well by Earnshaw, but when the old man dies, the young master Hindley bullies and insults him and makes him a slave. Heathcliff falls passionately in love with Catharine, Hindley’s sister, who loves him but thinks it would degrade her to marry him. Heathcliff, finding it impossible for him to marry Catharine, leaves Wuthering Heights. Three years later, he returns as a rich man. Although Catharine has been married Edgar Linton, he resumes his love-making to her, which brings her to death at the birth of her daughter Cathy. Then he starts his crazy revenge. He first marries his sister Isabella and treats her cruelly to revenge on Edgar Linton. In revenge for Hindley’s cruel treatment, he treats Hindley’s son Hareton brutally. He then forces Catharine’s daughter Cathy to marry his sickly son in order to seize the estate of the Lintons, which fails because of the death of his son. As an old man and haunted by the memory of Catharine, he finally realises the pointlessness of his revenge. At last he dies, and the two young lovers, Cathy and Hareton are united happily.2.Tess 《德伯家的苔丝》--Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代The novel tells the tragical life story of a beautiful country girl Tess Duebeyfield. Tess is the daughter of a poor villager. In her youth she is seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant who has bought his title into the class of gentry. Tess gives birth to an illegitimate child, thus scandalizing the narrow-minded people around her. So she leaves home and works at a distant farm as a dairymaid. There she meets Ange l Clare, a clergyman’s son, who falls in love with her. On their wedding night, Tess confesses to Angel the affair of Alec. Angel, himself a sinner who has had some affair with a bad woman, casts her off and leaves for Brazil. After that her father dies and her family are threatened with starvation, so Tess is driven to accept Alec’s protection and lives with him. Clare, returning from Brazil and repentant of his harshness to Tess, finds her in such a situation. Maddened by this second wrong that has been done her by Alec, she murders him in a fit of despair. After hiding with Clare in a forest for a short time, Tess falls into the claws of law. She is arrested, tried and hanged.3.Jane Eyre 《简爱》—Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特·勃朗台The novel tells the story of an orphan girl. Jane Eyre, the daughter of a poor parson, loses her parents shortly after birth. She lives at the household of her aunt, treated rudely by her aunt Mrs. Reed and her children. One day, unable to bear the ill-treatment any longer, Jane tells straight to her aunt what she thinks of her, which makes Mrs. Reed furious to send her to a charity school in Lowood. Maltreated by the authorities, Jane stays there for 8 long years. Then Jane gets a position of governess in the family of Mr. Rochester, a rich squire. Rochester falls in love with Jane, and she with him. Theyare about to be married when Jane breaks the engagement on the wedding day and flees away, learning that Mr. Rochester has a mad wife secretly locked in the house. After going through a lot of hardships on the moors, she is taken in and cared for by Rev. Rivers, who helps her get a job as teacher in a village school. Meanwhile, Mr. Rochester loses his sight during a fire set by his mad wife. Hearing that Mr. Rochester is penniless and disabled, Jane hurries to him and becomes his wife.The House of 1000 Mirrors千镜之屋Long ago in a small, faraway village, there was a place known as the House of 1000 Mirrors.A small, happy little dog learned of this place and decided to visit. When he arrived, he hounced happily up the stairs to the doorway of the house. He looked through the doorway with his ears lifted high and his tail wagging as fast as it could. To his great surprise, he found himself staring at 1000 other happy little dogs with their tails wagging just as fast as his. He smiled a great smile, and was answered with 1000 great smiles just as warm and firendly. As he left the House, he thought to himself, "This is a wonderful place. I will come back and visit it often."In this same village, another little dog, who was not quite as happy as the first one, decided to visit the house. He slowly climbed the stairs and hung his head low as he looked into the door. When he saw the 1000 unfriendly looking dogs staring back at him, he growled at them and was horrified to see 1000 little dogs growling back at him. As he left, he thought to himself, "That is a horrible place, and I will never go back there again."All the faces in the world are mirrors. What kind of reflections do you see in the faces of the people you meet?That man knows the future（知道未来的人）Nasreddin was cutting a branch of a tree in his garden. While he was sawing, another man passed in the street. He stopped and said, "Excuse me, but if you continue to saw that branch like that, you will fall down with it." He said this because Nasreddin was sitting on the branch and cutting it at a place between himself and the trunk of the tree.Nasreddin said nothing. He thought, "This is some foolish person who has no work to do and goes about telling other people what to do and what not to do."The man continued on his way.Of course, after a few minutes, the branch fell and Nasreddin fell with it."My God!" he cried. "That man knows the future!" and he ran after him to ask how long he was going to live. But the man had gone.One sunny day a rabbit came out of her hole in the ground to enjoy the fine weather. The day was so nice that she became careless and a fox snuck up behind her and caught her."I am going to eat you for lunch!" said the fox."Wait!" replied the rabbit."Oh yeah? Why should I wait?""Well, I am just finishing my thesis on 'The Superiority of Rabbits over Foxes and Wolves.'" "Are you crazy? I should eat you right now! Everybody knows that a fox will always win over a rabbit.""Not according to my research. If you like, you can come into my hole and read it for yourself.""You really are crazy!" But since the fox was curious, he went with the rabbit. The fox never came out.A few days later the rabbit was again taking a break from writing and sure enough, a wolf came out of the bushes and was ready to set upon her."Wait!" yelled the rabbit, "you can't eat me right now.""And why might that be?""I am almost finished writing my thesis on 'The Superiority of Rabbits over Foxes and Wolves.'" The wolf laughed: "Maybe I shouldn't eat you; you really are sick ... in the head.""Come and read it for yourself; you can eat me afterward if you disagree with my conclusions." So the wolf went down into the rabbit's hole and never came out.The rabbit finished her thesis and was out celebrating in the local lettuce patch. Another rabbit came along and asked, "What's up? You seem very happy.""Yup, I just finished my thesis.""Congratulations. What's it about?""'The Superiority of Rabbits over Foxes and Wolves.'""Are you sure? That doesn't sound right.""Oh yes. Come and read it for yourself."So together they went down into the rabbit's hole. As they entered, the friend saw the typical graduate abode, albeit a rather messy one after writing a thesis. And to the right there was a pile of fox bones, on the left a pile of wolf bones. And in the middle was a large, well-fed lion, who was the rabbit's advisor.The moral of the story is: the title of your thesis doesn't matter; all that matters is who your advisor is.改编版中文译著：在一个充满阳光的午后，一只兔子从她的洞里出来享受大好天气。
英国文学Unit1Chaucer
• Pilgrims traveled to visit the remains of Saint Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in 1170
当和风甜美的气息挟着生机吹进树林和原野上的嫩芽里年轻的太阳也已进入白羊座已把白羊座一半的路程走过而小鸟小雀唱着各自的曲调整夜里它们都睁着眼睛睡觉这是大自然拨弄出它们心声
Selected Readings in British Literature
Unit 1
Geoffrey Chaucer
• Geoffrey Chaucer
the dfoa-rDmUMwdaas-DpUeMrfectdead-DbUyMJdoah-nDUDMrydad-eDnUMand AleSxhaanlldIercoPmo-pPeAiRnE1th8ethe TcOentauSryU.M mer's DAY
The Canterbury Tales
Artistry of Language
speech. That’s why John Drydon called him “the
Father of English Poetry.”
