西方文化入门论文
有关西方文化论文范文
有关西方文化论文范文随着中西方交流的加深,我们有必要了解中西方文化的价值观差异。
下面是店铺为大家整理的有关西方文化论文，供大家参考。
有关西方文化论文范文一：释义学的比较文学[摘要] 比较文学与外国文学的学科合并带来了许多问题,其中最为突出的是关于学科范围的纷争。
本文引入释义学视角试图解决这一问题,并进一步对比较文学学科方法与研究程式进行探讨。
哲学释义学认为一切阐释都是从前结构出发,是基于前结构的创造活动。
本文指出由于传统的变迁,当下中国人的思维方式发生了重大变化,中国人研究外国文学并不一定就是文化交流,这构成了比较文学与外国文学分野的基础。
在面对他者本文时,调动他者文化对他者本文进行阐释属于外国文学研究;而充分调动前结构中的传统文化阐释他者本文,从而跨入阐释学的横向地带,在问答逻辑中达到视域融合是比较文学的学科特征.[关键词] 学科界限;前结构;视域融合1998年,比较文学与世界文学作为一个新的学科在中国高等院校中文系诞生了,成为中国语言文学的二级学科。
学科合并一方面使从事比较文学研究的人成倍增长,比较文学的地位得以提高;另一方面,也给比较文学界和外国文学界带来了诸多烦恼,激发了许多学者对其深思、探讨。
2000年,《外国文学研究》杂志设置了“学科建设研讨专题”的专栏,对“‘比较文学与世界文学’学科的有关问题开展了讨论”[1];2002年,在中国外国文学学会第七届年会期间,几位学者就“学科建设与教学研究” 进行了座谈[2];2003年,第二界“北大-复旦比较文学学术论坛”对学科合并及带来的问题进行了深入的探讨[3];2004年,在首届中国比较文学高层论坛中,学者们继续就此话题进行讨论[4]。
对于学科合并,学界有不同的观点:有的学者对合并表示了认同,不过认为比较文学与外国文学是两个有各自不同特征的学科[5];有的学者认为外国文学就是比较文学[6];另外一些学者则对合并带来的问题忧心忡忡[7].学科合并带来的比较文学学科界限的模糊、教学的混乱、学术质量的低下[8]等等问题,归根结底还是由学科定位以及身份问题所决定的。
西方传统文化英语作文
西方传统文化英语作文Western culture is a rich and diverse tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over centuries. From the ancient Greeks to the modern-day Americans, Western culture has influenced the world in countless ways. In this essay, we will explore some of the key elements of Western culture and their significance.One of the most important aspects of Western culture is its emphasis on individualism. This idea dates back to the ancient Greeks, who believed that each person had his or her own unique talents and abilities. This belief has been carried forward through the centuries, and today it is a defining characteristic of Western society. Individualism encourages people to pursue their own goals and dreams, rather than conforming to the expectations of others.Another key aspect of Western culture is its emphasis on rational thinking and scientific inquiry. This tradition began with the ancient Greeks, who were among the first touse reason and logic to understand the world around them. Over time, this approach to knowledge has become central to Western culture, leading to countless scientific discoveries and technological innovations.Religion has also played a significant role in Western culture. Christianity, in particular, has had a profound impact on Western society, shaping its values, beliefs, and institutions. From the art and architecture of the Middle Ages to the political movements of the modern era, Christianity has left an indelible mark on Western culture.Literature and the arts are another important aspect of Western culture. From Shakespeare to Mozart, Westernartists have produced some of the most enduring works ofart in human history. These works have not only entertained and inspired people, but they have also helped to shape Western culture and its values.Finally, Western culture is characterized by a strong sense of democracy and individual rights. This tradition dates back to the ancient Greeks, who were among the firstto develop democratic institutions. Today, Western societies are known for their commitment to democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.In conclusion, Western culture is a rich and diverse tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over centuries. From individualism to rational thinking, religion to the arts, and democracy to human rights, Western culture has had a profound impact on the world and will continue to do so for generations to come.。
大学英语中的西方文化论文(1)
大学英语中的西方文化论文一、大学英语教学中导入西方文化的必要性（1）中西方的语言差异中西方的语言差异是比较突出的，尤其是体现在词义上的差异，一些具有文化差异的词需要从文化的角度才能理解其中的实际含义。
例如和动物相关的词汇，中英的语言差异就非常大，“mouse”也就是老鼠，该词在汉语中多表示鼠目寸光等贬义的含义，而在英语中，老鼠的形象就有了很大的转变，米老鼠等卡通形象就是儿童心中机智和智慧的象征。
再如一些颜色的词汇，在不同的文化环境中也有着不同的含义，“red”红色在汉语中往往代表着喜庆、热情和吉祥，而西方人则认为红色是不祥之兆，“redfordanger”就代表的是此类意思。
“blue”蓝色在汉语中往往代表的是天空和海洋，有着辽阔和宽广的感觉，而英语中往往代表忧郁的情绪。
中西方在词语上的差异是非常多的，在跨文化的交往中，因为文化背景上的区别，在理解上也会产生一定的差异，从而增加了沟通的障碍。
因而在大学英语的教学过程中，需要结合西方的文化背景，学习地道的英语知识。
（2）中西方文化中非语言因素的差异非语言因素就是指在语言交际中除说话外的表达形式，在这些表达形式中也蕴含着丰富的文化内容。
首先从身势语的角度来说，伸舌头是中国人失言时常用的一种表达方式，但是在一些欧洲国家，这种方式表示的是对对方的一种蔑视和侮辱。
在语言交际的过程中，中西方之间还存有着很多的差异性。
要想真正的理解英语语言，对于非语言因素方面的学习也是非常关键的，这也是语言交际过程中需要尤为注意的。
二、大学英语教学中导入西方文化的基本原则（1）选择性原则在大学英语的教学过程中，语言水平和实际的应用水平都是非常重要的，西方文化的导入对提升这两种水平有着不可忽视的重要作用。
因而教师需要基于实际情况的需要来选择合适的教学方式和教学内容。
传统的英语教学模式对教学效果的影响是非常大的，作为教师需要持续地更新自己的教学方式。
而在文化导入的过程中注意摒弃其中较为落后的文化信息，注重选择对学生的学习有所协助，有助于提升学生综合水平的文化信息教师所选择的文化内容要具有一定的正面性和积极性。
西方文化论文
目录摘要 (2)关键字 (2)1，引言 (2)2，浅析斯巴达教育 (2)2.1，斯巴达教育的目的 (2)2.2，斯巴达教育的内容 (3)2.3，斯巴达教育体制 (3)2.4，斯巴达教育特点 (3)2.5，斯巴达教育的兴衰 (3)3, 结语 (4)参考文献 (4)浅析斯巴达教育摘要：希腊是世界文明古国之一，也是欧洲文明的摇篮。
古代希腊文化在许多方面都取得了丰硕的成果，对后世尤其对西方文化的发展产生了很大的影响。
古希腊的教育制度奠定了近现代欧洲文化教育发展的基石。
斯巴达作为古希腊第二个具有达标性的城邦，希腊文化的繁荣有赖于斯巴达独特的教育制度。
斯巴达高度重视教育，是以培养勇猛善战的军人为目的的教育制度。
这种教育不重视人的的智慧的培养，十分重视军事训练，他们把培养忠于祖国，勇敢善战，对奴隶残暴的军人作为教育目标。
本文是从斯巴达教育制度形成的原因出发，分析斯巴达教育的培养目标，教育机构，教育内容，教育方法。
斯巴达注重体育教育，注重人的价值。
虽然斯巴达的教育重视军事教育，但其文化教育相对落后，在这种制度下，公民具有高度的集体主义精神和公民平等的精神，因而斯巴达的教育制度也博得许多古希腊思想家的赞美。
古希腊教育文化对文艺复兴以来的欧洲教育传统产生了深刻的影响，成为后世西方和谐教育理论的历史渊源。
因此，古希腊教育文化对当今世界教育人具有借鉴价值。
关键字：斯巴达教育军事制度1，引言斯巴达教育(希腊语：Άγωγή)是一种严格的教育和培训制度，它面向所有斯巴达公民，只有亚基亚德世系和欧里庞提德这两个王室世系的长子例外。
这种训练需要离开家庭进行，包括学习秘密行动、培养对家庭团体的忠诚、、军事训练、打猎、舞蹈和社交预备。
古希腊的Άγωγή一词有许多含义，其中包括捉住和诱拐，但在此大致意味着知道、引导或训练。
古希腊的Άγωγή这个术语按照字面翻译是“增加”，传统上用于家畜饲养场。
整个训练期间的管理者称为paidonomos，字面意思是“一群孩子”。
西方文化概论小论文
中西方悲剧比较摘要：一直以来，悲剧就被喻为艺术的“最高阶段”，以其所蕴藏的深切的内涵和无尽的魅力成为艺术库的一枚瑰宝。
不论是中国的悲剧还是西方的悲剧，其内容中总是包含正义势力与邪恶势力的斗争。
但在悲剧的主体，悲剧的冲突和悲剧的过程和结局上，中西方具有着明显的差异。
关键词：中国悲剧西方悲剧差异比较引论：自古以来，因为生产生活方式和地理环境等因素的不同，从而铸就了东西方文化的差异，东方人保守，注重内敛；西方人开放，注重表达，这些差异也造就了东西方在戏剧的编剧手法和表现手法上的不同。
反观，这些在戏剧中突出的不同性，也正是深入研究东西文化不同的突破口。
正文：古希腊悲剧起源于酒神节——为纪念酒神狄奥尼索斯举行的宗教仪式，其原名为“山羊之歌”是酒神赞美歌的序曲。
在西方美学史上真正奠定悲剧理论基础的是亚里士多德。
他在《诗学》中对古希腊的悲剧艺术进行了系统的理论总结。
他认为“悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的模仿。
”并认为悲剧能够借助于引起人们的怜悯和恐惧之情来使人们的灵魂得到净化和陶冶。
在中国，戏剧的发展是迟缓而漫长的，悲剧没有具体的起源，也有学者认为最早的一部悲剧作品是屈原的《离骚》。
最富盛名的中国古典悲剧是《窦娥冤》，其作者关汉卿有着自己鲜明的写作特点，也是中国式悲剧特点的写照。
一、中西方悲剧主体的差异引用钱钟书先生的观点：悲剧有两种主要类型，一种是以人物性格为中心的悲剧，另一种是以命运本身为主的悲剧。
我认为莎士比亚悲剧属于第一种，而中国的古典悲剧则是比较倾向于第二种。
这两种类型的形成，主要是因为对悲剧的主体的刻画不同。
亚里士多德曾指出：“悲剧由上层人物组成，而喜剧由下层人物组成。
”这句话体现了西方戏剧的主体差异。
西方悲剧中的主体通常是有一定社会地位的人物，并且是多为男性，例如《哈姆雷特》中的哈姆雷特，他是一名复仇的丹麦王子，但他所处的境遇却与之身份十分不符，作者就是利用这种强烈的身份和境遇的对比，来铸造震撼。
《西方文化概论》课程论文
古希腊-罗马文化体现了原始初民无穷的生命活力，而希伯来-基督教文化既抑制了人的原始生命力，又表现出对人的理性本质的寻求，既有人的主体性的萎缩，又有人对自我理解的进步和升华。这种尊重理性、群体本位、崇尚自我牺牲和忍让博爱的宗教人本意识，是以后欧洲文化内核的又一层面。“两希”文学中对人性追寻的这种对立和互补，构成了西方文学人性探索的基本价值核心，也是西方文学贯穿始终的人文主题。
三、古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响
古希腊是西方文明的摇篮，人类智慧的象征。古希腊文化是西方文化的渊源，她以其独特的风采与卓越的成就享誉世界，以至有“言必称希腊”之说。古代希腊文化在文学、艺术、哲学、宗教神话、政治学以及自然科学等方面大放异彩，被西方学者称之为古典文化。古希腊文化之所以在世界文化史中占有突出地位，就是因为古希腊文化在其历史发展进程中，创造了无数璀璨夺目的文化成果，达到人类文明史上的一个高峰。由此，古希腊文化及以后作为希腊文化继承者的罗马文化，启迪了14—17世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动,对世界文化的发展起着巨大而深远的推动作用。正如恩格斯曾指出的：“没有古希腊文化及罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲。”希腊文明始于公元前二十世纪,在经历了几千年的积累与沉淀之后,古希腊人民创造出了无数夺目的精神财富和文化艺术瑰宝。古代希腊文化在宗教神话、哲学、文学艺术及科学等诸多方面取得辉煌成就，对其后的西方文明乃至当今的世界文化发展都起到了巨大而深远的影响。那时候所创造的艺术作品，直到现在还能给我们以艺术的享受,而且就某方面说还是一种规范和高不可及的范本；而哲学、科学思想则奠定了人类对自然、社会和思维认识的基础。
欧洲文化入门论文
