基于solidworks机床夹具设计外文翻译详解

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SolidWorks的基础-毕业设计外文翻译

SolidWorks basisThis chapter pointsWith the PC, and the rapid development of CAD technology, in the past only in workstation environments, UNIX platform 3D design software applications, it is now the ordinary PC platform and the use of the Windows environment, become ordinary designers, engineers design tools. SolidWorks as a Windows environment of mechanical design software, has fully with the Windows user-friendly, simple operation of the characteristics of its powerful design features to satisfy the vast majority of mechanical product design needs.SolidWorks as a three-dimensional design software, a comprehensive parts and assembly modeling capabilities entities, and the model for analysis and processing, which automatically generate engineering drawings. In studying specific operations, it must first be correctly installed software to a computer, and then work with SolidWorks user interface, and by setting options to build a suitable working environment.This chapter includes:3D design software outlinedThe main features of SolidWorksInstallation and start SolidWorksSolidWorks user interfaceSet up the working environment of SolidWorks1.1 Summary of 3D design softwareCAD software category from the 20th century to the 1960s computer-aided geometric design was mainly to resolve the graphics on the computer display and describe the problem, then gradually raised wireframe, surface, geometric entities such as physical description model. Today, a total experienced the following stage.computer graphics stages: focused on solving computer graphics, surface expression, and other basic issues.technical parameters and characteristics of the stage: resolving CAD data control and modification.intelligent design stages: in the design of integrating more engineering knowledge and rules, to achieve a higher level of the computer-aided design.After 40 years of development, 3D design software has been developed from a simple drawings or product model generation tools, development can provide a wide range of engineering support, covering design intent expression of design standardization, serialization, and design results of the analysis can be created, interfere with the inspection process of judgement, design optimization, and many other aspects. 3D design the model can be converted to support CAE (computer-aided engineering) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) applications data format. 3D design these features meet the needs of the project, which have greatly increased the quality of product development and efficiency, greatly reducing the product design and development cycle.At present, large-scale manufacturing enterprises at home and abroad, the 3-D design software has been widely used. American companies such as Boeing use 3D designand related software, in the two and a half years, achieving the 777 non-design drawings. According to the traditional design work, the whole process requires at least four years. The company also works in the implementation of the widely used parallel engineering technology, in the CAD environment with the overall product virtual assembly, the number of correct design errors, thus ensuring that the design process of the short cycle, the outcome of the high-quality design and manufacturing process the fluency.The extensive use of three-dimensional design software can be divided into high-end and mid-range CAD systems, the high-end 3D CAD software mainly I-DEAS, UG, Pro / ENgineeR, CATIA, mid-range 3D CAD system mainly SolidWorks, SolidEdges, MDT, Inventor, etc.. The general manufacturing enterprises, and the powerful features of SolidWorks to complete the general design task, and it is its ease of use and efficiency has also aroused the concern of more and more users.3D design software experience from simple geometric model generation tools to technology to variable control of the product model, ultimately forming a complete enterprise digital process. 3D design software applications greatly enhance the efficiency of product design and development.Compared to 2D design (CAD), the biggest feature of the 3D design feature is the use of modeling techniques and the entire design process related technologies. 3D design software is not only a powerful modeling functions, but also provides a wide range of engineering support. Including a description of the design intent, design and design reuse, such as serialization.3D design into part design, assembly design and engineering drawings generated three stages. Related to the entire design process, makes any stage revised design will affect the other results of the design stage, thus maintaining the model in a variety of consistency in the design environment, thus improving design efficiency.1.1.1 Part DesignParts design is the basis of three-dimensional design. Parts are generally in the form of three-dimensional entities, as shown in Figure 1.1 for loading vehicles in the "bucket" model of spare parts. Parts entities from the point of view of modeling, parametric feature-based modeling and 3-D design has become a mainstream technology. In different parts of the processing entity known as the characteristics of different combinations of features on the formation of a three-dimensional solid model parts. Not only has the characteristics of the corresponding projects, but also through the topological relations between the characteristics and timing relations can be flexible control of modeling results.Parts of the three-dimensional solid model, in the design and manufacturing process to achieve the following features.generate engineering drawings parts.parts of the stress analysis and strength check.formed assembly, test the reasonableness of the design.formation of mold parts.generated NC code, direct machining.Figure 1.1 loader "bucket" model parts1.1.2 assembly design3D design software assembly is the basic function of one. Figure 1.2 shows the toys "loader" assembly model. In modern design, can make use of the existing three-dimensional model parts will be two or more parts in accordance with certain constraints relationship assembly, formation of virtual product assembly; also can be used to project more in line with the top-down assembly design approach , in the assembly environment, in reference to other parts of the assembly of the location and size of the design of the new parts and assembly. At the same time, the assembly has been expanded to more engineering fields, such as motion analysis, interference checking, etc.. 3D design software product assembly environment has become the basis for comprehensive performance verification environment.The use of virtual product assembly model, the following functions can be realized.a product of the true effect maps, verify that the product structure, analysis and design.products generated view of the explosion.the product movement analysis and dynamic simulation depicts moving parts specific point trajectory.the real effect of the product plans for the "conceptual design products."products generated simulation animation, presentation products assembly process. Figure 1.2 toys "loader" assembly model1.1.3 Engineering Graphics GenerationUse of parts and assembly solid model can be automatically generated assembly of parts and 2D engineering drawings. And compared to traditional CAD, 3D design software engineering drawings generated much simpler to operate, only specified model projection direction, insert size, and then details can be set up engineering drawings. Figure 1.3 shows the SolidWorks automatically generated as shown in Figure 1.1 and the "bucket" parts of the corresponding engineering drawings.Figure 1.3 "bucket" Engineering GraphicsSolidWorks 1.2 featuresSolidWorks is a Windows environment of 3D mechanical design software, it has the following characteristics.1. Simple, easy to learn and usesimple interface to facilitate the work.full support for Windows drag copying, and mobile technology for the characteristics of the shear, copy, paste and other operations.use SolidWorks help system can quickly grasp design method.localization using core, the whole Chinese language interface.2. Clear intuitive dynamic interfacedynamic tagging using different colours, and the parameters of the current operation remind designers objects can be marked so that designers are able to set in thegraphics features of the relevant parameters; mouse confirmed and rich quick menu design makes very easy parts ; characteristics of the establishment, regardless of what position the mouse pointer, and can be quickly set up a feature.District dynamic graphics preview features make the design process can be easily clear look at the design reasonable.pioneering features Manager will be able to record and process design of a tree FeatureManager design, enables designers can easily achieve management features of the management of spare parts and assembly and modification.dynamic activation attributes Manager can be very easy to attribute the Show Manager, modify such an operation.use of the property managers to reduce the dialog graphics, making the design more concise, crisp.configuration management provides the establishment and revision of the form of parts or assembly operations.3. Flexible sketching and inspection functionssketching state and characteristics have tended to define clearly marked, allowing designers easily identify the current operating state.sketching easy to use click - click or click - Drag draft drawn in two ways, in line with the general design habits.make sketches in the process of dynamic feedback and reasoning can be automatically added geometric constraint conditions, the draft of the use of different colors to distinguish the definition of reality draft status.can drag yuan draft plans to change graphics and numerical size and geometry. drawing can be used for pipeline design or scan three-dimensional characteristics of the draft.4. Powerful feature-based modeling of parts and assembly controlpowerful solid modeling functions.can easily achieve the dynamic characteristics and the draft revision.function of the sheet metal-forming tools makes use of simple drag function can establish sheet metal parts used shape.use Feature Palette window, simply drag characteristics can be set up quickly; management and use of the feature is very convenient.use of spare parts and assembly configurations can be achieved not only the existing design, build enterprise portfolio, but also enables the design of products.driven by Excel software components and configuration automatically generated assembly configuration.use of the light assembly functions can be quickly and efficiently to deal with large-scale assembly.can be animated and dynamic view of the assembly assembly movement. achievable in the assembly of intelligent assembly, the assembly can also be dynamic interference checking and clearance testing, as well as static interference checking.system provides both the bottom-up assembly, also provides top-down assembly method. This method allows engineers to assembly in the assembly in reference to theenvironment in other parts of the assembly of the location and size of the design of new parts, more in line with projects habits.5. Dynamic model associated engineering drawings generation capabilitiesuse RapidDraft (Drawing) engineering drawings, engineering drawings and can be three-dimensional model of a separate operation, so as to speed up the operation of engineering drawings.can always maintain a three-dimensional model with the view of the shape and size of the entire relationship.3D model can be automatically generated view of the project.flexible view of operations, can generate projection view and cross-section of local enlarged view.6. Easy data exchangethrough standard data formats and other CAD data exchange software.provide diagnostic data input function, which allows users to input geometric entities in the implementation of simplified, model error, as well as re-established remove redundant topology.to provide a free plug-in the form of the data interface can be easily with other 3D design software (such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG, MDT, SolidEdges, etc.) data exchange.DWG / DXF file conversion wizard can be established by other software engineering graphics file conversion of engineering drawings into SolidWorks document.3D model can be exported into standard data formats, engineering drawings can also be output as DWG / DXF file format.7. Supported collaborative work3D Meeting is based on Microsoft's NetMeeting technology developed specifically for SolidWorks design staff to work together to provide the environment. 3 D Meeting can be used through the network of real-time collaborative work.support Web directory, design data can be stored in the folder, as in the local hard disk storage as easy.8. Facilitate the development of expansionProvide a free, open, full-featured API interface development tools, according to the actual situation of Visual C + +, Visual Basic, VBA or other OLE development process secondary development of SolidWorks.9. Support network exchangeSolidWorks design with the new products can be released into the Internet, so that is not installed SolidWorks customers via a Web browser to view it very easy for the remote release of new products and exchanges.10. Rich 3D performance meansSolidWorks provide animation features, AVI file can be generated.SolidWorks through plug-in enables users to easily produce high-quality PhotoWorks rendering map, including a wealth of material and texture, user-definable lighting, reflection, transparency, and background settings.11. Facilitate the engineering analysisSolidWorks has many plug-in, engineers can provide a wide range of engineering analysis tools, such as finite element method can be used for rapid stress, deformation, frequency, thermal efficiency, power, fatigue, and electromagnetic engineering analysis of a number of items of COSMOS / Works, Motion analysis of the agency Mechanical Dynamics, which can carry out the analysis of the heat FloWorks such as plug-ins can not only make use of SolidWorks 3D solid modeling, but also enables the software to become a powerful computer-aided engineering analysis tools. SolidWorks的基础本章要点随着个人电脑和CAD技术的飞速发展，过去只有在工作站环境中，UNIX平台的三维设计软件，它是目前普通PC平台和Windows环境下使用，成为普通的设计师，工程师的设计工具。