Heroic Couplet (英雄双韵体)
• A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, particularly for epic and narrative poetry. It corresponds to a two line stanza in iambic pentameter. (押韵抑扬五音步)
英国文学unit11VicPoets1AlfredTennyson
In the first stanza the eagle sits on some high mountain cliff in some deserted area, and in the second stanza he suddenly swoops down in flight. That's just as a subject matter goes. However, the significance of the poem is the interesting way Tennyson communicates that experience of the eagle through the poetic devices: crooked hands, ring'd with the azure world, wrinkled sea, like a thunderbolt, etc.
He is the second most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, after Shakespeare.
Alfred Tennyson: His Early Life
Often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; he was appointed by Queen Victoria and served 42 years. Alfred began to write poetry at an early age in the style of Lord Byron. After spending four unhappy years in school he was tutored at home. Tennyson then studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the literary club 'The Apostles' and met Arthur Hallam, who became his closest friend. Tennyson published Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, in 1830, which included the popular "Mariana".
大学英语英国文学Charles Dickens
Charles Dickens
William Powell Frith, Portrait of Charles Dickens, London, Victoria and Albert Museum.
Charles Dickens
1. Dickens’s life
Only Connect ... New Directions
Critical Realists
• In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Among the famous novelists of the time were the critical realists like:
• In 1836 Sketches by Boz, articles about London people and scenes, were published in instalments.
Only Connect ... New Directions
Evert A. Duyckinick, Charles Dickens
5. Dickens’ Style
The most distinguished feature of Dickens’ fictional art is his
successful character-portrayal.
The penetrating effect of satire is frequently achieved by Dickens
英国文学第一册
Roman Conquest55 B.C.—Julius CaesarRoman Britain: Britannia (a Roman province)410 A.D.--withdrewInfluence: Roman mood of life (Turkish bath; castles; fortressed; roads)The Anglo-Saxon periodEnglish ConquestAbout 449 A.D.—Angles, Saxons, Jutes (Teutonic tribes)Resistance: Celtic king Arthur at Camelot; kingdom of WessexInfluence: ancestors of the present English people; a transition from tribal society to feudalismName its central part—England (Angla-land) or AngliaLanguage: old English—the foundation of English language and literaturePS: British→Britons (by Celts) English (by Angles)Literature:Two divisions: Pagan and ChristianPagan: the Anglo-Saxons poetry in the form of oral sagasChristian:the writings developed under teaching of the monksMeant a new language: the literary monk—the culture and literary resources of the Latin language.Anglo-Saxon poets:Caedmon—a poetic Paraphrase of the BibleCynewulf—on religious subjects (The Christ)Unknown scribes—the great epic (The Song of Beowulf); poems (Widsith, The Traveller’s Song; Seafarer)The Song of BeowulfThe oldest poem in the English languageThe oldest surviving epic in the English languageThe only existing manuscript was written at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705. It reflects events which took place on the Continent at the beginning of the 6th century.The whole epic consists of 3128 lines and is to be divided into two parts with an interpolation (an addition made by the Christian who copied The Song).The whole song is essentially pagan i n spirit and matter.A pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization; present an all-round picture of the tribalsocietyThe subject matterThis poem of 3128 lines describes the deeds of the Tuetonic (Scandinavia) hero Beowulf.Hrothgar (king); Heorot (mead hall); Grendel (monster); Grendel’s mother; dragonAlliteration (head rhyme); kenning (metaphor); understatementThe use of the strong stress and consonant s; each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesPartly historical and partly legendaryThe Anglo-Norman PeriodRoman Conquest:1066—William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of Hastings. Influence: Feudal system was established; FrenchPS: Black DeathThe literature:The bright, romantic tales of love and adventure←→the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetryEnglish literature is a combination of French and Saxon elements.Absorbed the French vocabulary, became the English languageThe new literature:Geoffrey’s History—contains the native Celtic legends of Arthu rThe work of the French writers—made the Arthurian legends popularRiming Chronicles—history in doggerel verse (Laysmon’s Brut)Metrical Romances or tales in verseThree classes:Matter of France: tales about Charlemagne (Chanson de Roland)l 罗兰之歌Matter of Greece and Rome: tales about Alexander and about the fall of TroyMatter of Britain: tales about their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table Cycles of Arthurian romances:Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Quest of the Holy Grail, the Death of ArthurGeoffrey ChaucerBiography:“father of English poetry”One of the greatest narrative poets of EnglandServed in a variety of occupations: soldier, ambassador, courtier, office holder, legislatorThe first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster AbbeySocial environment:The second half of the 14th century, feudal system begun to crumble1381, a famous peasant uprising led by Wat Tyler and John BallThe glory of the Catholic Church was on the waneLiterature:Works:He translated various works of French authors:Romance of the RoseLonger poems in the form of vision so favored in the Middle Age: Th e Legend of Good Women; The House of Fame; The parliament of FowlsLong narrative poem Troilus and Cressie based upon Boccaccio’s poem FilostratoFeatures:His allegories and symbols are tinged with realistic images.His poem marks a new step in the author’s progress to maturity and is distinguished for its profound delineation of character and truthful description of human relation.He greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect.Three periods:The period of French influence (1359-1372)The period of Italian influence (1372-1386)—Chaucer’s own creativeness shows itself through borrowed themesThe period of English influence (1386-1400)The Canterbury TalesChaucer’s masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.Give a picture of contemporary English lifeOnly 24 tales were written of which 2 are left unfinishedHeroic coupletsOn their way to Canterbury, Pilgrims gathered at Tabard Inn.The “jolly innkeeper”, Harry Baily, proposed that each pilgrim should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. It provides a framework for the tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.The Knight; the Pardoner; Nun’s Priest; the Wife of Bath…In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country.Free-thinking; believes in the right of man to earthly happinessPopular BalladsThe 15th century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English ballads.