国际市场营销第二章 全球营销环境(中文)
国际市场营销资料整理
国际市场营销资料整理第⼀章全球市场营销绪论1.全球市场营销的定义:内涵:营销标准化(Marketing Standardization);价值链活动的配置和协调(Configuration and Coordination of Value Chain Activities);竞争活动的整合(Competitive Integration)意义:对于发达国家:世界500强跨国公司平均近80%的市场在本国外;对于发展中国家:逐步融⼊全球经济体系3.全球市场营销的三个重要观点(核⼼战略观点)(定义?优势?取得什么利益?)(1)标准化观点(Standardization Perspective):主张应在不同的国家市场上使⽤标准化的营销计划和营销组合要素。
(获取规模经济,满⾜顾客的“⼀致性”需要,经验技术分享。
“思考全球化,⾏动本⼟化”“核⼼要素标准化,外围要素适应性”例:可⼝可乐、麦当劳)(2)价值链的配置和协调(Configuration-Coordination Perspective)主张应根据不同东道国培养出的⽐较优势,挖据成本差异,在全球范围内合理配置各项活动,提⾼竞争优势。
(获取规模经济、范围经济、协调效应等巩固公司的全球品牌形象例:华为公司)(3)整合观点(Integration Perspective)主张全球营销的关键是参与所有主要世界市场以获得整合效果。
(提⾼“全球市场覆盖度”在⼀个国家⾯临竞争威胁,可通过另⼀个国家市场的竞争反击回应,以牵制竞争对⼿。
例:百事可乐与可⼝可乐)4.全球营销的发展阶段(1)出⼝营销阶段(Export Marketing)——国际化初级阶段(“市场延伸观念”本国市场是根本,外国市场是补充;本国市场:市场营销观念;海外市场:⽣产观念或推销观念;规模实⼒有限,⽬的销售多余产品,实现规模经济,延长产品⽣命周期等;例:历史上“丰⽥公司”的出⼝阶段)(2)多国营销阶段(Multinational Marketing) ——国际化中级阶段(“等距视⾓”:外国和本国市场机会同等重要;强调各国消费者需求差异,满⾜当地顾客需求;市场机会的选择决定于市场本⾝的盈利潜⼒;分权管理,主要依赖当地的营销资源、⽣产能⼒及母公司在国外分⽀机构的经验。
国际市场营销第二章 全球营销环境(中文)
四、其他文化环境因素
• 语言 语言差异会影响商业谈判、广告、以及标签设计等环节 一种语言在翻译成其他语言会出现问题,同一种语言在不同 的地方使用也会出现问题 如:希腊的Roto牌影印机,在智利是“最低等”的意思,在 西班牙语中是“破旧”的意思。 比如:阿司匹林使头疼得到缓解。 阿拉伯语中的意思是:阿司匹林使人头疼。 比如:美国一汽油品牌埃索(Esso)在日本的读音意思为 “抛锚的汽车”。
国际经济组织
• 全球性国际经济组织 世界贸易组织(WTO) 国际货币基金组织(IMF) 世界银行(World Bank) • 区域性国际经济组织 石油输出国组织(OPEC) 经济合作与发展组织(OECD) 欧共体(EC) 亚太经济合作组织(APEC) 北美自由贸易区(NAFTA)
区域经济一体化形式
如中国印尼巴西贫富差距大饱含市场机会3不发达国家国际经济组织?全球性国际经济组织世界贸易组织wto国际货币基金组织imf世界银行worldbank?区域性国际经济组织石油输出国组织opec经济合作与发展组织oecd欧共体ec亚太经济合作组织apec北美自由贸易区nafta区域经济一体化形式一体化的阶段取消关税和配额一致的关税和配额体系取消对要素流动的限制经济社会和法律政策的综合协调自由贸易区是否否否关税同盟是是否否共同市场是是是否经济联盟是是是是度量国际市场规模和消费模式的主要经济指标一人口和收入1人口1人口数量和人口增长率在一定程度上决定了市场的规模和增长潜力2人口年龄结构
部分国家的消费支出
国家 食品及 饮料 衣物及 鞋 住房 家庭装 修 医疗及 健康 交通 娱乐
(%)
其他