夹具设计外文翻译

Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designFixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1. Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.1.2 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formedcorrespondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components，main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2. Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.2.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.2.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.3. ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。

Solidworks术语中英文对照

插入到工程图内以记录在装配体中所使用的零件之表格。
blend
混合
Seefillet.
请参阅圆角。
block
块
A user-defined annotation that you can use in parts, assemblies, and drawings. A block can contain text, sketch entities (except points), and area hatch, and it can be saved in a file for later use as, for example, a custom callout or a company logo.
给零件、装配体或工程图添加特定设计意图的文字摘要或符号。特定类型的注解包括注释、孔标注、表面粗糙度符号、基准特征符号、基准目标、形位公差符号、焊接符号、零件序号以及层叠零件序号。只应用于工程图的注解包括中心符号线、注解中心线、区域剖面线以及块。
appearance callouts
外观标注
Callouts that display the colors and textures of the face, feature, body, and part under the entity selected and are a shortcut to editing colors and textures.
在装配体中标注零件，通常包括一项目号和数量。在工程图中，项目号与材料明细表(BOM)中的行数关联。另请参阅成组的零件序号。
base
基体
The first solid feature of a part.
零件的第一个实体特征。

机械加工工艺装备夹具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

外语文献翻译摘自: 《制造工程与技术（机加工）》（英文版）《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology —Machining 》机械工业出版社 2004年3月第1版页—564560P美 s. 卡尔帕基安(Serope kalpakjian)s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、 Chip control.Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. Inmanufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primaryshear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on thetool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interfaceand wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. Atroom temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surfacefinish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low,although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid,however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from C ︒80 to C ︒160 (F ︒175to F ︒315), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients duringcutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and aredifficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride.SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.译文：20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。

机床基础机械加工工艺夹具类外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

外文翻译专业机械设计制造及自动化学生姓名孙道德班级BMZ机制031学号0361440120指导教师刘必荣附件1:机床基础范云涨著孙道德译摘要:在许多情况下初步加工成型的产品必须在尺寸和表面光洁度方面经过进一步的加工以满足设计要求。

为了满足这么高要求的尺寸，去除少量的材料是必需的。

机床通常用于执行这样的操作。

关键字：机床；车床机床介绍：机床加工作为产生形状的一种方法是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的并且是最重要的方法。

机床加工是一种成型的过程通过电机驱动，材料以切屑的形式被去除。

大多数的机床加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。

尽管在某些场合，工件无支承情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工。

小批量生产低费用。

机床加工在制造过程中有两个方面。

对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。

靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形状。

一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以从任何种类原材料开始，借助机床加工把原材料加工成任意所要求的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。

因此对于生产一个零件，通常选择机床加工甚至于当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按理都适于用铸造、锻造或压力加工来生产的。

高的精度和良好表面光洁度。

机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。

许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。

另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提供其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面上才进行机械加工。

例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。

再如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是在被锻后进行机械加工才完成的。

在美国材料切削业是一个很大的产业——费用每年超过36×109美元，包括材料，劳动力，管理费，机床装运费等所花的费用。

机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。

工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。

其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。

车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。

为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。

用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。

镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。

钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。

大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。

用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。

铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。

铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。

攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。

铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。

铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。

有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。

铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。

牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。

用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。

在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。

工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。

磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。

根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。

精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。

车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。

车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。

车刀的这种位移称为进给。

车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。

溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。

Solidworks术语中英文对照

area hatch
区域剖面线
A crosshatch pattern or fill applied to a selected fa
C应用到一所选的面或工程图中一关闭的草图
or to a closed sketch in a draw ing. Seeosshatch
上的剖面线样式或填充。另请参阅剖面线。
(1)附加到注释、块、或其它注解的引线端点。
block, or other anno tati on. Seettachme nt point (2)
另请参阅附加点。(2)图纸格式包含材料明细
Sheet formats con tai n an chor poi nts for a bill of
表、孔表、修订表、以及焊件切割清单的定位
connecting rod or cyli nder. This new assembly ca
n装配体。SolidWorks装配体文件名称的扩展名
the n be used as a subassembly in an assembly o'
:an
engine. The extension for a SolidWorks assembly n ame is .SLDASM. Seeubassemblymate.
ra同的文件内。例如，活塞是一个可在装配体内
from the assembly. For example, in an assembly,
a与其它零件，如连杆或室，相配合的零件。此
piston can be mated to other parts, such as a
活塞装配体然后可在发动机装配体中用作子
,准目标、形位公差符号、焊接符号、零件序号

