东南大学研究生学位英语试卷b
2022研究生学位英语考试真题及答案
2022研究生学位英语考试真题及答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys, have you ever wondered what kind of questions are on the 2022 postgraduate English exam? Today, I'm going to share the questions and answers with you!Question 1:Fill in the blank with the correct word:She likes to play piano _____ her brother likes to play guitar.Answer:whileQuestion 2:Choose the correct option:I _____ to the supermarket yesterday.a) gob) goesc) wentAnswer:c) wentQuestion 3:Make a sentence using the words provided:Dog - park - happyAnswer:The dog is happy playing in the park.Question 4:Write a short paragraph about your favorite animal.Answer:My favorite animal is a panda. Pandas are so cute and fluffy. They love to eat bamboo and play in the trees. I wish I could hug a panda one day!Question 5:Translate the following sentence into English:。
东南大学2007研究生专业英语试卷
2007年硕士研究生专业英语考试卷Part 1 Translation (60 minutes) (60%)Section A: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (30 minutes) (30%)Managers advancing into the fog of the future tend to either cling to the fiction of prediction despite limited visibility or veer to the other extreme, relying on good luck and hustle and hoping for the best. Neither extreme is effective or necessary. Indeed, a careful examination of volatile markets over time reveals recurrent patterns. Understanding these patterns can help executives navigate a foggy future.It was only when the company began to look at customer information in a more holistic fashion - gathering, consolidating, and analyzing all of its customer interaction information in a single pool - that it was able to correct such inefficiencies. Now everyone who is delayed for, say, nine hours gets the same compensation, and when a gate agent hands a passenger a flight voucher, that transaction is reflected immediately in the customer information database. The passenger will be denied a second voucher even if he gets to a phone within a few seconds.An even bigger problem is getting past correlations in the data to be able to argue causality. If a researcher finds that highly successful companies tend to have formal knowledge management initiatives, for example, does that mean that explicit management of knowledge is a key to success? Or does it mean that knowledge management is the kind of organizational boondoggle that only a company flush with cash indulges in? Making the argument for causality in one direction or the other requires not only a sufficient data set but also a rational model for how the observed phenomena relate to known outcomes.Section B: Translate the following paragraphs into English (30 minutes) (30%)任何决策都无法回避风险。
东南大学学位英语Unit 02 How to Write Style完整课文与答案
Section A Intensive Reading and WritingHow to Write with styleBy Kurt V onnegut[1] Newspaper reporters and technical writers are trained to reveal almost nothing about themselves in their writings. This makes them freaks in the world of writers, since almost all of the other ink-stained wretches in that world reveal a lot about themselves to readers. We call these revelations, accidental and intentional, elements of style.[2] These revelations tell us as readers what sort of person it is with whom we are spending time. Does the writer sound ignorant or informed, stupid or bright, crooked or honest, humorless or playful? And on and on.[3] Why should you examine your writing style with the idea of improving it? Do so as a mark of respect for your readers, whatever you’re writing. If you scribble your thoughts any which way, your readers will surely feel that you care nothing about them. They will mark you down as an egomaniac or a chowderhead -or, worse, they will stop reading you.[4] The most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mainly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an emptyheaded writer for his or her mastery of the language ? No.[5] So your own winning style must begin with ideas with ideas in your head.1. Find a subject you care about[6] Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others shouldcare about. It is this genuine caring, and not your games with language , which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style.[7] I am not urging you to write an novel, by the way – although I would not be sorry if you wrote one, provided you genuinely cared about something. A petition to the mayor about a pothole in front of your house or a love letter to the girl next door will do.2. Do not ramble, though[8] I won’t ramble on about that.3. Keep it simple[9] As for your use of language: Remember that two great masters of language, William Shakespeare and James Joyce, wrote sentences which were almost childlike when their subjects were most profound. “To be or not to be?” asks Shakespeare’s Hamlt. The longest word is three letters long. Joyce, when he was frisky, could put together a sentence as intricate and as glittering as a necklace for Cleopatra, but my favorite sentence in his short story , “Evelin”is this one: “She was tried.”At that point in the story, no other words could break the heart of a reader as those three words do.[10] Simplicity of language is not only reputable, but perhaps even sacred. The Bible opens with a sentence well within the writing skills of a lively fourteen-year-old: “In the beginning God created the neaven and the earth.”4. Have guts to cut[11] It may be that you, too, are capable of making necklaces for Cleopatra, so to speak. But your eloquence should be the servant of the ideas in your head. Your rulemight be this: If a sentence, no matter how excellent, does not illuminate your subject in some new and useful way, scratch it out.5. Sound like yourself[12] The writing style which is most natural for you is bound to echo the speech you heard when a child. English was Conrad’s third language , and much that seems piquant in his use of English was no doubt colored by his first language, which was Polish. And lucky indeed is the writer who has grown up in Ireland, for the English spoken there is so amusing and musical. I myself grew up in Indianapolis, where common speech sounds like a band saw cutting galvanized tin, and employs a vocabulary as unornamental as a monkey wrench.[13] In some of the more remote hollows of Appalachia, children still grow up hearing songs and locutions of Elizabethan times. Yes, and many Americans grow up hearing a language other than English, or an English dialect a majority of Americans cannot understand.[14] All these varieties of speech are beautiful , just as the varieties of butterflies are beautiful, No matter what your first language, you should treasure it all your life, If it happens to not be standard English, and if it shows itself when you write standard English, the result is usually delightful, like a very pretty girl with one eye that is green and one that is blue.[15] I myself find that I trust my own writing most, and others seem to trust it most , too, when I sound most like a person from Indianapolis, which is what I am. What alternatives do I have? The one most vehemently recommended by teachers has no doubt been pressed on you, as well: to write like cultivated Englishmen of acentury or more ago.6. Say what you mean[16] I used to be exasperated by exasperated by such teachers, but am no more, I understand now that all those antique essays and stories with which I was to compare my own work were not magnificent for their datedness or foreignness, but for saying precisely what their authors meant them to say. My teachers wished me to write accurately, always selecting the most effective words, and relating the words to one another unambiguously, rigidly, like parts of a machine. The teachers did not want to turn me into an Englishman after all. They hoped that I would become understandable—and therefore understood. And there went my dream of doing with words what words what Pablo Picasso did with paint or what any number of jazz idols did with music. If I broke all the rules of punctuation, has words mean whatever I wanted them to mean, and strung them together higgledy- piggledy, I would simply not be understood. So you , too, had better avoid Picasso-style writing, if you have something worth saying and wish to be understood.[17] Readers want our pages to look very muck like pages they have seen before. Why? This is because they themselves have a tough job to do, and they need all the help they can get from us.7. Pity the readers[18] They have to identify thousands of little marks on paper, and make sense of them immediately. They have to read, an art so difficult that most people don’t really master it even after having studied it all through grade school and high school–twelve long years.[19] So this discussion must finally acknowledge that out stylistic options as writers are neither numerous nor glamorous, since out readers are bound to be such imperfect artists. Our audience requires us to be sympathetic and patient readers, ever willing to simplify and clarify- whereas we would rater soar high above the crowd, singing like nightingales.[20] That is the bad news. The good news is that we Americans are governed under a unique Constitution, which allows us to write whatever we please without fear of punishment. So the most meaningful aspect of out styles, which is what we choose to write about, is utterly unlimited.8. For really detailed advice[21] For a discussion of literary style in a narrower sense, in a more technical sense, I recommend to your attention The Elements of style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. E. B. White is, of course, one of the most admirable literary stylists this county has so far produced. You should realize, too, that no one would care how well or badly Mr. White expressed himself, if he did not have perfectly enchanting things to say.Part I Comprehension of the Text1. What is Kurt V onnegut arguing in his writing? What’s his understanding of writing style?2. What kind of language style does he use in this essay?3. What does the author mean by mentioning “Picasso style and jazz style”?4. Does the author practice what he preaches in his writing?5. What does the author suggest at the end of this essay?Part II VocabularyA. Choose the one from the four choices that best explains the underlined word or phrase.1. He finds himself involved with a crooked businessman and a group of thugs who attempt to sabotage his invention.A. distortedB. twistedC. dishonestD. deceptive2. He remembered how proud and haughty her face was and scratched out the word he had written.A. polishedB. perishedC. deletedD. depleted3. If you choose credit counseling as a strategy for your debt, you must make sure you’re choosing a reputable company and not a scammer.A. well-knownB. professionalC. reliableD. respectable4. He added that nature gave him everything he need as a champion-unusual strength, stamina, a terrific punch, and plenty of guts.A. wisdomB. courageC. wealthD. charm5. Qualitative research strategies of interview, participant observation, and field notes were used to illuminate the topic.A. reinforceB. decorateC. paraphraseD. interpret6. He suddenly found himself exasperated by slow moving pedestrians, and, like a true New Yorker, began darting around them instead.A. provokedB. offendedC. annoyedD. disappointed7. As one moves through this colourful world of Indian handicrafts, many intricate paintings and sculptures catch the eye.A. charmingB. elegantC. delicateD. complicated8. Many judges will acknowledge that one of the most difficult aspects of a criminal case is sentencing.A. admitB. assertC. proveD. agree9. Its charming towns and picturesque landscapes provide the enchantingsurroundings for your sparkling romantic holiday treat.A. magnificentB. compellingC. genuineD. glamorous10. Circumstances beyond my control have left me with no alternative but to returnmy vehicle to lender.A. meansB. optionC. fashionD. mannerB. Choose the one from the four choices that best completes the sentence.1. The infinite beauty of a reverse navel ring ___________with dual colors in the trio of stones that fill the center of the continuous infinity design.A. twinklesB. simmersC. flashesD. glitters2. He was early _____________as a man of ability and maturity of character, a promise fully realized in his many great achievements.A. marked downB. turned downC. looked upD. agreed upon3. When he was not quite able to follow, Newton just took the pad from his friend’s hands and _____________his own remarks into the notebook.A. stumbledB. scrabbledC. scribbledD. scrupled4. There are many reports of the Prophet’s mastery of the Arabic tongue together with his _________ and fluency of speech.A. eloquenceB. sequenceC. frequencyD. delinquency5. These stories and the principles principles drawn from them are ___________toyou for your benefit and learning and enjoyment.A. commentedB. commendedC. commandedD. commenced6. Some applicants may _________ on about themselves in a manner that may appear self-indulgent and not very appealing to the committee.A. rambleB. tumbleC. complainD. chatter7. Cherry tomatoes have a strong taste and are very juicy-this makes them ideal for creating this ___________sauce.A. vehementB. friskyC. disgustingD. piquant8. To help soldiers _________ data from drones, satellites and ground sensors, the U.S. military now issues the iPod Touch.A. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. take notice ofD. make use of9. As the same way, we need to listen to some fascinating English materials as many as possible, so that we can ___________ our interest to learn it.A. motivateB. cultivateC. advocateD. retaliate10. Her 8-year-old daughter was adorable as she got to meet her __________, Simon, whom she praises for his negativity.A. imageB. idiotC. idolD. tokenC. Complete each sentence with the proper form of the word given in theparenthesis.1. Many philosophers hold ________ about mental properties, and manyphilosophers hold humility about fundamental physical properties. ( reveal )2. By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a ________ of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ( master )3. Despite the apparent ______ of the water molecule, liquid water is one of the mostmysterious substances in out world. ( simple )4. On this level, a common protocol to structure the data is used; the format of the information exchange is ________ defined. ( ambiguity)5. It was expected that these images will look charming and __________, but thefinal result was a bit different. ( glamour)6. I find it hard to be _________ about a man who used his wealth and power tomolest children and to then evade justice. ( sympathy)7. The question is whether or not it is possible to bottle these pheromones and use them for our own _________ advantage. ( seduce)8. Despite the gruesome images on cigarette packs, a survey shows Australiansmoker are surprisingly ________ of the dangers of the habit. ( ignore)9. In several poems the reader will encounter the plain, ________ language really used by common man, and this goes straight to the heart. ( ornament)10. Many new illustrations help to _______the text and make the book moreinstructive to students and practitioners. ( clear)Part III ClozeDirections: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase for each blank in the passage.It is very difficult to arriver at a full description of style that is acceptable to all scholars. As such there are many definitions of the word style __1_________ there are scholars yet no __2_________is reached among them on what style is. Chapman is of the view that style is the product of a common relationship between language users. He _3______ said that style is not an ornament or virtue and is not __4______ to written language, or to literature or to any single aspect of language.Language is human __5_______ and used in society. No human language is fixed, uniform, or varying; all languages show internal variation. This variation sows the _6_______ feature of individuals or a group of people which is usually referred to as style. Style is popularly _7_________ to as “dress”of thought, as a person’s method of _8_______ his thought, feelings and emotions, as the manner of speech or writing. From the definition above, one can __9_______ that style is the particular way in which an individual communicates his thought which _10______ him from others.Style can _11_______ be defined as the variation in an individual’s speech which is _12________ by the situation of use. From the definition above, style is described as the variations in language usage. In _13________, style is conditioned by the manner in which an individual makes use of language.Middleton is of the view that style refers to personal idiosyncrasy, the technique of __14______ and Chatman says that style means manner-the manner in which the from executed or the content expressed. From the definitions above, it can be deduced that style is__15______ to every individual or person and it is a product of the function of language as a means of communication.1. A. as B. because C. when D. since2. A. conscience B. consistence C. conclusion D. consensus3. A. otherwise B. further C. moreover D. besides4. A. confined B. confirmed C. confronted D. confided5. A. friendly B. concerned C. specific D. related6. A. instinct B. extinct C. district D. distinct7. A. looked B. referred C. viewed D. defined8. A. expressing B. explaining C. exploring D. exploiting9. A. seduce B. induce C. deduce D. reduce10. A. extinguishes B. separates C. distributes D. distinguishes11. A. yet B. also C. either D. only12. A. occasioned B. influenced C. determined D. demonstrated13. A. contrast B. return C. addition D. essence14. A. exposure B. exposition C. disposition D. expression15. A. subject B. accessible C. unique D. essentialPart IV WritingDirections: Develop each of he following topics into an essay of about 200 words.1. The Importance of Punctuation2. The Standards of an Essay3. Essay Writing and English LearningSection B Extensive Reading and TranslationVariety and Style in Language[1] All of us change out behaviour to fit different situations. We are festive, often noisy at weddings and birthday celebrations, sympathetic at funerals, attentive at lectures, serious and respectful at religious services. Even the clothes we wear on these different occasions may vary. Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant or at a formal dinner party. When we speak with close friends, we are free to interrupt them and we will not be offended if they interrupt us; when we speak to employers, however, we are inclined to hear them out before saying anything ourselves. If we don’t make such adjustments, we are likely to get into trouble, We may fail to accomplish our purpose and we are almost sure to considered ill-mannered or worse. From one point of view, language is behaviour; it is part of the we act. It builds a bridge of communication without which society could not even exist. And like every other kind of behaviour, it must be adjusted to fit different contexts or situations where it is used. When we think of all the adjustments regularly made in any on e language, we speak of language variety. When we think of the adjustments any one person makes in different situations, we use the term style. [2] Among people who are used to a writing system, there is one adjustment everyone makes, They speak one way and write another way. Most speech is in the form of ordinary conversation, where speakers can stop and repeat themselves if they sense that they are being misunderstood. They are constantly monitoring themselves as their message comes across to the listeners. But writers cannot do this. (1) They often monitor what they write, of course, going back over their writing to see that it isclear and unambiguous; but this is before the communication occurs, not while it is happening. Once writers have passed their writing on to someone else, they cannot change it.[3] Speakers can use intonation, stress, and pauses to help make their meaning clear. A simple sentence like “John kept my pencil” may, by a shift in the stress and intonation patterns, single out through contrast whether John rather than someone else kept the pencil, whether John kept rather that just borrowed the pencil, or whether it was a pencil or a pen or something else that he kept.[4] (2) It is true that writers have the special tools of various punctuation marks and sometimes typographical helps like capitals, italic letters, heavy type and the like; but these do not quite take the place of the full resources of the spoken language. The sentence “Cindy only had five dollars” is not likely to be misinterpreted when spoken with light stress and no more than level pitch on “only”, but in writing it could easily be taken to mean something else. To prevent ambiguity, skillful writers could change the word order to “Cindy had only five dollars”if they wanted “only”to modify “five”. They would shift “only” to the beginning 0f the sentence if they wanted it to modify “Cindy”.[5] This simple example shows that good writers do try to avoid ambiguity. (3) As writers, they like a structure that is compact; as speakers, thinking aloud, they produce sentences that are looser, less complex, perhaps even rather jumbled. Notice, for instance, that the first sentence in the first letter to Ann Landers reads, “You have made plenty of trouble for me and I want you to know it.” Like most letters to Ann Landers, this is really talk written down. The sentence contains two ideas and treatsthem as equals. If one is really dependent upon the other, a good writer would have written “I want you to know that you have made plenty of trouble for me.”This is not to deny the effectiveness of the original sentence in this very informal letter. [6] Speech makes more use of contracted forms. “He is” (she is) and “he has” (she has ) become “he’s”(she’s); “cannot” becomes “can’t”; “they are ” become “they’re”; “it is”becomes “’tis”or “it’s”; and with a more noticeable change, “will not”becomes “won’t”. So in the conversational letters to Ann Landers, contractions abound, but in the carefully prepared manuscript speeches of the Reverend Martin Luther King and President Kennedy, there are no contracted forms.[7] Besides the difference between speech and writing there is a difference between formality and informality. A formal message is organized and well-rounded; it usually deals with a serious and important topic. Most formal language is intended to be read. Since there is no opportunity to challenge or question the writer when it is being read, the message has to be self-contained and logically ordered.[8] At the opposite pole is the language of casual and familiar speech among friends and relatives, between people who have some kind of fellow feeling for one another. The speaker or writer is simply being him-or herself. This person knows that the others involved – rarely more than five-see and accept the speaker for what he or she is. (4) The speaker also assumes that the others know him or her well enough to make unnecessary any background information for everything that is used. The writer who signed herself “Weepers Finders”assumed that whoever read the letter would recognize the saying, “Finders keepers, losers weepers.”In contrast to the formal style, this style may be called the casual style.[9] There is also a recognizable midpoint between the formal and the casual. There are situations less rigid than the ceremonial address or the formal written message but also more structured than intimate conversation. These permit some response; there is a certain amount of give and take. Yet each speaker will feel the need to be quite clear, sometimes to explain background for the other person’s benefit or in order to prevent misunderstanding or embarrassment. This middle style is known as the consultative style. It should be noted that the consultative style can allow contractions, but rarely would use slang or the incomplete expressions of the casual style.[10] It should not be thought that speech is always informal and writing always formal. (5) The casual style is spoken more often than it is written, but it is found also in letters between friends or family members, possibly in diaries and journals, and sometimes in newspaper columns. Formal English is typically written but may also be spoken after having first been written down. Much consultative speech is spoken, but a fair amount of writing also has the same need for full explanation even if it is otherwise quite informal.[11] Of course, none of there styles or modes of communication is better than any other. The spoken word and the printed page are simply two different ways to communicate. Some people have thought that formal English is “the best”of the stylistic variants, but it is not. Of course, President Kennedy could not have substituted the quite casual “Nobody’s here today to whoop it up for the Democrats”for “We observe today not a victory of party”; but if he had ever used the formal public speaking style at a dinner table, he would have bored everyone there. Intelligent adjustment to the situation is the real key to the effective use of language.[12] In some respects the English language raises certain problems. In conversation some languages allow an easy distinction between the formal and the informal through their dual system of pronouns. In French, for example, intimacy on the one hand or social distance on the other are overtly marked by a choice between “tu” and “vous”. English lacks such a system, but it does have a complex code of choices of title, title and surname, surname alone, given name alone and nickname, as “Doctor”, “Doctor Stevens”, “Stevens ” , “Charles”, “Charley”, and “Chuck”.[13] Another problem arises because of the two-layered nature of the English vocabulary. One layer consists of short, familiar words largely of native English origin ( house, fire, red, green , make, talk); the other of much longer words, chiefly taken from Latin and French ( residence, domicile, conflagration, scarlet, verdant, manufacture, conversation). But it is an oversimplification to equate the popular words with the casual style and the learned words with the formal style. We must admit that many Americans, especially in bureaucratic contests, are fond of big, windy words-words that are often awkward and sometimes inexact.[14] Although adjustment is the key to good use of the various styles, it poses problems for the student coming to English from another language, It is hard enough to become proficient in just one of the styles without having to switch from one style to another. The causal style, in particular, is not easily acquired by the nonnative speaker. Happily, this problem is not too serious. Native speakers of English are much readier to accept the features of the consultative style in a causal situation than to accept casual features in a noncasual situation. Indeed, many Americans are likely to credit a consultative speaker with greater correctness in using English than theyhave themselves. But even if only this one style is acquired, it is important for learners to recognize the other styles when they meet them in speech or writing and to have some sense of the situations that call for their use.Part A Translate English into ChineseI.Translate the underlined sentences in the above text into Chinese.II.Translate the first and the last paragraph in the above text into Chinese.Part B Translate Chinese into EnglishI. Translate the following sentences into English with the words or phrases inthe passage in Section B.1. 在当代英语中有许多新的语言现象，这些现象并不总是符合公认的语法规则的。
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研究生英语学位课统考(GET)模拟试卷9(题后含答案及解析)
