张剑考研英语2002-2004年真题详解
张剑考研英语2002-2004年真题详解
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情，特别是通信革命加快了步伐。
第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程。
第三段指出随着计算机的发展，我们步入了一个信息社会。
在计算机影响下，通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。
在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利，还存在争议。
二、试题具体解析1. [A] between在…当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间[B] before在此之前早些时候，在…前面[C] since自从…以后，以前[D] later 后来，稍后，随后[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的用法辨析。
解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的含义：人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。
二是注意转折连词yet的用法，yet一般标志着接下来的内容与前面的内容出现了较大的不同，如：She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.（她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了）。
文中第二句话结构非常简单，主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照，这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了，因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the 20th century和 in the 15th and 16th centuries相呼应并对照。
接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段，15、16世纪之前，20世纪之后还是两者之间。
其实我们从下文中的the 19th century也可以推断出正确答案是between，即“然而，在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。
2004年考研英语真题及答案详解(含答案译文词汇讲解)
1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not
sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
14 ， children are likely to have less supervision at home
15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is
thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include
[D] reflect [D] amount
[D] at length [D] essence
13. [A] survived 14.[A] contrarily 15. [A] than 16. [A] system 17. [A] assessable 18. [A] expense 19. [A] incidence 20. [A] provided
2002年考研英语真题及解析
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before,it was not 2the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3_，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading 6through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures 7the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in 8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,9,that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately 12.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became “personal”too,as well as 13,with display becoming sharper and storage 14increasing.They were thought of,like people,15generations,with the distance between generations much 16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society”began to be widely used to describe the 17within which we now live.The communications revolution has 18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been 19view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed 20“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between［B］before ［C］since ［D］later 2.［A］after［B］by ［C］during ［D］until 3.［A］means［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure 4.［A］process［B］company ［C］light ［D］form 5.［A］gathered［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked 6.［A］on［B］out ［C］over ［D］off 7.［A］of［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into 8.［A］concept［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective 9.［A］indeed［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore 10.［A］brought［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized 11.［A］unless［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although 12.［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible 供学习参考Q13.［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental 14.［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty 15.［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to ［D］in line with 16.［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller 17.［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory 18.［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected 19.［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational 20.