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been persevered by oral transmission. English ballads were probably composed during the 500yaers period from 1300 to 1700, few of them were printed before the 18th century and some not until the 19th.Songs and ballads were widespread among the populace of England and Scotland.They were created and preserved by the people, termed “Popular Ballads”.Be devoted to historical eventsT he age-long struggle between the Scots and the English is reflected in the “border ballads”.Bishop Thomas Percy was among the first to take a literary interest in balladsDiscovery of a 17th century manuscript which had been copied down among a great welte r of Middle English versePublic in his Reliques of Ancient English PoetryRobin Hood BalladsRobin Hood is a partly historical and partly legendary character.The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland’s The Vision of Piers, the PlowmanThe History of Great Britain, in Latin, 1521Robin Hood, a Saxon by birth, was an outlaw, a robber, robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.Robin Hood’s character: strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted, affectionate, hatred for the cruel oppressors, love for the poor and downtroddenThe ballads of Robin Hood gained great popularity in the second half of the 14th century. (at the time of the poor’s struggle)PS: humorous ballads—Get Up and Bar the DoorThe RenaissanceHistorical background:The 16th century in English was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and theestablishing of the foundations of capitalism.The Reformation—Henry Ⅷ(reigned 1509-1547) broke off with the Pope and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England→furthered the strengthening of English monarchy The old English aristocracy having been exterminated in the course of the War of the Roses (1455-1485, the House of Lancaster VS the House of York)New class—the class of bourgeoisieAbsolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elisabeth (reigned 1558-1603)The progress of bourgeois economy made England a powerful state and enabled her in 1588 to inflict a defeat on the Spanish Invincible Armada (the triumph of the rising bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism).The aggravation of the contradiction between the wealth of the ruling classes and the poverty of the people→uprising of the peasantry (1549, in Norfolk, Robert Ket)LiteratureFrom the first half of the 16th century, the English Renaissance began to develop into a flowering of literature and then England became “a nest of singing birds”.Renaissance—“rebirth”: a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.✧The works of classical authors were translated into English.✧Propagation of classical learning and art✧Humanists held their chief interest in man—his environment and doings andbravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church andreligious dogmasEnglish Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.Prose:Thomas More—Utopia: gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and putforward his ideal of a future happy society.Francis BaconLyrical poems:In the first half of the 16th centuryThomas Wyatt—the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureHenry Howard; Earl of SurreyIn the second half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England.Philip Sidney; Thomas CampionEdmund Spenser (the poets’ poet)—The Fairy QueenNovel:Dealing with court life and gallantryJohn Lyly—Eupheus: gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an affected style of courtspeechThomas LogeRealistic tendencies—devoted to the everyday life of the lower classesThomas Deloney; Thomas NasheDrama: the epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama Christopher Marlowe (the most gifted of the “university wits”)—made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in dramaRobert Green—George Green, the Pinner of WakefieldWilliam Shakespeare (1564.4.23—1616.4.23)The greatest of all English authorsOne of the first founders of realism: a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relationsWorks:Four tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethFour humors:Two narrative poems: Venus and Adonis, LucreceHistorical play: King Henry Ⅵ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ(only one ideal king),Ⅷ;RichardⅢ,ⅡShakespeare’s plays are poetical dramas. A great number of important dialogues and soliloquies in his plays assume the form of poetry.The principal idea of Shakespear e’s historical plays is the necessity for national unity under one king.Shakespeare’s Sonnet is made up of three quatrains with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.HamletThe summit of Shakespeare’s artIt was England which the great writer described in his playExpression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.The Merchant of VeniceFrancis BaconThe founder of English materialist philosophyThe founder of modern science in EnglandThe first English essayistNoble birth; received a knighthood; the head of the legal system of England; made a peer Works:Three classes: the philosophical, the literary, the professional worksPhilosophical works:Advancement of Learning (in English); Novum Organum (in Latin); De Augmentis (in Latin)Literary works: EssaysGeneral subject—Of Truth; Of DeathQuestions of individual behavior—Of Revenge; Of FriendshipProblems of statesmanship—Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and EstatesProfessional worksTreaties entitled Maxims of the Law; Reading on the Statute of UsesEssaysModeled upon a French work by montaigne (Essais, 1580)The final edition of fifty-eight essays appeared in 1625Writing style of essays—directness, terseness, forcefulnessBacon’s essays are noted for their clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon’s chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible.Bacon’s sentences are short, pointed, incisive and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings.The 17th Century—The Period of Revolution And Restoration Historical backgroundDuring the Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) the English bourgeoisie lived in harmony with the Crown.When absolute monarchy impeded the future development of capitalism in England, the contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak.Elizabeth died in 1603 and JamesⅠcame to the throne—a succession that marks the change from a united England to a divided England.The puritans offered another theory of divine right—the divine right of the individual conscience.There were religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between the people’s Parliament and the Throne (the King).In 1642, a civil war broke out in England. In 1649 Charles Ⅰwas beheaded. England becamea commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.In 1653 Oliver Cromwell imposed a military directorship on the country.The Revolution period is also called the Puritan Age.After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱto England in 1660; thenfollowed the period of Restoration.In 1688, the bourgeoisie invited Prince William of Orange (husband of the JamesⅡ’s daughter Mary) to the England throne. This was the so-called “Glorious Revolution”.The revolution meant three things: 1) the supremacy of Parliament; 2) the beginning of modern England; 3) the final triumph of the principle of political liberty.Literary characteristicsAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “metaphysical”poets by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer.—John Donne; George Herbert (VS the Cavalier poets)The Revolution Period:Gloom ageDuring the civil war and the common wealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell, the man of action, and John Milton, the man of thought, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.The Restoration Period:The society broke away from the restraints of Puritanism.The French influence is most marked in the Drama.—rimed couplets; the unities; a more regular construction; the presentation of tryes. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.Restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical.John Dryden, critic, poet and playwright was the most distinguished literary figure of that time.The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century reached the peak in the poetry of John Milton and in the prose writing of John Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism of John Dryden.John DonneThe most famous preacher of his timeAfter the death of his wife in 1617 he fell more and more under the shadow of a terrible spiritual gloom.Literature:Frankness; penetrating realism; cynicismSerious love-poems—A Valediction: Forbidding MourningA poet of peculiar “conceits”, having his own way of reasoning and comparisonThis fashion of conceitful writing, its imaginative exuberance has its parallels in baroque architecture and painting.Work: Song and Sonnets (The Relic); Death be not ProudReligious poems and sermons:✧Reach astounding heights of subtlety and intensity✧The searchings of soul and the horrified fascination with he contemplated the process ofdissolution and the awful event of deathProse:Involuted and ornate, cumulative and CiceronianJohn MiltonIn the Revolution Period John Milton towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval Period.During the civil war and the common wealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell, the man of action, and John Milton, the man of thought.Shorter poems:✧L’ Allegro—describing happiness✧Il Penseroso—describing meditation✧Lycidas—praising a dear Cambridge friend who had been drowned✧Comus—presenting a masque or playPrincipal pamphlets: dedicated to the people’s liberties✧Areopagitica/ Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing—a bold attack on the censorshipof the press✧Eikonoklastes—justified the execution of Charles Ⅰ✧Defense for the English People—a defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution✧Second Defense for the English PeopleIn his blindness:✧Paradise Lost✧Paradise Regained✧Samson AgonistesParadise Lost1)Presents the author’s view in an allegoric religious formBasic idea—the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom2)Epic in 12 booksIn blank verseIt is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race—Adam and Eve; God; SatanHow Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven out of EdenJohn BunyanJohn Milton and John Bunyan represent the extreme of English life in the 17th century. Paradise Lost and The Pilgrim’s Progress stand for the mighty Puritan spirit.An open-air preacher, most popular preacher in EnglandImprisonment in Bedford jailThe Pilgrim’s ProgressOne of the most popular pieces of Christian writing produced during the Puritan Age.1)✧Probably written in prison; not published till long after his release✧The publication in 1678 made him the most popular writer2)✧Written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream✧In terse, idiomatic prose✧Characters are living men and women✧ A journey in 10 stages—a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the Christian lifeThe 18th Century—The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandHistory BackgroundThe Revolution of 1688, which banished the last of the Stuart kings and called William of Orange (husband of king JamesⅡ’s daughter Mary) to the throne.They divided into hostile parties: the liberal Whigs & the conservative Tories. Power shifted easily from one to the other.To influence such votes London was flooded with pamphlets. Any writer with a talent for argument or satire was almost certain to be hired by party leaders.Public coffeehouses and a large number of private clubs appeared in London.Literature:Enlightenment: an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism✧With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries✧The enlighteners prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he became depraved, it isonly due to the influence of corrupted social environment.✧18th century writings in three main divisions: 1) the reign of so-called classicism; 2) therevival of romantic poetry; 3) the beginnings of the modern novel✧It is an age of prose rather than of poetry.✧The enlighteners believed that reason should be only basis of one’s thinking and action. Thatis why the 18th century in England has been called the Age of Reason.✧Writers:Joseph Addison; Richard Steele; The Spectator(moralistic journal); Alexander Pope--Smooth over social contradictions by moralizing and proclaimingAlexander Pope—he elaborated certain regulations for the style of poetical works and made popular the so-called heroic coupletsDaniel Defoe—the forerunners of the England 18th century realistic novelHenry Fielding—the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novelJonathan Swift—in his pamphlets written in defence of the Irishmen Sentimentalism:✧The middle of the 18th century in England✧As a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality✧Struggle against feudalism but sense the contradictions of bourgeois progress that broughtwith it enslavement and ruin to the people✧The later enlighteners of England appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice.✧Sentimentalism found its representative writers in the field of poetry, such us Edward Youngand Thomas Gray, but it manifested itself chiefly in the novels of Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith.✧Oliver Goldsmith; Thomas GrayPre-romanticism:✧The latter half of the 18th century✧ A reaction against Enlightenment✧“Gothic novel”✧Found its expression chiefly in poetry✧William Blake; Robert BurnsDaniel DefoeLife：1) A jack-of-all-trades, as well as a writer; have had some continued purpose of educating anduplifting the common people2) A radical Nonconformist in religion; the puritan zeal for reform3) A journalist and pamphleteer4)Prison life5)Employ as a kind of spy or secret-service agentWorks:The Shortest Way with the Dissenters—support the claims of the free churches against Tories and AnglicansHymn to the PilloryJonathan Wild and Captain Avery—story of thieves and piratesRobinson Crusoe—when Defoe was nearly 60 years of ageThe History of the Devil—lastRobinson CrusoeThe story is based upon the experiences of Alexander Selkirk who had lived in the i sland in solitude for five years.The events depicted in the story date bake to the middle of the 17th century.Jonathan SwiftLife:The supreme master in the first part of the 18tn centuryIrish (Ireland)Esther JohnsonWorks:The Battle of the Books—first notable work; a satire upon both parties in the controversyThe Tale of a Tub—a satire on the various churches of the dayJournal to Stella—to Esther JohnsonGulliver’s Travels—a satire on the human raceA Modest ProposalGulliver’s TravelsPlot:the extraordinary adventures of Gulliver, description of fantastic lands visited by