研究生英语学位课统考（GET）模拟试卷9(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. VOCABULARY 3. CLOZE 4. READING COMPREHENSION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.听力原文：W: Since you’re leaving, we should get together and have a party before you go. I can call some people...maybe Friday night, Okay? M: Actually, I am trying to avoid that sort of thing. I would like to see everyone before I go, but I really don’t think I have time. Q: What does the man mean?1．A．He agrees with the woman.B．He wants to invite some people.C．He doesn’t want to have a party.D．He doesn’t want to see anyon正确答案：C听力原文：W: Good news, Janes. The new residential buildings have been completed. Do you want to choose one? M: It’s really wonderful, but I prefer to live in a two-bedroom flat near the school rather than a three-bedroom one eight miles away. Q: What can we learn from the conversation?2．A．Jane doesn’t like the new fiat.B．Jane likes to live in a smaller flat.C．The speakers feel very excited at the news.D．Jane decided to give up the chanc正确答案：D听力原文：W: Frank is fluent in French and now he’s beginning to study Italian. M: Yesterday he had a talk with me in Chinese and I had no trouble understanding him. I know he also knows a few Japanese words. Q: Which languages does Frank speak well?3．A．Italian.B．French.C．Chinese.D．Japanes正确答案：B听力原文：W: I’ve just read one of Mark Twain’s novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. I think it’s very good. M: I like it, too, but I like his The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn better. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?4．A．The man hasn’t read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer yet.B．The woman doesn’t like Mark Twain’s other novels.C．The man doesn’t enjoy The Adventures of Tom Sawyer as much as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.D．The man thinks Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s best work.正确答案：C听力原文：M: How are your son’s piano lessons going? W: Very well. His teacher thinks he’s making progress, and I find the lessons well worth the time and trouble. Q: What does the woman think of her son’s piano lesson?5．A．They are very rewarding.B．Her son has to spend too much time practicing.C．They have given her too much trouble.D．The teacher is too strict with her son.正确答案：A听力原文：W: I thought you would have the plumber come to fix the faucet. M: I tried calling him all day but his phone apparently was out of order. Q: Why didn’t the man have the plumber come?6．A．He wasn’t at home.B．She didn’t have time to wait for him.C．Her phone was out of order.D．His phone wasn’t workin正确答案：D听力原文：W: Professor Butterton has been busy since last week. He never stops working until midnight as far as I know. M: I should never have troubled him so much, had I known he was so busy. Q: What can we learn from the conversation?7．A．The man has troubled the professor very much.B．The woman knew the professor had been very busy.C．The woman feels regretful for having troubled the professor.D．The woman has never troubled the professor.正确答案：C听力原文：W: Excuse me. Could you please tell me how to get to the nearest supermarket? M: Sure. Go straight for three blocks, then turn right and walk two more blocks until you get to the bank. It’s right across the street. Q: How far must the woman walk to get to the supermarket?8．A．Two blocks.B．Three blocks.C．Four blocks.D．Five blocks.正确答案：D听力原文：W: Hi, John. Are you going to the baseball game today? It’s a perfect day for it—a little cloudy but nice and warm. M: Stephen and I were planning to go to the game, but he has to work today, and my friends don’t want to go. It’s not an important game, anyway. Q: What can we learn from the conversation?9．A．John and Stephen are not going to the game because it is cloudy.B．John will go to the game alone even if his friends don’t want to.C．John has changed his mind because his friends don’t go to the game.D．John and Stephen have no time to go to the gam正确答案：CSection B Directions: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.听力原文：I had to go to Amsterdam last week for a conference. I arrived at the airport in plenty of time and checked in. But I only had one small case, so I decided to take it on the plane as hand luggage. As the flight was not due to board for 45 minutes, I went to a cafe, sat down and ordered a cup of coffee. While I was sitting there, drinking my coffee and reading the paper, I was vaguely aware of a woman and her child coming to sit at the next table. I did not pay much attention tothem though. And when my flight was called, I reached for my case and left.An hour later, the plane was in the air and I decided to look at the conference programme to see what I wanted to attend. Imagine my surprise when I opened the case and found that it was full of picture books and children’s toys. And imagine what the woman must have thought about a case full of men’s clothes and scientific papers. 10. Why did the speaker go to a cafe? What was in the speaker’s case? What did the speaker find out on board the plane?10．Why did the speaker go to a cafe?A．He wanted to find a place to read his papers.B．He wanted to kill time before boarding the plane.C．He felt thirsty and wanted some coffee.D．He went there to meet his friends.正确答案：B11．What was in the speaker’s case?A．Toys for children.B．Important documents.C．Fed and coffee.D．Clothes and scientific papers.正确答案：D12．What did the speaker find out on board the plane?A．The woman took his case on purpose.B．All his papers had been stolen.C．He had taken the woman’s case.D．The woman played a joke on him.正确答案：C听力原文：There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last 50 years. The liberation of women in the early part of the 20th century and social and economic effects of World War Ⅱhad a great impact on traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war, they had worked in factories and proved their worth. Now with the loss of millions of men their service was indispensable to the nation. More recently great advances in scientific knowledge and particularly in medicine have had enormous social consequences. Children are better cared for and are far healthier. Infant death rate was low. Above all, parents now can plan the size of their family if they wish to by more effective means of birth control. Different attitudes to religion, authority and tradition generally have also contributed to changes in family life. But these developments have affected all aspects of society. It is particularly interesting to know that the concept of the family as a social unit has survived all these challenges.13.What is the passage mainly about? Why did British women become indispensable to industry after World War Ⅱ? What remained unchanged in spite of all the challenges in family life?13．What is the passage mainly about?A．The liberation movement of British women.B．Rapid economic development in Britain.C．Changing attitudes to family life.D．Reasons for changes in family life in Britain.正确答案：D14．Why did British women become indispensable to industry after World War Ⅱ?A．Because millions of men died in the war.B．Because women had proved their worth.C．Because women were more skillful than men.D．Because factories preferred to employ women.正确答案：A15．What remained unchanged in spite of all the challenges in family life?A．The concept of “the family” as a social unit.B．The attitudes to birth control.C．The attitudes to religion.D．The ideas of authority and tradition.正确答案：ASection C Directions: In this section you will bear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.听力原文：Bangkok has all the problems of any modern city including world-class traffic jams. It also has some traffic problems unique to Thailand. CNN’s Bangkok Bureau chief, Daninque explains. This used to be the only way some people traveled in Bangkok, by elephant. A long time ago cars replaced them, but some can still be seen in the city, nice for tourists but a real problem for city officials. Elephants can cause a traffic jam that is already bad to become worse. The city of Bangkok has now ordered the elephants off the streets. Elephant handlers will be fined if police catch them on the streets but most are encouraged to be here instead. The city has created an elephant sanctuary so the animals have a place to go instead of roaming the streets. In recent weeks it has turned into somewhat of a local tourist attraction. School children have flocked to the vacant lot for what might be the first time to see alive elephant. So far the elephant rescue program has been a success. Fifteen have been taken off the streets and brought here to the elephant center. Twelve of them returned back home to the provinces sort of half way house for Pakiderms. The elephant camp is only a temporary solution to the problem. Thailand does have an elephant round—up once each year in the northern province. It is promoted by tourism officials. But city officials are working on a plan to turn their problems into profit. Some are talking about making the elephant camp permanent at a larger location. It could provide tourists the same chance as these school children.16．What used to be the only way some people traveled in Bangkok?正确答案：By elephant17．The elephant sanctuary in recent weeks has turned into somewhat of a______.正确答案：local tourist attraction18．How many elephants have been taken off the streets and brought here to the elephant center?正确答案：Fifteen19．How many times each year are there for an elephant to round up in Thailand?正确答案：Once20．City officials of Bangkok are working on a plan to turn their problem into______.正确答案：profitVOCABULARYSection A Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21．The junior doctor was scolded for his dereliction of duty.A．reprimandedB．repulsedC．reprievedD．relinquished正确答案：A解析：reprimand“申斥”，与划线词意义相当。
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷一、选择题（每题1分，共15分）请在每道题的四个选项中选择一个最正确的答案。
1、下列哪个国家是英语的发源地？A.美国B.英国C.加拿大D.澳大利亚2、在英语中，“do”是一个助动词，它的基本意思是“做”。
下列哪个选项是“do”的正确用法？A.我做了饭。
B.我做饭了。
C.我做的是饭。
D.做饭给我。
3、下列哪个单词是名词？A.bookB.chairC.tableD.bookcase4、下列哪个单词是动词？A.writeB.readC.countD.check5、下列哪个短语是正确的？A.in the morningB.at noonC.in the nightD.at nightfall6、下列哪个选项是一个完整的句子？A.The cat is on the mat.B.The mat is on the table.C.The table is in the room.D.The room is in the building.7、下列哪个单词有比较级形式？A.beautifulB.uglyC.tallD.short8、下列哪个选项是一个正确的问句？A.What's your name?B.How are you?C.Where are you from?D.Who are you?9、下列哪个单词的意思是“也”？A.yesB.noC.eitherD.neither10、下列哪个单词的意思是“一”？A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four11-15题略。
学术性学位与专业学位研究生培养模式的特性比较随着高等教育的不断发展，学术性学位与专业学位研究生培养模式成为的焦点。
这两种培养模式在目标、招生制度、教育过程、考核方式等方面存在一定的差异，本文将对其进行比较分析。
在培养目标方面，学术性学位研究生注重学术素养和科研能力的培养，以培养学术研究型人才为主。
此类研究生需要具备扎实的理论基础和较高的研究能力，能够独立承担科学研究任务，具备创新意识和团队协作精神。
2023年新版南艺学位英语试卷
English Qualification Test for a Bachelor’s DegreeNanjing Arts InstitutePart I Vocabulary and Structure ( 25% ) （识记、掌握）Directions:There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then put your choices on the answer sheet.1.I am sure that he will act on the doctor’s ____ advice.A. evidentB. reasonableC. alluringD. energetic(B易)2. The unpopular mayor was under ____ attack in the newspaper.A. constantB. convincingC. evidentD. evidence(A较易)3. We were ____ a discussion about yesterday’s examination when the teacher walked into the classroom.A. caught up inB. caught up withC. catching up onD. catching up with(A难)4. How do you ____ your spare time usually?A. convinceB. developC. employD. fire(C较易)5. She is deeply ____ her parents.A. attaching toB. attaching withC. attached toD. attached with(D难)6. The conventions of opera are more evident than ____ of poetry, painting, drama and film.A. onesB. thoseC. oneD. that(B较难)7. The population of Shanghai is about four times as large as____ of Nanjing.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. one(A较难)8. ____, the picture did not look very good but after examine it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.A. UnconsciouslyB. SubconsciouslyC. At first glanceD. With first glance(C易)9. The wild life in Africa is extremely____.A. normalB. diverseC. mobileD. lush(B较易)10. People in real life do not sing to each other. Neither____ in blank verse.A. they converseB. converse theyC. they do converseD. do they converse(D中)11. I was not surprised at the news. Neither _____ at the news.A. were my family surprisedB. my family were surprisedC. were not my family surprisedD. my family were not surprised(A中)12. It is well-known that lung Cancer is ____ partly caused by smoking too much.A. at mostB. at leastC. at the mostD. at the least(B较易)13. After ____ from work, my parents moved to the countryside where they had spent a few years after marriage.A. retiredB. attainedC. retiringD. attaining(C难)14. Success in management ultimately ____ good judgment.A. rest onB. resting onC. rests onD. rests at(C较难)15. Miss Tan is one of the most ____ teachers in our school.A. tragicB. profoundC. popularD. narrative(C易)16. In the past few ____ there has been a great increase in the amount of research done on human brain.A. scoresB. dozensC. millionsD. decades(D较易)17. Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of relativity was so ____ that only a few scientists could understand.A. profoundB. influentialC. easyD. vital(A中)18. The old man ____ his master’s degree at the age of 72.A. capturedB. revealedC. attainedD. accumulated(C难)19. Young people shouldn’t seek ____ and shirk hardship.A. challengeB. comfortC. difficultyD. friendship(B较难)20. I don’t feel at ____ in front of camera.A. restB. riskC. easeD. easy(C较易)21. Romeo and Juliet is a ____ story of love in Medieval Europe.A. tragicB. tragedyC. tragicallyD. tragical(A中)22. He is keen on disco ____ I am fond of classical music.A. just asB. as ifC. even ifD. if though(A易)23. he was ill for about one month, ____set him back a lot in his studies.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. on which(B较易)24. Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays, ____showed his knowledge on various subjects.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. whose(B较易)25. He was born in 1949, ____is a tuning point in history.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where(B难)Part II Reading Comprehension ( 40% ) （理解）Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to each question. Then put your choice on the answer sheet.