工业化市场经济国家 比利时 加拿大 法国 美国 日本 中等收入国家 墨西哥 朝鲜 低收入国家 印度 斯里兰 卡 53.5 52.7 13.1 10.1 11.1 4.2 4.9 5.5 2.4 1.3 7.5 18.3 3.2 4.1 4.3 3.9 37.4 36.8 8.2 4.7 12.6 9.9 12.4 6.1 4 7.2 9.1 11.2 5.6 11.9 10.8 12.3 19.7 16.2 19.4 13.3 20.8 6.8 5.7 6.2 7.7 6.1 17.7 22.4 17.8 17.4 18.6 10.7 9.7 8.2 6.3 6.3 10.6 4.2 10.5 12.4 10.4 13.1 15.8 6.8 16.4 10.7 6.6 11.3 8.1 11.7 10.6 14.8 14.7 13 14.8 16.5
国际市场营销第二章国际市场营销环境
可编辑ppt
Case2
A:Hello,I’m John Zhao from the LD computer Corporation. B: Nice to meet you, Mr. Zhao. I’m Monica Duncan from MC software
Company. A: You are really beautiful, Miss Duncan. B: Thank you. A: How old are you , Miss Duncan ? You look so young! Are you
二、文化要素
4、艺术与审美 艺术的作用在于能够满足人类固有的心
理需要。艺术被认为是包含美学成分的活动。 这种美学成分把艺术与文化的其他方面区别 开来,也因此形成一定文化背景下较为一致 的审美观。
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可编辑ppt
二、文化要素
以服装为例,女性穿露背的衣服在西方 被认为是一种美;东方人则可能认为这不雅, 有伤风化;而伊斯兰教徒则认为这简直是亵 渎神灵。
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二、文化要素
6、态度和价值观 (1)对物质文化的态度 (2)对工作和成就的态度 (3)对待时间的态度 (4)对待变革的态度 (5)对待风险的态度
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二、文化要素
当把一项革新引进东道国时,国际营销者必须: 1、考察该项变革可能产生社会、文化、环境冲击; 2、考察对该项变革的社会、文化、环境障碍,然后
可编辑ppt
Case 1
Situation: Zhang Yu (B), a member at a famous pharmacy corporation is visiting one of his American friends, Doctor Smith (A),for the first time together with his wife Wang Qing (C ). They have just arrived ,and Doctor Smith is meeting them at the airport .
国际营销学(第三版)第二章 国际营销的经营环境分析[精]
第三节
国际竞争力
一、国家的国际竞争力
• 定义:指一国或一公司在世界市场上均衡地 生产出比其竞争对手更多财富的能力。
(三)年龄结构
• 不管在世界的哪一国家或地区,不同年龄人的需求是不同 的。美国学者把人口划分为六个年龄段:儿童(10岁以 下)、青少年(10~19岁)、年轻人(20~34岁)、早期 中年人(35~49岁)、晚期中年人(50~64岁)、老年人 (65岁以上)。现在西方国家人的寿命普遍延长,本世纪 将进入老年社会。近年来许多国家在人口政策上采取了相 当积极的措施来缓解人口老龄化的压力,包括:
(三)文化差异
• 1. 文化差异产生的原因 • 2. 低语境文化与高语境文化
(四)跨文化意识
• 跨文化意识(Cross-cultural awareness)指 的是国际营销者对不同文化间存在的差异有 较深的理解和认识。具有跨文化意识的人有 着较强的文化敏感性( Cultural sensitivity),即能够敏锐地感觉到并客观地 观察、评估和理解不同文化的差异,包括细 微的差异。