SolidWorks的基础-毕业设计外文翻译

Solidworks 2014 术语(中英文对照)

有助于排列注解和尺寸（左对齐、右对齐、上对齐、下对齐、等）的工具。有关在装配体中对齐零件，请参阅配合。
alternate position view
交替位置视图
A drawing view in which one or more views are superimposed in phantom lines on the original view. Alternate position views are often used to show range of motion of an assembly.
英文词
中文词
英文解释
中文解释
absorbed
吸收
A feature, sketch, or annotation that is contained in another item (usually a feature) in the FeatureManager design tree. Examples are the profile sketch and profile path in a base-sweep, or a cosmetic thread annotation in a hole.
(1)附加到注释、块、或其它注解的引线端点。另请参阅附加点。(2)图纸格式包含材料明细表、孔表、修订表、以及焊件切割清单的定位点。
annotation
注解
A text note or a symbol that adds specific design intent to a part, assembly, or drawing. Specific types of annotations include note, hole callout, surface finish symbol, datum feature symbol, datum target, geometric tolerance symbol, weld symbol, balloon, and stacked balloon. Annotations that apply only to drawings include center mark, annotation centerline, area hatch, and block.

数控机床外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

数控机床外文文献翻译、中英文翻译原文一CNC machine toolsOutdate, J. and Joe, J. Configuration Synthesis of Machining Centers with Tool，JohnWiley & sons, 2001While the specific intention and application for CNC machines vary from one machine type to another, all forms of CNC have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by CNC equipment.The first benefit offered by all forms of CNC machine tools is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing work pieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many CNC machines can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the CNC user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each work piece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the CNC operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing work pieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of CNC technology is consistent and accurate work pieces. T oday's CNC machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical work pieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency.A third benefit offered by most forms of CNC machine toolsis flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpiece is almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today's just-in-time (JIT) product requirements.Motion control - the heart of CNCThe most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, CNC machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid, linear, and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (federate) are programmable with almost all CNC machine tools.A CNC command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw.And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedbackdevice (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Refer to fig.1.fig.1 typical drive system of a CNC machine toolThough a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a CNC machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systemsIt would be infeasible for the CNC user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount4. (This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all CNC controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with CNC machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a CNC program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed forthe program can be taken directly from the print.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to fig.2, 3.fig.2, 3.Understanding absolute versus incremental motionAll discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common CNC word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), endpoints for motions are specified from the tool's current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking "How far should I move the tool?" While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode.Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners have the tendency to think incrementally. If working in the absolute mode (as beginners should), the programmer should always be asking "To what position should the tool be moved?" This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position.Aside from making it very easy to determine the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect.Assigning program zeroKeep in mind that the CNC control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one CNC machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possiblyat the beginning of each tool.Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets.fig.4 assign program zero through G54Flexible manufacturing cellsA flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS:1.An FMC is not under the direct control of thecentral computer. Instead, instructions from the centralcomputer are passed to the cell controller.2.The cell is limited in the number of part families itcan manufacture.The following elements are normally found in an FMC:Cell controllerProgrammable logic controller (PLC)More than one machine toolA materials handling device (robot or pallet)The FMC executes fixed machining operations with parts flowing sequentially between operations.High speed machiningThe term High Speed Machining (HSM) commonly refers to end milling at high rotational speeds and high surface feeds. For instance, the routing of pockets in aluminum airframe sections with a very high material removal rate1. Refer to fig.5 for the cutting data designations and for mulas. Over the past 60 years, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic workpiece materials, including the production of components with specific surface topography requirements and machining of materials with hardness of 50 HRC and above. With most steel components hardened to approximately 32-42 HRC, machining options currently include:Fig.5 cutting datarough machining and semi-finishing of the material in its soft (annealed) condition heat treatment to achieve the final required hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of specific parts of dies and moulds (specifically small radii and deep cavities with limited accessibility for metal cutting tools) finishing and super-finishing of cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces with appropriate cemented carbide, cermets, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN)For many components, the production process involves acombination of these options and in the case of dies and moulds it also includes time consuming hand finishing. Consequently, production costs can be high and lead times excessive.It is typical in the die and mould industry to produce one or just a few tools of the same design. The process involves constant changes to the design, and because of these changes there is also a corresponding need for measuring and reverse engineering.The main criteria are the quality level of the die or mould regarding dimensional, geometric and surface accuracy. If the quality level after machining is poor and if it cannot meet the requirements, there will be a varying need of manual finishing work. This work produces satisfactory surface accuracy, but it always has a negative impact on the dimensional and geometric accuracy.One of the main aims for the die and mould industry has been, and still is, to reduce or eliminate the need for manual polishing and thus improve the quality and shorten the production costs and lead times.Main economical and technical factors for the development of HSMSurvivalThe ever increasing competition in the marketplace is continually setting new standards. The demands on time and cost efficiency is getting higher and higher. This has forced the development of new processes and production techniques to take place. HSM provides hope and solutions...MaterialsThe development of new, more difficult to machine materials has underlined the necessity to find new machining solutions.The aerospace industry has its heat resistant and stainless steel alloys. The automotive industry has different bimetal compositions, Compact Graphite Iron and an ever increasing volume of aluminum3. The die and mould industry mainly has to face the problem of machining high hardened tool steels, from roughing to finishing.QualityThe demand for higher component or product quality is the result of ever increasing competition. HSM, if applied correctly, offers a number of solutions in thisarea. Substitution of manual finishing is one example, which is especially important on dies and moulds or components with a complex 3D geometry.ProcessesThe demands on shorter throughput times via fewer setups and simplified flows (logistics) can in most cases, be solved by HSM. A typical target within the die and mould industry is to completely machine fully hardened small sized tools in one setup. Costly and time consuming EDM processes can also be reduced or eliminated with HSM.Design & developmentOne of the main tools in today's competition is to sell products on the value of novelty. The average product life cycle on cars today is 4 years, computers and accessories 1.5 years, hand phones 3 months... One of the prerequisites of this development of fast design changes and rapid product development time is the HSM technique.Complex productsThere is an increase of multi-functional surfaces on components, such as new design of turbine blades giving newand optimized functions and features. Earlier designs allowed polishing by hand or with robots (manipulators). Turbine blades with new, more sophisticated designs have to be finished via machining and preferably by HSM . There are also more and more examples of thin walled workpiece that have to be machined (medical equipment, electronics, defense products, computer parts).Production equipmentThe strong development of cutting materials, holding tools, machine tools, controls and especially CAD/CAM features and equipment, has opened possibilities that must be met with new production methods and techniques5.Definition of HSMSalomon's theory, "Machining with high cutting speeds..." on which, in 1931, took out a German patent, assumes that "at a certain cutting speed (5-10 times higher than in conventional machining), the chip removal temperature at the cutting edge will start to decrease...".See fig.6.Fig.6 chip removal temperature as a result of the cutting speedGiven the conclusion:" ... seems to give a chance to improve productivity in machining with conventional tools at high cutting speeds..."Modern research, unfortunately, has not been able to verifythis theory totally. There is a relative decrease of the temperature at the cutting edge that starts at certain cutting speeds for different materials.The decrease is small for steel and cast iron. But larger for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The definition of HSM must be based on other factors.Given today's technology, "high speed" is generally accepted to mean surface speeds between 1 and 10 kilometers perminute, or roughly 3 300 to 33 000 feet per minute. Speeds above 10 km/min are in the ultra-high speed category, and are largely the realm of experimental metal cutting. Obviously, the spindle rotations required to achieve these surface cutting speeds are directly related to the diameter of the tools being used. One trend which is very evident today is the use of very large cutter diameters for these applications - and this has important implications for tool design.There are many opinions, many myths and many different ways to define HSM. Maintenance and troubleshooting Maintenance for a horizontal MCThe following is a list of required regular maintenance for a Horizontal Machining Center as shown in fig.7. Listed are the frequency of service, capacities, and type of fluids required. These required specifications must be followed in order to keep your machine in good working order and protect your warranty.Fig. 7 horizontal machining centerDailyTop off coolant level every eight hour shift (especially during heavy TSC usage).Check way lube lubrication tank level.Clean chips from way covers and bottom pan.Clean chips from tool changer.Wipe spindle taper with a clean cloth rag and apply light oil.WeeklyCheck for proper operation of auto drain on filter regulator. See fig. 8Fig. 8 way lube and pneumaticsOn machines with the TSC option, clean the chip basket on the coolant tank.Remove the tank cover and remove any sediment inside the tank. Be careful to disconnect the coolant pump from the controller and POWER OFF the control before working on the coolant tank. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option.Check air gauge/regulator for 85 psi.For machines with the TSC option, place a dab of grease on the V-flange of tools. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option.Clean exterior surfaces with mild cleaner. DO NOT usesolvents.Check the hydraulic counterbalance pressure according to the machine's specifications.Place a dab of grease on the outside edge of the fingers of the tool changer and run through all tools".MonthlyCheck oil level in gearbox. Add oil until oil begins dripping from over flow tube at bottom of sump tank.Clean pads on bottom of pallets.Clean the locating pads on the A-axis and the load station. This requires removing the pallet.Inspect way covers for proper operation and lubricate with light oil, if necessary.Six monthsReplace coolant and thoroughly clean the coolant tank.Check all hoses and lubrication lines for cracking.AnnuallyReplace the gearbox oil. Drain the oil from the gearbox, and slowly refill it with 2 quarts of Mobil DTE 25 oil.Check oil filter and clean out residue at bottom for the lubrication chart.Replace air filter on control box every 2 years.Mineral cutting oils will damage rubber based components throughout the machine.TroubleshootingThis section is intended for use in determining the solution to a known problem. Solutions given are intended to give the individual servicing the CNC a pattern to follow in, first, determining the problem's source and, second, solving the problem.Use common senseMany problems are easily overcome by correctly evaluating the situation. All machine operations are composed of a program, tools, and tooling. You must look at all three before blaming one as the fault area. If a bored hole is chattering because of an overextended boring bar, don't expect the machine to correct the fault.Don't suspect machine accuracy if the vise bends the part. Don't claim hole miss-positioning if you don't first center-drill the hole.Find the problem firstMany mechanics tear into things before they understand the problem, hoping that it will appear as they go. We know this from the fact that more than half of all warranty returned parts are in good working order. If the spindle doesn't turn, remember that the spindle is connected to the gear box, which is connected to the spindle motor, which is driven by the spindle drive, which is connected to the I/O BOARD, which is driven by the MOCON, which is driven by the processor. The moral here is doing replace the spindle drives if the belt is broken. Find the problem first; don't just replace the easiest part to get to.Don tinker with the machineThere are hundreds of parameters, wires, switches, etc., that you can change in this machine. Don't start randomly changing parts and parameters. Remember, there is a good chance that if you change something, you will incorrectly install it or break something else in the process6. Consider for a moment changing the processor's board. First, you have to download all parameters, remove a dozen connectors, replace the board, reconnect and reload, and if you make one mistake or bend one tiny pin itWON'T WORK. You always need to consider the risk of accidentally damaging the machine anytime you work on it. It is cheap insurance to double-check a suspect part before physically changing it. The less work you do on the machine the better.译文一数控机床虽然各种数控机床的功能和应用各不相同，但它们有着共同的优点。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译71车床夹具设计分析