［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations,beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’s God,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes the 供学习参考Qaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work,you should.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners22.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours23.It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock24.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible25.The best title for the text may be .[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor Strategies Text 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics —the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the 供学习参考Qtransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word “gizmos”(line 1,paragraph 2)most probably means .[A]programs ［B］experts ［C］devices ［D］creatures28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B]interact with human beings verbally.[C]have a little common sense.[D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also .[A]make a few decisions for themselves.[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.[C]improve factory environments.[D]cultivate human creativity.供学习参考Q30.Theauthor uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D]best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26a barrel,up from less than $10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and 1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50%less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged $22a barrel for a full year,compared with $13in 1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974or 1980.On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the 1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In 1973commodity prices jumped by 70%,and in 1979by almost 30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports.32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up 供学习参考Qdramatically if______.[A]price of crude rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[C]consumption rises.[D]oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”,a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science (NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life .It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and 供学习参考Qeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”,to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D]A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A]prolonged medical procedures [B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse [D]insufficient hospital care39.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology 供学习参考Qmight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects ,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing 46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)供学习参考QAn American girl in traditional Chinese costume （服装）供学习参考Q第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2004考研英语真题解析 2002年考研英语真题解析
2004考研英语真题解析2002年考研英语真题解析导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“2002年考研英语真题解析”的资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!五、全文翻译如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题。
你的幽默必须与听众有关，向他们表明你是他们中的一员，或者你了解他们的处境并同情他们的观点。
（长难句①）根据谈话对象的不同，问题也有所不同。
（佳句①）如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书紊乱的工作方法；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板。
（佳句②）下面举一个例子，它是我在一个护士大会上听到的。
这个故事效果很好，因为听众对医生都有同样的看法。
（长难句②）一个人到了天堂，由圣彼得带着他参观。
他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等。
所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善，然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时，突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁。
只见这人挤到了队伍的前头，抓起他的食物，噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁。
“这是谁啊?”新来的人问圣彼得,“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时也认为自己是一名医生。