欧洲文化入门论文人是文化的存在物，文化是人的存在样式，一部人类历史就是各种文化相互渗透、不断发展创新的历史。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于欧洲文化入门论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!欧洲文化入门论文篇1浅析欧洲认同的文化根源摘要：欧洲认同价值观的形成在很大程度上是欧洲人对其同源文化的延伸。
作为欧洲文明的渊源，古希腊罗马文化奠定了欧洲的文化传统。
在中世纪__大一统的文化氛围中，基督__成为欧洲人长期共同秉承的精神家园。
古希腊罗马文化和基督__响早已深入到了欧洲人的血液中，成为欧洲认同的重要文化根源。
关键词：欧洲认同;文化根源;古希腊罗马文化;__欧洲，不仅是一个地理概念，更是一种文化凝聚的象征，在此基础上形成的欧洲认同是欧洲人对自身特性的定位，更是对欧洲超越经济范畴的强大文化凝聚力的肯定。
“欧洲在伦理领域存在着某种文化的共同性。
”[1] (P251) 要正确认识欧洲认同的深刻内涵就必须探究其历史发展中的文化共同性。
从整个欧洲的历史演变及其文化传统来看，欧洲认同的实质即是对希腊罗马文化和__文化的认同。
一、欧洲文明的起源—古希腊罗马文化在古希腊时代，现在“欧洲”所指的这片土地被称作“欧罗巴”，来源于希腊神话。
随着地中海地区以及现在的中欧、西欧广大地区被罗马帝国所征服，希腊罗马文明也随之而来。
人类文明的中心开始由地中海区域向西转移，希腊的文化成就和罗马的帝国统治长远而深入地影响着“欧罗巴”地区，为其同源性文化与社会意识的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
诚然，对古希腊罗马文明的高度认同成为了欧洲认同形成的根本因素。
恩格斯曾指出：“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，就没有现代的欧洲。
”[2] (P506)古希腊文化是欧洲文明之源，它在诸多领域如哲学，艺术，自然科学等领域的研究成就以及其繁荣发达的城邦政治文化为欧洲创立了规范。
对真理的不懈追求和理性精神是古希腊文化的核心，也构成了欧洲文化的精神主线。
古希腊重视对各种知识进行分类研究，将哲学独立为一门科学。
西方文化英语作文
西方文化英语作文Western culture is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of history, geography, and the collective experiences of diverse populations. It encompasses a wide range of traditions, values, and practices that have been shaped by centuries of social, political, and religious evolution. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted nature of Western culture, highlighting its key elements and the impact it has had on the global stage.Historical FoundationsThe roots of Western culture can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome, which laid the groundwork for many of the cultural and societal norms that would later spread across Europe and the Americas. The Renaissance, a period of rebirth in arts and science, further enriched Western culture, leading to a flourishing of intellectual and creative thought that continues to influence modern society.Religious InfluenceChristianity has played a significant role in shaping Western culture, with its teachings and narratives deeply embedded in the arts, literature, and moral codes. The Reformation, which led to the diversification of Christian denominations, also contributed to the development of a more pluralistic culturallandscape.Philosophical TraditionsWestern philosophy has been marked by a quest for knowledge and understanding, with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle setting the stage for a tradition of critical inquiry. The Enlightenment era brought forth ideas of reason, individualism, and democracy, which have become cornerstones of Western society.Artistic ExpressionThe arts in the West have a long history of innovation and creativity, from the classical sculptures of ancient Greece to the masterpieces of the Renaissance and the avant-garde movements of the 20th century. Music, painting, literature, and theater have all been integral to the cultural expression of the West, often reflecting the social and political climate of their times.Political SystemsDemocracy, rule of law, and human rights are central to Western political thought. The development of democratic governance, the separation of powers, and the emphasis on individual freedoms have been key in shaping the political landscape of Western countries.Impact on the WorldThe influence of Western culture extends beyond its borders, with globalization spreading its ideas, products, and values worldwide. This has led to a complex interplay of cultural exchange, where Western culture both adapts to and influences other cultures.Challenges and CritiquesDespite its many contributions, Western culture also faces critique for its historical role in colonialism, cultural imperialism, and the dominance of neoliberal economic policies. There is an ongoing dialogue about the need for a more inclusive and equitable global cultural exchange.ConclusionWestern culture is a dynamic and evolving entity, constantly reshaped by the forces of history, technology, and human interaction. Its diversity and adaptability are both its strength and the source of ongoing debate and discussion. As we continue to navigate the complexities of a globalized world, understanding the nuances of Western culture becomes increasingly important for fostering cross-cultural understanding and cooperation.。
欧洲文化入门小论文
欧洲文化入门小论文第一篇：欧洲文化入门小论文Renaissance’s influence on Europe IntroductionThe word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism.Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system.In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness.The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation.Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period.Thus here came the Renaissance.Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and finally prevailed in the whole Europe.It brought a revolution period of science and arts.Besides, it lifted the curtain on the history of Europe.Renaissance is recognized as the dividing line between the middle ages and modern times.InfluenceRenaissance has an important impact on art, economy,political and humanism of Europe.It is the New Culture Movement and Cultural Revolution of the bourgeoisie.Art In art, the most prosperous period of Italian Renaissance was the 16th century.It’s representative artist are Da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.Renaissance brought about sense of change in all aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for artistic innovation and experimentation.Colours of arts are very varied and graceful and artist used bright colours bravely to show that people had entered a new period of golden age.Talented artist used their opus to reflect the transition of the thought in the society.For example, Mona Lisa Smile, magnum opus from Da Vinci, it described a wife of merchant instead of noblewoman.This painting told people life can be happy even in such a dark society like that time and it also hinted the change of women’s society statuses.This portraiture was recognized as the laurel of world arts masterpiece.It conveys appreciation to beauty of women and the abundant spirit life of people.What’s more, wealth gathered in towns created demand for refinement in arts and variety in form and content.Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of painting and sculpture as crafts only to decorate churches by that of highly intellectual artistic accomplishments, with merge of art and science.For example, Villa Rotonda , Notre Dame de Paris, St Peter's and so on.Its also prevent free literary creation, but its restless curiosity, its interest in the world and its urban influences created a demand for a native literature that expressed the new life then;and its individuality with a concern for fame drove writers to do experiments to win praise from critics and support from patrons.For example, Dante’s The Divine Melody and Petrarch’s Love sonnets.The arts in Renaissance not only establish the foundation of European realism arts, but also impelpeople to pursuit better society lives with its profound spiritual connotation and exquisite artistry.The masterpieces which created in Renaissance are captivating and master-designed.They become the priceless treasures in treasure house of human.Renaissance had a great influence on development of the world’s art, it can encourage people to lead a positive life and it proposed the explore spirit.It played a essential role in the development of human beings.Economy In financial terms, Renaissance, as a mind emancipation movement to develop and expand cultural of the emerging bourgeoisie, laid an important foundation of the sprout of the early capitalism in it’s transmit.In the meantime, Renaissance accumulated original wealth for the early capitalism.Renaissance first started from Italy, and then transferred to Atlantic coast from the Mediterranean Coast by transmission.Many famous boom city like Roman, Florence, Venice and other cities appeared.Capitalist industry and commerce began to develop prosperously.What’s more, capital started to swarm into the pockets of capitalism.Renaissance provided requirements to exploitation of the new route, reformation of religious reform and the later the revolution of bourgeoisie.Political The occurrence of every important activity will affect the art aspect, the financial term, also the politic.On 14th century, Europe began to enter the modern civilization period.Industry and commerce developed prosperously and capitalism appeared in many cities.Emerging bourgeoisie began to enter the political stage.The needed new ideologies to speak in defense of interests of politic and economy which they pursuit.The needed new academics and culture to support what they want to do.Thus, a totally new Modern spirit came into being.Renaissance was the new culture movement whichobjected to religious authority and feudalism.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the political system in Europe? First, commerce replaced the Catholic as the unifying force in Europe.Second, because of the bourgeoisie’s struggle for political control, the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church declined.Third, rulers of the Italian city-states thus empowered for expansion abroad.Fourth, on account of their wish for peace and order after civil wars, Monarchies was consolidated in France, England and Spain.Humanism The last part I want to talk is the humanism effects brought to Europe by Renaissance.As an individual, one should get important social position by his ability to gain knowledge.With this view, architects begin to design as people-based, painters and sculptors paid much attention to individuals.People tried to comprehend physiology and psychology structure of human beings and thinking process.Renaissance and its accompanying humanist philosophy were the most important reform in the history of human beings.The centre of this power was a knowledge group which named humanist.They pursuit the concept of humanism and their basic theory was realism.Their purposes were reclaiming peaceful and happy lives for people.Humanism studied the value of people, the spirit of people, the life of people and the felicity of people.Then, how did the Renaissance affect the development of humanism? Renaissance made philosophy emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual, it was the originated in the study of classical culture.By the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics of humanities, people developed hisphysically, morally and intellectually.Humanism brought a new art form by its totally new understanding about thecivilization and the world.It connects people and space.ConclusionRenaissance was the shed between middle ages and modern times.It was the consensus premise for bourgeois revolution.It assisted Europe getting rid of the constraints from feudal religious and it was the prelude for Europe to expand to the world.Reference 徐新编著《西方文化史》北京大学出版社叶胜年著《西方文化史鉴》上海外国语教育学院第二篇：欧洲文化入门《巴黎圣母院》读后感读完了《巴黎圣母院》，文中的丑与美，善与恶，在我的脑海里留下了挥之不去的印象。
西方文化精要期末论文
这学期我选了西方文化精要这门课程。
我之所以选这门课程，因为我自己对西方文化很感兴趣，通过这学期的学习，我已经基本对西方文化有些认识了。
下面我就谈谈自己的理解和看法。
在课堂上我了解到了西方文化来自于两希文明，即古希腊和古希伯来文明。
因此我就重点谈谈古希腊神话古希腊神话。
作为西方文化的源头之一，正如马克思所说，希腊神话是它的土壤和武库。
古希腊的戏剧、建筑、绘画、雕塑等都从古希腊神话中汲取养料。
所以可以说，古希腊神话是西方文化的重要源头。
古希腊神话是西方文化百用而不厌其烦的素材，这已是人所共知的。
就像老师开始上课时就给我们说了不少古希腊神话。
西方文化从古希腊神话中汲取的两钟重要的精神血液即人本和理性，这两种精神恰是整个西方近代文化的两个主要精神。
关于神话与古希腊神话，马克思在《<政治经济学>导言》中说，神话是“通过人的幻想，用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式”是“用想象和借助想象以征服自然力、支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化”。
所以神话是人类对自然与自我以及自然与自我关系的探索。
神话应该是氏族的、部落的、民族的，乃至某一人群团体原初的自然观、世界观真实的理性的表现。
神话反映人的思想和理念，而且“神话作为一个民族足迹的最早记录，因为较少受到传统文化的熏染，或当代文明的压抑，它直接的表现了人性中接近底层或本质的东西。
”古希腊神话作为有丰富体系的神话，当然也表现了古希腊人性中最本质的精神。
我们现在所知的所有古希腊神话的故事都来自《荷马史诗》和赫西俄德的《神谱》和《工作与时日》。
《荷马史诗》包括《伊利亚特》和两部。
《伊利亚特》记述的是古代希腊人与特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特的经过。
《奥塞德》描写了希腊军返航途中的种种遭遇，荷马之后的赫西俄德写了《神谱》和《工作与时日》希腊诸神的渊源，历史的发端。
公元前六世纪到公元前三世纪间，希腊三为悲剧大师埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里匹得斯的经典著作也极大的丰富了希腊神话的内容。
关于西方文化的英语作文
Western culture is a rich and diverse tapestry that has evolved over centuries, encompassing a variety of languages,traditions,and social norms.Here is a detailed exploration of various aspects of Western culture,presented through the lens of an English essay.Introduction to Western CultureWestern culture,primarily originating from Europe,has been significantly influenced by the historical developments of the region,including the Renaissance,the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution.It is characterized by a strong emphasis on individualism, democracy,and the rule of law.The cultural sphere is vast,encompassing art,music, literature,philosophy,and social norms that have been shaped by a multitude of ethnicities and historical events.Philosophical FoundationsThe philosophical roots of Western culture can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome.Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle laid the groundwork for Western philosophy, emphasizing the importance of reason,logic,and ethics.The Renaissance period saw a revival of classical learning,leading to a flourishing of art,science,and literature.The Enlightenment furthered the ideals of reason,liberty,and progress,with figures like Voltaire,Rousseau,and Kant contributing to the development of modern democratic principles.Religious InfluenceChristianity has been a dominant force in shaping Western culture,with its teachings influencing moral codes,art,and societal structures.The Bible has been a significant source of inspiration for literature and the visual arts.The Reformation,which led to the diversification of Christian denominations,also contributed to the development of religious tolerance and pluralism.Artistic ExpressionThe arts in the West have seen various movements and styles,from the classical forms of ancient Greece and Rome to the Gothic and Baroque periods,and the modern and contemporary movements.The Renaissance,with artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo,marked a period of artistic innovation and exploration.The Romantic period celebrated emotion and individualism,while the Modernist movement of the20th century questioned traditional forms and sought new ways of expression.Literature and LanguageWestern literature is diverse,ranging from the epic poetry of Homer to the philosophical novels of Dostoevsky and the existential works of Camus.The development of the printing press in the15th century democratized the distribution of written works,leading to an increase in literacy and the spread of ideas.English,as one of the most widely spoken languages in the world,has been a significant carrier of Western cultural values and ideas.Musical TraditionsWestern music has a rich history,from the sacred music of the medieval period to the complex compositions of the Baroque era,the classical symphonies of Mozart and Beethoven,and the diverse genres of the20th century,including jazz,rock,and electronic music.The development of music theory and notation has allowed for the preservation and dissemination of musical works across generations.Social and Political StructuresThe social and political structures of Western culture have been marked by the evolution from feudalism to modern democracies.The Magna Carta,the American Declaration of Independence,and the French Revolution are key events that have shaped the principles of individual rights,representation,and the separation of powers.Culinary HeritageWestern cuisine is as varied as its cultures,with French,Italian,Spanish,and British cuisines being some of the most renowned.The use of dairy products,meats,and a variety of grains is common,and the emphasis on the quality of ingredients and the presentation of dishes is a hallmark of Western culinary traditions.ConclusionWestern culture is a complex and everevolving entity,shaped by a multitude of historical, philosophical,artistic,and social influences.It continues to influence and be influenced by global cultures,making it a dynamic and integral part of the worlds cultural landscape. Understanding Western culture requires an appreciation of its depth and diversity,as well as an awareness of its ongoing impact on contemporary society.。
西方文化导论论文
In my opinion, the Ancient Greek Culture is one of the most shining parts in the western culture. It can be looked on as the start of the western civilization and the end of the barbarous age.Without the Greek Culture as the foundation, the development of the western countries can’t be so outstanding in the world.When we talk about the Ancient Greece, its democracy, economy, and colorful culture always occur to our minds.DemocracyAs early as the 6th century BC, the archon solon tried to reduce the power of the old aristocrats by establishing the jury system for legal judgments in order to restrict the rights of nobility. Then Cleisthenes carried out the legislative reform, by establishing the boule which was composed of five hundred representatives selected from each of ten demes. We should feel surprised at the high standard of the democracy. Even today, the democracy system is still in use.In America, the President Selection through the Senate and House of representatives just can’t be a better e xample of the great influence of the Greek democracy. The strength of the democracy system can reflect the power of people to some degree. What’s more, it makes a great contribution to the development of western politics.EconomyAs it’s known to all, good politics may have a positive effect on the economy. In the Ancient Greece, it proved to be true The economy of increasing prosperity .In this period, the use of iron tools instead of bronze ones leaded the further economic development .So the society was restructured, along class lines，based on the property ownership . City-states come into being, in this way, the civilization of Ancient Greece continued.CultureIt’s generally acknowledged that the Greek Culture is the most precious treasure left not only for Europe but also for the whole world.It falls into four categories, namely the Greek mythology and religion, the Greek art and science, the Greek literature, and the Greek philosophy.i.Greek mythologyAre you familiar with these names, such as Zeus, Athena, Apollo. They are the names of some major gods in the Greek mythology. According to Karl Marx, the Greek mythology is not only a treasure house, but also the soil for Greek art.So it’s certain that the religious tales became fully developed myths and thus contributed a lot to the later development of Greek art.In the Greek mythology, we can find numerous characteristics in the gods and goddesses. Sometimes we may find many tales reflected the feature and life of human beings.ii.Greek art and scienceWe can’t ignore the Greek art and science achievements because they are so amazing. Towards us, they’re so important in fully understanding the Greek Culture. The Greek art is made up of three main parts, they’re architecture, sculpture, and painting.You can find noble simplicity and calm grandeur from the greatest building in Athens, the Parthenon. In addition, you can also find the kindred art of vase decoration which will make you astonished.Then what about the science? As we know, the Greeks did three biggest things: astronomy, philosophy, and democracy. We can draw a conclusion that the geography, astronomy, and mathematics achievements were all remarkable.In this period, there’re some prestigious scholars. Pytheasapplied his solid scientific training primarily to geography. Hipparchus, he perfected measuring instruments and calculated the movements of stars .Another ever greater achievements are in mathematics and physics. The best known mathematician was Euclid who established the science of plan geometry. The other familiar name is Archimedes who discovered the principle of floatation and lever. His famous words “Give me a piece to stand, I will move the earth” impressed me most.iii.Greek literature and historyThe Greek literature is well-established for its epic, lyrical poetry, and drama. The most out-standing epics are Odyssey and Iliad written by Homer. The Trojan War takes up the most part. So we can see the epics related with the history. The person who is “the father of history” na med Herodotus. With his book Histories, which deals with the Persian Wars.Thanks to their works, we can fully witness what has happened during this time.iv.Greek philosophyWhen we talk about “Platonic Love”, we can think of the famous Plato, besides his teacher Socrates.Socrates had a reputation for irony and a sense of humor. And in my view, the Republic is his representative. In this work, Plato built up an ideal kingdom for us, his thoughts made much influence on the followers.Have you heard abou t “I love my teacher, but I love science more”. This is from Aristotle, he was regarded as the greatest thinker and most learned person of ancient times. His works cover wide ranging areas including philosophy, psychology, logic, rhetoric, literary, etc. His thoughts were completely different from Plato. He was a materialist. He indeed made great contribution to the Greek philosophy.Owing to this class: “Western Culture Introduction”, it makes megain a good knowledge of Greek Culture. We marvel at so many wonderful achievements made by the people in the old times. Meanwhile, I believe we can benefit a lot from the Greek Culture, and treasure it forever.。
