英文摘要写法
学术论文英文摘要格式
学术论文英文摘要格式学术论文英文摘要格式英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。
好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。
为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了学术论文英文摘要格式的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。
学术论文英文摘要格式一、论文题名1.英文题名撰写的基本要求题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。
中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。
题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。
英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。
2.英文题名撰写的注意事项除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。
(1)英文题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。
(2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。
(3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。
(4)中英文题名的一致性。
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。
二、论文摘要1.摘要的定义摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。
英文摘要的写法
Stokes output and good pulse shape.
资料性摘要概括地阐述论文或报告中的主要
结论,重点突出文中提及的新发现或有别于
其他同类研究的结论。
结合型摘要 (Informative Indicative Abstracts)
此类摘要综合了说明性摘要和资料性摘要
的特点
(1)This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in cultures which have no tradition of self-study. ( 2 ) It suggests how pathways might influence the design and running of self-access centres, (3)and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a centre in China. Feedback is based on a minisurvey distributed to thirty users.
Abstract: ( 1 ) This paper discusses the
effect of processing temperature on the room temperature resistivity and PTC
characteristic of the PS matrix Sn-Pb alloy composite. ( 2 ) The results show that … and the low melting point of Sn-Pb alloy results in the excellent PTC characteristic.
英文摘要写作格式和输入规范要求
英文摘要写作格式和输入规范要求英文摘要和外文翻译的格式要求目录一、总体要求 (4)二、英文标题 (4)三、作者姓名 (6)四、摘要 (7)五、关键词 (7)六、正文。
(7)七、图表。
(9)八、参考文献。
(10)九、斜体。
(10)十、英国人姓名规则 (11)十一、英文大、小写字母的使用 (13)十二、英文回行的基本规则 (16)十三、段落规则 (18)十四、英文标点使用规则 (20)十五、英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 (56)十六、中英文标点符号的差异 (57)十七:中国学生常见标点符号错误例析. 61一、总体要求要求英语语言较为地道、通顺、简练,语法正确,符合英语表达习惯,专业术语规范、准确。
外文页所有字体均为Times New Roman ,要在英文状态输入法下输入,注意标点符号是英文的。
请结合所给模版认真体会。
本说明未尽事项,请查阅相关规定。
二、英文标题题目应写在第一行的中间,题目左右两边的空白距离大致相等。
题目的第一个单词的第一个字母必须大写。
从第二个单词起,其中每个实义词的第一个字母大写,而冠词、介词和连词的第一个字母则一般小写。
如:A Day to RememberLet's Go in for Sports题目的另一种写法是所有单词的第一个字母全部用大写。
如:My Life As Factory WorkerA Walk Under The Rain写题目不要用括号或引号。
题目后除了问号和感叹号之外,不加其它标点符号。
1、冠词:位于标题头时,首字母大写;位于标题中时,全部字母小写;2、介词及连词:位于标题头时,首字母大写;位于标题中时,5个(含)以上字母的,首字母大写;4个(含)以下字母的,全部字母小写。
三、作者姓名居中,斜体;中国人姓名按照中国人习惯,姓前名后,姓全部字母大写,名第一个字母大写,若名为2个字,则2个字之间加短线“-”,作者姓名之间加逗号“·”最后两作者之间加“and”。
高中生英语摘要范文
高中生英语摘要范文高中生要写英语摘要的话,有技巧会不会更加容易上手?下面是店铺给大家整理的高中生英语摘要范文,供大家参阅!高中生英语摘要范文格式摘要:关于百度知道中网友们关于英语论文摘要所提出来的热点话题,在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法,英语论文摘要的格式参考,并附上范例一则,希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语论文摘要怎么写?英语论文摘要格式模板(附范例) 英语论文摘要英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写英文论文摘要怎么写怎么写好英语论文摘要……这些都是百度知道中网友们提出来的热点话题,在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法,英语论文摘要的格式参考,并附上范例一则,希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式中英文摘要对应,内容要基本保持一致;中文在前,英文在后。
字数为300-500字左右。
1.中文摘要①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
2.英文摘要①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四,1.5倍行距,两端对齐)④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”( Times New Roman 小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,Times New Roman小四号)。
除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。
各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
Self-Knowledge of Emma(空1行)Abstract(空1行)Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion. After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others’ mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma’s self-knowledge.(空1行)Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge高中生英语摘要范文A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and EnglishAbstractWord is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and culture.It embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite different.such as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part of culture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural differences.As we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in manycountries. As a symbol system, "English" is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of "English" and "English" is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants高中英语重点句子摘要Module 1: My First Day at Senior High1. And we have funfun是不可数名词,如:a lot of fun 非常快乐2.I do n’t think I will be bored in Ms Shen’s class!请注意本句中英汉在否定表示法上的区别。