”如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员，你就有条件去了解你们所共有的经历和问题，你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足。
（长难句③）而对于其他听众，你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默，因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词。
（长难句④）但如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊，那你就会很安全。
如果你在幽默时感到很别扭，你应该进行练习使它变得更自然。
包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话，你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来。
常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑，因此说慢一些，并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话。
留意幽默，它常常是在出其不意的时候出现。
它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功，就放弃”，或者是调侃词藻和场景；寻求夸大其词和轻描淡写；考虑一下你的谈话，选出一些词汇和句子，对它们反复琢磨，并注入一些幽默。
2000-2004年考研英语阅读真题解析
2004 Text 1Hunting for a job late last y ear, lawyer Gant Redm on stum bled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site's "personal search ag ent". It's an interactive feature that letsvisitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-m ails them wh en a m atching position is posted in the datab ase. Redm on chose th e keyword s legal, intellectual p rop erty, and Washing ton, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his firstnotificat ion of an opening. "I struck gold," says Redm on, who E-m ailed his resum e to the em ployer and won a p osition asin-house counsel for a com pany.With thousan ds of career-related sites on th e Internet, finding promising openings can b e tim e-consum ing and inefficient. Search agents reduce the n eed for repeat ed visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redm on, career experts see drawback s. Narrowing your criteria, for exam ple, m ay work against you: "Every tim e you answer a question you elim in ate a possibility." says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept — what you think you want to do — then broad en it. "None of these program s do that," says another expert. "There's no career coun seling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular datab ase; when you get E-m ail, consider it a rem inder to check the database again. "I would not rely on ag ents for finding everything that is added to a datab ase that might interest m e," says the auth or of a job-searching guide.Som e sites d esign their ag ents to t empt job hunters to return. Wh en CareerSite's agent send s out m essag es to those who h ave signed up for its service, for exam ple, it includes only three pot ential jobs — those it considers the b est m atches. There m ay be m ore m atches in the datab ase; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them— and they do. "On the day after we send our m essages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic," says Seth Peets, vice president of m arketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren't hunting for jobs m ay find search agents worthwhile. Som e use them to keep a close w atch on the dem and for their line of work or gather inform ation on compensat ion to arm them selves wh en neg otiating for a raise. Although happily em ployed, Redm on m aintains his agent at CareerBuilder. "Y ou always keep your eyes op en," he says. Working with a personal search agent m eans having another set of eyes looking out for you.41. How did Redm on find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a m atching position in a datab ase.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-m ailing his resum e to a datab ase.42. Which of the following can be a disadvantag e of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling.[B] Lim ited num ber of visits.[C] Lower efficiency.[D] Fewer successful m atches.43. The expression "tip service" (line 3, paragraph 3) m ost prob ably m ean s ________.[A] advisory[B] com pensation[C] interaction[D] reminder44. Why does CareerSite's ag ent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] T o focus on better job m atches.[B] T o attract m ore returning visits.[C] T o reserve sp ace for m ore m essages.[D] T o increase the rate of success.45. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agent s are indispen sable to job-hunters.[B] Som e sites keep E-m ailing job seekers to trace their dem ands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already em ployed.[D] Som e agent s stop sen ding inform ation to people once they are em ployed.重点词汇stumble across /on/upon（无意间碰到，偶然发现）Stum ble 跌跌撞撞地走;stum ble about 步履蹒跚He stum bled along the road.他在路上绊倒了。