欧洲文化入门期末论文
欧洲文化入门期末论文Renaissance in ItalyThe word Renaissance is a French word meaning new birth, a name given to the movement in Europe that inspired men to abandon the restraints of the Middle Ages and to develop modern interests, enthusiasm and ideals. Its most noted feature was the Revival of Learning, an awakening of mind and a thirst after the new knowledge.Key words: Italian Renaissance background humanism New Literature Renaissance Art1.BackgroundIn the 12th century, a rediscovery of Greek and Roman literature occurred across Europe that eventually led to the development of the humanist movement in the 14th century. In addition to emphasizing Greek and Latin scholarship, humanists believed that each individual had significance within society. The growth of an interest in humanism led to the changes in the arts and sciences that form common conceptions of the Renaissance.The 14th century through the 16th century was a period of economic flux in Europe, the most extensive changes took place in Italy. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, emperors lost power in Italy and throughout Europe, none of Frederick's successors equaled him. Power fell instead into the hands of various popes; after the Great Schism (1378–1415; see Schism, Great), when three popes held power simultaneously, control returned to secular rulers.During the Renaissance small Italian republics developed into despotisms as the centers of power moved from the landed estates to the cities. Europe itself slowly developed into groupsof self-sufficient compartments. At the height of the Renaissance there were five major city-states in Italy: the combined state of Naples and Sicily, the Papal State, Florence, Milan, and Venice. Italy's economic growth is best exemplified in the development of strong banks, most notably the Medici bank of Florence. England, France, and Spain also began to develop economically based class systems.2.HumanismHumanism is the keynote of Renaissance.Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre-professional and pre-scientific studies. The main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples.2.1 The main content of humanism2.1.1Man is the measure of all things, man-centered culture .It emphasize the power, value and dignity of the human beings andholding that human beings are glorious creatures. And the lines of Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the best summary of the core of Renaissance thought---the greatness of man.2,1,2Emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.It emphasize secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism, shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in allits joys and pains.2.1.3Believe human beings were glorious creatures and man has the right to pursue personal happiness, knowledge and wealth.It applies Aristotle’s theory that humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society. Therefore these Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.New literature3.1Three outstanding heroes of Florence literature3.1.1Giovanni BoccaccioFrench-born Italian poet and writer whose classic work, the Decameron (1351-1353), is a collection of 100 tales told by seven young ladies and three younger gentlemen. In 1348, a terrible plague attacked Florence. Every day, even every hour, large numbers of human remains were carried to the outskirts of the town . From March to July, the death toll amounted to more than 100000, Florence City, became a cemetery ,which is full of wild land, bones. no one could bear to look at it . In order to record human disaster, Boccaccio took this plague as a background, wrote one of the Italy's most famous short story collection" Decameron ". At that time," Decameron " was referred to as the" music", which is known as a companion with Dante’s " Divine Comedy”.3.1.2Francesco PetrarchItalian poet, scholar, and humanist who is famous for Canzoniers, a collection of love lyrics songs written in his Italian dialect. It expresses the author’s true love to his girl friend Lauraand the view of love and happiness. He praised the beauty of the girl in the reality and considered young men and women have the right to enjoy the love. He lapsed into extremely sad when Laura died of illness .A painful emotion can easily seen in his poem. Such feelings have got rid of the abstract and symbolic significance of medieval literature .We look upon him as the father of modern poetry because in his sonnets for Laura he showed himself to be a great humanist writer keenlyaware of mortal and earthly values and he ignored medieval courtly conventions and defined true emotions.3.1.3Dante AlighieriHe was commonly known as Dante, a major Italian poet of the Middle Age, the founder of Modern Italian---one of the pioneering figures in The European Renaissance. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedy and later called Divine by Boccaccio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature. It is a narrative poem in terza rima containing 14 233 lines organized into 100 cantos approximately 142 lines each and can be calleda spiritual travel book.4.Renaissance art4.1The two peaks of Renaissance artOne is the radical break with medieval methods of representing the visible world occurred in Italy during the 2nd half of the 13th century the other is the decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition until the 2nd decade of the 15th century.4.2Distinct features of Renaissance artThe first is the breakaway from the domination of the church.The second is the changed themes of painting from purely celestial realm to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man.The third is the studies of the ruins of Roman and Greek temples andthe revival of the principles of ancient civilization into their works.The fourth is the introduction of scientific theories of anatomy and perspective in artistic works.4.3Early Renaissance Artists4.3.1GiottoHe was the forerunner of the Renaissance who was said to have determined the course of painting in Europe. He led the way of restoring dignity to human figures. He also worked towards a more realistic depiction of space.His famous work Flight into Egypt is a painting based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey that is ready to face the hardship ahead. She looked firm and