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译71车床夹具设计分析附录ALathe fixture design and analysisMa Feiyue(School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022,China)Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points.Keywords: lathe fixture; design; pointsLathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle.THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTUREInstalled on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixtureInstalled in the fixture on the lathe spindle in addition to three-jaw chuck, four jaw chuck, faceplate, front and rear dial with heart-shaped thimble and a combination of general-purpose lathe fixture folder outside (as these fixtures have been standardized and machine tool accessories, can be purchased when needed do not have to re-design), usually need to design special lathe fixture. Common special lathe folder with the following types.Fixture took disc latheThis process is to find the generic is installed on the faceplate is difficult to ensure the accuracy of the workpiece, so the need to design special lathe fixture. The lathe fixture design process, first select the cylindrical workpieceand the end cylinder B, the semi-circular surface finishing (finishing second circularsurface when the car has been good with circular surface) is positioned datum, limit of six degrees of freedom, in line with the principle of base overlap.The work piece fixture to ensure the accuracy of measures:The workpiece fixture to ensure the accuracy of measures:(1) tool by the workpiece machining position relative to the guarantee. (2) symmetry of size 0.02. Rely on sets of holes5.56h Φ22.5Φ0.023023+Φ0.023023+Φ180.02±and positioning theworkpiece with the precision of andlocate the position of dimensional accuracy and process specification requirements to ensure that the same parts of the four circular surface must be processed on the same pins.(3) all fixtures and clip bushing hole axis vertical concrete face A tolerance of .because the A side is the fixture with the lathe when the transition assembly base plate installed.(4) specific folder on the-hole plate with the transition to the benchmarks pin design requires processing each batch of parts to be sold in the transitional disk with a coat made of a tight match, and the local processing of the face plate to reduce the transition fixture on the set of small errors.The angle iron fixtureIf the processing technology for the and, drilling, boring, reaming process scheme. Boring is required in the face A face of finishing B ( range) and the A, B sides and the holeaxis face runout does not exceed . In addition, the processing of -hole, you should also ensure that its axis with the axis of the degree of tolerance for the uranium ; size 5.56h Φ0.0100.00220.5++Φ0.005mm 207H Φ20Φ0.0102.5+Φ0.0110.00510++Φ12Φ10Φ0.02mm2.5Φ0.0110.00510++Φ0.01mm Φ10Φand the location of ; and and of the axis of the axis of displacement tolerance not more than .Based on the above analysis on the part of process size, choose the -hole on the workpiece surface and M, N two planes to locate the benchmark.Installed on the lathe pallet fixtureLimited equipment in the factory, similar to the shape of the parts box, its small size, designed for easy installation without turning the main pumping in the fixture, you can drag the panel removal tool holder, fixture and workpiece mounted on the pallet. Processing, mounted on the lathe tool on the main primary uranium movement, feed the work piece for movement, so you can expand the scope of application of lathe.LATHE FIXTURE DESIGN POINTSThe design features of the positioning deviceLathe fixture positioning device in the design, in addition to considering the limited degrees of freedom, the most important thing is to make the surface of the workpiece axis coincides with the 15.50.1±80.1mm ± 2.5Φ10Φ17.5Φ0.02mm 17.5Φaxis of spindle rotation. This is described in the previous twosets of lathe fixture when special emphasis. In addition, the positioning device components in the specific folder location on the workpiece surface accuracy and dimensional accuracy of the location has a direct relationship, so the total figure on the fixture, be sure to mark the location positioning device dimensions and tolerances, and acceptance as a fixture conditions.Jig weight design requirementsProcessing in the lathe, the workpiece rotation together with the fixture will be a great centrifugal force and the centrifugal force increases sharply with increasing speed. This precision machining, processing, and the vibration would affect the surface quality of parts. Therefore, the lathe fixture between devices should pay attention to the layout of equipment necessary to balance the design weights.Dlamping device design requirementsLathe fixture in the course of their work should be the role of centrifugal force and cutting force, the size of its force and direction of the workpiece position relative to the base is changing. Therefore, a sufficient clamping device clamping force and a good self-locking.To ensure safe and reliable clamping. However, the clamping force can not be too large, and require a reasonable layout of the force, and will not undermine the accuracy of the location positioning device.Llathe fixture connection with the machine tool spindle design Lathe fixture connected with the spindle directly affects the accuracy of the rotary fixture accuracy, resulting in errors in the workpiece. Therefore, the required fixture rotation axis lathe spindle axis with high concentricity.Lathe fixture connected with the spindle structure,depending on the spindle when turning the front of the structure model is confirmed, by machine instructions or the manual check on. Lathe spindle nose are generally outside the car with cone and cone, or a journal and other structures with the flange end connections to the fixture base. Note, however, check the manual should be used with caution, because many manufacturers of machine tools, machine tools of similar size may differ. The most reliable method for determining, or to field measurements in order to avoid errors or losses. Determine the fixture and the spindle connecting structure, generally based on fixture size of the size of the radial: radialdimension less than , or small lathe fixture. Pairs of fixture requirements of the overall structureLathe fixture generally work in the state of the cantilever in order to ensure process stability, compact fixture structure should be simple, lightweight and safe, overhang length to as small as possible, the center of gravity close to the front spindle bearing. Fixture overhang length L and the ratio of outer diameter D profile can refer to the following values used: Less than the diameter D in fixture, ;Diameter D between the fixture in ,; Fixture diameter D is greater than , .To ensure security, installed in the specific folder on the components of the folder is not allowed out beyond the specific diameter, should also consider cutting the wound and coolant splash and other issues affecting safe operation.References140mm (23)D d <-150mm 1.25L D ≤150300mm :0.9L D ≤300mm 0.6L D ≤[1] Chen Guofu. Lathe fixture [J]. Mechanical workers. Cold,2000 (12)[2] Dong Yuming. Yang Hongyu. Fixture design in the common problems [J]. Mechanical workers. Cold, 2005 (1)[3] Liu Juncheng The machine clamps the clamping force in the design process calculations [J]. tool technology, 2007 (6) 附录B车床夹具设计分析（合肥学院机械工程系，安徽合肥230022）摘要：从车床夹具的主要类型着手，对花盘式车床夹具和角铁式夹具进行了介绍，并在此基础上分析了车床夹具设计要点。