张剑历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路
张剑历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路历年考研英语真题解析及复习思路（附标准答案）1986-2009第一部分英语知识运用部分历年试题与解析1.从动物智商研究中得到的启示（2009年）2.高智商与遗传疾病（2008年）3.西班牙和葡萄牙前殖民地独立后面临的问题（2007年）4.美国无家可归者增多的现象（2006年）5.人类的嗅觉（2005年）6.对青少年犯罪原因的探讨（2004年）7.帮助青少年适应成长中的变化（2003年）8.传媒技术的发展（2002年）9.政府对媒体炒作干扰司法公正进行立法限制（2001年）10.农民的生产和消费（2000年）第二部分阅读理解A部分历年试题解析Ⅰ社会生活、伦理类1.通过培养新习惯促进创新思维（2009年Text 1）2.压力对女性健康造成负面影响（2008年Text 1）3.美国社会同化现象（2006年Text 1）4.社会生活中的按字母排序现象（2004年Text 2）5.互联网给谍报工作带来的变化（2003年Text 1）6.捍卫动物医学研究（2003年Text 2）7.在医疗上花费大量财力延缓自然死亡是不值得的（2003年Text 4）8.如何使用幽默（2002年Text 1）9.有关医生协助病人自杀的争论（2002年Text 4）10.网络在第三次电子基础设施建设中的作用（2001年Text 2）11.美国人追求简朴生活的潮流（2001年Text 5）12.人类的进化已经结束（2000年Text 2）13.日本人传统道德价值观的沦丧现象（2000年Text 4）14.如何正确看待雄心壮志（2000年Text 5）Ⅱ科普类1.DNA检测及其存在的问题（2009年Text 2）2.美国人的身高停止增长（2008年Text 3）3.智商测试不能准确反映人的能力（2007年Text 2）4.海洋物种濒临灭绝的现状（2006年Text 3）5.动物的公平意识（2005年Text 1）6.全球气候变暖问题急待解决（2005年Text 2）7.梦可以被控制（2005年Text 3）8.机器人科技的发展（2002年Text 2）9.科学发展的专业化和职业化（2001年Text 1）Ⅲ商业经济类1.正规教育的缺乏不会限制生产率的提高（2009年Text 3）2.学术期刊出版的变化（2008年T ext 2）3.美国中产阶级家庭经济风险增加（2007年Text 3）4.企业数据保护的重要性（2007年Text 4）5.莎士比亚故居的经济现象（2006年Text 2）6.帮助求职的个人搜索代理工具（2004年Text 1）7.美国经济的疲软没有引起消费者的恐慌（2004年Text 3）8.铁路公司合并可能造成垄断（2003年Text 3）9.油价上涨对全球经济的影响（2002年Text 3）10.企业的兼并与收购（2001年T ext 4）11.美国经济在二战后的兴衰（2000年Text 1）Ⅳ文化历史教育类1.新英格兰的文化生活（2009年T ext 4）2.美国开国元勋们对奴隶制的复杂态度（2008年Text 4）3.人的成就取决于后天培养而非先天遗传（2007年Text 1）4.艺术的功能（2006年Text 4）5.一本关于正式英语退化的书（2005年Text 4）6.美国学校轻视才智（2004年Text 4）7.美国报业遭受不信任危机（2001年Text 3）8.未来派诗歌不是文学（2000年T ext 3）第三部分阅读理解8部分历年试题解析1.19至20世纪的文化人类学理论（2009年）2.如何写作初稿（2008年）3.父母帮助孩子顺利进入成年期（2007年）4.美国博彩业的兴旺（2006年）5.加拿大建立国家药品管理机构（2005年）第四部分阅读理解C部分历年试题解析1.广义的教育（2009年）2.达尔文论智力（2008年）3.法律教育对于新闻报道事业的意义的（2007年）4.对“知识分子”的定义（2006年）5.欧洲的电视媒体（2005年）6.语言学中萨皮尔——沃尔夫假说的形成（2004年）7.人类学（2003年）8.行为科学（2002年）9.科学技术影响人类的未来生活（2001年）10.现代政府依赖专家人才（2000年）第五部分写作A部分历年试题解析1.建议信（2009年）2.道歉信（2008年）3.建议信（2007年）4.申请信（2006年）5.辞职信（2005年）第六部分写作8部分历年试题解析1.网络的“近”与“远”（大作文）（2009年）2.合作的重要性（2008年）3.乐观心态是成功的关键（2007年）4.偶像崇拜（2006年）5.年轻人应该赡养父母（2005年）6.终点又是新的起点（2004年）7.温室里的花经不起风雨（2003年）8.中国与世界的文化交流（2002年）9.困难的时候，人人都应该献爱心（2001年）10.自然生态平衡遭破坏（2000年）。
2004年考研真题及答案解析
2004考研英语真题答案解析Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateau1Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2Climate near the sea humid3Particularly rainy months of the years April4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃High ℃ 5听力原文Belgium has three main geographic regions: the coastal plain, the central plateau and the highlands. The coastal plain extends inlands 16 to 48 kilometers on the northwest. Along the north sea is a lowlying area consisting mainly of sandy hills and sections of lands reclaimed from the sea. The coastal p lain’s elevation ranges from sea level to 20 metres.The central plateau is a gently rolling, slightly elevated area, irrigated by many waterways and containing a number of wide, fertile valleys with a rich soil. The highlands, a densely-wooded plateau, averaging 460 metres in elevation, extends across southeastern Belgium and into northeastern France. Located here is the highest peak in Belgium with an elevation of 694 meters.The climate near the sea is humid and mild. Farther inland, a marked increase in the range of temperature occurs. In the highlands, hot summers alternate with cold winters. Heavy rains are confined almost exclusively to the highlands. Fog and rain are common, and April and November are particularly rainy months. In Brussels, the average temperatures range from zero to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and from 13 to 22 degrees Centigrade in July. Along the coast, the average range is 1 degree to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and 14 to 20 degrees Centigrade in July.解题指导：预览指导语及表格，以便对录音材料的内容大概了解，同时也是为了有针对性地听录音，捕捉每个空格的答案信息。