him, their social systems, ways and customs of their inhabitantsLilliput--Lilliputian--smallBrobdingnag--brobdingnagian—giantLaputa—flying islandHouyhnhnm—house; YahoosA Modest ProposalAn example of Swift’s favorite satiric devices used with superb effectIrony; ParodyJoseph AddisonLife:The central figure of these coffee-house meetings (In London, the coffee-houses=the social centers=the clubs of those days)Aid WhigsBuried in Westminster AbbeyDick Steele: Addison’s schoolmate; joined the army; The Christian Hero;state the paper-The Tatler and The SpectatorThe Tatler and The SpectatorThe Tatler—published three times a week and had only three or four small pagesThe Spectator✧published every morning✧contained the little familiar essays and character sketchescharacteristics:1)They are the first important recognitions by literature of the special interests of womenreaders.2)They contained much comment. (Addison’s criticism of Milton’s Paradise Lost)3)They contained earnest efforts after reform. (Steele’s attack on the two fashionable evilsof gambling and dueling)4)They contained the papers which set forth the character and doings of Sir Roger deCoverleyThey brought literature down to everyday.Joseph Addison and Richard Steele developed the form of letter-writing to the verge of the epistolary novel. Works:The Campaign—during the War of the Spanish Succession, he wrote a poem celebrating the duke as the greatest of warriors.Sir Roger at Church; Sir Roger at the AssizesHenry FieldingThe greatest novelist of the 18th centuryThe founder of the realistic novel in England; the representative writers of realism in the 18th century English literatureHis novels unfold a panorama of life in all sections of English society.Works:Joseph Andrews—first novel; with the intention of ridiculing Samuel Richardson’s novel PamelaThe Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon—last workJonathan Wild—the story of a rogueThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling—masterpiece; a vivid and truthful panoramic picture of the 18th century EnglandAmelia—best work; the story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband Characteristics:He is full of animal spirit. (direct, vigorous, hilarious, coarse to the point of vulgarity)“to laugh men out of their follies”Leave the reader with the strong impression of realityHe strongly criticizes social relations in the contemporary England.He hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under a mask of morality. (tear away their mask)As a dramatist: “a return to nature” and “the stage should be a school of morality”Thomas GrayTo read Milton’s Il Penserose and Gray’s Elegy is to see the beginning and the perfection of that “literature of melancholy”.Works:Ode to Eden; The EpitaphElegy Written in a Country ChurchyardSo begins “the best known poem in the English language, ” a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.The first stanza✧We listen to the droning flight of the beetle, to the drowsy tinklings from a distant fold,to the moping owl in an ivy-mantled tower.✧Each natural object, either directly or by contrast, reflects the mood of man. Nature is abackground for the display of emotion.Shows the poet’s sympathy for the poor; condemns the great ones who despise the poor and bring sufferings to the common people.Oliver GoldsmithIrishmanCharacteristics:A gentle irony and a genuine feeling that avoids sentimentality with consummate skillAs poet he makes the riming couplets as natural and simple as his prose.The Good-natured Man and She Stoops to Conquer met with opposition because the fashion was then for sentimental comedy.Goldsmith’s success marked a return to the comedy of manners.Sheridan’s Rivals and School for Scandal and Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer are the only plays of the 18th century that have been kept alive upon the modern stage.Works:The Vicar of Wakefield—only novel; masterpiece; an idyllic story of the family of a clergyman after they lost their money and are living in poverty.The Good-natured Man & She Stoops to Conquer—comedyThe Citizen of the World—a series of essaysThe Traveller—poem based on his own wandering eperienceThe Deserted Village—best poem; protest against the enclosure of common land for the rich landlords and capitalistsRichard Brinsley SheridanIrishmanBuried in Westminster AbbeyThe most important playwright of the 18th centuryCharacteristics:Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which still retain their interest upon the stage. (drama)Sheridan’s skill in the creation of comic characters and of his masterful ease in witty and sparkling dialogue.Works:The Rivals—comedyThe School for Scandal—masterpiece; comedy of mannersThe Critic & St. Patrick’s Day & The DuennaA trip to Scarborough & PizarroWilliam BlakeThough the most extraordinary literary genius of his age, he had practically no influence upon it. Life:Beyond learning to read and write, he received no education. His only formal education was in art.In the early and somewhat sentimentalized biographies, Catherine (his wife) is represented as an ideal wife for an unorthodox and impecunious genius.The couple were childless.Gave drawing lessons, illustrated books, en graced designsWorks:Poetical Sketches—earliest poemsThe Songs of Innocence—first showed the musical cast of his mind; theme: all-pervading presence of divine and sympathy, even in trouble and sorrow.The songs of Experience—hate of the church and the clergyThe Book of Thel—theme: Thel laments the vanity and transience of life; the principal of mutual self-sacrifice and death means a new birthTiriel & The Marriage of Heaven and HellThe French Revolution & America & The Visions of the Daughters of Albion—his attitude of revolt against authorityThe Book of Urizen & The Book of Ahania & The Book of LosEurope & ValaThe Four Zoas—the revelation of forgiveness through Jesus ChristMilton & JerusalemThe Ghost of Abel & The Morning & The Land of Dreams & The Everlasting GospelLondon & The Tiger & The Chimney SweeperRobert BurnsScottish poetCharacteristics:The whole spirit of the romantic revival is embodied in this obscure plowman.Burns’ poetry is bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the Scottish common people. Works:Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect—marks an epoch in the history of English literatureA Man’s a Man for That—voices the new romantic estimate of humanityThe Vision—Burns’ early idealsEpistle to a Young Friend—Burns personal views of religion and honourAddress to the Unco Guid—Burns’ plea for mercy in judgmentHalloween—a picture of rustic merrymakingThe Two DogsMy Heart’s in the Highlands—patriotic poem; expressed his deep love for his motherland John Anderson, My Jo; A Red, Red Rose; To a Mouse; Auld Lang SyneAlexander PopeEnglish literature of the 18th century may be divided into three periods. The first period was characterized by the neo-classicism, of which Alexander Pope was the representative poet. An Essay on Criticism—a comprehensive study of aesthetic theories of literary criticism.An Essay on Man—indicates the poet’s political and philosophical viewpoint. It deals with man’s relation to the universe, to society, to himself and to happiness.Laurence SterneTristram Shandy—。
英国文学上册Unit One The Abglo-Saxon Period
Question Is text a neutral term?