机械加工夹具毕业外文翻译、加工基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

山东轻工业学院中英文翻译专业：机械电子工程本姓名：准考证号：外文出处：(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the workpiece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, however, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare part, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shapeof the surface. It is only necessary precision and chooses only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe: the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate; it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。

机械类中英文翻译、外文翻译——机床刀具设计

英语原文：Design Of Tool Machine PropResearch significanceThe original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.1.System components and control structureThe entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principleTool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloidreducer through sprocket drive.2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.1.1.2.Electrical Control SystemThis tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.图 1 Tool Control System for the1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.1.2.The functions of the knifeknife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.mon typesThe knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:(1) the turret knifeIncluding the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):(2) the disc cutterDisc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions,applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compactlayout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.(3) the chain knifeIncluding single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), thebasic structure shown inFigure 2. 8 doFeatures: knife apply tothe larger capacity of theoccasion, the space of thesmall number ofgenerally applicable tothe tool in the 30-120.Only increase the lengthof the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of itsmoment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.(4) linear combination knife and the knife libraryThe linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.1.4 Tool storage capacityTool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure iscompact.1.5 Tool options(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.1.6.Control of the knife(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliablepositioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application 2.1 Auto Rotary ToolRotary Tool automatically onthe use of CNC machine tool is asimple installation of automatic toolchange, the Quartet and 47.60 TurretTool various forms, such as rotaryturret were installed on four, six ormore of the Tool , NC instructions byATC. Rotary Tool has two verticaland horizontal, relatively simplestructure, applicable to economicCNC lathe.Rotary Tool in the structure musthave good strength and stiffness,resistance to bear rough Cutting Toolin the cutting force and reduce therole of deformation and improveprocessing accuracy. Rotating Toolto choose reliable positioningprogramme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 º rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 º rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage ofsimple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 º "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.2. 2 ATC head-turret installedWith rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 º, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed. 2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool changeFigure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig.Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can notmeet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election3. 1Common methods of automatic election knifeAutomatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random sequence election knives and knife election method.3.1.1 order election knifeTool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife. 3.1.2Random election knifeRandom election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knifeblocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified.3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys.First to knives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers.ConclusionFocused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.译文：机床刀具设计课题研究意义机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。

solidworks 术语中英文对照

从工程图中的相同边线或顶点所测量的尺寸组。请参阅尺寸链。
bend
折弯
A feature in a sheet metal part. A bend generated from a filleted corner, cylindrical face, or conical face is a round bend; a bend generated from sketched straight lines is a sharp bend.
可用来生成模型几何体、特征、或阵列的直线。轴可以无数方法制作，包括使用两个基准面的交叉处。另请参阅临时轴、参考几何体。
balloon
零件序号
Labels parts in an assembly, typically including item numbers and quantity. In drawings, the item numbers are related to rows in a bill of materials (BOM). Seestacked balloon.
一想象由SolidWorks所生成的框，完全包揽模型、零部件、或工程视图。
broken-out section
断开的剖视图
A drawing view that exposes inner details of a drawing view by removing material from a closed profile, usually a spline.
应用到一所选的面或工程图中一关闭的草图上的剖面线样式或填充。另请参阅剖面线。
assembly
装配体
A document in which parts, features, and other assemblies (subassemblies) are mated together. The parts and subassemblies exist in documents separate from the assembly. For example, in an assembly, a piston can be mated to other parts, such as a connecting rod or cylinder. This new assembly can then be used as a subassembly in an assembly of an engine. The extension for a SolidWorks assembly file name is .SLDASM. Seesubassembly,mate.

solidworks 术语中英文对照

在所选的项目下显示面、特征、实体和零件的颜色和纹理的标注，是一种编辑颜色和纹理的快捷方式
area hatch
区域剖面线
A crosshatch pattern or fill applied to a selected face or to a closed sketch in a drawing. Seecrosshatch.
可用来生成模型几何体、特征、或阵列的直线。轴可以无数方法制作，包括使用两个基准面的交叉处。另请参阅临时轴、参考几何体。
balloon
零件序号
Labels parts in an assembly, typically including item numbers and quantity. In drawings, the item numbers are related to rows in a bill of materials (BOM). Seestacked balloon.
附加点
The end of a leader that attaches to the model (to an edge, vertex, or face, for example) or to a drawing sheet. Seeanchor point.
依附到模型（如依附到边线、顶点、或面）或工程图纸的引线的端点。参阅定位点（anchor point）。
一想象由SolidWorks所生成的框，完全包揽模型、零部件、或工程视图。
broken-out section
断开的剖视图
A drawing view that exposes inner details of a drawing view by removing material from a closed profile, usually a spline.