04年考研英语真题解析
2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案及解析Section I Use of English1. [答案] [C][分析] 本题涉及动词短语知识。
C. centering on 意为“以…为中心/重点”，符合句意，且与上文呼应，为正确答案。
A. acting on意为“按照…行事”；B. relying on 意为“依靠”；D. commenting on 意为“对…进行评论”。
2. [答案] [D][分析] 本题涉及上下句的句义理解。
答案为D. because，引导由or 连接着的两个原因状语从句。
3. [答案] [A][ 分析] 本题考查考生的词汇知识。
A . i n t e r a c t i o n ( 互动) 符合句义，应为正确答案。
B . assimilation(同化，吸收)；C. cooperation(合作)；D. consultation(咨询)。
4. [答案] [D][分析] 本题涉及词语搭配知识。
跟空格前后介词in/to可以搭配，且符合句意的选项为D。
该短语意为“答复，反应，回应”。
5. [答案] [A][分析] 本题考查考生对上下句句义的理解。
空格后as 引导的为原因状语，与in response to引导的原因状语并列，都是“孩子们犯罪”的原因，故答案为A。
6. [答案] [B][分析] 本题涉及词汇知识。
B. ignoring意为“忽视，不顾”带入后，上下句语义连贯，为正确答案。
C. highlighting意为“强调，突出”；D. discarding意为“抛弃”。
7. [答案] [C][分析] 本题涉及介词短语知识。
C. for lack of意为“由于缺少…”，符合句意，为正确答案。
8. [答案] [D][分析] 本题涉及形容词短语知识。
D. be subject to意为“受…支配；遭受…影响”，符合句意，为正确答案。
A. be immune to 意为“不易受…影响”。
张剑黄皮书历年考研英语真题解析及命题特点和规律
第一部分英语知识运用部分命题的特点和规律一、英语知识运用部分总体分析2002年《大纲》将“完形填空”调整为“英语知识运用”之后明确规定：英语知识运用测试的要点是词汇、语法和结构。
英语知识运用采用多项选择完形填空(Multiple Choice Cloze Test)的形式来考查。
完形填空（Cloze）又称综合填空或短文填空，出现于20世纪50年代西方语言测试的实践中，1956年被应用于外语测试。
在我国用于英语测试则是从20世纪70年代开始的。
完形填空是用来测试考生的基础知识和语言运用能力的一种题型，对考生的语法结构、词义搭配和阅读理解能力进行综合考查（measuring overall ability）。
完形填空的设计和应用，是基于格式塔心理学（Gestalt Psychology）和心理语言学（Psycholinguistics）的理论：人们在感知、认知事物的时候，总是以整体信息为主的。
尽管有时获得的信息并不十分完整，但人们会下意识地将不完整的部分补全，构成一副完整的图画来认知。
举例来说，当我们看到图1和图2时，我们会自然地把它们分别看做是一个圆和一个三角形，而不是一段曲线和三个点。
图1 图2同样，在语言表达和理解的过程中，也需要理解信息的整体。
尽管其中有一些词或短语被抽去，但通过语段提供的冗余信息，人们仍然能够推知被抽去的信息，从而达到对文章的理解。
根据这一原理，命题人使用完形填空这一种题型——从一篇短文中删去一些信息，留出空格，由考生补全——来考查语言知识和语言综合运用的能力。
（一）英语知识运用部分命题的基本指导思想英语知识运用部分命题的指导思想是：通过完形填空的形式不仅考查考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和语法结构）的运用能力，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力。
这就意味着“英语知识运用”部分的试题由过去注重对单句语言点的考查向对语篇能力（discourse competence）的考查转移，这一考查重心的转移要求考生能够对不同语境中语言使用的规范性、得体性和篇章特征有较强的辨识能力。
2004年考研英语解析
第三篇一、文章结构总体分析结构分析：本文从斯珀若的例子展开讨论，论述了美国当前经济形势下，消费者没有表现出恐慌。
论证过程中用了举例、列举、引用等论证手段。
第一段：以美甲师斯珀若的情况为典型事例，说明美国的经济情况影响到了很多人的生活。
第二段：使用列举的方法说明美国经济在降温，但段落后半部分笔锋一转，点明人们并不恐慌。
第三段：使用房地产业为典型事例，说明段首的主题句：人们自己财富的感觉依然良好。
第四段：在此使用列举的方法说明段首的主题句：人们从这次经济滑坡中看到了自己可以得到的好处。
二、试题具体解析31. By “Ellen Spero isn't biting her 31. 作者说“Ellen Spero isn’t biting hernails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph nails just yet”意思是__ _ 。
1), the author means __ _.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business. [A]斯珀若无法维持自己的生意。
[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work. [B]斯珀若过分投入自己的工作。
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit. [C]斯珀若改掉了坏习惯。
[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation. [D]斯珀若还没处于绝望的状态。
[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：词义句意题。
此句主要考对“bite one’s nails”的理解，从字面上看，意思是“咬指甲”，似乎应该选C。
但是，这类型题目往往不是考查本意，因此必须放在原文中推敲。
第一段第二句接着说“这个47岁的美甲师修剪、锉磨、上油的指甲却没有自己希望的那样多了”，后来又说她的生意不如从前。
因此，从第二句开始讲的是经济影响到了她的生意状况。
(完整word版)2004年考研英语真题及答案详解_(含答案_译文_词汇讲解),推荐文档