resolute while her husband Joseph looked hesitant and sorrowful. His another painting, Betrayal of Judas is also very famous.4.3.2Filippo BrunelleschiFlorentine architect, one of the initiators of the Italian Renaissance. His revival of classical forms and his championing of an architecture based on mathematics, proportion, and perspective make him a key artistic figure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. In his designing of the churches he showed a systematic use of perspective. He also introduced motif that was widely imitated during the Renaissance.In 1420 he began to build the dome for the cathedral in Florence and it became the most original construction in the building ofdomes in the world history of architecture.Other early Renaissance artists, including Donatello, Giorgione also made great contribution to the art.4.4High Renaissance Artists4.4.1Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect, sculptor, engineer, and scientist. His pursuit of knowledge was relentless and his discoveries left lasting changes in the fields of art and science. With his sophisticated skills and love for learning, Leonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man. In painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa . His other works, The Virgin of the Rocks, Vitruvian Man, Four Caricatures, are also favored by people.4.4.2Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo's extraordinary accomplishments in painting, sculpture, and architecture made him one of the outstanding figures in Renaissance art. He is known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and rendering the human form in a wide variety of positions and with great emotional expression in painting and sculpture, and creating several of the most important works of the Italian Renaissance, such as the sculpture of David and Moses, the marble statue of Dying Slave and so on.Other high Renaissance artists, like Raphael, Titian also left many worldfamous works to us.The Renaissance resulted in numerous investigations of natural events, in a widespread study of art and literature and in a broadening of outlook to a degree never before known.Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and hence prepared the necessary conditions for rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the modern Age.。
《西方文化概论》论文
《西方文化概论》论文第一篇：《西方文化概论》论文“两希”文化对西方文化发展的影响“两希”文化是西方文化的基础，它们以独特的风采与卓越的成就享誉世界。
“两希”文化指的是古希腊罗马文化和希伯来基督教文化，都对西方文化产生了重要的影响。
古希腊罗马之所以在世界文化史中占有突出地位，就是因为古希腊罗马在其历史发展进程中，创造了无数璀璨夺目的文化成果，达到人类文明史上的一个高峰。
由此，古希腊文化及以后作为希腊文化继承者的罗马文化，启迪了14-17世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动,对世界文化的发展起着巨大而深远的推动作用。
正如恩格斯曾指出的：“没有古希腊文化及罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲。
”古代希腊罗马在宗教神话、哲学、文学艺术及科学等诸多方面取得辉煌成就，对其后的西方文明乃至当今的世界文化发展都起到了巨大而深远的影响。
那时候所创造的艺术作品，直到现在还能给我们以艺术的享受,而且就某方面说还是一种规范和高不可及的范本；而哲学、科学思想则奠定了人类对自然、社会和思维认识的基础。
下面谈一下古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响：一、古希腊罗马神话文化为后世欧洲文学艺术的发展提供了坚实的根基古希腊的宗教与神话是紧密联系在一起的，进一步说就是古希腊的各种神灵信仰是神话传说的思想基础，而神话传说反过来又进一步丰富和发展了古希腊宗教，神话是宗教的核心。
继《荷马史诗》之后的《神谱》，把古希腊诸神纳入一个单一的世系，创造了以宙斯为首的12位主神谱系。
由此可见，古希腊宗教体系的确立以及宗教教义的充实与完善，神话是其重要组成部分，而古希腊以神话为根基的宗教也表现出了与众不同的特点和影响。
首先，古希腊宗教没有经典教义，没有教会组织及神职人员,这种宗教的世俗性是希腊城邦理性主义的萌芽。
从根本上说,希腊重视现世生活，宗教活动在他们看来只是现实生活的补充，并不要求来世灵魂的解脱。
其次，“神人同形同性”的特点，拉近了神与人之间的联系，为希腊及以后的西方世界创作无数优秀的文艺作品提供了不竭的题材。
My Understanding of Western Culture西方文化论文
My Understanding of Western CultureWhat is culture? Maybe different person have different ideas. As I check in the Oxford English Dictionary , it says : the beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a particular society. In other word,western culture means Western’ beliefs or ways of life.As far as I am concerned,culture, as a product generated by man's long-term creation, is a social phenomenon. Meanwhile, it is also a historical appearance distilled throughout social history. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the difference between Chinese culture and western culture.Western culture is divided into three periods,including: the period of a ncient Greek and Rome, the medieval Christian culture, Modern western culture. To be exact, culture refers to the history, geography, traditional convention, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking, value of one country or one ethnic group. Chinese culture differs from western culture in so many aspects as wholeness and individuality, speech, value, moral standard, social relationship, social etiquette, social custom, etc. As we know, there are many differences between western culture and Chinese culture. We can see differences when we pay attention to the way words are used.Western world’s culture during The second half of the twentieth century was marked by Diversity. Although many trends represented Acontinuation of prewar modern development, new directions have led some observers to speak of A “postmodern” cultural world.For another, they are always anxious for knowledge. Facing anything new, modesty is always their choice. In the contrary to them, our Chinese sometimes think too much of ourselves. In the 1980s, styles emerged that have been referred to as postmodern. Postmodernism tends to move away from the futurism or “cutting edge” qualities of modernism. It favors tradition, that elevating traditional craftsmanship to the level of fine art. They gained respect as artists.It has become clear to many people that, like it or not and ready or not, the conditions of the world are such that we are all increasingly coming into contact with those who are different from ourselves.(diverse workforce, mixing nationalities, ethnicities, races)—Global Village.People find that behavior and attitudes that proved necessary for obtaining goals in their own culture are no longer useful (esp.those moving across cultures)Familiar behaviors that marked well-adjusted persons in their own culture may even be seen as indicative of ill-mannered.We can learn a lot from the western culture. On a personal level, every one should have some knowledge of it. If you study the western culture, you will find that how different the way you think and do with something is from the westerners. You can not only get anotherperspective to treat different situations, but also enrich your personal knowledge. What’s more, you might even find that how many weak points in your character. Then some supplements might be added and you will have a more sound soul which will help you succeed in the future. However, it is not only necessary for individuals to do so.The richer countries are pouring large sums of money into space research programs which are of no benefit to human beings while in underdeveloped countries thousands of people are dying of hunger. Besides, many scientists time and energy are wasted,which could have been devoted to improving our living condition. Whats more, many astronauts have died complete1y uselessly in space vehicles which have been faulty. One