英语摘要写法
摘要(Abstract)摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要,通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要,其位置应放在论文的正文之前,对整个论文内容的概述。
无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言,摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。
摘要如果和论文一起发表,则被称为一次性出版物摘要,主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用,使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。
除此之外,摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如:生物学文摘(Biological Abstract)、化学文摘(Chemical Abstract)等、称为二次性出版物摘要。
此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息,帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。
一.摘要的定义摘要的英文术语:有两个词汇,一个是abstract, 一个是summary.根据美国国家标准学会(American National Standard Institute)于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》(American National Standard for Writing Abstracts)规定,Abstract 不应与summary 混同。
Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括,使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容,或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备,或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。
文中只对论文信息进行浓缩,而不加主观评论或解释,可以脱离原文而独立成篇。
字数通常在100~150个词左右,更确切地说,约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%(有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%)。
现在越来越多的用法是abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语,在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。
Summary (概要) 与abstract 无明显差别。
严格地说,summary 一般附在论文的后面,对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。
英文摘要的写法
主要结论
The results indicated that … The results show that … The results demonstrated that … The results reveal that …
由It 引起的that 从句 It was shown that … It can be seen that … It was found that … It was discovered that … It was concluded that … It has been demonstrated that It was clarified that … It was revealed that … It is considered that … It was confirmed that … It is suggested that … It was supposed that … It has become apparent that …
2、过程与方法(How did you do it?) 过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也 应包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中, 过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问 题(What do you want )之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问 题(How did you do),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过 程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常 见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难 清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此,在说明过程与 方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述, 这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路,又给那些看不懂中文(但却可 以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。
英文合同摘要格式模板
英文合同摘要格式模板This document serves as a summary of the contract entered into by and between [Party A] and [Party B] on [Date]. This contract outlines the terms and conditions under which both parties agree to conduct business together.1. Parties Involved:- [Party A]: [Name], located at [Address]- [Party B]: [Name], located at [Address]2. Scope of Work:The scope of work outlines the specific services or products that [Party A] will provide to [Party B]. This includes a detailed description of the work to be completed, timelines for completion, and any deliverables that will be provided.3. Payment Terms:Payment terms outline how and when payments will be made for the services or products provided by [Party A]. This includes the total amount due, any payment schedules, and any penalties for late payment.4. Confidentiality:Confidentiality clauses outline how sensitive information shared between both parties will be protected. This includes specifics on what information is considered confidential, how it will be safeguarded, and the consequences for breaching confidentiality.5. Termination:Termination clauses outline the conditions under which either party may choose to terminate the contract. This includes provisions for notice periods, reasons for termination, and any penalties for early termination.6. Dispute Resolution:Dispute resolution clauses outline how any conflicts or disagreements between both parties will be resolved. This can include