生态风险评价框架进展研究_龙涛
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生态与农村环境学报2015,31(6):822-830Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment
生态风险评价框架进展研究
龙
涛1,2,邓绍坡1,2,吴运金1,2,祝
欣1,2
,林玉锁
1,2①
,周军英1,
2
(1.环境保护部南京环境科学研究所,江
苏南京210042; 2.国家环境保护土壤环境管理与污染控制重点实验室,江苏南京
210042)
摘要:生态风险评价是评价生态压力引起的不利生态效应的可能性的过程,可为环境风险管理提供理论及技术支持。生态风险评价框架是一套标准化的方法体系,规定了生态风险评价的总体工作内容、技术路线、关键方法步骤和各阶段产出成果,为生态风险评价的科学方法有效转化为生态环境管理策略提供途径。从20世纪90年代起,以美国为代表的一批发达国家逐步构建了生态风险评价技术框架,并颁布了一系列相关标准、导则和技术文件,直接支撑了上述国家生态环境保护相关的现行法律法规,影响了有关国家的生态环境管理与决策。而我国对于生态风险评价的具体实施还缺乏规范性的指导方法。该文以美国、
英国和澳大利亚的4套与土壤环境污染关系密切的生态风险评价框架为例,介绍国际生态风险评价框架的内容,并结合我国在环境影响评价和农药安全评价领域的生态风险评价方法研究进展,对我国生态风险评价框架的研究发展方向进行分析。关键词:生态风险评价;生态风险评价框架;环境风险管理中图分类号:X82
文献标志码:A
文章编号:1673-4831(2015)06-0822-09
DOI :10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.005
Advancement in Study on Development of Ecological Risk Assessment Framework.LONG Tao 1,2,DENG Shao-po 1,
2,WU Yun-jin 1,2,ZHU Xin 1,2,LIN Yu-suo 1,2,ZHOU Jun-ying 1,2
(1.Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences ,Ministry of Environmental Protection ,Nanjing 210042,China ; 2.State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control ,Nanjing 210042,China )
Abstract :Ecological risk assessment (ERA )is a process of evaluating possibilities of ecological stressors generating ad-verse ecological effects ,so that ,it may provide some theoretical and technical support for management of environmental risks.An ERA framework is a system of standardized procedures and methods that defines the general contents ,technical route ,and critical steps and procedures of ERA and corresponding products of each phase ,thus providing paths for effi-cient transformation of the scientific methods of ERA into eco-environment management strategies.Starting from the 1990s',some developed countries ,such as the United States ,have gradually developed technical frameworks for ERA with a series of relevant standards ,guidelines and technical documents ,which directly supports the eco-environment-pro-tection-related laws and regulations under enforcement ,and influences decision-making concerning eco-environment pro-tection and management of eco-environment in these countries.However ,in China ,there are no standardized guidelines and methods available for practical implementation of ERA.Four sets of ERA frameworks closely related to soil environ-ment pollution prevailing in the USA ,UK and Australia were taken as examples to introduce contents of international ERA frameworks.In addition ,analysis was done of directions of the development of researches on ERA framework of China ,taking into account the advancement in the study on methods for ERA in the fields of environmental impact assessment and pesticide safety assessment.
Key words :ecological risk assessment (ERA );ecological risk assessment framework ;management of environmental risk
收稿日期:2015-05-22
基金项目:环保公益性行业科研专项(201309005-4)①通信作者E-
mail :lys@nies.org 生态系统为人类的生存和发展提供了大量的物质材料,然而环境的严重污染使生态系统安全遭受着极大的威胁和压力。生态风险评价(ecological risk assessment ,ERA )源于环境风险管理政策,是评估、预测人为活动或不利事件对生态环境产生危害和不利影响的可能性的过程,以及对该风险可接受程度进行评估的技术方法体系,是制定相关生态质量基准、污染物环境控制标准的基础依据[1]。其
中,所谓的不利变化是指那些对于生态系统中重要的结构、功能和成分有预警作用的变化。生态风险评价可以确定风险源与生态效应间的关系,判断有毒有害物质对生态系统产生影响的概率,以及当前