You must make sure that your reading is supported by what is in the text itself, not what you think is in the text.
A love affair?
“The relation between reader and story read is like a love affair. In both cases, it is a matter of giving yourself without reservation to the other.”
A pleasant cooperation
Readers and writers are able to compare and contrast texts with their world experiences, facilitating critical thinking with reference to complex ideas.
The study of Literature can provide students with a fresh and creative angle with which to approach their studies in particular and their l literature change
《堂吉诃德》英语版 英国文学
“人生在 世，如果 有什么必 读的作品， 那就是 《堂吉诃 德》。”
Contents
1 Miguel de Cervantes 2 Background 3 Don Quixote 4 Influence
Miguel de Cervantes
a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world‘s pre-eminent (卓越 的)novelists.
Spanish
Spanish
fiction
Spanish Don Quixote（唐吉坷德） Entremeses（幕间短剧） Novelas ejemplares（训诫小说集/ 模范小说）
主要作品
1614年
El viaje del Parnaso 《帕尔纳索游记》
1613年
Novelas ejemplares 《惩恶扬善故事集》
Don Quixote
Author
Original title
Country
Language
Genre
Publication date Published in English
Miguel de Cervantes
El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha Spain Early Modern Spanish Novel
你睁开眼 ——眼中只有 怜悯弱者的哭泣。 你闭上眼 ——耳中只有 巨兽咆哮的风暴。 这世界需要拯救，需要伟大的堂吉诃德骑士。 堂吉诃德带着桑丘开始了他们伟大的出征， 他们是那么可笑，内心却又那么认真。 可怜的桑丘 他什么也不知道 噢！这没关系 因为他相信 他相信主人许诺给他岛屿 就像相信死后能得到天堂。
英国文学英语
英国文学英语English literature is a body of works written in the English language, including poetry, novels, plays, films and other forms. It has a long and rich history that dates back to the 6th century, when the Anglo-Saxons from Germany first settled in the British Isles.English literature is widely read and studied around the world, and is often considered one of the most influential literatures of all time. It has been an important influence on many other cultures and literatures, such as African and South Asian.One of the most popular forms of English literature is the novel. Novels are often set in different time periods and locations, and focus on the experiences and emotions of a particular character or group of characters. Famous examples of English novels include Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, and Charles Dickens' Great Expectations.Poetry is another major form of English literature. Poetry and verse were written in English as early as the 14th century, with Geoffrey Chaucer commonly credited as thefather of English poetry. William Shakespeare is one of the most famous English poets, and his plays are still being performed and studied today. Other notable English poetsinclude John Donne, Emily Dickinson, and W. B. Yeats.English literature also includes a wide variety of drama, from commedia dell'arte and Elizabethan theater to contemporary Broadway shows. Notable English playwrights include William Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett, and Tom Stoppard.In the 20th century, English literature underwent a major shift with the rise of modernism. Novelists like Virginia Woolf and T. S. Eliot wrote works that explored new themes, techniques, and literary styles. Other innovators such as James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, and William Faulkner also contributed to the development of modernist literature.Today, English literature continues to be studied, analyzed, and enjoyed by people around the world. It is a valuable source of historical and cultural knowledge, and a testament to the creativity and imagination of its writers and readers.。
English-Literature-1英国文学1
The literature of the Old English Period
• The epics are the earliest pieces of literature surviving from the Old English period. They are usually the composing in verse of tribal or national legends about a great hero, always a fighting warrior. Beowulf is a good example.
Back
Beowulf (1)
•
A manuscript of Beowulf
Beowulf (2)
• Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, the most important work of Old English literature. The poem consists of 3182 lines, each line with four accents marked by alliteration and divided into two parts.The somber story is told in vigorous, picturesque language, with heavy use of metaphor. The poem tells of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, half man and half fiend, and Grendel's mother, who comes that evening to avenge Grendel's death. Fifty years later Beowulf, now king of his native land, fights a dragon who has devastated his people. Both Beowulf and the dragon are mortally wounded in the fight. The poem ends with Beowulf's funeral as his mourners chant his epitaph..
中英对照英美文学知识大全
Songs and (乔治•赫伯特)
the saint of the Metaphysical school (“玄学派诗圣”);
The Temple《神殿》
11. Andrew Marwell (安德鲁•马韦尔)
- octosyllabic & heroic couplet (八音节英雄双韵体)
5. Sir Thomas Malory (托马斯•马洛礼)
Le Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》
三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学 (15世纪末 – 17世纪中期)
1. Humanism – classic culture
ParadiseLost(blank verse, 旧约);Paradise Regained(新约);
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》(poetical drama, closet drama)
4. John Bunyan (约翰•班扬)
The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》- 宗教寓言, Vanity Fair
An Essay of Dramatick Poesie《论戏剧诗》
新古典主义
6. Alexander Pope (亚历山大•蒲柏)
Pastorals;The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》;The Dunciad《愚人记》;Essay on Criticism;Essay on Man; 翻译了The Iliad,The Odyssey
7. Richard Steel & Joseph Addison
(理查德•斯蒂尔 & 约瑟夫•艾迪生)
大学英语英国文学1English Literature
From 1066 to mid-14th century
Middle English literature deals with a wider range of subjects,greater diversity of styles,tones and genres
Romance uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds
2018/11/3
18
Artistic Features
(1) Messenger of Humanism
Affirm man's right to pursue earthly happiness Praise man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life Expose and satirize the social vices, including religious abuses
English literature
An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature
History Background
Early inhabitants---Celts---were conquered 3 times: a. Romans b. Anglo-Saxons: Germanic language and culture c. Normans: Mediterranean civilization (Greek culture, Roman law, Christian religion)
英国文学总结(中英文)
The School for Scsanda造谣学校The Rivals情敌
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰生1709-1784
A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯
Francis Bacon培根1561-1626
Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）
The founder of English materialist philosophy
（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）
his contribution to English poetry: introduced fromfrancethe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect ofLondonthe standard for the modern English speech.