2004年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notific ation of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you e liminate a possibility,” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of thi s.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that i s added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in o ur traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation toarm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means.[A] advisory. [B] compensation.[C] interaction. [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (includ ing his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien an d Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stoppedshowing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says.“I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if oth er clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predomina ntly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author istalking about _______[A] gold market.[B] real estate.[C] stock exchange.[D] venture investment.34. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal w ith bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American In dian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned thatbecause it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.Section III Writing46. Directions：Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the drawing，2. interpret its meaning, and3. support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.完形填空翻译：许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。
张剑英语考研真题黄皮书2004年词汇注释与长难句分析
2004年真题词汇注释与常难句分析causal［］a.因果关系的；前因后果的；原因的(P4L6) concerning［］prep.about something;involving somebody/something 关于；涉及(P1L1)consist of sth［］v.由……组成、构成例：Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.水由氢和氧组成。
(P4L1)delinquency［］n.（常指青年人的）犯罪，违法行为【超纲】(P1L1) disadvantaged［］a.*1.社会地位低下的；生活条件差的；贫困的例：a severely disadvantaged area极贫困地区2.（the disadvantaged）people who are disadvantaged下层社会(P2L1)discontent［］a.不满；不满足；不满的缘由(P3L3)engage（sb）in（sth）（使）从事，参加例：Even in prison,he continued to engage in criminal activities.他甚至在监狱里还继续从事犯罪活动。
(P1L3)establish［］v.to discover or prove the facts of a situation查实；确定；证实例：Police are still trying to establish the cause of the accident.警方仍在努力确定事故的原因。
(P4L7)gainful［］ed to describe useful work that you are paid for有收益的；有报酬的；有利可图的(P3L2)household［］n.一家人；家庭例：low income households低收入家庭。
(P4L1)misdeed［］n.恶行；不义之举例：He will have to answer for hismisdeeds in a court of law.他将不得不为其恶劣行径在法庭上受到惩罚。
2002年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)(word文档良心出品)
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs［B］ experts［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are p resumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
张剑黄皮书02~04真题及解析
2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化，并采取方法帮助他们适应这些变化，健康成长。
第一段第一、二句是主题句，点明文章主题。
从第三句开始介绍了青少年的各种变化，如：自我意识很强，需要从成功中获得自信等。
接下来是对老师的建议：设计有更多优胜者的活动，组织各种小型俱乐部，让成年人在幕后支持。
第二段特别强调教师在设计活动时要注意保持其多样性，以适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。
此外，成年人要帮助学生在活动中培养责任感。
二、试题具体解析1. [A]（give）thought (to) 想过，思考[B]（give sb. an/some）idea（of）使了解……的情况[C]（have a good/bad）opinion (of) 对……印象很好[D]（give）advice（to）提建议[答案] A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+ 固定搭配。
首先，从文章结构上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teachers need to be aware of（教师应该注意）和And they also need to give serious 1 to（同时他们须认真……）。
注意第二句中的两个they分别指代了第一句中的teachers和young adults，第二句中的give serious 1 to与第一句中的be aware of（知道，意识到）也应在意义上相呼应。
其次，考生需要判断四个选项中哪一个能与 give...to 构成短语。
idea这个词词义很丰富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意识、打算、建议”等，但通常与介词of而不是to连用；opinion意为“意见；看法”，一般不与give搭配；advice（建议）虽然可与give及to搭配，但介词to后应接人，即建议的接受者，如果要表达“提出…方面的建议”，应该用“give advice on sth.”。
2002年考研英语阅读理解及解析
2002年 Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑，你就必须知道如何发现与听众享有的共同经历和共同问题。
你的幽默一定要与听众有关，能够向他们显示你是他们的一员，或者你了解他们的情况且赞同他们的观点。
根据与你谈话对象的不同，问题也应有所不同。
如果你在和一群经理谈话，你就可以评论他们秘书的工作方法杂乱无章；相反，如果你在和一群秘书谈话，你就可以评论她们老板的工作方法如何杂乱。
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story, which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”下面举一个例子，是我在一个护士大会上听到的故事。
02年考研英语真题
02年考研英语真题02年考研英语真题解析考研英语一直是考生们的重点备考科目之一，而2002年的考研英语真题可以作为备考的重要参考资料。
本文将对该年份的考研英语真题进行解析，帮助考生深入理解考点和备考要点。
第一部分：阅读理解本部分共有3篇阅读材料，每篇后面都有5个问题要求考生选择正确答案。
此部分主要考察考生对阅读材料的理解和分析能力。
第一篇阅读材料: 语言能力的重要性这篇文章主要探讨了语言能力对于个人成长和社会发展的重要性。