• 人均国民收入是反映人们购买力的最重要指标,是决定一个国家或地
区整个消费市场容量大小的指标。 • (二)个人可支配收入
• 个人可支配收入是指个人收入减去直接负担的各项税金等之后剩余的 收入。
• (三)个人可自由支配收入
• 个人可自由支配收入是指个人可支配收入扣除衣、食、住等基本生活开支后剩
下的那部分收入。
第二章
国际市场营销(第五版)第02章国际市场营销环境分析
有些发展中国家对外资企业存有某种恐惧感,他 们害怕外资企业会吞并本国企业,害怕外国企业 经营方法将会带来太多的外国色彩,影响本国传 统文化。
一般而言,一种商品的政治敏感性越高,则在东 道国销售的障碍和困难就越大。
2.2.3 政治风险对国际市场营销的影响
影响
2.2 国际市场营销政治环境分析
2.2.1 影响国际市场营销的主要政治因素
考虑政治环境,首先要考虑的是一个国家或者地 区的社会性质和政治体制。
其次还要考虑重大政治事件。 最后,要考虑所在国的政治稳定性。不仅是目前
的政治气氛,还要考虑将来的稳定程度。
2.2.2 东道国政府的态度对国际市场营销的影 响
2.4.6 技术水平对国际市场营销的影响
科学技术的不断进步对于市场营销所造成的影响 是多方面的。
科技的发展不仅与企业的生存息息相关,而且还 改变了企业所面临的经济和社会文化环境。
由于各国科技水平各不相同,有的科技较发达, 有的科技不发达,所以我们在工业品出口时不能 一样设计,要适应不同市场的需求。
2.4.2 风俗习惯对国际市场营销的影响
风俗习惯是人们在一定的社会物质生产条件下长 期形成的风尚、礼节、习俗、惯例和行为规范的 总和。它主要体现在人们的饮食、服饰、居住、 婚丧、节日、道德伦理、心理、行为方式和生活 习惯等方面。
要进入国际市场,首先必须了解目标市场的风俗 习惯,尤其是人们的禁忌、避讳、伦理、偏爱习 俗和信仰等。
如果不注意科技环境,往往会失掉做生意的机会。
本章小结
国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比面临着差异很大的市场营销环境 因素,影响国际市场营销的环境因素主要有经济环境、政治环境、法 律环境和文化环境。
人民大王晓东 国际市场营销(第6版数字教材版)PPT完整版
呢绒
酒
英国
100
120
葡萄牙
90
80
• 英国专门生产呢绒:220人(100+120)一年可生产2.2单位 • 葡萄牙专门生产酒:190人(110+80)一年可生产2.375单位
第二节:国际市场营销的理论基础
一、比较利益学说 2、相对成本优势
英国和葡萄牙的相对成本差异
呢绒
酒
英国
100
120
葡萄牙
90
第二节 国际市场社会与文化环境
审美情趣
数字:0、4、8、13。 色彩: 红-中国(德国) 绿-美国(日本)黄-泰国(埃
塞俄比亚) 蓝-埃及、荷兰、瑞典。 图案:罗马尼亚-三角形和环形;德国-方形;伊朗-狮子;
日本-鸭子;中东-孔雀。 音乐:美国-民谣;巴西-桑巴。
第二节 国际市场社会与文化环境
语言文字
语言表达要求严谨、准确,避免语言歧义 “Come Alive with Pepsi” “Dart is Power” “Golden Cock”
第一节 影响国际市场的经济因素
三、国际货币制度 国际货币基金组织 世界银行
第二节 影响国际市场的政治因素
双边关系 国家之间的贸易联系不单纯是两国经济关系的反映,
同时也体现着包含政治因素的非经济因素。 多边关系 东西方关系 南北关系
03 第三章 国际市场营销环境(下)
PART THREE
1、能源供给 2、运输条件 3、通信保证 4、商业基础设施
市场需求规模
1、国民生产总值 2、人均收入 3、个人消费
第一节 国际市场经济与人口环境
二、人口环境
人口数量 人口增长 人口结构 人口分布 人口流动
《国际市场营销》教学大纲
《国际市场营销》教学⼤纲《国际市场营销》教学⼤纲(课程代码:06244101)⼀、课程说明(⼀)适⽤专业:经济管理、市场营销类专业学⽣(⼆)课程类别:专业课(三)课程的性质和任务国际市场营销学是经济管理、市场营销专业必修棵国际市场营销学是⼀门研究以国外顾客需求为中⼼,⽽从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业管理⽅⾯的应⽤科学。