The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;
大学英语英国文学Robert Browning
Browning regarding dramatic monologues: “My stress lies in the incidents in the development of the soul: little else is worth study.”
Key points: self-exposure & psychological portrayal
Features of the Era
• are quintessentially Victorian.
Victoria’s Secret
“Victoria’s Secret”is meant to capture an irony in Victorian “modesty”.
For example, efforts to cover up, dress up, or hide nudity can merely accentuate the thought of it; lace coverings are very Victorian.
You’ll Love Me Yet你终将爱我
You'll love me yet!—and I can tarry Your love's protracted growing: June rear'd that bunch of flowers you carry, From seeds of April's sowing. I plant a heartful now: some seed At least is sure to strike, And yield—what you'll not pluck indeed, Not love, but, may be, like. You'll look at least on love's remains, A grave 's one violet: Your look?—that pays a thousand pains. What 's death? You'll love me yet! 你总有爱我的一天， 我能等着你的爱慢慢地长大。 你手里提的那把花， 不也是四月下的种子， 六月开的吗？ 如今我在心里撒满爱的种子， 至少有一两粒会发芽罢。 然后开花了，你也不会去采的。 没有爱，至少，会有点喜欢罢。 你总会看一眼， 我坟头的紫罗兰。 那一眼，抵了我万千烦恼。 死又怎样？你总有爱我的一天。
English Literature-4 The 18th Century 英国文学英语版 教学课件
18th Century - 1
• England became a maritime superpower • Political writings • Newspapers and journals • Coffeehouses • The new morality • Science and technology:
Subjectivism Spontaneity Singularity Worship of nature Simplicity Melancholy Outpouring of emotions and feelings
English Literature of the 19th Century-3
• Traditionally in China, Romantic poets are divided into two groups:
The Passive (The Lake Poets): William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) Robert Southey (1774-1843)
Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
The Active / Progressive: George Gordon Byron (1788-1834) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) John Keats (1795-1821
英语专业英国文学课件5JohnBunyan
• Everything is based on universal experiences
• He was imprisoned again in 1675 on charge of the same offence.
• It was during this second term in prison that he wrote The Pilgrim’s Progress, which was published in 1678 after his release.
• As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.
Writing Style
• Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible.
• With his concrete and living language and carefully observed and vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.
“the Vanity Fair〞, an excerpt part 1 of The Pilgrim’s Progress
英国文学Unit2(2) Shakespeare'Works
Act II
• Rising Action - These are problems of the characters or challenges they face. • Romeo and Juliet fall in love and begin making plans to marry. • Friar Lawrence makes plans to bring peace to the families by marrying Romeo and Juliet
English Literature
Unit 2
Shakespeare and his works (2)
1. Romeo and Juliet • 2. Sonnet 18
•
Romeo & Juliet
• O. she doth teach the torches to burn bright! (1.5) • My only love sprung from my only hate! (1.5) • What’s in a name? that which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet. (2.2) • It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. (2.2) • Young men’s love then lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. (2.3)
Juliet
• -is a capulet, 13 yrs old • Begins as a naïve child, • She doesn’t have as much freedom as Romeo b/c she is a girl • SO she sneaks around to see Romeo • She totally trusts Romeo • Juliet is very close with the nurse.
大学英语英国文学Thomas Hardy
Wessex Novel
• 哈代以其故乡英国西南部农村（古称威塞克斯地区）
为背景所作小说的总称（又称性格与环境小说）。反映了 十九世纪中叶以来英国农村的生活，特别是反映了资本主 义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农 村经济、道德、风俗等方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦。 对资本主义社会的法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判 。有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。
Thomas and Emma Hardy resided at Max Gate from 1884 onward.
Desighed by Hardy himself
Second wife
—Hardy’s nurse, companion and fan.
In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior.
a transitional figure between the Victorian Age and the 20th century;
Life experience
Born in June 2, 1840 in Higher Bockhampton in this cottage.
His father Thomas : a stonemason and local builder. His mother Jemima : well-read and educated Thomas until he went to school.
• 哈代的“性格和环境小说”，表现出作者对造成威塞 克斯社会和威塞克斯人悲剧命运的探讨，经历了“命运悲 剧” —“性格悲剧”—“社会悲剧”的发展过程。
William Wordsworth 英国文学
• For oft, when on my couch I lie 因为，每当我依榻而卧， • In vacant or in pensive mood, 或情怀抑郁，或心境茫然， • They flash upon that inward eye 水仙呵，便在心目中闪 烁— • Which is the bliss of solitude; 那是我孤寂时分的乐园； • And then my heart with pleasure fills, 于是我的心便欢情 洋溢， • And dances with the daffodils. 和水仙一道，舞蹈不息。
What is good poetry?
Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility: the emotion is contemplated till by a species
wanderedlonelywander?dlonelycloud我独自漫游像山谷上空higho?ervaleshills高高飘过的一朵云whenallcrowd我突然望见望见一大goldendaffodils金黄的水仙纷纷绽开
William Wordsworth
William Wordsworew/4Ph newnLeuo/?fr=rec1
Special features
1. One of the greatest poets of nature.
2. Incidents and situations of common life.
On 15th April 1802, William and Dorothy Wordsworth passed the strip of land at Glencoyne Bay, Ullswater, on their way back to Grasmere after staying the previous night at Eusmere in Pooley Bridge.