Solidworks术语(中英双语)

英文词中文词英文解释中文解释absorbed 吸收 A feature, sketch, or annotation that is contained inanother item (usually a feature) in the FeatureManagerdesign tree. Examples are the profile sketch and profilepath in a base-sweep, or a cosmetic thread annotation in ahole. 包含在 FeatureManager 设计树另一项目（通常是特征）中的特征、草图、或注解。

例如，直孔中基体扫描或装饰螺蚊线注解中的轮廓草图和轮廓路径。

align 对齐Tools that assist in lining up annotations and dimensions(left, right, top, bottom, and so on). For aligning parts inan assembly, see mate. 有助于排列注解和尺寸（左对齐、右对齐、上对齐、下对齐、等）的工具。

有关在装配体中对齐零件，请参阅配合。

alternate position view 交替位置视图 A drawing view in which one or more views aresuperimposed in phantom lines on the original view.Alternate position views are often used to show range ofmotion of an assembly. 一个或多个视图以幻影线叠加于原有视图之上的工程视图。

交替位置视图常用于显示装配体的运动范围。

anchor point 定位点(1) The end of a leader that attaches to the note, block, orother annotation. See attachment point. (2) Sheet formatscontain anchor points for a bill of materials, a hole table,a revision table, and a weldment cut list. (1) 附加到注释、块、或其它注解的引线端点。

外文翻译--基于SOLIDWORKS和MASTERCAM一体的CAD CAM研究

相关中英文翻译资料资料题目：基于SolidWorks和MasterCAM一体的CAD/ CAM研究学生姓名：所在院系：机电学院所学专业：机电技术教育Moulds CAD/CAM Based on SolidWorks and MasterCAMAbstract: SolidWorks is a famous software for moulds design，MasterCAM is a popular software of NC machining. This paper aims at taking full advantages of this two kinds of software to design and manufacture mould. Through the example of designing and manufacturing of cell phone cover mould，expound the method and technological process of NC machining by using this two kinds of software. Keywords: SolidWorks,MasterCAM,CAD/CAM,NC Machining1 SolidWorks and MasterCAM introduceThe SolidWorks software belongs to the end three dimensional CAD software, is Dassault System Corporation serves under somebody's banner the SolidWorks subsidiary company the product, the software the most major characteristic is easy to study easily to use, easy to grasp, is low to hardware's request. Moreover, around the world several hundred companies developed the specialized project application system based on SolidWork* to integrate SolidWorks as the plug-in unit in the software contact surface, including mold design, manufacture, analysis, product demonstration, data conversion and so on, caused it to become has the practical application solution software system, but must realize the application in the project to need other modules the support. MasterCAM American NC Software Corporation develops the development the CAD/CAM system software, as a result of remarkable processing the function, has the numerous faithful users in the world, pan-is applied in machine domains and so on weapon, aviation, shipbuilding, mold. However the MasterCAM design (CAD) function is relatively weak, when carries on the complex surface modeling one is quite difficult, but this is precisely the SolidWorks superiority is. This article was the MasterCAM software has provided DXF, I(}ES, CADL, VDA, STL, PA- RASLD, DWG and so on standard graph transformation connection, may graph transformation cost system's graphic file which produced other CAD software, realized graphic file sharing. Establishes the model postselection reasonable processing way, using the MasterCAM turning, the milling and the line cutting module can establish highly effective the each numerical control processing program, facilitates realizes the graph carving function quickly. therefore carries on the CAD design using SolidWorks, unifies MasterCAM to carry on the numerical controlprocessing, becomes the current mold enterprise priority selection CAD/CAM way Below has take the handset cover mold as an example, introduced that SolidWorks unifies MasterCAM9. 0 in mold design and processing aspect application. 2Based on the SolidWorks handset cover mold designsThe SolidWorks software has the very strong modelling function, uses its stretch, the excision, the drill hole, the bevel edge, to pull out orders and so on shell, curve surface to be possible to complete each type the components design.2. 1 primitive design modelBy the hand canopy example, uses the SolidWorks software choice components, chooses the schematic diagram first and draws up the schematic diagram, carries on the size restraint and the geometry relations restraint, then carries on production three dimensional block diagrams and so on stretch, excision, drill hole, bevel edge.2. 2 Handset outer covering manufacture processes(1) SolidWorks handset outer covering manufacture like above turns on the components cartography frame, the choice “the foresight”, the insertion “the reduced plane 1,” in “the frame inputs in “the equal-space distance 10”, establishes the reduced plane 1, like Figure 1·Figure 1 the reduced plane establishesOn draws up the ellipse graph in “the head-on view”, the choice “th e tool/schematic diagram” the plan “tool/cutting out” the straight line carries on cutting out, the size establishment to the ellipse, like Figure 2.On draws up 1 the same graph in the reduced plane”, the choice “the insertion/lug boss substrate/lofting”, springs the lofting dialog box, in the frame chooses “the schematic diagram separately in “the outline” 1” and “the schematic diagram 2”, selects on the graph the superficial sideline to its round angle, the radiusis 10 mm, like Figure 3The choice “the tool/schematic diagram plan entity/writing” on the graph the superficial plan writing, then the click “stretches the lug boss/substrate” the button, depth 1mm, effect like chart 4(2)The Mastercam handset outer covering simulation processesOpens the Mastercam operation contact surface, clicks on File/Converters/IGES/Read file, found saves the document and opens, then completed Solidworks and the Mastercam graphic file transformation, as shown in Figure 5 Then passes through the different step①Processing spot selection,②Cutting tool choice,③Cutting tool parameter establishment (Figure 6),④Processing way establishment,⑤Rough machining parameter establishment,⑥Establishments and so on precision work parameter establishment, complete the hand cabinet's numerical control automatic programming) to select the chart not sideline and to carry on the establishment finally according to the chart.Completes above each technological parameter establishment, passes through the following processing step simulation (Figure 7} to take shape finally like Figure 8.①Contour milling;②In writing superficial milling;③On shell superficial milling;④Circumference rough machining;⑤System generation procedure (Figure 9).Using MasterCAM9. 0 post-processing modules, select the engine bed correspondence numerical control system's post processor to produce the numerical control procedure. Selects MPFAN. PST document MasterCAM9. 0 will produce suits this engine bed movement the numerical control procedure. The MasterCAM software system has developed in view of many numerical control systems with it match post-processing document (for example FANUC, SIEMENS, MITSUBISHI and so on), the selection corresponding post-processing document, then the direct production specific numerical control system needs numerical control processing program. Because this system is the domestically produced Nanjing Huaxing 21M numerical control system, in the MasterCAM software system not the post-processing document which matches with it, the automatic production's NC procedure cannot the direct transmission carry on the processing for the numerically-controlled machine tool, needs to make the simple revision. The revision finished then the file transfer for the numerically-controlled machine tool, completed the work piece the processing.Has mainly made the following three aspect revision to the automatic production's numerical control procedure. ①Obliterates the procedure to begin,section tail some regarding the system not essential explanation explanatory procedure code, uses in exchange cutting tool's explanation among the procedure also to delete. For example:%00000(PROGRAM NAME一BB1)(DATE=DD一MM一YY一06一05 TIME=HH:MM一10;45)N0 G21N2 GO G17 G40 G49 G80 G90(16. FLAT ENDMILL TOOL.一1 DIA..OFF.一1. LEN. 一1DIA. 一4—）②Obliterates the wooden system definition the instruction-code.For example: N4T1 M6 obliterates M6; N 6 G 0 G 90 X 170. Y 190. A0. S5OOM3 obliterates AO③Replaces in the procedure with this system expression way different procedure code (for example form, mark and so on), enables the system the correct recognizer, gains ideal processing components For example: N8 G43 H1 Z50 recasts N8 G42G01 Z50; N1922M30 recasts N 1922 M022ConclusionIntroduced the SolidWorks software and the MasterCAM 9. 0 software's functional module and the work flow. Introduced the SolidWorks software and the MasterCAM 9. 0 software's some base wooden operation in detail take the handset outer covering teaching model as the example, including CAD components geometric modeling, CAM components analog simulation processing, NC code post-processing process three parts. In addition, but also introduced the SolidWorks software and the MasterCAM software graphic file transformation. Its intellectualized 3D cartography function and MasterCAM software has the graphic file transformation interface function unifies closely, realizes superior the design.SolidWorks software's CAD superiority and MasterCAM software's CAM superiority organic synthesis, may reduce the user to design and the processing cam time precisely greatly.Reference1 ultra, Zhang Baoshu. Based on pro/engineer and MasterCAM mold CAD/CAM casting technique, 2007(4); 5,191,5222 Lu Rongming. Designs and processes CAD/CAM and the manufacturing industry informationization based on pro/engineer and the MasterCAM mold, 2006(9)107yi108基于SolidWorks和MasterCAM一体的CAD/ CAM研究摘要: SolidWorks是著名的CAD设计软件，而MasterCAM是流行的数控加工软件。