very significant part of culture is the set of values we hold, or those things which we are taught to want and those things we are taught are right. For example, one of the primary values held by Americans is monetary or economic success. They are brought up to believe that economic success is something worth striving for.They were young people who had not enjoyed the fruit of life yet.Different form the easterners.As the westerners like to treat their parents as friends, they often show their emotion and tell their opinions quite straight-out while the Chinese prefer not to say but just hide in heart.Apart from human wastage,there is the wastage of resources whichare finite and essential if man is to survive. I think it’s high time we stopped these meaningless programs. Westerners stress rules and principles. For example, if a manage make a mistake or break the rule of company in western country, the boss will punish him or her no matter how close their relationship is, because they believe that relationship is one thing, rule is another thing, they should make decision according to the rules.As a popular saying goes, to say is one thing and to do is another. How can we learn from the western culture? At first, we should have a clear concept that culture has a broader meaning today. It covers literature, custom, knowledge, history and so on. The Western individualism has much to do with its colonial history, which dates back to the period when colonists had to fig ht for their own, and they couldn’t survive the harsh environments without extraordinary bravery, perseverance and optimism, etc. I believe it is those pioneers’ characters that form the unique individualism today. Time has also left its imprint on the individualism, as the term keeps refreshing its meaning. Nowadays, the new individualism refers to the pursuit of freedom and personal happiness, the sacredness of human life and properties as well as a lot of personal traits. Besides, Western is famous for its multicultural society where each element exists in harmony with one another whilst keeping their own traits distinct. All these contribute to the individualism.No one can predictwhat will happen in the future. Supposing that we didn’t look squarely a t other countries’ culture and get their valuable experience, China is sure to be washed by modern age. Hope all the Chinese could have clear awareness.In the process of communication, American people are more used to expressing their affirmative and confirmed opinion or thoughts. In other words, American speak more directly. For instance, in western countries, if a man loves a woman, he always say:＂I love you＂directly to his lover to express his affection for her. Another example if a westerner want to borrow money from his friend, he will get to the point directly and he is lack of money recently and would like to borrow some money.Given the final analysis conducted above,western culture does has big different from Chinese culture .So,we should have a full understand of this difference.It is high time we kept a closer eye on this issue than at any other time in the past.。
西方传统文化英文作文
西方传统文化英文作文Western Traditional Culture。
Western traditional culture is a rich and diverse tapestry of customs, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over centuries. It encompasses everything from art and literature to music and philosophy, and has had a profound impact on the development of modern Western society.One of the key features of Western traditional culture is its emphasis on individualism. Unlike many other cultures, which prioritize the needs and desires of the community over those of the individual, Western culture places a high value on personal autonomy and self-expression. This is reflected in everything from the arts, where individual artists are celebrated for their unique visions and perspectives, to politics, where the rights and freedoms of the individual are enshrined in law.Another important aspect of Western traditional culture is its focus on reason and rationality. From the ancient Greeks to the Enlightenment philosophers, Western thinkers have long emphasized the importance of logic, critical thinking, and empirical evidence in understanding the world around us. This has led to many important scientific and technological advances, as well as to the development of a rich tradition of philosophical inquiry.Despite its many strengths, however, Westerntraditional culture is not without its flaws. One of the most significant of these is its history of colonialism and imperialism, which has led to the exploitation and oppression of many non-Western cultures and peoples. Additionally, some critics argue that the emphasis on individualism and rationality can lead to a sense of alienation and disconnection from others and from the natural world.In conclusion, Western traditional culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has played a major role in shaping the modern world. While it has many admirablequalities, it is important to recognize its limitations and to work to address the negative consequences that have resulted from its historical and cultural legacy. By doing so, we can continue to learn from and appreciate the many valuable contributions that Western culture has made to our global community.。
本科生西方文化论文格式范文
本科生西方文化论文格式范文西方文化入门作为一门语言学科的基础,许多老师及学生已经意识到了学好它对学好英语的重要作用。
下面是店铺为大家整理的西方文化论文，供大家参考。
西方文化论文范文一：浅析中西美学中的痛苦与美:以崇高范畴为例综观西方审美观念的深层内涵，我们不难发现这样一个事实：西方的审美范畴之中深深地藏着一颗内核——痛苦。
美是由痛苦导出的，是痛苦情感的迸发。
由痛苦升华为那震撼人心的之美，升华为那数的崇高与力的崇高，升华为那光辉灿烂之最高境界!西方的宗教美学思想，也与此密切相关。
耶稣受难，正是一种由痛苦而产生的崇高之美。
痛苦产生美，崇高来源於痛苦，柏克正是这样为崇高下定义的：“任何东西只要以任何一种方式引起痛苦和危险的观念(the idea of pain and danger)，那它就是崇高的来源”。
正因为柏克首先将崇高确定为痛苦与恐惧的升华，才使得崇高与优美划清了界线，使崇高真正成为一个美学范畴从美之中分离出来，从此开创了崇高理论的新纪元。
康德从而和之，认为崇高是一种由痛苦与恐惧引起的“消极的快感”。
为什么痛苦与恐惧会变成具有美学意义的消极快感呢?康德的解释是：因为崇高的感觉与美的感觉不一样，欣赏优美的花卉图案时，它给人一种直接的愉快，具有一种促进生命力的感觉。
而产生崇高情绪时，人们首先感到的不是直接的愉快，而是恐惧、痛苦，面对危险异常、令人惊心动魄的大自然时，人们在痛苦与恐惧之中经历着一个瞬间的生命力的阻滞，而立刻继之以生命力的更加强烈的喷射!从痛苦恐惧之中发出惊叹与崇敬，心情在自然界的崇高形象中受到激动与震撼，这就是由痛苦之中迸发出来的震撼人心的崇高!叔本华认为，崇高源於那无法摆脱的痛苦，客观世界的可怕现象以战胜一切的优势威胁着意志，痛苦的意志被那无限大的对象压缩至於零。
但是，人们以强力挣脱了自己的意志与利欲的关，对那些可怕的对象作宁静地观赏之时，这痛苦就升华为一种崇高之美。
对於由痛苦产生崇高，现代美学家乔治·桑塔耶纳指出：“如果我们企图了解痛苦的表现为什么有时候能使人愉快的话，这种快感就恰好提供我们所寻找的价值的先验因素。
西方文化简史 论文
我眼中的西方文化——个人主义在我的认识里，西方文化传统价值观是以个人为本位的个人主义，即是以个人为本，注重个人的自由和权利。
个人本位的个人主义。
以个人为本位的个人主义构成了西方价值观念的思想基础和立足点。
个人主义的核心内容就是：“人们有决定自己生活和前途的自由和权利。
”换句话说：“我的一切由个人负责。
”个人主义所强调的是,在个人与整体的关系中，个人是本位，或者说个人是始点、核心和目，,国家和社会的使命就是要保护个人的权利。
在所有的权利中，自由、平等是最基本的权利，因而国家和社会的最高使命就是要保护个人的自由平等权利。
因此，自由平等既是个人主义的核心内容，也是西方社会公认的政治原则，个人主义作为西方价值观念的思想基础，贯穿于西方价值观念体系的各个方面，体现了西方价值观念的根本性质。
个人本位的个人主义的发展历程。
个人本位的个人主义价值观关可以追溯到古希腊罗马时期。
伯恩斯和拉尔夫在《世界文明史》中对古希腊人的价值观念作了精辟的概括，他们描述说自荷马时代以来，“希腊人就已经沿着其在以后几个世纪都必然遵循的社会理想之路起步了，他是一个乐观主义者,确信生命只有:：为其自己的目的而活着才有价值，他认为把追求死看成是愉快的解脱，是没有意思的，他是一个利己主义者，为自我满足而奋斗。
结果，他拒绝肉体上的苦修，反对会造成损害生命的所有形式的克己行为。
”这种价值观在城邦时期通过思想家的既使理想观念现实化又使实际观念理性化而融汇为希腊精神。
希腊精神是古代希腊人留给西方和世界的宝贵遗产，它构成整个西方文明和价值观念的灵魂。