国际市场营销是基础市场营销学的延伸和应⽤,并构成基础市场营销学的分⽀。
国际市场营销学的基本原理同基础市场营销学的基本原理⽆多⼤差异。
许多指导国内企业开展市场营销的策略、原理和⽅法均可⽤来指导国际市场营销活动。
由于企业的国际市场营销活动是跨国界的贸易活动,⾯对着不同的国家、民族和地区,这些不同的国家、民族和地区⼜有着不同的⽂化环境、政治法律环境、经济环境及竞争环境,国外市场范围辽阔⽽且距离遥远,因此决定了国际市场营销特有的复杂性和多样性。
(四)课程教学⽬的与要求通过该课程的讲授,使学⽣了解企业的国际市场营销的观念,认识国际市场营销的环境的影响,掌握国际市场营销的基本理论框架,接触国际市场营销领域的前沿问题。
在教学中主要突出对理论的系统分析讲解,结合实际分析⼀些具体问题,帮助学⽣加深对理论的理解。
学⽣要具有国际贸易和市场营销的基础知识。
国际市场营销学的教学要求,是以经济全球化和我国对外开放为背景,以经济学基本原理和管理学理论为指导,系统阐述国际市场营销的基本理论、基本知识及其内在规律。
通过教学使学⽣掌握国际市场营销学的基本理论、基本⽅法和基本技巧,学会国际市场营销战略和管理的⼯作⽅法,以及国际市场营销开展的分析框架与思路。
要求⽴⾜中国实际情况,反映全球环境和国别环境的最新变化及趋势,实事求是地研究和探讨中国对外开放和中国企业进⾏国际市场营销的理论和实践问题。
(五)先修课程:西⽅微观经济学、西⽅宏观经济学、国际贸易、管理学、市场营销学等课程。
(六)学时、学分数:教学学时:共54学时。
学分:平时考核占10%:其中学风学术10%、课堂即时作业50%、案例讨论发⾔40%期末考试成绩占90%:其中基础理论与知识70%、综合运⽤能⼒30%(七)教学⽅式与要求教师队伍坚持团队合作,进⾏教学改⾰和经验交流,对教学中存在的问题进⾏探讨、沟通和共同寻求解决的举措。
国际市场营销环境概述
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第二章
国际市场营销环境概述
一、市场营销环境的含义
市场营销环境是企业营销职能外部的不可控制的 因素和力量。
营销活动要以环境为依据,企业要主动地适应环 境,而且要通过营销努力去影响环境,使环境有 利于企业的生存和发展,有利于提高企业营销活 动的有效性。
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第二章
海洋文明
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农业文明
第二章
中西建筑风格的差异
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第二章
第二章 国际文化环境
三、文化构成要素及其对国际市场营销的影响
2、语言
语言是国际营销人员在业务活动中相互沟通的主
要工具。
成功的营销者必须善于交流,不仅要会说这种语
言,而且要能够透彻理解。(包括理解各国语言和词
市场营销的影响
70
4、风俗习惯的差异
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
住房 婚纱
台湾婚纱和房产市场
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第二章
第二章 国际文化环境
三、文化构成要素及其对国际市场营销的影响 5、教育水平
教育水平不同,对商品的需求不同; 教育水平不同,对促销的反映不同; 教育水平不同,消费观念和消费模式有较大差异; 教育水平不同,跨国营销的机会不同。
汇的确切含义、外延范围、语言歧义现象、语言禁忌
和习惯用法等。)
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第二章
语言文字的差异
百事著名广告词 Come alive with Pepsi.
