高三英语(课标全国卷)名词性从句和定语从句

高三英语（课标全国卷）名词性从句和定语从句1. 掌握名词性从句连接词的基本用法。

2. 掌握名词性从句时态照应的基本用法。

3. 掌握定语从句关系代词的基本用法。

4. 掌握定语从句关系副词的基本用法。

一、名词性从句名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的引导词有：1)连接代词:what(ever),who(ever)，whom(ever),which(ever)，whose。

作主语、宾语表语、定语。

2)连接副词:when，where, how, why。

作状语、表语。

3)从属连词:that，whether，if不作成分。

（一）that引导的名词性从句1. 引导主语从句1) It is/was+形容词/名词/过去分词+that从句。

It is certain that our team will win the game.我们队一定会赢得比赛。

It is no wonder that our team won the game.我们队赢了那场比赛并不足为奇2)It+不及物动词+that从句。

It never occurred to me that you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.我没想到你能成功说服他改变主意。

2. 引导宾语从句1)放在及物动词、形容词或介词之后引导宾语从句。

I truly believe that beauty comes from within.我真的相信美来自内心。

I am afraid that you're mistaken.恐怕你弄错了。

He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. 他是个好学生，就是有点儿粗心。

2)及物动词+it+宾补+that从句。

He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已经明确表示他是不会屈服的。

3.放在系动词之后引导表语从句。

My decision is that we're to start at 6:00 am tomorrow.我的决定是我们明天早上6点出发。

4.放在抽象名词之后并对其进行解释说明，引导同位语从句。

The news that we won the game is inspiring.我们赢得比赛的消息鼓舞人心。

（二）连接代词引导的名词性从句1. what 相当于 the thing(s) that.….,意为“……的东西”。

What(=The thing that) they need is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好课本。

2. whatever 相当于 anything that…,意为…的任何东西”。

You can take whatever (=anything that)you like.你可以拿走你喜欢的任何东西3. whichever 相当于 any member of a group of people or things that.…,意为“(在某范围之内)……的任何人或物”。

Whichever book he bought would be paid for. (这些书中)无论他买哪一本书都要付款It doesn’t matter whichever you choose.你选择哪一个对我来说都无所谓。

4.whoever 相当于 anyone who,意为“……的任何人”。

The gold medal will be awarded to whoever(=anyone who) wins first place in the bicycle race.金牌将会奖给任何在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。

（三）连接副词when，where，how，why引导的名词性从句1. 宾语从句:You can't imagine how close we are to success.你无法想象我们离成功有多近。

2. 主语从句:Why he's often absent from class is a mystery.他为什么总是缺课是个谜。

3. 表语从句:I had a cold. That's why I didn’t attend school.我感冒了,因此我没上学。

温馨提醒：4.同位语从句:My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如何能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。

（四）whether/if(是否)引导的名词性从句1．引导主语从句1) 放在句首引导主语从句，用whether。

Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否要开会仍然是个问题。

2) 与表示选择的or...连用,用whether。

It makes no difference whether he stays or leaves.他是留下还是离开无关紧要。

3) 与or not 直接连用,用 whetherIt makes no difference whether or not he comes.他是否来无关紧要。

4) 与or not 不直接连用,用whether 或if。

It makes no difference whether/if he comes or not,他是否来无关紧要。

2．引导宾语从句1) 作介词的宾语，只用whether。

It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。

2) 后接不定式时，只用whether。

I don't know whether to go there. 我不知道(我)是否去那里。

3) 当宾语从句为否定句时，只用 if不用 whether。

I don't care if he doesn’t come我不在乎他是否来。

4) 当宾语从句中不含or/or not，或与or not不直接连用时，则if或whether均可使用。

He didn't tell me if/whether he would come. 他没告诉我他是否来。

I don't care whether/if he comes or not. 我不在乎他是否来。

3．引导表语从句、同位语从句只用whether,不用if。

The problem is whether the meeting will be held. 问题是这个会议是否将要举行。

I have no idea whether the meeting will be held. 我不知道会议是否会举行。

（五）that引导定语从句与that引导同位语从句的区别1．that引导定语从句,that可以省略。

The news (that) we heard was not true.我们听到的那则消息不是真的。

2．that引导同位语从句，that不作成分，不能省略。

The news came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed.会议要被推迟的消息在下午两点左右传来。

（六）that，what引导名词性从句的区别1．that不可省略(宾语从句除外)，在从句中不作成分，没有意义。

That he will succeed is obvious.显然，他会成功。

2．what不可省略，在从句中作成分，有词义(一般指……的东西/事情/人等)。

What she told me is not true她所告诉我的都不是真的。

（七）doubt 后的名词性从句1．在否定句式中,用that引导。

There is no doubt that well win. 毫无疑问，我们会赢。

I don't doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。

2．在肯定句式中，doubt 用作动词时,用 whether/if引导;doubt用作名词时，用whether引导。

I doubt whether/if it is true. 我怀疑它是否真实。

There is still some doubt whether he will come他是否会来仍然有点疑问。

二、定语从句在主从复合句中,修饰、限制名词、代词甚至句子的从句叫定语从句。

（一）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1．限制性定语从句:对先行词起修饰、限制作用，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意义就会不完整、不明确或失去意义;书写时不用逗号与主句隔开。

引导限制性定语从句的关系词有:that，which, who, whom, whose, as , when, where, why。

.He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有在同一家公司工作的两个儿子。

2．非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用;先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开;非限制性定语从句相当于并列分句、状语从句等。

引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:which who, whom, whose, as, when, where。

注意that 和why不引导非限制性定语从句。

He has two sons, who work in the same company (=He has two sons, and they work in the same company.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。

The doctor, who is quite old, works very hard. (=Although the doctor is quite old, he works very hard.)虽然这位医生年龄很大了，但他工作很努力。

（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1．which指代物或句子，在从句中充当主语或宾语。

This is the English book which I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的那本英语书。

He passed the driving test, which made him very excited. 他通过了驾照考试,这使他很兴奋。