solidworks 术语中英文对照

axis
基准轴
A straight line that can be used to create model geometry, features, or patterns. An axis can be made in a number of different ways, including using the intersection of two planes. Seetemporary axis,reference geometry.
从工程图中的相同边线或顶点所测量的尺寸组。请参阅尺寸链。
bend
折弯
A feature in a sheet metal part. A bend generated from a filleted corner, cylindrical face, or conical face is a round bend; a bend generated from sketched straight lines is a sharp bend.
一想象由SolidWorks所生成的框，完全包揽模型、零部件、或工程视图。
broken-out section
断开的剖视图
A drawing view that exposes inner details of a drawing view by removing material from a closed profile, usually a spline.
插入到工程图内以记录在装配体中所使用的零件之表格。
blend
混合
Seefillet.
请参阅圆角。
block
块
A user-defined annotation that you can use in parts, assemblies, and drawings. A block can contain text, sketch entities (except points), and area hatch, and it can be saved in a file for later use as, for example, a custom callout or a company logo.

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2604130359CNC Cutting Technology ReviewNumerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology.1, high-speed CNC machining meaningHigh speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency.With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas.The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting.In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is acan obtain good economic benefits and high speed, is the unity of technology and benefit.High-speed cutting technology is in the machine tool structure and materials, machine tool design, manufacturing technology, high-speed spindle system, high performance and fast feeding system, a high performance CNC system, tool holder system, high performance tool material and tool design and manufacturing technology, high efficiency and high precision measurement and testing technology, the mechanism of high speed cutting, high speed cutting process and other related hardware and software technology are fully integrated into the development foundation. Therefore, high speed cutting technology is a complex system engineering, is a with the related technology development and the development of the concept of.2, the superiority of high-speed CNC machiningDue to the large amplitude of the increase of the cutting speed, high speed machining technology not only improves the cutting productivity, and compared with the conventional cutting also has some obvious advantages: first, small cutting force: in high speed milling, cutting adopts the form of small quantities, high cutting speed, the cutting force is reduced by 30% compared to the conventional cutting, especially the radial cutting force greatly spindle bearing, tool, workpiece is reduced. Both to reduce tool wear, and effective control of the vibration machining system, improve the machining accuracy. Second, the material removal rate is high: the use of high speed cutting, cutting speed and feed rate are improved greatly, the same time the material removal rate is improved greatly. Thus greatly improve the processing efficiency. Third, thermal deformation small: in the high-speed cutting, cutting heat, most of the time to the work piece by the outflow of high-speed chip away, so the heating time of the machined surface is short, not because of the temperature rise leads to thermal deformation, is helpful to improve the surface accuracy, physical and mechanical properties of the machined surface processing method is better than the common. Fourth, high precision machining: high speed cutting usually feed is relatively small, so that the machined surface roughness is greatly reduced, at the same time as the cutting force is smaller than the conventional vibration cutting, machining system is reduced, the machining process more smoothly, so that good quality, can realize high accuracy, low degree of rough machining. Fifth, the green environmental protection: when high speed cutting, workpiece machining time is shortened, the use of energy and equipment rate, high processing efficiency, low processing energy consumption, at the same time, due to the high speed cutting can be achieved even without dry cutting, reduce the cutting fluid, reduce pollution and consumption.Research and application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, 3In view of the above characteristics of high speed machining, the technology has great application potential in the field of traditional processing weak. First of all, the workpiece for thin-wall parts and slender, uses the high-speed cutting, the cutting force is significantly reduced, the heat is chipping away, can be very good for using the traditional method of the deformation problem caused due to the influence of cutting force and cutting heat, greatly improving the processingquality. Secondly, because of the cutting resistance is small, to reduce tool wear, materials of high manganese steel, hardened steel, austenitic stainless steel, composite materials, wear-resistant cast iron is difficult to be processed by traditional methods, can be studied using numerical control high speed cutting technology to process. In addition, in the automotive, aerospace, mold, manufacturing field, some integral components require relatively large material removal rate, the feed speed CNC high speed cutting with the cutting speed increase and the corresponding increase in unit time, so that the material removal rate is greatly improved, thus in the mold manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, aerospace manufacturing application of numerical control high speed cutting technology, will produce the enormous economic benefits. Fourth, because of the high-speed cutting, machining process is stable, the vibration is small, compared with the conventional cutting, high speed cutting can significantly improve the precision of 1~2, can be cancelled completely finishing, and subsequent, adopt numerical control high speed cutting technology, can achieve and rough, finishing on the overall structure of complex parts in a machine, reduces the likelihood of locating error transfer process, which is also conducive to improve the machining accuracy. Therefore, high speed cutting technology has a wide application prospect in precision manufacturing. Aluminium mould such as a business process, the mold cavity length is 1500mm, the required size error of ±0.05mm, surface roughness Ra0.8 μm, manufacturing process the original: rough planing - semi finish planing - finishing - Manual scraping - manual polishing, manufacturing cycle is 60 hours. Using high speed milling, after semi-finish machining and finish machining, the processing cycle is only 6 hours, not only improve efficiency, but also greatly improve the quality of mold.4, research on Key Technologies of high-speed CNC machiningNC High-speed machining is a complex systems engineering, involves cutting mechanism, cutting machine, cutter, cutting process monitoring and processing technology and other related hardware and software technology, implementation and development of numerical control high speed cutting technology, rely on this system of various elements, the key technology to realize high-speed CNC cutting technology cannot do without, specifically in the following aspects:1) the mechanism of high speed cutting: the various materials in high speed machining conditions, the chip formation mechanism, variation of cutting force, cutting heat, tool wear patterns and effects on the surface quality, the basic theory above experiments and research, will be conducive to promoting the high-speed cutting process for determining and cutting the amount of choice, and provide a theoretical basis for the processing of specific parts and material formulation, which belongs to the technical principle. At present, to determine the process specification of high speed cutting and cutting ferrous metals and difficult to machine materials, is one of the difficulties in the production of high-speed cutting, and is also the focus of research in the field of high speed machining.2) technology of high speed cutting machine tool module: high-speed cutting machine needshigh-speed spindle system, feeding system and high-speed CNC control system. Able to work in very high speed under the high-speed processing requirements of spindle unit, the above general spindle speed 10000 r\/min, some even as high as 60000-100000r\/min, and to ensure good dynamic and thermal properties. The key part is the main shaft bearing, it decides the life of high-speed spindle and load capacity, one of the