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: (易)Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother and father were of Puritan(清教徒的) religion. They left England and moved to the English colony Massachusetts in order to escape persecution for the religion. In Boston, Franklin left school when he was ten years old and worked for his father for two years. Then he went to work on his brother’s newspaper. He became the editor of this paper when he was sixteen. Because he wanted to beindependent, he went to Philadelphia. There he bought his own newspaper, He worked hard and saved his money. And by the age of 24 he was one of the most successful men in Philadelphia.In 1732 Franklin published a book “ POOR RICHARD’S ALMANAC（历本）”. Most almanacs contained information for farmers, such as information about the days and weeks of the year and about the weather. To his almanac, Franklin added wise sayings, his observations about life, some of these sayings are still famous today. For example, “Early to bed, e arly to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise,” and “Waste not, want not,” and “ A penny saved is a penny earned.”26. Benjamin Franklin was of __________A. not mentionedB. American originC. French originD. English origin27. At the age of 11, he worked for ____________.A. his brotherB. his fatherC. himselfD. someone else28. His parents moved to Massachusetts because_________.A. they wanted to make a fortuneB. they wanted to meet their relatives thereC. They were persecuted in EnglandD. They wanted to have a visit there29. He moved to Philadelphia because ___________.A. his brother didn’t like himB. he wanted to live on himselfC. he became the editor of the paperD. he wanted to be dependent30. Franklin’s almanacs contained_____________.A. information for farmersB. wise sayingsC. poor Richard’s ideasD. Both A and B26-30答案：DBCBDQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: （中）Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of thesubstances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.31. Pruning should be done to _____.A. make the tree grow tallerB. improve the shape of the treeC. get rid of the small branchesD. make the small branches thicker32. Trees become unhealthy if the gardener _____.A .allows too many branches to grow in the middleB. .does not protect them from windC. .forces them to grow too quicklyD. .damages some of the small side branches33. Why is a special substance painted on the tree?A. To make a wound smoothB. To prevent disease entering a woundC. To cover a rough surfaceD. To help a wound to dry34. A good gardener prunes a tree_____.A .at intervals throughout the yearB .as quickly as possibleC .occasionally when necessaryD .regular every winter35. What was the author's purpose when writing this passage?A. To give practical instruction for pruning a tree.B. To give a general description of pruningC. To explain how trees develop diseasesD. To discuss different methods of pruning.31-35答案：BABCAQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: （较难）Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem. There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are potential economic uses for waste products.36. The purpose of this passage is _____.A. .to alert the reader to the dwindling water supplyB. .to explain industrial uses of waterC. to acquaint the reader with water pollution problemsD. to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problem37. Which of the following points is NOT INCLUDED in the passage?A. Industrial development includes the simplification of complex chemical processes.B. Diluting wastes needs certain amount of waterC. Demands for water will go up along with the expanding populationD. Intensive cultivation of land requires more and more chemicals38. The reader can conclude that_____A. countries of the world will work together on pollution problemsB. byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplaceC. science is making great progress on increasing water suppliesD. some industries are now taking economic use of wastes39. The author gives substance to the passage through the use of_____.A. interviews with authorities in the field of water controlsB. opinions and personal observationsC. definitions which clarify important termsD. strong arguments and persuasions40. The words "prior to "(para.1) probably mean_____.A after B. during C. before D. beyond36-40答案：CA DBCQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage: (中)Traveling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business, I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams’ master work “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” on the radio and thought---I know, I’ll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them what the state of real hitching is today in Britain.I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.When I was in my teens and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe, North America, Asia and southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality on the road.Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane, but there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it .So what has happened to it?A few years ago, I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper. Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking.Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitching, as was Quebec, Canada-“if you don’t mind being criticized for not speaking French”.But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places, the general feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed.With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger. But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?In Poland in the 1960s, according to a Polish woman who e-mail me ,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet. The booklet contained coupons for drivers, so each time a driver picked somebody, he or she received a coupon. At the end of the season, drivers who had picked up the most hiker s were rewarded with various prizes. Everyone was hitchhiking then”.Surely this is a good idea for society. Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers. It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels. It would also improve educational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography, history, politics and sociology.A century before Douglas Adams wrote his “Hitchhiker’s Guide”, another adventure stor y writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker’s motto: “To travelhopefully is a better thing than to arrive.” What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstretched.41. In which paragraph(s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking? ________A. (3)B. (4)C. (3) and (4)D. (4) and (5)42. What is the current situation of hitchhiking? _______A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.D. It is still popular in Poland.43. What is the writer’s attitude towards the practice in Poland? ________A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favorable.D. Strongly favorable.44. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPT ________A. promoting mutual respect between strangers.B. increasing one’s confidence in strangers.C. protecting environment.D. enr ich one’s knowledge.45. “Either put it to the test yourself…”in the last Paragraph means ________A. to experience the hopefulness.B. to read Adams’ book.C. to offer someone a lift.D. to be a hitchhiker.41-45答案：CADBDPart III Cloze (10%) （理解、识记、掌握）Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then put your answer on the answer sheet.（较难）Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The 46 go about purchasing an article or a service can actually 47 you money or can add 48 the cost.Take the 49 example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might 50 you are making the 51 buy if you choose one 52 look you like and which is also the cheapest 53 price. But when you get it home you may find that it 54 twice as long as a more expensive 55 to dry your hair. The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well 56 your hairdryer the most expensive one of all.So what principles should you 57 when you go out shopping?If you 58 your home, your car or any valuable 59 in excellent condition, you'll be saving money in the long 60 Before you buy a new 61, talk to someone who owns one. If you can, use it or borrow it to check it suits your particular 62.Before you buy an expensive 63, or a service, do check the price and 64 is on offer. If possible, choose 65 three items or three estimates.46. A) form B) fashion C) way D) method47. A) save B) preserve C) in D) similar48. A) up B) to C) in D) on49. A) easy B) single C) simple D) similar50. A) convince B) accept C) examine D) think51. A) proper B) best C) reasonable D) most52. A) its B) which C) whose D) what53. A) for B) with C) in D) on54. A) spends B) takes C) lasts D) consumes55. A) mode B) copy C) sample D) model56. A) cause B) make C) leave D) prove57. A) adopt B) lay C) stick D) adapt58. A) reserve B) decorate C) store D) keep59. A) products B) possession C) material D) ownership60. A) run B) interval C) period D) time61. A) appliance B) equipment C) utility D) facility62. A) function B) purpose C) goal D) task63. A) component B) element C) item D) particle64. A) what B) which C) that D) this65. A) of B) in C) by D) from46-65答案：CABCD BCCBD BADBA ABCADPart IV Translation (10%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.66. For well over three hundred years the Opera has been one of the most alluring forms of musical entertainment. （较难）67. It was the human voice to impinge upon the spectators the basic emotions---love, hate, jealousy, joy, grief---with an elemental force possible only to itself. （较难）68. William Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. （较易）69. Over the next two decades he wrote a succession of widely acclaimed plays which may be categorized roughly into three groups: histories, comedies and tragedies. （中）70. After having dominated the London theatrical scene for some twenty years, Shakespeare retired to his hometown, where he lived in relative ease and comfort until his death in 1616.（易）Part V Writing ( 15%) （应用）Directions: For this part, you are supposed to write an announcement to welcome students to join to a club.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below:1. 本社团的重要活动内容;2. 参与本社团的好处；3. 如何加入本社团。
999999东南大学2004英美文学与翻译
东南大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题English and American Literature Part: (90%)Ⅰ. Identify the authorship and genre of the following works: (20%)1. Of Mice and Man2. Moby Dick4, Desire Under the Elms5. The Importance of Being Earnest6. Howl7. Pygmalion8. Finnegans Wake9. The White Peacock10. Where Angels Fear to TreadⅡ. Name two works by each of the following authors: (I0%)I. Charles Dickens2. Doris Lessing3. Virginia Woolf4. Toni Morrison5. Ernest Hemingway6. T. S. Eliot7. William Wordsworth8. Robert Frost9. William Faulkner10. Jane AustenⅢ. Choose from the given choices the one that best suits the statement: (1% × 15=15%)1. In the early stage of the Renaissance, and poetic drama were the most outstandingliterary forms.a. biographyb. fictionc. essayd. poetry2. Milton’s masterpiece and the greatest English epic is.a. Paradise Lostb. Paradise Regainedc. Samson Agonistesd. The Faerie Queene3. has been regarded as "Father of the English Novel."a. Swiftb. Defoec. Sheridand. Milton4. , Byron’s masterpiece, is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.a. Cainb. Oriented Talesc. Don Juand. The Prisoner of Chillon5. Which of the following is not a novel by Jane Austen?a. Pride and Prejudiceb. Sense and Sensibilityc. Northanger Abbeyd. Jane Eyre6. “She stiffened a little on the kerb, waiting for Durtnall’s van to pass. A Charming woman, Scrope Purvis thought her (knowing her as one does know people who live next door to one in Westminster); a touch of the bird about her, of the jay, blue-green, light, vivacious, though she was over fifty, and grown very white since her illness. There she perched, never seeing him, waiting to cross, very, upright.”The above paragraph may be taken froma. Sons and Loversb. Blissc. Ulyssesd. Mrs. Dalloway7. Which of the following is not a novel by Mark Twain?a. The Gilded Ageb. The Adventure of Tom Sawyerc. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finnd. The Leaning Tower8. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.”The above two lines a re most probably taken from a poem bya. Ezra Poundb. Robert Frostc. Sylvia Plathd. Walt Whitman9. “Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral!”The above lines are most probably taken from .a. Ode on a Grecian Urnb. Ode to the West Windc. Ode to Libertyd. Ode to Nightingale10. “Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,Lulled by the coil of his crystalline streams”Who does the poet refer to by saying "his summer dreams" in the first line?a. The poet himselfb. The west windc. The Mediterraneand. England11. is a typical feat ure of Swift’s writings.a. Bitter satireb. Elegant stylec. Casual narrationd. Psycho-analysis12. “My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend tobe anything extraordinary, now. When a woman has five gown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.”The above passage is taken froma. Jane Eyreb. Wuthering Heightsc. Pride and Prejudiced. A Portrait of a Lady’s13. Mark Twain was the pseudonym of .a. Samuel Langhome Clemensb. William Sydney Porterc. Cutter Belld. Wallace Stevens14. The name of Robert Browning is often associated with the term .a. critical realismb. blank versec. oded. dramatic monologue15. has been regarded as the forerunner of the English modem poetry.a. Ezra Poundb. T.S. Eliotc. William Butler Yeatsd. Philip LarkinIV. Define the following terms: (5% x3- 15%)1. Metaphysical poetry2. Stream-of-Consciousness3. Black HumorV. Answer the following questions: (5% 12=10%)I. What is the symbolic meaning of “the west wind” in Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to theWest Wind”?2. In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?1. When You Are Old by William Butler YeatsWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false and true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.2. (Excerpts from "The Decay of Friendship" by Dr. Samuel Johnson)3. (Excepts from Heat of Darkness by Joseph Conrad)Part Two Translation (60)Note: Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.I. Translate the following into Chinese: ( 30 )II. Translate the following into English:(30)1.平则门外，有一道护城河。
研究生英语学位课统考(GET)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
