托福语法第一讲 句子结构

托福语法第一讲句子结构特别提醒：在做结构题时，要特别注意读题方式。

一般来说，出现“，”的地方，要把重点放在句子主体结构一方，而尽量避免介词短语、插入语、分词状语的影响，很多时候，他们对句子主干是没有影响的。

考点1：单句句子主干成分缺失。

最基本和常见的格式有：VP （主语缺失）要求：在选项中找出名词（短语）完成句子意思。

S O (谓语缺失)S+VP (宾语缺失) 要求：在选项中找出可以做宾语的成分。

O （主谓缺失）要求：在选项中找到可充当主谓的结构。

S VP （修饰成分缺失）要求：找到主语的定语或是句子的插入语成分。

在做句子结构题型的时候，准确地判断所缺失的成分，名词、动词的词性是至关重要的。

例1：Unlike moderate antislavery advocates, abolitionists ____ an immediate end to slavery.分析：(忽略) ，主语谓语缺失名词结构A demandedB they demandC that they demandedD in that they demand例2：A few animals sometimes fool their enemies ____ to be dead.分析：主语谓语宾语表手段的状语A appearB to appearC by appearingD to be appearing例3：_____ have a very keen sense of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audible to the human ear.A While some insects doB Some insects whichC Some insectsD That some insects主语缺失。

考点2：复合句复合句的基本结构为：a.Conj.+S+VP., S+VP 主从复合句b.先行+conj.+S+VP 定语从句c.V+conj.+S+VP 宾语从句出题的形式为：___________ S+VP, S+VP 缺少连词, S+VP 缺失整个从句Conj.+S+VP, _______ +VP 缺失主句主语Conj.+S+VP, _______ 缺少整个主句Conj.+S+ _______, S+VP 缺少从句谓语Conj.______ , S+VP 缺少从句主谓Conj.+S+VP, S+ ______ 缺少主句谓语例1：____ have sense organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caused by nearby motion.A That tile fishB FishC When fishD If tile fish例2：Comparatively few clues in the United States have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers.A because then most large cities havingB when did most large cities haveC then most large cities that hadD when most large cities had在做题的时候，如果能够准确地判断含有空格的部分的性质（主句还是从句），缺少了哪一个成分，可将看似很长很复杂的句子化繁为简。

考点3：含有介词短语作状语、同位语结构的句子例1：According to some critics, the novels of William Burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, its tendency toward over-embellishment and incoherence. (hazard的同位语)例2：Even as a girl (状语结构) , Fanny Brice knew that performing was to be her life, therter audiences were to be her best teachers.例3：____ the diffusion of heat upward to the Earth`s surface, the temperature within the Earth remains constant. (主系表结构；完整单句)A ThatB Despite（引导介词短语作状语）C ifD When例4：____ as a territory in 1854 and admitted as a state in 1861, Kansas is at the geographical center of the United States.A By organzingB Because organizedC Organized (分词表被动)D He had prganized考点4：插入语成分含有插入成分的句子基本形式为：S，插入语成分，VP可以做插入语成分的结构有：a 从句b 形容词短语c 副词短语d a /an 名词短语e 分词短语f 介词短语解题时，通常会有下列情况：①S，插入语结构，____ 。

例：Many gases, including the nitrogen and oxygen in air, ____ color or ordor.A have noB which have noC not havingD they do not hve②S, ，VP.例1：Willa Cather,____, gained recognition for her books concerning the American frontier.A a novelist and Pulitzer prizewinningB a Pulitzer prizewinning novelistC a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist whoD was a Pulitzer prizewinning novelist例2：Mango trees, ____ densely covered with glossy leaves and bear small fragrant flowers, grow rapidly and can attain heights of up tp 90 feet.A whoseB which areC are whenD which句子结构总攻略：不论句子千变万化，其核心内容只有一点，即主语和谓语一定是完备的，并且多个句子合成复合句时一定需要适当的连词。

在做题的时候要掌握的原则是：●浏览句子时即抓住句子主干，判断空格处缺少的成分。

●一个句子中如出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词，其中又没有并列词（如and，or）连接的话，则必然出现从句。

●动词的分词、动名词、不定式等变形不可充当谓语动词，遇到形式像动词过去式的词时，需进一步判断，排除其是过去分词的可能。

●当句子主干（主语、谓语、宾语）全部在题干中出现的时候，空格处填入的通常是形容词、副词、冠词、数词等用来修饰句子主干的词。

●观察句子逗号出现的前后部分，主动筛选有用信息，遇到完整的从句、介词短语、分词短语等与主干无关的成分，可以忽略不看以使句子更加简明清晰。

Exercise:1 No one knows exactly ____.A how did speech beginB how speech beganC how the beginning of speechD of how beginning speech2 Socioligists have long recognized that social tention ____.A elements from group livingB elements of a normal group lifeC living are a group pf elementsD are normal elements of group life3 Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, ____ absorb sound.A which they allB of them allC all of whichD of all which4 Of the thousands of varieties o bird species in North America, ____ bright red plumage, like the cardinal, are most often designates as state bird.A those that haveB who haveC which haveD to have their5 Thomas Edison`s first patented invention was a device ____ in Congress.A votes counted forB had been counting votesC for counting voteD be a counted vote。