core components and high-speed cutting machine tool spindle structure, improvement and performance improvement is one of the most important technology of high-speed machine tools. Another important element of the technology is high speed feed system. With the development of machine tool spindle speed increasing, in order to ensure each cutter teeth or feeding amount per rotation invariant, machine tool feed speed and acceleration is also a corresponding increase, the same time to improve travel speed. Therefore, machine tool feed system must move quickly and fast and accurate positioning, which is obviously on the machine tool guide, servo system, working table, put forward new and higher requirements, is the key technology of high-speed machine tool technology control unit.3) the high speed cutting tool technology module: high-speed machining process system composed of machine tools, tool and workpiece, tool is the most active factor. The cutting tool is one of the key technology to ensure high speed cutting smoothly. With the substantial increase of cutting velocity, have put forward different from traditional speed cutting requirements of cutting tool materials, geometric parameters of cutting tool, cutter body structure, high speed cutting tool material and tool manufacturing technology has undergone tremendous changes, high-speed machining, to ensure productivity and high machining precision, but also to to ensure safety and reliability. Therefore, high speed cutting tool system must meet with a clamp repeat positioning accuracy of geometric accuracy good and high loading, clamping rigidity, good high speed when the equilibrium state and safe and reliable. As far as possible to reduce the knife body quality, in order to reduce the high speed rotating centrifugal force by security, meet the requirement for high speed cutting tool, clamping method improvement. Technology research and development tool system is one of the key tasks of high-speed CNC machining.4) numerical control high speed cutting process: high speed cutting as a new cutting method, to be applied to actual production, the lack of application examples for reference, not the amount of cutting and processing parameter database, parameter optimization technology of high speed machining is one of the key technologies of the current constraints should be used. In addition, the high-speed cutting parts NC program must ensure stable load in the whole cutting process, but most CNC software is now used in the automatic programming function still cannot meet the requirements, needs to be added and optimized by manual programming, which reduces the high speed cutting value in a certain extent, must study a new programming method, so that the cutting data power characteristic curve for high speed spindle, give full play to the advantages of numerical control high speed cutting.Development and comprehensive development and application of high speed machiningtechnology depends on the key technology of the above principles, machine tool, cutting tool, the process of the.Research status and development trend of high speed cutting technology, 5Due to the high speed cutting has great potential in improving production efficiency, has already become important technologies in the field of competing for the United States and Japan, Germany and other countries. The United States Japan as early as the 60 century, started to study on the mechanism of high speed cutting. The last century 70's, the United States has developed high-speed milling machine maximum speed of up to 20000r\/min. Now, Europe and the United States and other developed countries the production of different specifications of the various high-speed machine tool has the commercial production and into the market, the actual application in aircraft, automotive and mold manufacturing industry. For example, manufacturing enterprises in the American Boeing aircraft, has adopted the high-speed CNC machining technology to machining integral super high-speed milling of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy thin-walled structure and the waveguide, flexible gyroscope frame of the ordinary method of parts. In recent years, the United States, Europe, Japan and other countries of the new generation of NC machine tools, high-speed machining center, high speed tool system and industrialization process further speed up the pace, the specialized production electric spindle technology and high performance products increase; tool system technology of high performance rapid development; application of linear motor in high speed feed system.Our country in the research and development of high speed cutting technology, many universities and research efforts and exploration, including cutting mechanism, cutting tool material, spindle bearing, etc., have also made considerable achievements. However, compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, basically still in the research stage of laboratory. In order to meet the needs of economic and social development, to meet the needs of aerospace, automobile, mold and other industry, NC Application Research of high-speed cutting technology has a long way to go.At present, the research of high-speed cutting technology has been to the application stage from the stage of experiment. Research in the application of includes two aspects: one is the basic theoretical research on the key technology of high speed machining, including high speed spindle unit and a high speed feed unit, realizing the localization of high-speed machine tool. On the other hand, based on existing laboratory practice technology, application of process performance and process scope. Among them, research on the high speed cutting process is one of the most active research areas at present, the main goal is to directly process through advanced equipment testing or import, processing technology to resolve the issue of key parts, the development and perfection of the high-speed cutting method of special materials; research and development to adapt to the CAD\/CAM software system in high speed machining and post processing system, the processing state safety monitoring system based on a new detection technology.When we entered the twenty-first Century, from the observation of the world, we are in the advanced manufacturing technology unprecedented rapid development period. Due to the advent of CNC machine tool (NC), the development of a series of CNC machining, such as machining center (MC), flexible manufacturing unit of flexible manufacturing system (FMS), computer integrated manufacturing system, and even the emergence of virtual axis machine tool is completely different with the traditional machine (also known as the six legs machine), closely and machine tool at the same time complement each other up the development of high speed machining technology, new tools, new technology, make the mechanical processing greatly reduces the labor intensity, auxiliary time is greatly shortened, the product quality and the production efficiency is improved greatly, become the development of manufacturing industry and the global economy has played a tremendous role in promoting. In the case of the United States, the manufacturing industry is known as the most economic sectors in the United States, for the United States in the 90's gross domestic product (GDP) growth reached 29%.Today, vigorously develop the NC technology and equipment, has become the strategic decision of the governments in the world, with CNC equipped modern industry and transformation of traditional industries have become the developing direction of manufacturing countries in the world. In the late 90's as the output of CNC machine tools of Germany, Japan, Italy, the rate has reached more than 51.75%. CNC machine tools has become the main equipment in modern manufacturing technology, NC machining technology has become the mainstream of the advanced manufacturing technology, a new era of the modern manufacturing industry. The party's sixteen big clearly pointed out: "to revitalize the equipment manufacturing industry". New China's equipment manufacturing industry after many generations, especially the 20 years of reform and opening up and modernization construction, has established a relatively complete, independent industrial system, has the certain material and technical basis, the overall production scale has been ranked the fourth in the world. Many economists predict, in数控切削技术综述数控高速切削技术(High Speed Machining,HSM,或High Speed Cutting,HSC),是提高加工效率和加工质量的先进制造技术之一,相关技术的研究已成为国内外先进制造技术领域重要的研究方向。