mediation, arbitration, or litigation procedures.7. Governing Law:Governing law clauses specify which jurisdiction's laws will govern the contract. This ensures that both parties understand the legal framework under which the contract operates.8. Amendments:Amendment clauses outline how any changes to the contract will be made. This includes provisions for updating terms, obtaining consent from both parties, and documenting any changes in writing.9. Signatures:Both [Party A] and [Party B] must sign the contract to indicate their agreement to the terms and conditions outlined. Signatures confirm that both parties understand and agree to abide by the contract.By signing below, both parties acknowledge that they have read and understood the terms and conditions outlined in this contract summary.[Party A Signature] [Date][Party B Signature] [Date]This contract summary is a brief overview of the key terms and conditions of the contract between [Party A] and [Party B]. For a detailed understanding of the full contract, please refer to the original document.。
英文标题和摘要的撰写
英文标题和摘要的撰写一、英文标题的撰写1.标题中study on,studies on,study of,discussion on,research on,observation on,investigation on(of),some thoughts on,a final reporton等,只是增加标题的长度,未提供新的信息,不宜使用。
2.国际标准化组织规定,标题最好不要超过10~12个词,且除通用的缩写字和特殊符号外,标题内不使用缩写字、特殊符号、化学式、上下角标等。
3.标题通常由名词短语构成,即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成,因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连接词,若出现动词,一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。
例如:Models and simulation of a single-phase flow correlation measuring system.(单相流相关测量系统的模型和仿真)(两个名词加后置定语)4.取消不必要的冠词。
例如:The effects of the patient age and physician training on thechoice and dose of anti-melan-cholic drugs,题目中的3个定冠词the均可删去。
(英文题名开头第1个字尽量不用冠词(包括定冠词the,不定冠词a和an)二、英文摘要的撰写5.摘要一般分为两类,信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
绝大部分科技期刊都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
信息性摘要通常以150~250 words为宜,指示性摘要以100~150 words 为宜。
6.信息性摘要的4要素:研究的目的;研究的过程与采用的方法;主要结果或发现;主要结论和推论。
7.尽量使用主动语态。
例如“A exceeds B”要好于“B exceeded by A”。
8.通常用过去时态描述作者的工作,用现在时态描述所做的结论,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,基本不用进行时和其它复合时态。
英文摘要如何写
一、绪论 (1)要的类型与基本内容 (1)三、英文题名 (2)四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2)五、英文摘要 (2)英文摘要如何写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。
要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb 7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。
原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题,多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。
5.英文摘要的写法
Example 3 范例3 -指示性摘要
一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时及其被动语 态
This section highlights early electronics milestones that have made significant contributions to aerospace and defense. Today everyone thinks digital, whereas more than 50% of electronic advances since technology founding 50 years ago were in the analog or continuous domain. It is too easy to forget that before the 1970s and 1980s analog systems had been the norm.
thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth
analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often
used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper‘s
purpose.
abstract 摘要 discipline 学科 ascertain 确定,弄清
article 期刊论文 thesis (学位)论文 review 评论
conference proceeding
会议论文集
摘要是对研究性论文、学位论文、学术评论、会议论文或任 何特定领域和学科分析研究的一种简略的概述,并经常被用 来使读者能够快速了解文章的意图。
英文标题和摘要的撰写
英文标题和摘要的撰写一、英文标题的撰写1.标题中study on,studies on,study of,discussion on,research on,observation on,investigation on(of),some thoughts on,a final reporton等,只是增加标题的长度,未提供新的信息,不宜使用。
2.国际标准化组织规定,标题最好不要超过10~12个词,且除通用的缩写字和特殊符号外,标题内不使用缩写字、特殊符号、化学式、上下角标等。
3.标题通常由名词短语构成,即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成,因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连接词,若出现动词,一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。
例如:Models and simulation of a single-phase flow correlation measuring system.(单相流相关测量系统的模型和仿真)(两个名词加后置定语)4.取消不必要的冠词。
例如:The effects of the patient age and physician training on thechoice and dose of anti-melan-cholic drugs,题目中的3个定冠词the均可删去。
(英文题名开头第1个字尽量不用冠词(包括定冠词the,不定冠词a和an)二、英文摘要的撰写5.摘要一般分为两类,信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
绝大部分科技期刊都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
信息性摘要通常以150~250 words为宜,指示性摘要以100~150 words 为宜。
6.信息性摘要的4要素:研究的目的;研究的过程与采用的方法;主要结果或发现;主要结论和推论。
7.尽量使用主动语态。