文章从教育、经济和人际交往等多个角度阐述了语言能力的重要作用。
在教育方面，文章指出语言能力是学习的基础，它使我们能够理解和运用各种知识。
在经济方面，语言能力成为了求职和职场提升的关键。
在人际交往方面，语言能力是构建良好人际关系和有效沟通的基础。
针对这篇文章，以下是一道典型问题：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The importance of language ability in education.B. The importance of language ability in economic development.C. The importance of language ability in interpersonal communication.D. The importance of language ability in social development.答案应选择A. The importance of language ability in education（语言能力在教育中的重要性）。
第二部分：完形填空此部分共有20个小题，要求考生从4个选项中选择最佳答案。
此部分主要考察考生对于词汇、语法和篇章结构的理解和运用能力。
篇章结构是考生完形填空题中需要着重关注的一项内容。
通过分析文章上下文和逻辑关系，考生可以更好地判断空白处所需填写的词语或短语。
2002年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)
10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized
11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although
12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible
1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later
2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until
3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
ththe 20 century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.
It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .
2002年考研英语真题及解析
精心整理2002二、试题具体解析21. 要使自己的幽默让人发笑，你应当_ 。
[A] 利用不同类型的听众[B] 取笑杂乱无章的人[C] 对不同的人谈不同的问题[D] 对你的听众表示同情[答案] C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：段落主旨题。
本题考查的是局部信息，考生关键要理解第一段。
该段首句指出，如果你想在谈话中用幽默使人发笑，你就必须知道如何[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock [C] 不适合作为幽默的笑料[D] 经常是大家的笑料[答案] D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。
本题要求考生根据第三段的内容去推测最后一句的含义。
文章第三段指出，如果谈话者是听话者中的一分子，就可以用双方共同的经历作为幽默的素材，否则，这样做就不合适。
最后指出，这时如果拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊（scapegoats）去评论，你就会处于安全境地。
这就说明即使对不同的听众也可以以它们为笑料，也就是说它们是大家经常谈论的笑料。
因此D选项为正确答案。
C 选项恰与原文意思相悖。
A 选项未提到，因为当作笑料并非就是带来利益。
B选项似乎也有道理，但是他的针对性不如D选项。
24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible 24.为了达到预期的效果，幽默故事应该以____方式讲述。
[A] 话语措辞得当；[B] 尽可能地不自然；[C] 用夸张的词语；[D] 尽可能自然。
2002年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmoswhose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs B］ experts［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that theassisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentsinto Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年研究生入学考试英语试题及解析(5)
2002年研究生入学考试英语试题及解析(5) Section Ⅱ Use of English (10 pints)21选A。
本题考察对上下文句意的理解。
第一句指出：人们常拿二十世纪电视的发展同十五十六世纪印刷术的普及作比较。
第二句承上转折，但在(十五十六世纪到二十世纪)这段时间内发生了许多事，强调两者是不能相提并论的。
四个选项都是时间副词，但只有between…A and …B结构，表示介于某两个时间或地点之间的时间或地点，此时between=in between adv.22选D。
until表示“直到……才”，在it was not until+时间 that+句子中，句中谓语动词用一般过去时，句意：直到十九世纪，报纸才成为主要媒介。
如果使用by，则句子时态应改为完成时，即“by the 19th century the newspaper had become the dominant medium ”。
在19世纪之前，报纸已成为主要媒介。
而选项A、C均不符合历史事实，报纸就是在19世纪开始发展成为主要媒体的。
23选C。
medium是媒体，媒介的意思，复数形式为media,mass media指大众传媒，大众传播工具(尤指电视、报纸、无线电等)考生往往熟知media，却不知道其单数形式medium。
24选B。
从the pamphlet和the book推断the periodical 应该也是和newspaper处于并列关系。
in the company of sth.=together with 表示“与……一起”的意思。
全句意思为：继宣传小册子和书本之后，直到十九世纪，报纸才同杂志期刊一起，成为电子时代之前的主要媒体。
25选B。
speed up 不及物动词短语，是“加速”的意思，只有此选项符合题意，全句是说，通讯革命也是在19世纪加速发展，从铁路运输开始，经过电报、电话、无线电和动画片，直到20世纪的摩托车和飞机。
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2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
文章第一段从早期的通信革命入手，指出在15、16世纪和20世纪之间发生了很多事情，特别是通信革命加快了步伐。
第二段接着提到20世纪计算机的出现极改变了这一进程。
第三段指出随着计算机的发展，我们步入了一个信息社会。
在计算机影响下，通信革命改变了我们的工作和休闲方式，也影响了我们的思考和感知方式。
在结尾部分，文章提到，当然，关于这种通信革命在经济、政治、社会和文化各方面的影响是利大于弊还是弊大于利，还存在争议。
二、试题具体解析1. [A] between在…当中，在空间、位置或时间的中间[B] before在此之前早些时候，在…前面[C] since自从…以后，以前[D] later 后来，稍后，随后[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：时间副词的用法辨析。
解此题关键看两个方面，一是理解文章第一句话的含义：人们曾对20世纪电视的发展以及15世纪和16世纪印刷术的传播进行了比较。
二是注意转折连词yet的用法，yet一般标志着接下来的容与前面的容出现了较大的不同，如：She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.（她说她会迟到，但她却准时到达了）。
文中第二句话结构非常简单，主语和谓语都无法体现与第一句话的强烈对照，这时只能通过空格里填入的时间状语来体现了，因此这个时间副词应与第一句话中的时间状语in the 20th century和 in the 15th and 16th centuries相呼应并对照。