英语英国文学
英语英国文学English literature has a rich and diverse history that spans over centuries. It is one of the most celebrated forms of literature in the world and has produced some of the most famous and influential writers of all time. The United Kingdom has played a central role in the development of English literature, with its writers contributing significantly to the genre.The earliest form of English literature can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxon period, which lasted between the 5th and 11th centuries. During this time, poetry and epic tales were the primary forms of literature. The most famous example of Anglo-Saxon literature is Beowulf, an epic poem that tells the story of a heroic warrior who battles monsters and dragons. The Middle Ages saw the rise of works such as the Arthurian legends and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, which are considered some of the most significant works of English literature. The Renaissance period witnessed the emergence of great playwrights such as William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson. Shakespeare's plays, in particular, are still widely performed and studied today, making him one of the most influential writers of all time.The 18th and 19th centuries saw the rise of the novel as a popular form of literature, with writers such as Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and the Bronte sisters producing some of the most memorable works in English literature. The Victorian era also saw the emergence of Gothic literature, with Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Bram Stoker's Dracula being two of the most iconic examples.In the 20th century, English literature continued to evolve, with writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and T.S. Eliot making significant contributions to the genre. The post-war period saw the emergence of the Angry Young Men, a group of writers who rebelled against the established literary traditions of the time, producing works that challenged societal norms and conventions.Today, English literature continues to thrive, with new writers emerging and contributing to the rich legacy of the genre. Contemporary writers such as J.K. Rowling, Zadie Smith, and Ian McEwan have gained international acclaim for their works, and their contributions have helped to shape the future of English literature.In conclusion, English literature has a long and rich history, with writers from the United Kingdom having madesignificant contributions to the genre. From epic poetry to the novel, English literature has evolved over the centuries, and it continues to thrive today. Whether you are reading the classics or discovering new works, English literature remains one of the most exciting and rewarding forms of literature in the world.。
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Main characters
• God: the creator of the universe, all the angels, heaven, hell and man. The supreme being, the ruler of all • Satan: formerly one of the highest ranking angels, but envy drove him rebel against god. Originator of evil, adversary of God , and the destroyer of Eden • Adam: the first human being, created by God • Eve: the mother of all mankind, having been made by god from Adam’s rib
Milton’s Works
• 1625-1640: early poems On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity《基督诞生晨颂》 • 1640-1660: pamphlets(小册子) Doctrine on Marriage《离婚的戒律和学说》 Areopagitica 《论出版自由》 The Defence of the England People《为英国人民申 辩》
Milton’s Cambridge and Horton days
• At age 16 Cambridge. Finest student • In 1632, Milton received his B.A. • In 1692, Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and Hebrew(希伯来语), Cambridge to become a clergyman(牧师), but he was dissuaded from this occupation due to “tyranny”(专制统治)in the church. • So, Milton spent the 6 years after getting his M.A. reading the Greek and Latin classics, and studying mathematics and music.
• In 1637,he visited Italy and met Galileo. He returned to England 1639 and began to think about writing an Arthurian epic. • November 8, 1674, Milton died of gout(痛风).
Influence
• Puritan spirits---Reflects the time spirit, open up to the enlightenment(启蒙运动) • The Civil War---revolutionary(革命性) • Humanism---love, courage, wisdom
• 1660-1674: epics Paradise Lost(1665) 《失乐园》 Paradise Regained(1671) 《复乐园》 Samson Agonistes(1671) 《力士参孙》
Paradise Lost
•Paradise lost is one of Milton’s masterpieces •It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse •The story is taken from the Old Testament.
Literary Characteristics
•The blank verse: the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter is used. Miltonic Style(Latinate) •Inversion: Instead of using patterns of S-V-O order, Milton uses more elaborate patterns drawn from Latin . •Allusion（影射，间接提到）：a brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional
In 1656, he remarried, but she died in childbirth a year later, ending “the happiest time” in Milton’s life. In 1663,Milton got a third wife , since his daughters would not care for him.
One husband, three wives
In 1642,Milton(34) married Mary Powell(17) In 1645,he and his wife reconciled, daughter Anne was born in 1646. In 1652, he became blind, only son and wife died.
theme
• • • • 1.the conflict between God and Satan 2.the Depravity（堕落） of human being 3.Puritanism Human Misery: the source of human misery is that Adam and Eve, as the sign of human beings can’t bear the temptation during the process of pursuit of free will and their rights and gradually reduced to the slaves of passion.
The main plots of Paradise Lost
1.The creation of verse
2.The rebellion of in Heaven of Satan and his fellow angels 3.Their defeat and expulsion from Heaven 4.The creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve 5.Satan’s temptation of Eve 6.The departure of Adam and Eve from the Eden
Born:28 November 1628 Elstow, Bedfordshire, England Died: 31 August 1688 (aged 59) London, England Occupation:
Famous works:
Writer, preacher
The Pilgrim's Progress
• 4.Reflection on the English Bourgeois Revolution: Milton’s revolutionary sympathies showed himself frequently uttering his own fiery words of rebellion against tyranny through the speeches of Satan.
Epic:
The term epic, whether in the context of Ancient/Classical history or modern literature, usually refers to a long literary piece that involves the impossible and/or fantastic exploits of a hero in the face of what appear almost insurmountable odds. However, ancient epic is actually more strictly defined.
outline
1 Background
2 Life 3 Works and literary features
Historical background:
Bunyan belongs to the pilgrims in the "not from the Church".
In September 1658, Cromwell's death. In April 1660, Charles II crowned in the Palace of Westminster, United Kingdom now entered the 28 years of the restoration era. In the religious policy, deliberately restored Charles II United Kingdom Church influence.
•Satan: utters repeatedly and forcibly his indomitable（不屈服的）will to defy(公然反抗)tyranny and plot revenge. On the whole, Satan and his followers are condemned in the epic. It is doubtless that Milton’s sentiment in the days of the Restoration are expressed in the speech of Satan.