例如“A exceeds B”要好于“B exceeded by A”。
8.通常用过去时态描述作者的工作,用现在时态描述所做的结论,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,基本不用进行时和其它复合时态。
论文英文摘要写法
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作者姓名与作者单位英译 1) 作者姓名 中国作者的汉语拼音名字采用如下拼 写方法:姓前名后,中间为空格,姓氏 的全部字母均大写,复姓连写,名字的 首字母大写,名字不缩写。如:ZHANG Zeduan SHANGGUAN Xuzhi
英语国家的作者,采用名前姓后的形式,
其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的 罗马字母拼法拼写。
论文摘要写作
I:Introduction
英文摘要的构成摘要是原始文献(一次文 献)的浓缩和代表,它本身给读者一个信息, 即该文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要 问题,帮助读者决定此论文是否有用。由 于英文摘要与中文摘要面向不同读者,所 以对英文摘要要求较高的完整性,即读者 不看中文原始文献,只读英文摘要就能对 论文有较完整的了解。它包括介绍性内容 和描述性信息,相对独立于正文。
(2)一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时
刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、 观察、调查等)。例如:The heat-pulse technique was applied to study the sternsapflow(树干液流) of two main deciduous broad-leaved tree species in July and August ,1996。 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、 现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永 恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的 研究过程,也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
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) 大小写 科技论文英文摘要标题中字母大小写 的情况分三种: (1)全部字母均大写。 (2)开头字母以及每个实词首字母大写, 虚词小写。 (3) 开头第一个字母和专有名词大写, 其余均小写。 目前第2种形式较为普遍,第3种的使用 似有增多趋势。
英文文章摘要怎么写.doc
英文文章摘要怎么写英文文章摘要怎么写?英文文章摘要范文【1】abstractthe joy luck clubis written by famous chinese american writer amy tan in the end of 1980s. it isabout the experience of four mothers immigrating fromchinaand their four american born daughtersliving in theunited states.this paper mainly discusses the application of mitchells womens estate in the joyluck club. based on the position of women in society and family, writerthoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.the paper includes threechapters, t heory of “womens estate”, the position of women in the joy luck club and consciousness-raisingreflected in the joy luck club. accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressionsgiven by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have theability to liberate themselves.keywords: women; families; oppressions; mitchells“womens estate”论文英文标题、摘要等的写法【2】1.英文题名(标题)1) 题名的结构。
英文摘要的写法(新)
Abstract
( 1 ) A design of two-cell SBS pulse compressor twowith polarizing pumping source was proposed for a high power KrF laser with pulse energy of 200J and 200J pulsewidth of 200ns to compress it to ~5ns and 200ns achieve high beam quality by SBS phase conjugation techniques. Possibility of doing this is techniques. numerically investigated to our knowledge. (2)Our knowledge. oneone-dimensional SBS amplifier numerical model employed is similar to those described by DaiJun et al. (J. App, Phys., 1992) with a little modification. (3) al. (J. Phys. 1992) modification. This model is then used for calculating pulse compression of above described KrF laser. laser.
Roles of Pathway in Self-Accell & Clive Newton Abstract
(1)This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in selfcultures which have no tradition of self-study. self-study. suggests how pathways might ( 2 ) It influence the design and running of self-access selfcentres, (3)and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a minicentre in China. Feedback is based on a miniChina. survey distributed to thirty users. users.
英文作文开头摘要
英文作文开头摘要英文,As I sat down to write this essay, I couldn't help but think about how important it is to be able to communicate in different languages. Being bilingual has opened up so many opportunities for me, both personally and professionally. 。
I remember a time when I was traveling in China and I was able to navigate my way around the city and have conversations with locals in their native language. It made me feel more connected to the culture and the people, and I was able to learn so much more than if I had only been able to speak English. 。
Being able to speak multiple languages has also helped me in my career. I work for a global company, and being able to communicate with colleagues and clients from different countries has been a huge advantage. It has allowed me to build stronger relationships and has given me a deeper understanding of different perspectives and waysof doing business.中文,当我坐下来写这篇文章的时候,我不禁想到能够用不同的语言交流是多么重要。
英文摘要写法
SCI结构式摘要案例 结构式摘要案例
Abstract: Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.