接下来关键看这个时间副词表示的是哪个时间段，15、16世纪之前，20世纪之后还是两者之间。
其实我们从下文中的the 19th century也可以推断出正确答案是between，即“然而，在这两个时段之间却发生了很多事情”。
2. [A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：固定句型。
空格所在的句子是一个强调句型：it was + 时间状语 + that。
四个选项中能与not 搭配的只有until，not until表示“直到……才……”，整个句意是“直到十九世纪，报纸才成为电子时代到来前主要的……”。
如：It was not until the afternoon that he begun to tackle the problem.（直到下午他才开始解决问题）。
知识点补充：在这种强调状语的结构中，表示状语的成分可以是单词、词组或句子。
强调句子时可以是主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句。
如：It was at an evening party that I first met her.（强调地点状语）；It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.（强调原因状语从句，引导词只能用because，不能用since，as或why）；It is what you will do that is essential.（强调主语从句）。
3. [A] means方式，方法，手段 [B] method方法[C] medium（表达或传播的）媒介 [D] measure措施，步骤，方法[答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
本题相关部分是the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book，其中in the wake of 意为“紧跟…之后，接踵而来”，如：Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.（那场旱灾过后，疾病肆虐）。
因此整个句子的含义是“报纸继宣传册和书之后成为电子时代到来前主要的__ 3_ _”从句意来看，空格处填入的名词应概括newspaper、pamphlet 和book的共同特点，根据常识，报纸、宣传册和图书都只能是传播信息的媒介（medium），而不是方法或措施。
Medium可特指“大众传播手段，包括报纸、杂志、广播或电视等”，如：Commercial television is a medium for advertising.（商业电视是一种广告媒介）。
词汇补充：注意means和medium都可以表示借以成就某事或达到某目的人或物。
means (单复数同形)可以指人或物，其含义为“手段”或“工具”。
这个词不仅用于具体的东西，也可以用于抽象的意念。
如：Thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech（一个人的思想能够借助于语言传递给另一个人）；medium 的含义是“媒介，手段”，通过它能完成、传输或转移某种事物的东西：如：Air is a medium of sound.（空气是声音传播的媒体）。
method所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”，如：To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television.（为此，科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法）；measures表示“手段，策略，为达到目的采取的行动，权宜之计”，如：They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.（他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施）。
4. [A] (in the) process (of) 在……过程中[B] (in the) company (of) 在……陪伴下，与……同时出现[C] (in the) light (of) 按照，根据[D] (in the) form (of) 以……的形式[答案] B[解析]本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 介词短语辨析。
文章相关部分是newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical，从结构上来看，现在分词结构following in the wake of 和介词短语in the 4 of 是并列成分，都做主句的伴随状语，newspaper，pamphlet and book，periodical也是三个平行的部分，它们之间的关系是通过in the wake of和in the 4 of两个部分来体现的。
分词结构following in the wake of…意为“随着宣传册和书的出现以后”，体现了时间上的先后。
因此空格处的动词构成的短语应既需要与分词结构表并列含义，又需要体现newspaper和periodical之间的时间关系。
四个选项从意义上来看，只有B符合。
5. [A] gathered (up) 收集，蜷缩，概括[B] speeded (up) 加速[C] worked (up) 逐步建立，逐步发展，逐步引起，整理[D] picked (up) 拾起，染上，学到，整理，收听到，好转[答案] B[解析]本题考核的知识点是：动词短语辨析。
本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与up搭配，构成短语动词，且符合文意。
该动作的发出者是前面的主语communication revolution。
根据语义，恰当选项是speeded up，表示“通信革命加速发展”。
文中所在句子用了强调结构It was during the same time that，强调时间状语19世纪，表明在这一时期不但报纸成为主要媒介，而且通信革命也取得了重大的成果：运输业、铁路、电报、、无线电、电影都在发展。
知识点补充：与up搭配组成的短语动词还包括：beat up（毒打），choke up（说不出话），dress up（盛装），end up（结束），hold up（阻止，妨碍），mix up（混淆），play up （强调），sign up（签约），take up（从事），wash up（洗餐具）等。
例句补充：The child gathered up his toys and put them away.（孩子把他的玩具收拾起来放好）；I worked up this business from nothing.（我在一无所有的情况下把这个事业逐步发展起来的，或，我白手起家）；Trade has been slack for the past six months, but it is now picking up.（过去六个月里商业一直很萧条，但现在情况正在好转）。
6. [A] (lead) on引导，率领……继续前进[B] (lead) out开始，领舞伴起舞[C] over不与lead搭配[D] (lead) off（begin）开始[答案] A[解析]本题考核的知识点是：短语动词搭配 + 副词词义辨析。
事实上本题和下一个题目可以一起解答。
因为第六空和第七空是所在句子整体中不可分割的两个部分。
考生首先需判断选项中哪个副词可以与lead和through搭配。
首先排除over，它不能与lead搭配。
从结构上看，空格所在部分中的beginning with…和leading…都是现在分词状语成分，说明通信革命是怎样加速发展的：开始于运输和铁路，接着通过电报、、收音机和电影的发展，直到二十世纪的汽车和飞机。
四个选项只有副词on可以表示“继续，向前”的含义，用在句子中强调“电报、、收音机和电影行业推动通信革命的继续发展”。
7. [A] of …的，属于…的；有关…的[B] for 为了；代表；以…为目的地；因为[C] beyond 超出（理解、围、眼界）之上[D] into进入…之；成为…状态[答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词用法辨析。
根据上一题的分析，句子空格处需要一个介词和前面的begin with，lead on through 一起来表达通信革命发展的全过程。
选项中只有into符合，而且它和前面的leading相呼应，表达“进入20世纪的汽车和飞机时代”。