研究生英语学位课统考（GET）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.B．Paragraph 2.C．Paragraph 3.D．Paragraph 4.正确答案：C解析：文章第三段最后两句都是在讲“the destruction done by oil companies”，故选C项。
TRANSLATIONSection A Put the following paragraph into Chinese.61．The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U.S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don’t know how to distinguish between health and illness. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.正确答案：一所医学院的工作人员历时十二年形成了这样的大致印象：如今美国的头号健康问题是美国人分不清健康与疾病。
这种症状比艾滋病或癌症更为严重。
我们担心会染上重病，设想自己得了重病，因此就真的染上了重病。
东南大学学位英语Unit02HowtoWriteStyle完整课文与答案
东南大学学位英语Unit02HowtoWriteStyle完整课文与答案Section A Intensive Reading and WritingHow to Write with styleBy Kurt V onnegut[1] Newspaper reporters and technical writers are trained to reveal almost nothing about themselves in their writings. This makes them freaks in the world of writers, since almost all of the other ink-stained wretches in that world reveal a lot about themselves to readers. We call these revelations, accidental and intentional, elements of style.[2] These revelations tell us as readers what sort of person it is with whom we are spending time. Does the writer sound ignorant or informed, stupid or bright, crooked or honest, humorless or playful? And on and on.[3] Why should you examine your writing style with the idea of improving it? Do so as a mark of respect for your readers, whatever you’re writing. If you scribble your thoughts any which way, your readers will surely feel that you care nothing about them. They will mark you down as an egomaniac or a chowderhead -or, worse, they will stop reading you.[4] The most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mai nly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an emptyheaded writer for his or her mastery of the language ? No.[5] So your own winning style must begin with ideas with ideas in your head.1. Find a subject you care about[6] Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others shouldcare about. It is this genuine caring, and not your games with language , which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style.[7] I am not urging you to write an novel, by the way –although I would not be sorry if you wrote one, provided you genuinely cared about something. A petition to the mayor about a pothole in front of your house or a love letter to the girl next door will do.2. Do not ramble, though[8] I won’t ramble on about that.3. Keep it simple[9] As for your use of language: Remember that two great masters of language, William Shakespeare and James Joyce, wrote sentences which were almost childlike when their subjects were most profound. ―To be or not to be?‖ asks Shakespeare’s Hamlt. The longest word is three letters long. Joyce, when he was frisky, could put together a sentence as intricate and as glittering as a necklace for Cleopatra, but my favorite sentence in his short story , ―Evelin‖is this one: ―She was tried.‖At that point in the story, no other words could break the heart of a reader as those three words do.[10] Simplicity of language is not only reputable, but perhaps even sacred. The Bible opens with a sentence well within the writing skills of a lively fourteen-year-old: ―In the beginning God created the neaven and the earth.‖4. Have guts to cut[11] It may be that you, too, are capable of making necklaces for Cleopatra, so to speak. But your eloquence should be theservant of the ideas in your head. Your rulemight be this: If a sentence, no matter how excellent, does not illuminate your subject in some new and useful way, scratch it out.5. Sound like yourself[12] The writing style which is most natural for you is bound to echo the speech you heard when a child. English was Conrad’s third language , and much that seems piquant in his use of English was no doubt colored by his first language, which was Polish. And lucky indeed is the writer who has grown up in Ireland, for the English spoken there is so amusing and musical. I myself grew up in Indianapolis, where common speech sounds like a band saw cutting galvanized tin, and employs a vocabulary as unornamental as a monkey wrench.[13] In some of the more remote hollows of Appalachia, children still grow up hearing songs and locutions of Elizabethan times. Yes, and many Americans grow up hearing a language other than English, or an English dialect a majority of Americans cannot understand.[14] All these varieties of speech are beautiful , just as the varieties of butterflies are beautiful, No matter what your first language, you should treasure it all your life, If it happens to not be standard English, and if it shows itself when you write standard English, the result is usually delightful, like a very pretty girl with one eye that is green and one that is blue.[15] I myself find that I trust my own writing most, and others seem to trust it most , too, when I sound most like a person from Indianapolis, which is what I am. What alternatives do I have? The one most vehemently recommended by teachers has no doubt been pressed on you, as well: to write like cultivated Englishmenof acentury or more ago.6. Say what you mean[16] I used to be exasperated by exasperated by such teachers, but am no more, I understand now that all those antique essays and stories with which I was to compare my own work were not magnificent for their datedness or foreignness, but for saying precisely what their authors meant them to say. My teachers wished me to write accurately, always selecting the most effective words, and relating the words to one another unambiguously, rigidly, like parts of a machine. The teachers did not want to turn me into an Englishman after all. They hoped that I would become understandable—and therefore understood. And there went my dream of doing with words what words what Pablo Picasso did with paint or what any number of jazz idols did with music. If I broke all the rules of punctuation, has words mean whatever I wanted them to mean, and strung them together higgledy- piggledy, I would simply not be understood. So you , too, had better avoid Picasso-style writing, if you have something worth saying and wish to be understood.[17] Readers want our pages to look very muck like pages they have seen before. Why? This is because they themselves have a tough job to do, and they need all the help they can get from us.7. Pity the readers[18] They have to identify thousands of little marks on paper, and make sense of them immediately. They have to read, an art so difficult that most people don’t really master it even after having studied it all through grade school and high school–twelve long years.[19] So this discussion must finally acknowledge that out stylistic options as writers are neither numerous nor glamorous, since out readers are bound to be such imperfect artists. Our audience requires us to be sympathetic and patient readers, ever willing to simplify and clarify- whereas we would rater soar high above the crowd, singing like nightingales.[20] That is the bad news. The good news is that we Americans are governed under a unique Constitution, which allows us to write whatever we please without fear of punishment. So the most meaningful aspect of out styles, which is what we choose to write about, is utterly unlimited.8. For really detailed advice[21] For a discussion of literary style in a narrower sense, in a more technical sense, I recommend to your attention The Elements of style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. E. B. White is, of course, one of the most admirable literary stylists this county has so far produced. You should realize, too, that no one would care how well or badly Mr. White expressed himself, if he did not have perfectly enchanting things to say.Part I Comprehension of the Text1. What is Kurt V onnegut arguing in his writing? What’s his understanding of writing style?2. What kind of language style does he use in this essay?3. What does the author mean by mentioning ―Picasso style and jazz style‖?4. Does the author practice what he preaches in his writing?5. What does the author suggest at the end of this essay?Part II VocabularyA. Choose the one from the four choices that best explains the underlined word or phrase.1. He finds himself involved with a crooked businessman anda group of thugs who attempt to sabotage his invention.A. distortedB. twistedC. dishonestD. deceptive2. He remembered how proud and haughty her face was and scratched out the word he had written.A. polishedB. perishedC. deletedD. depleted3. If you choose credit counseling as a strategy for your debt, you must make sure you’re choosing a reputable company and not a scammer.A. well-knownB. professionalC. reliableD. respectable4. He added that nature gave him everything he need as a champion-unusual strength, stamina, a terrific punch, and plenty of guts.A. wisdomB. courageC. wealthD. charm5. Qualitative research strategies of interview, participant observation, and field notes were used to illuminate the topic.A. reinforceB. decorateC. paraphraseD. interpret6. He suddenly found himself exasperated by slow moving pedestrians, and, like a true New Yorker, began darting around them instead.A. provokedB. offendedC. annoyedD. disappointed7. As one moves through this colourful world of Indian handicrafts, many intricate paintings and sculptures catch the eye.A. charmingB. elegantC. delicateD. complicated8. Many judges will acknowledge that one of the most difficult aspects of a criminal case is sentencing.A. admitB. assertC. proveD. agree9. Its charming towns and picturesque landscapes provide the enchantingsurroundings for your sparkling romantic holiday treat.A. magnificentB. compellingC. genuineD. glamorous10. Circumstances beyond my control have left me with no alternative but to returnmy vehicle to lender.A. meansB. optionC. fashionD. mannerB. Choose the one from the four choices that best completes the sentence.1. The infinite beauty of a reverse navel ring ___________with dual colors in the trio of stones that fill the center of the continuous infinity design.A. twinklesB. simmersC. flashesD. glitters2. He was early _____________as a man of ability and maturity of character, a promise fully realized in his many great achievements.A. marked downB. turned downC. looked upD. agreed upon3. When he was not quite able to follow, Newton just took the pad from his friend’s hands and _____________his own remarks into the notebook.A. stumbledB. scrabbledC. scribbledD. scrupled4. There are many reports of the Prophet’s mastery of the Arabic tongue together with his _________ and fluency of speech.A. eloquenceB. sequenceC. frequencyD. delinquency5. These stories and the principles principles drawn from them are ___________toyou for your benefit and learning and enjoyment.A. commentedB. commendedC. commandedD. commenced6. Some applicants may _________ on about themselves in a manner that may appear self-indulgent and not very appealing to the committee.A. rambleB. tumbleC. complainD. chatter7. Cherry tomatoes have a strong taste and are very juicy-this makes them ideal for creating this ___________sauce.A. vehementB. friskyC. disgustingD. piquant8. To help soldiers _________ data from drones, satellites and ground sensors, the U.S. military now issues the iPod Touch.A. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. take notice ofD. make use of9. As the same way, we need to listen to some fascinating English materials as many as possible, so that we can ___________ our interest to learn it.A. motivateB. cultivateC. advocateD. retaliate10. Her 8-year-old daughter was adorable as she got to meet her __________, Simon, whom she praises for his negativity.A. imageB. idiotC. idolD. tokenC. Complete each sentence with the proper form of the word given in theparenthesis.1. Many philosophers hold ________ about mental properties, and manyphilosophers hold humility about fundamental physical properties. ( reveal )2. By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a ________ of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ( master )3. Despite the apparent ______ of the water molecule, liquid water is one of the mostmysterious substances in out world. ( simple )4. On this level, a common protocol to structure the data is used; the format of the information exchange is ________ defined. ( ambiguity)5. It was expected that these images will look charming and__________, but thefinal result was a bit different. ( glamour)6. I find it hard to be _________ about a man who used his wealth and power tomolest children and to then evade justice. ( sympathy)7. The question is whether or not it is possible to bottle these pheromones and use them for our own _________ advantage. ( seduce)8. Despite the gruesome images on cigarette packs, a survey shows Australiansmoker are surprisingly ________ of the dangers of the habit. ( ignore)9. In several poems the reader will encounter the plain, ________ language really used by common man, and this goes straight to the heart. ( ornament)10. Many new illustrations help to _______the text and make the book moreinstructive to students and practitioners. ( clear)Part III ClozeDirections: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase for each blank in the passage.It is very difficult to arriver at a full description of style that is acceptable to all scholars. As such there are many definitions of the word style __1_________ there are scholars yet no __2_________is reached among them on what style is. Chapman is of the view that style is the product of a common relationship between language users. He _3______ said that style is not an ornament or virtue and is not __4______ to written language, or to literature or to any single aspect of language.Language is human __5_______ and used in society. No humanlanguage is fixed, uniform, or varying; all languages show internal variation. This variation sows the _6_______ feature of individuals or a group of people which is usually referred to as style. Style is popularly _7_________ to as ―dress‖of thought, as a person’s method of _8_______ his thought, feelings and emotions, as the manner of speech or writing. From the definition above, one can __9_______ that style is the particular way in which an individual communicates his thought which _10______ him from others.Style can _11_______ be defined as the variation in an individual’s speech which is _12________ by the situation of use. From the definition above, style is described as the variations in language usage. In _13________, style is conditioned by the manner in which an individual makes use of language.Middleton is of the view that style refers to personal idiosyncrasy, the technique of __14______ and Chatman says that style means manner-the manner in which the from executed or the content expressed. From the definitions above, it can be deduced that style is__15______ to every individual or person and it is a product of the function of language as a means of communication.1. A. as B. because C. when D. since2. A. conscience B. consistence C. conclusion D. consensus3. A. otherwise B. further C. moreover D. besides4. A. confined B. confirmed C. confronted D. confided5. A. friendly B. concerned C. specific D. related6. A. instinct B. extinct C. district D. distinct7. A. looked B. referred C. viewed D. defined8. A. expressing B. explaining C. exploring D. exploiting9. A. seduce B. induce C. deduce D. reduce10. A. extinguishes B. separates C. distributes D. distinguishes11. A. yet B. also C. either D. only12. A. occasioned B. influenced C. determined D. demonstrated13. A. contrast B. return C. addition D. essence14. A. exposure B. exposition C. disposition D. expression15. A. subject B. accessible C. unique D. essentialPart IV WritingDirections: Develop each of he following topics into an essay of about 200 words.1. The Importance of Punctuation2. The Standards of an Essay3. Essay Writing and English LearningSection B Extensive Reading and TranslationVariety and Style in Language[1] All of us change out behaviour to fit different situations. We are festive, often noisy at weddings and birthday celebrations, sympathetic at funerals, attentive at lectures, serious and respectful at religious services. Even the clothes we wear on these different occasions may vary. Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant or at a formal dinner party. When we speak with close friends, we are free to interrupt them and we will not be offended if they interrupt us; when we speak to employers, however, we are inclined to hear them out before saying anything ourselves. If we don’t make such adjustments, we are likely to get into trouble, We may fail to accomplish our purpose and we are almost sure to considered ill-mannered or worse. From one point of view, language is behaviour; it is part of the we act. It builds a bridge of communication without which society could not even exist. And like every other kind of behaviour, it must be adjusted to fit different contexts orsituations where it is used. When we think of all the adjustments regularly made in any on e language, we speak of language variety. When we think of the adjustments any one person makes in different situations, we use the term style. [2] Among people who are used to a writing system, there is one adjustment everyone makes, They speak one way and write another way. Most speech is in the form of ordinary conversation, where speakers can stop and repeat themselves if they sense that they are being misunderstood. They are constantly monitoring themselves as their message comes across to the listeners. But writers cannot do this. (1) They often monitor what they write, of course, going back over their writing to see that it isclear and unambiguous; but this is before the communication occurs, not while it is happening. Once writers have passed their writing on to someone else, they cannot change it.[3] Speakers can use intonation, stress, and pauses to help make their meanin g clear. A simple sentence like ―John kept my pencil‖ may, by a shift in the stress and intonation patterns, single out through contrast whether John rather than someone else kept the pencil, whether John kept rather that just borrowed the pencil, or whether it was a pencil or a pen or something else that he kept.[4] (2) It is true that writers have the special tools of various punctuation marks and sometimes typographical helps like capitals, italic letters, heavy type and the like; but these do not quite take the place of the full resources of the spoken language. The sentence ―Cindy only had five dollars‖ is not likely to be misinterpreted when spoken with light stress and no more than level pitch on ―only‖, but in writing it could easily be taken tomean something else. To prevent ambiguity, skillful writers could change the word order to ―Cindy had only five dollars‖if they wanted ―only‖to modify ―five‖. They would shift ―only‖ to the beginning 0f the sentence if they wanted it to modify ―Cindy‖.[5] This simple example shows that good writers do try to avoid ambiguity. (3) As writers, they like a structure that is compact; as speakers, thinking aloud, they produce sentences that are looser, less complex, perhaps even rather jumbled. Notice, for instance, that the first sentence in the first letter to Ann Landers reads, ―You have made plenty of trouble for me and I want you to know it.‖ Like most letters to Ann Landers, this is really talk written down. The sentence contains two ideas and treatsthem as equals. If one is really dependent upon the other, a good writer would have written ―I want you to know that you have made plenty of trouble for me.‖This is not to deny the effectiveness of the original sentence in this very informal letter.[6] Speech make s more use of contracted forms. ―He is‖ (she is) and ―he has‖ (she has ) become ―he’s‖(she’s); ―cannot‖ becomes ―can’t‖; ―they are ‖ become ―they’re‖; ―it is‖becomes ―’tis‖or ―it’s‖; and with a more noticeable change, ―will not‖becomes ―won’t‖. So in the c onversational letters to Ann Landers, contractions abound, but in the carefully prepared manuscript speeches of the Reverend Martin Luther King and President Kennedy, there are no contracted forms.[7] Besides the difference between speech and writing there is a difference between formality and informality. A formal message is organized and well-rounded; it usually deals with a serious and important topic. Most formal language is intended to be read. Since there is no opportunity to challenge or questionthe writer when it is being read, the message has to be self-contained and logically ordered.[8] At the opposite pole is the language of casual and familiar speech among friends and relatives, between people who have some kind of fellow feeling for one another. The speaker or writer is simply being him-or herself. This person knows that the others involved – rarely more than five-see and accept the speaker for what he or she is. (4) The speaker also assumes that the others know him or her well enough to make unnecessary any background information for everything that is used. The writer who signed herself ―Weepers Finders‖assumed that whoever read the letter would recognize the saying, ―Finders keepers, losers weepers.‖In contrast to the formal style, this sty le may be called the casual style.[9] There is also a recognizable midpoint between the formal and the casual. There are situations less rigid than the ceremonial address or the formal written message but also more structured than intimate conversation. These permit some response; there is a certain amount of give and take. Yet each speaker will feel the need to be quite clear, sometimes to explain background for the other person’s benefit or in order to prevent misunderstanding or embarrassment. This middle style is known as the consultative style. It should be noted that the consultative style can allow contractions, but rarely would use slang or the incomplete expressions of the casual style.[10] It should not be thought that speech is always informal and writing always formal. (5) The casual style is spoken more often than it is written, but it is found also in letters between friends or family members, possibly in diaries and journals, and sometimes in newspaper columns. Formal English is typicallywritten but may also be spoken after having first been written down. Much consultative speech is spoken, but a fair amount of writing also has the same need for full explanation even if it is otherwise quite informal.[11] Of course, none of there styles or modes of communication is better than any other. The spoken word and the printed page are simply two different ways to communicate. Some people have thought that formal English is ―the best‖of the stylistic variants, but it is not. Of course, President Kennedy could not have substituted the quite casual ―Nobody’s here today to whoop it up for the Democrats‖for ―We observe today not a victory of party‖; but if he had ever used the formal public speaking style at a dinner table, he would have bored everyone there. Intelligent adjustment to the situation is the real key to the effective use of language.[12] In some respects the English language raises certain problems. In conversation some languages allow an easy distinction between the formal and the informal through their dual system of pronouns. In French, for example, intimacy on the one hand or social distance on the other are overtly marked by a choice between ―tu‖ and ―vous‖. English lacks such a system, but it does have a complex code of choices of title, title and surname, surname alone, given name alone and nickname, as ―Doctor‖, ―Doctor Stevens‖, ―Stevens ‖ , ―Charles‖, ―Charley‖, and ―Chuck‖.[13] Another problem arises because of the two-layered nature of the English vocabulary. One layer consists of short, familiar words largely of native English origin ( house, fire, red, green , make, talk); the other of much longer words, chiefly taken from Latin and French ( residence, domicile, conflagration, scarlet,verdant, manufacture, conversation). But it is an oversimplification to equate the popular words with the casual style and the learned words with the formal style. We must admit that many Americans, especially in bureaucratic contests, are fond of big, windy words-words that are often awkward and sometimes inexact.[14] Although adjustment is the key to good use of the various styles, it poses problems for the student coming to English from another language, It is hard enough to become proficient in just one of the styles without having to switch from one style to another. The causal style, in particular, is not easily acquired by the nonnative speaker. Happily, this problem is not too serious. Native speakers of English are much readier to accept the features of the consultative style in a causal situation than to accept casual features in a noncasual situation. Indeed, many Americans are likely to credit a consultative speaker with greater correctness in using English than theyhave themselves. But even if only this one style is acquired, it is important for learners to recognize the other styles when they meet them in speech or writing and to have some sense of the situations that call for their use.Part A Translate English into ChineseI.Translate the underlined sentences in the above text into Chinese.II.Translate the first and the last paragraph in the above text into Chinese.Part B Translate Chinese into EnglishI. Translate the following sentences into English with the words or phrases inthe passage in Section B.1. 在当代英语中有许多新的语言现象，这些现象并不总是符合公认的语法规则的。
东南大学 考博真题 英语 2012 阅读理解
2012东南大学考博英语真题阅读理解TEXT BCooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over what s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, One world and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, One world and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground （rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew）and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft.So alliances are terrific for airlines-but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP（frequent flyer program）benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's the promise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: "Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizingservices and running joint marketing programs. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "I don't see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline."Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveler you are.Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you re a Marco Polo Club "gold" member of Cathay Pacific s Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of One world, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you've never flown with them before.For those who haven't made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline's Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25,000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways.If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare.The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things to all people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them.19. Which is the best word to describe air travelers’ reaction to airline alliances?A) Delight.B) Indifference. C) Objection.D) Puzzlement.20. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit______.A) North American airlines and their domestic travelersB) North American airlines and their foreign counterpartsC) Asian airlines and their foreign travelersD) Asian airlines and their domestic travelers21. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances?A) Baggage allowance.B) Passenger comfort.C) Convenience.D) Quality.22. One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may bemore expensive as a result of ______.A) less convenienceB) higher operation costsC) less competitionD) more joint marketing23. According to the passage, which of the following categories of travelers willgain most from airline alliances?A) Travelers who fly frequently economy class.B) Travelers who fly frequently business class.C) Travelers who fly occasionally during holidays.D) Travelers who fly economy class once in a while.TEXT B短文大意：本文主要论述的是航空公司联合的利与弊。
研究生英语学位课统考(GET)模拟试卷21(题后含答案及解析)