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SCI结构式摘要案例
目的、设计、单位、对象、处置、主 要结果测定、结果、结论等8个方面
目的:研究的问题、目的或设想 设计:研究的基本设计、样本选择、分组、诊断标准和随访情况 单位:说明开展研究的单位(研究机构、大学、医疗机构) 对象:研究对象(患者等)的数目、选择过程和条件等 处置:处置方法的基本特征,使用何种方法以及持续的时间等 主要结果测定:主要结果是如何测定、完成的 结果:研究的主要发现(应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著检验值
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? 2、指示性摘要 ? 是指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性
质和水平的摘要,其目的是使读者对该研 究的主要内容(即作者做了什么工作)有一个 轮廓性的了解。一般创新内容较少。
? 篇幅以100字左右为宜。
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SCI指示性摘要案例
简评:这是一份专题评述(综述性论文)的摘要。第一 句为相关背景知识的介绍,第二句是综述内容的说明 (In this review……are summarized),并指出 所评述对象的潜在应用(……possible therapeutic
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摘要的基本要素包括: 研究目的、方法、结果和结论
? 1、 目的——研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的 和任务,所涉及的主题范围。
? 2、 方法——所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、 材料、工艺、结确 定的关系,观察结果,得到的效果、性能等。
applications)
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3、报道-指示性摘要
? 报道-指示性摘要是以报道性摘要的形式表 述论文中价值最高的那部分内容,其余部分 则以指示性摘要形式表达。
? 篇幅以100~200字为宜。 ? 本科生毕业论文,我们建议采用第一种种,
即报道性摘要。200字左右。
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SCI 报道-指示性摘要案例
该摘要介绍了相关研究背景(进展)并提出了作者的设想 (Despite the remarkable……,we believe that……),摘 要的第二句提出了支持作者设想的论证(Arguments to support this view are……),最后一句(This functional performs……)评价并说明论文所提出模型的贡献
? 4、 结论——结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、 应用,提出的问题等。
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? 具体地讲, 就是研究工作的主要对象和 范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果 和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价 值的其它重要的信息。
? 摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有 与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全 文,就能该文获得最重要和必要的信息。
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二、摘要的主要功能
? 1) 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容,以补充题 名的不足 .
? 摘要担负着吸引读者和将文章的主要内容介绍 给读者的任务。
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? 2) 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和维护提 供方便。
? 论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检 索率和被引的频次。
? 字数一般控制在全文5%-10%。
[ ] (functional相当于model)。本摘要在方括号( )中给
出了前期相关工作的文献,注意该文献在文末参考文献中 的列举是按其在正文中出现的顺序,与在摘要中是否出现
无关。
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传统的摘要多为一段式,在内容上大致包括引言 (Introduction) ,材料与方法 (Materials and Methods) , 结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion) 等主要方面,即 IMRAD((Introduction ,Methods,Results and Discussion) 结构的写作模式。 20世纪80年代中期出现了另一种摘要文体,即“结 构式摘要(structured abstract), 该摘要实质上是 报道 性摘要的结构化表达 。
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三、摘要的分类
? 1、报道性摘要
? 是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概的简明 摘要,相当于简介。报道性摘要一般用来反映 科技论文的目的、方法及主要结果与结论,在 有限的字数内向读者提供尽可能多的定性或定 量的信息,充分反映该 研究的创新之处 。可分 别介绍几部分概况。
? 篇幅视论文长度以 200-300 字左右为宜。
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SCI报道性摘要案例
p21Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细 胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂
该摘要首先简要介绍相关研究背景(第一句话),继而以不定式形式 (to identif……)提出研究目的,并引带出研究方法(we have employed……),第三句话指出本研究的主要发现,最后一句话给结 论(cotransfection experiments indicate that……)。全部摘要用词为 113个(Cell要求其摘要的用词不超过150个),简明、清楚地表述了 论文的全部主要内容。
英文摘要写作指南
A Guide to English Abstract Writing
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一、摘要的基本要素
? 定义:又称概要或内容提要。以提供文献 实质性的内容梗概为主要目的,不加评论 和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要 内容的短文。
? 目的:给读者关于文献内容的足够的信息, 使读者决定是否要获得论文。
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结论:主要结论及潜在的临床应用
SCI结构式摘要案例
? Abstract : Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events.
? Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events.