希腊精神的实质是“建立在自由、乐观主义、世俗主义、理性主义的理想之上，尊重肉体，也尊重心灵对各个人庄严和价值给予高度重视。
”关于希腊文明对于西方的影响，黑格尔说：“一提到希腊这个名字,在有教养的欧洲人心中，尤其是在我们德国人心中，自然会引起一种家国之感。
欧洲人远在希腊之外，从东方，特别是从叙利亚获得他们的宗教，来世与超世间的生活。
西方文化课程论文英语作文
When approaching a paper on Western culture,its essential to have a clear understanding of the topic and a wellstructured approach to your essay.Here are some steps and tips to help you craft an effective English composition on this subject:1.Choose a Specific Aspect:Western culture is vast and encompasses various elements such as literature,art,philosophy,music,and social norms.Narrow down your focus to a specific aspect that interests you or is relevant to your course.2.Define Your Thesis Statement:Your thesis statement should clearly express the main argument or point of your paper.It should be concise and guide the reader through the rest of your essay.3.Conduct Research:Gather information from reliable sources such as academic journals, books,and reputable websites.Make sure to note down the references for your bibliography.4.Outline Your Paper:Organize your thoughts and the information youve gathered into a coherent structure.A typical outline includes an introduction,body paragraphs,and a conclusion.Introduction:Introduce the topic,provide background information,and present your thesis statement.Body Paragraphs:Each paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your e evidence from your research to back up your arguments.Conclusion:Summarize your main points and restate your thesis.You may also include a call to action or a thoughtprovoking statement to leave a lasting impression. 5.Write with Clarity and Cohesion:Use clear and concise language.Ensure that your sentences are wellstructured and that your paragraphs flow logically from one to the next.6.Cite Your Sources:Properly cite all the sources you use in your paper to avoid plagiarism.Familiarize yourself with the citation style required by your instructor e.g., APA,MLA,or Chicago.7.Revise and Edit:After writing your first draft,take the time to revise and edit your work.Check for grammatical errors,clarity of expression,and consistency in your arguments.8.Peer Review:If possible,have a classmate or friend read your paper and provide feedback.A fresh pair of eyes can help you spot errors or areas for improvement that youmight have missed.9.Finalize Your Paper:Incorporate the feedback youve received and make any necessary changes.Ensure that your paper is polished and ready for submission.10.Proofread:Before submitting your paper,proofread it one last time to catch any typos or errors that may have been overlooked.Remember,a wellwritten paper on Western culture should not only demonstrate your understanding of the topic but also engage the reader with a clear and compelling argument.。
西方文学作品论文1700字_西方文学作品毕业论文范文模板
西方文学作品论文1700字_西方文学作品毕业论文范文模板西方文学作品论文1700字(一)：英美文学作品中的西方文化论文一、英美文学作品中的西方文化以及英汉翻译(一)《圣经》故事方面英美国家人们的日常生活以及文化在很大程度上都会受到宗教的影响，特别是基督教思想影响非常深远、广泛。
通常西方人会把《圣经》作为他们的生活道德准则，《圣经》的内容深深地融入到西方文化中。
在西方人的文学艺术以及日常语言中也会广泛应用到《圣经》故事。
比如，“godforbid”“oh，heavens”“forgodsssake”等已经成为西方人的口头常用语。
实际上，《圣经》不单单是基督教的一部正式经典，而且也是一部内容、思想的经典文学作品。
英美文学家常常为了丰富写作题材，进而巧妙地引用《圣经》中的词句、人物或者典故。
比如，“absalomsshair”，本意是指押沙龙的头发，潜台词是“美丽反而是一种致命伤”；“manna”在《圣经》中赐给以色列以及摩西人的食物，潜台词是代表意外收获。
圣经的典故以及故事也被常常应用于英美文学作品中，其中英国诗人就是一个很好的代表，他的《力士参孙》《复乐园》及《失乐园》中都采用了《圣经》里的典故。
(二)词汇代表的不同文化内涵文化和词汇密切相关，每个民族的语言词汇中都可以看出这个民族的风俗民情、政治制度、经济、历史、地理及文化艺术等，但是如果文化背景不同的话，相同的词汇代表的涵义也会有所差异。
就日常生活称呼语而言就有很大的文化差异，比如，我们中国一直以来都有“尊老爱幼”的优良传统，在汉语中主要用“老”来表示对对方的尊重和尊敬，常常也会使用“老王”“李老”或者“老先生”。
对于中国文化而言，年长通常代表着智慧、经验、身份，但是西方文化中，将“o ld”这个词汇表示过时、落后于潮流等意思。
并且在西方，年龄是个人的重要隐私信息，尤其是西方的女性非常忌讳他人询问其年龄。
因此，西方人一般不会叫对方“oldpeople”“grandma”等，通常会直呼其名。
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西方文化入门论文
文学院对外汉语8班 1100100243 梁丑娃
1.Explain the philosophy of Plato
2.Explain the relationship between church and state in the middle ages
3.How Roman culture influences Christianity
4.What is the relationship between renaissance and enlightenment?(how does it
continue?)
●Explain the philosophy of Plato
Plato was a great Classical Greek philosopher who helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science with his student, Aristotle.
Plato set up with the theory of idea as the core objective idealism system. He hold the idea that material things are simply approximations of Ideas. Material life is always in flux, always changing, always in a state of "becoming" based upon the perfect Forms (Ideals), which exist previous to and independent of material life. Plato thought that idea has grades. T he highest principle is "good idea”. His ethics and aesthetic built on the basis of the theory of idea, the idea of the good morality is the only source, beautiful things is relative, the irregular change, the idea is absolute, constant.
I have learned the famous cave metaphor in the class. It’s a story in < the Republic> which tells that "form" in fact is that the sunshine of the physical and our sensory world can feel nothing but the white wall shadow. What’s more, only the philosophers in truth sunshine see things outside. Such is our ignorance of the spiritual world in which our own ideas have their being.
In the political vision, he designed a set of "dream land" scheme that "philosophy king" to govern the country. In today's opinion, the “dream land” described by Plato is a terrible totalitarian state. In other words, his political thought has the nature of the dream.
●What is the relationship between renaissance and enlightenment? (How does it continue?)
The Renaissance is from 1400 to the beginning of the 1600. It marked the rebirth of humanism and the word "Renaissance” is defined as a "rebirth" or a "reconstruction". The Enlightenment took place in Europe in a very large scale in 18th century. By the time of 18th century, the human beings had a better understanding of the nature, and the technology had made a great advancement.
Here is a summary of the main content of these two campaigns. Renaissance’s core is to affirm the human values and dignity; demand “person” as the center instead of “God” as the center; pursue freedom, happiness and material comfort; object to the
Christian concept of afterlife; e mphasis on taking advantage of human’s creation and scientific experiments. Enlightenment called for the rational sunshine; pursuit of political democracy, equal rights and personal freedom.
Enlightenment is the continuation and development of the Renaissance. The same points between Renaissance and Enlightenment are quite obvious. First, both of them are focus on the human values, and both of them are the anti-feudal bourgeois ideology(反封建的资产阶级思想). Secondly, they are mentally prepared for the bourgeoisie（中产阶级） to obtain political and economic dominance. Thirdly, both of them have promoted the development of modern science.
In a word, the essence of these two campaigns is to reflect the political and economic interests of the bourgeois and they both had a big positive influence on the world.。