研究生英语学位课统考（GET）模拟试卷21(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. VOCABULARY 3. CLOZE 4. READING COMPREHENSION 5. TRANSLATION 6. WRITINGLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection A Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.听力原文：1. M: Mary, what do you think about the courses this semester?W: At the moment, there is no course I enjoy more than composition. Q: What does the woman mean?2. M: Do you have any idea what this passage is about? W: I’m as much in the dark as you are.Q: What does the woman mean?3. W: I’m taking the train downtown to go shopping. M: Well, you’d better keep an eye on your wallet. Q: What does the man advise the woman to do?4. W: Do you know that Jerry turned down that job offer by the company?M: Yeah, the hours were convenient but he wouldn’t have been able to make ends meet. Q: Why did Jerry refuse to take the job?5. W: Steven has failed in his experiment, but he is still ready for parties. M: He is a typical boy without worries and anxieties.Q: What can we learn about Steven?1．A．Composition is her favorite course.B．She prefers other courses to composition.C．She enjoys most of the courses.D．She doesn’t like any of the courses.正确答案：A解析：男士说：玛丽，你认为这学期的课程怎么样?女士说：我最喜欢的是写作课。
考研英语阅读理解B型题试题及答案
考研英语阅读理解B型题试题及答案考研进入倒计时，大家准备好考研英语的了吗?今天，特意为大家推荐考研英语阅读理解B型题及答案，希望大家喜欢！In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.If you flew in an airplane over the continent of Antarctica, you would look down on a great sheet of snowand ice. The snow and ice slopes gently from a central plateau around the South Pole toward the sea. Along the coasts of Antarctica, sharp mountains rise up from the snow. Huge masses of ice called glaciers slide between the mountain ridges toward the sea. At the sea's edge, tremendous icebergs break off the glacier and float away. They are often enormous in size.1) Most of the land beneath the snow is a great land mass. A chain of smaller islands is nearby. The islands and the land mass are joined into one continent by a thick blanket of ice.Antarctica has nine-tenths of all the world's ice. Ifall this ice melted, the level of the world's oceans would rise 250 feet. Most cities along the coast would be drowned. In New York Harbor, water would almost cover the Statue ofLiberty's head. But the ice in Antarctica does not melt. The temperature stays well below freezing the year round in most places. Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. 2) Antarctica does not have much plant life. Only a few simple plants, such as mosses, lichens, and algae, can grow there. 3) But along the coasts of the continent there are many birds, fish, and animals.Thousands of whales and millions of seals swim in Antarctic seas. Six kinds of seals are found. The fur seal, the smallest, has long been hunted for its silky fur. The tough-skinned elephant seal is the largest. It can weigh as much as four tons.4)A number of birds live in Antarctica, and fly over the water and ice. 5) Each year it migrates between the northernmost islands of the Arctic (the region around the North Pole) and the shores of Antarctica —a distance of about 11,000 miles.［A］The temperature stays well below freezing the year round in most places. Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. The temperature there has been known to drop to more than 100 degrees below zero.［B］The Arctic tern has been called the long-distance champion of the world.［C］Most of the world's whaling takes place in Antarctic waters. The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived. It may weigh as much as 150 tons and be 95 feet long. Smaller whales include the bottlenose, the humpback, the sperm, and the finback.［D］They cannot fly, but they have flipper-like wings, which make them strong swimmers.［E］Beneath the snow and ice of Antarctica lies land. Snow piles deeper and deeper on top of the land and hardens into ice. In some places, it is three miles deep.［F］The climate is so harsh, and food so scarce, that people cannot settle in Antarctica.［G］When the ice sheets pushed down from the north reaching as far south as the river, it does not encounter any mountains and hard rocks.1.E。
2023年考研英语真题及解析精选
1993年全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishAlthough interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be ___1___in a single large building.The importance of interior design becomes 2 when we realize how much time we __3_ surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be _ 4 attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect 5 place to be appropriate to its use. You would be 6 if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look 7 the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel 8 in a business office that has the appearance of a school.It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic 9 is the function of the particular 10 . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and 11 few entries and exits will not work for 12 purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be 13 . Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same kind of 14 _. He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor.15 _addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served1. [A] consisted [B] contained [C] composed [D] comprised2. [A] obscure [B] attractive [C] appropriate [D] evident3. [A] spend [B] require [C] settle [D]retain4. [A] so [B] as [C] thus[D] such5. [A] some [B] any [C] this [D] each6. [A] amused [B] interested [C] shocked [D] frightened7. [A] like [B] for [C] at [D] into8. [A] correct [B] proper [C] right[D] suitable9. [A] care [B] concern [C] attention [D] intention10. [A] circumstance [B] environment [C] surroundings [D] space11. [A] too [B] quite [C] a [D] far12. [A] their [B] its [C] those[D] that13. [A] painted [B] covered [C] ornamented [D] decorated14. [A] solutions [B] conclusions [C] decisions [D]determinations15. [A] For [B] In [C] As [D] with文章大意首先指出室内设计发展成一种专门领域旳时间不长，但却已经很重要。
2023年南艺学位英语卷
English Qualification Test for a Bachelor’s DegreeNanjing Arts InstitutePart I Vocabulary and Structure ( 25% ) （识记、掌握）Directions:There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then put your choices on the answer sheet.1.I am sure that he will act on the doctor’s ____ advice.A. evidentB. reasonableC. alluringD. energetic(B易)2. The unpopular mayor was under ____ attack in the newspaper.A. constantB. convincingC. evidentD. evidence(A较易)3. We were ____ a discussion about yesterday’s examination when the teacher walked into the classroom.A. caught up inB. caught up withC. catching up onD. catching up with(A难)4. How do you ____ your spare time usually?A. convinceB. developC. employD. fire(C较易)5. She is deeply ____ her parents.A. attaching toB. attaching withC. attached toD. attached with(D难)6. The conventions of opera are more evident than ____ of poetry, painting, drama and film.A. onesB. thoseC. oneD. that(B较难)7. The population of Shanghai is about four times as large as____ of Nanjing.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. one(A较难)8. ____, the picture did not look very good but after examine it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.A. UnconsciouslyB. SubconsciouslyC. At first glanceD. With first glance(C易)9. The wild life in Africa is extremely____.A. normalB. diverseC. mobileD. lush(B较易)10. People in real life do not sing to each other. Neither____ in blank verse.A. they converseB. converse theyC. they do converseD. do they converse(D中)11. I was not surprised at the news. Neither _____ at the news.A. were my family surprisedB. my family were surprisedC. were not my family surprisedD. my family were not surprised(A中)12. It is well-known that lung Cancer is ____ partly caused by smoking too much.A. at mostB. at leastC. at the mostD. at the least(B较易)13. After ____ from work, my parents moved to the countryside where they had spent a few years after marriage.A. retiredB. attainedC. retiringD. attaining(C难)14. Success in management ultimately ____ good judgment.A. rest onB. resting onC. rests onD. rests at(C较难)15. Miss Tan is one of the most ____ teachers in our school.A. tragicB. profoundC. popularD. narrative(C易)16. In the past few ____ there has been a great increase in the amount of research done on human brain.A. scoresB. dozensC. millionsD. decades(D较易)17. Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of relativity was so ____ that only a few scientists could understand.A. profoundB. influentialC. easyD. vital(A中)18. The old man ____ his master’s degree at the age of 72.A. capturedB. revealedC. attainedD. accumulated(C难)19. Young people shouldn’t seek ____ and shirk hardship.A. challengeB. comfortC. difficultyD. friendship(B较难)20. I don’t feel at ____ in front of camera.A. restB. riskC. easeD. easy(C较易)21. Romeo and Juliet is a ____ story of love in Medieval Europe.A. tragicB. tragedyC. tragicallyD. tragical(A中)22. He is keen on disco ____ I am fond of classical music.A. just asB. as ifC. even ifD. if though(A易)23. he was ill for about one month, ____set him back a lot in his studies.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. on which(B较易)24. Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays, ____showed his knowledge on various subjects.A. thatB. whichC. whoD. whose(B较易)25. He was born in 1949, ____is a tuning point in history.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. where(B难)Part II Reading Comprehension ( 40% ) （理解）Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to each question. Then put your choice on the answer sheet. Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: (易)Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother and father were of Puritan(清教徒旳) religion. They left England and moved to the English colony Massachusetts in order to escape persecution for the religion. In Boston, Franklin left school when he was ten years old and worked for his father for two years. Then he went to work on his brother’s newspaper. He became the editor of this paper when he was sixteen. Because he wanted to be independent, he went to Philadelphia. There he bought his own newspaper, He worked hard and saved his money. And by the age of 24 he was one of the most successful men in Philadelphia.In 1732 Franklin published a book “ POOR RICHARD’S ALMANAC（历本）”. Mostalmanacs contained information for farmers, such as information about the days and weeks of the year and about the weather. To his almanac, Franklin added wise sayings, his observations about life, some of these sayings are still famous today. For example, “Early to bed, e arly to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise,” and “Waste not, want not,” and “ A penny saved is a penny earned.”26. Benjamin Franklin was of __________A. not mentionedB. American originC. French originD. English origin27. At the age of 11, he worked for ____________.A. his brotherB. his fatherC. himselfD. someone else28. His parents moved to Massachusetts because_________.A. they wanted to make a fortuneB. they wanted to meet their relatives thereC. They were persecuted in EnglandD. They wanted to have a visit there29. He moved to Philadelphia because ___________.A. his brother didn’t like himB. he wanted to live on himselfC. he became the editor of the paperD. he wanted to be dependent30. Franklin’s almanacs contained_____________.A. information for farmersB. wise sayingsC. poor Richard’s ideasD. Both A and B26-30答案：DBCBDQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: （中）Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branchesthat are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.31. Pruning should be done to _____.A. make the tree grow tallerB. improve the shape of the treeC. get rid of the small branchesD. make the small branches thicker32. Trees become unhealthy if the gardener _____.A .allows too many branches to grow in the middleB. .does not protect them from windC. .forces them to grow too quicklyD. .damages some of the small side branches33. Why is a special substance painted on the tree?A. To make a wound smoothB. To prevent disease entering a woundC. To cover a rough surfaceD. To help a wound to dry34. A good gardener prunes a tree_____.A .at intervals throughout the yearB .as quickly as possibleC .occasionally when necessaryD .regular every winter35. What was the author's purpose when writing this passage?A. To give practical instruction for pruning a tree.B. To give a general description of pruningC. To explain how trees develop diseasesD. To discuss different methods of pruning.31-35答案：BABCAQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: （较难）Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent thatdrastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem. There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are potential economic uses for waste products.36. The purpose of this passage is _____.A. .to alert the reader to the dwindling water supplyB. .to explain industrial uses of waterC. to acquaint the reader with water pollution problemsD. to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problem37. Which of the following points is NOT INCLUDED in the passage?A. Industrial development includes the simplification of complex chemical processes.B. Diluting wastes needs certain amount of waterC. Demands for water will go up along with the expanding populationD. Intensive cultivation of land requires more and more chemicals38. The reader can conclude that_____A. countries of the world will work together on pollution problemsB. byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplaceC. science is making great progress on increasing water suppliesD. some industries are now taking economic use of wastes39. The author gives substance to the passage through the use of_____.A. interviews with authorities in the field of water controlsB. opinions and personal observationsC. definitions which clarify important termsD. strong arguments and persuasions40. The words "prior to "(para.1) probably mean_____.A after B. during C. before D. beyond36-40答案：CA DBCQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage: (中)Traveling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business, I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams’ master work “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” on the radio and thought---I know, I’ll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them what the state of real hitching is today in Britain.I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.When I was in my teens and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe, North America, Asia and southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality on the road.Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane, but there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it .So what has happened to it?A few years ago, I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper. Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking.Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitching, as was Quebec, Canada-“if you don’t mind being criticized for not speaking French”.But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places, the general feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed.With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger. But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?In Poland in the 1960s, according to a Polish woman who e-mail me ,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet. The booklet contained coupons for drivers, so each time a driver picked somebody, he or she received a coupon. At the end of the season, drivers who had picked up the most hiker s were rewarded with various prizes. Everyone was hitchhiking then”.Surely this is a good idea for society. Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking downbarriers between strangers. It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels. It would also improve educational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography, history, politics and sociology.A century before Douglas Adams wrote his “Hitchhiker’s Guide”, another adventure stor y writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker’s motto: “To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.” What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstretched.41. In which paragraph(s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking? ________A. (3)B. (4)C. (3) and (4)D. (4) and (5)42. What is the current situation of hitchhiking? _______A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.D. It is still popular in Poland.43. What is the writer’s attitude towards the practice in Poland? ________A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favorable.D. Strongly favorable.44. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPT ________A. promoting mutual respect between strangers.B. increasing one’s confidence in strangers.C. protecting environment.D. enr ich one’s knowledge.45. “Either put it to the test yourself…”in the last Paragraph means ________A. to experience the hopefulness.B. to read Adams’ book.C. to offer someone a lift.D. to be a hitchhiker.41-45答案：CADBDPart III Cloze (10%) （理解、识记、掌握）Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then put your answer on the answer sheet.（较难）Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The 46 go about purchasing an article or a service can actually 47 you money or can add 48 the cost.Take the 49 example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might 50 you are making the 51 buy if you choose one 52 look you like and which is also the cheapest 53 price. But when you get it home you may find that it 54 twice as long as a more expensive 55 to dry your hair. The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well 56 your hairdryer the most expensive one of all.So what principles should you 57 when you go out shopping?If you 58 your home, your car or any valuable 59 in excellent condition, you'll be saving money in the long 60 Before you buy a new 61, talk to someone who owns one. If you can, use it or borrow it to check it suits your particular 62.Before you buy an expensive 63, or a service, do check the price and 64 is on offer. If possible, choose 65 three items or three estimates.46. A) form B) fashion C) way D) method47. A) save B) preserve C) in D) similar48. A) up B) to C) in D) on49. A) easy B) single C) simple D) similar50. A) convince B) accept C) examine D) think51. A) proper B) best C) reasonable D) most52. A) its B) which C) whose D) what53. A) for B) with C) in D) on54. A) spends B) takes C) lasts D) consumes55. A) mode B) copy C) sample D) model56. A) cause B) make C) leave D) prove57. A) adopt B) lay C) stick D) adapt58. A) reserve B) decorate C) store D) keep59. A) products B) possession C) material D) ownership60. A) run B) interval C) period D) time61. A) appliance B) equipment C) utility D) facility62. A) function B) purpose C) goal D) task63. A) component B) element C) item D) particle64. A) what B) which C) that D) this65. A) of B) in C) by D) from46-65答案：CABCD BCCBD BADBA ABCADPart IV Translation (10%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.66. For well over three hundred years the Opera has been one of the most alluring forms of musical entertainment. （较难）67. It was the human voice to impinge upon the spectators the basic emotions---love, hate, jealousy, joy, grief---with an elemental force possible only to itself. （较难）68. William Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. （较易）69. Over the next two decades he wrote a succession of widely acclaimed plays which may becategorized roughly into three groups: histories, comedies and tragedies. （中）70. After having dominated the London theatrical scene for some twenty years, Shakespeare retired to his hometown, where he lived in relative ease and comfort until his death in 1616.（易）Part V Writing ( 15%) （应用）Directions: For this part, you are supposed to write an announcement to welcome students to join to a club.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below:1. 本社团旳重要活动内容;2. 参与本社团旳好处；3. 怎样加入本社团。
东南大学研究生英语雅思写作下学期大作业
On the Delay of Geographical Caching Methods in Two-Tiered Heterogeneous NetworksAbstractWe consider a hierarchical network that consists of mobile users, a two-tiered cellular network (namely small cellsand macro cells) and central routers, each of which follows a Poisson point process (PPP). In this scenario, small cells with limited-capacity backhaul are able to cache content under a given set of randomized caching policies and storage constraints. Moreover, we consider three different content popularity models, namely fixed content popularity, distance-dependent and load-dependent,in order to model the spatio-temporal behavior of users’ content req uest patterns. We derive expressions for the average delay of users assuming perfect knowledge of content popularity distributions and randomized caching policies. Although the trend of the average delay for all three content popularity models is essentially identical, our results show that the overall performance of cached-enabled heterogeneous networks can be substantially improved, especially under the load dependentcontent popularity model.Besides, Because of the limitation of research conditions, the total network delay, network cost and optimization of network parameters are not analyzed.Keywords: edge caching, Poisson point process, stochastic geometry, mobile wireless networks, 5GIntroductionIt is known that content caching in 5G heterogeneous wireless networks improves the system performance, and is of high importance in limited-backhaul scenarios. Most existing literature focuses on the characterization of key performance metrics neglecting the backhaul limitations and the spatio-temporal content popularity profiles. In this work, we analyze the gains of caching in heterogeneous network deployment, and consider the average delay as a performance metric.Firstly we use passion point process (PPP) method to build the model. This heterogeneous network consists of mobile terminals (users), cache-enabled small base stations (SBSs), macro base stations (MBSs) and central routers. In this network setting, a user may experience delays due to downlink transmissions, backhaul and caches.Moreover, in order to capture the spatio-temporal content access patterns of users, we suppose fixed content popularity, distance-dependent and load-dependent content popularities. Assuming that the content popularity distribution is perfectly known at the small base stations, we explore three different caching policies based on content-popularity and randomization. And finally, we draw our conclusion.MethodologyFirst, our Research objective is to get the average delay in a cache-enabled two-tiered cellular network modeled by stochastic geometry, the figure one is an illustration of the considered system model, the methodology part including the following parts.The first is the topology, the central routers, MBSs, SBSs, USERs are modeled by the independent PPP models, the second is the signal model, for the tractability for the problem, we assume that the typical user experience the rayleigh fading and the standard power law path loss, also we assume that the network is interference-limited, that is to say the interference power dominates over the noise power.Then it is the caching model, when a user has a content request, we assume that the request is drawn from a continuous zipf distribution, in the function, there is a content popularity parameter, based on this parameter, we have three caching models, Fixed means that the content popularity is identical for all users, all SBSs observe the same distribution, Distance-dependent means that each user has a distance-dependent steepness factor ,the factor is related to the average distance between the SBS and its users.Based on the caching models, here we consider threecaching policies: StdPop means the SBSs cache the most popular content from the catalogue, the Unirand means the contents are cached uniformly at random, the MixPop policy means that part storage cache the most popular contents, the other part cache the content at random.The last part is the delay, our metric in this paper, the delay including the following three parts, When the BSs deliver the contents to their intended mobile users, it incurs the downlink delay, When the content requested are not cached in the BSs, the BSs have to get the content form the central routers through the backhaul, then it causes delay, when the content requested in the caches, the content need to be taken out from the caches, it causes delay.Reporting and Discussing ResultsIn this section, we numerically validate our approximations derived in the previous section. The impact of critical system parameters are discussed as follows.Fig. (a) Impact of MBS density. (b)Impact of small cell density.(c) Impact of target SIR. (d)Impact of storage size.Impact of MBS density λmc:The change of averagedelay with respect to the MBSdensity is given in Fig. a. Therein, as the number of MBSs increases, we observe an increment in average delay at millisecond level. This is mainly due to the backhaul as the delay in backhaul is proportional to the distance and average number of connected MBSs. On the other hand, the average delay in SBSs remains static in this setup. However, we note that the average delay experienced by a typical small cell user is reduced by adding caching capabilities at the base stations.Impact of small cell density λsc:The change of the average delay with respect to the small cell density is depicted in Fig. b. Similarly to the previous figure for MBS density, we see that the average delay increases for all kind of small cell users. However, in this numerical setup, the rate of increment in delay with no-caching capabilities at the SBSs is higher than the delay experienced by the typical users with cache- enabled SBSs. Compared to the fixed and load-dependent content popularities, the typical user under load-dependent content popularity experiences less delay when the number of SBSs increases.Impact of target SIRγ: In our setup, yet another important design parameter is the target SIR. In this regard, the average delay variation with respect to thetarget SIR is illustrated in Fig. 2c. As observed in the figure, the average delay increases by imposing higher target SIR values. This change is only visible in low values of target SIR, whereas the variation of delay in higher values of target SIR is negligible. This might stem from the fact that the downlink delay is not a dominating factor in our scenario compared to the backhaul delay. A typical user connected to the small cell with no caching capabilities experiences the highest delay, whereas the minimum delay is achieved by using MixPop policy under load-dependent content popularity. The delay of a typical MU remains between a SU with no-caching and caching capabilities at the base stations.Impact of storage size S: Yet another crucial design parameter in our setup is the storage size. The impact of storage size on the average delay is shown in Fig. 2d. Indeed, as observed from the figure, dramatical decrease in delay is observed by increasing the storage size of small base stations. Similarly to previous observations, the most sensitive content popularity for the average delay is the load-dependent content popularity.ConclusionIn this work, we have characterized the average delay of macro cell users and small cell users under backhaul constraints and caching capabilities at the small basestations. We consider a multi-tier heterogeneous network in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and a typical mobile user, and each base station perfectly observes the content popularities according to three different models: fixed models, distance-dependent models and load-dependent models. After that, some caching policies such as stdPop policies, unirand policies and mixpop policies have been considered. Finally the impact of critical system parameters which include macro base stations density, small cell density, target of signal to interference ratio and storage size on the average delay are discussed. Although the trend of the average delay for all three content popularity models is essentially identical, our results show that the overall performance of cached-enabled heterogeneous networks can be substantially improved, especially under the load dependent content popularity model. 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