国际市场营销 国内外市场营销环境异同点
国内营销环境与国外营销环境的异同姓名:学号:专业:国际经济与贸易班级:国内营销是在一个政治区域内部进行,而国际营销则必须跨越国家主权的界限,不同国家间,政府机构与银行系统会有很大差别,而这种差别必然会对企业的营销活动产生重大的影响。
因此,分析国际市场营销中出现的问题并找到解决方法必然需要比解决国内营销问题更广泛、更全面的技能、阅历和洞察力。
国际营销比国内营销面临的市场环境更加复杂。
国内营销在本国范围内进行,面临的是一种相应比较单纯的市场环境结构,它由企业比较熟悉的国内政治、经济、法律、文化等因素构成。
国际营销所面临的市场环境则是多层次的复杂结构。
这是因为,凡是从事国际营销的企业,都不可避免地要受到整个世界的市场环境的影响。
各国都有特定的政治制度、经济结构、法律规范、文化传统、消费习惯等。
企业进入的境外市场越多,所面临的市场环境就越复杂。
无论国内或国外,任何市场都有其相似点与不同之处,但是营销学的概念、原理却是普遍适用的。
基本的营销观念,如产品生命周期和基本的营销工具,如市场细分仍在被广泛应用。
国际营销环境主要包括政治环境、法律环境、经济环境和其他环境等。
以下就从这几方面来阐述下国内外市场营销环境的异同点。
一.政治法律环境政府对环境的影响,是通过政府政策、法令规定,以及其他限制性措施而起作用的。
政府对外商的政策和态度,反映出其改善国家利益的根本想法。
因此,企业在进入一个国家之前必须尽可能评估该国的政治环境和法律环境。
一国的政治环境主要包括:政府与政党体制,政府政策,民族主义以及政治风险等。
大部分国家的国内市场营销所面对的政治环境是单一的,政府政策大体相同,或者存在一些大国的不同的省市有不同的政策,在这点上与国际市场营销所面对的政府政策相似,其所面对的国际市场上的不同洲不同国家的政策是不同的。
一个国内几乎不存在政治风险,而在面对国际市场时,譬如中东,非洲部分国家等地区的政治不太稳定,甚至有战火发生,所以在进行国际市场的选定时要注意各国的政治环境。
国际市场营销环境
第二章国际市场营销环境第一节国际市场营销环境的人口、经济与自然环境一、国际市场营销的人口环境从企业营销的角度看,构成市场的三要素是购置者、购置欲望和购置力,其中,购置力同经济因素有关,而购置者那么同人口因素有关。
人口环境包括不同城市、地区和国家的人口规模、人口增长率;人口构造;种族组合;教育水平;家庭状况;地区特征等。
企业开展市场营销,一方面可以直接收集一手资料,通过用户数量、构造等内容的分析发现营销时机;另一方面,也可以收集二手资料了解人口环境,从而制定行之有效的营销策略。
1.人口规模及增长速度人口规模即总人口的多少,从某种意义上讲,市场规模是由人口总量所制约的,一个国家的市场规模与人口数量是成正比的。
在收入及其他因素不变的情况下,一个国家的人口总数越多,那么这个国家的市场规模就越大,国际营销企业就越容易在这些国家发现市场时机,企业进入各国市场经营就越有利。
统计一个国家、一个地区的人口总数及人均的国民时机,就可以大致了解该国家、该地区的市场容量。
人口数量并不是一个静态不变的指标,而是每时每刻都处于变化之中的。
总体上看开展中国家的人口增长速度快于兴旺国家。
一个国家、一个地区的人口增长速度对企业的营销会产生一下两个方面的影响:一是人口增长,社会总需求便增长,从而为企业营销带来新的市场时机。
而是人口增长速度过快也会限制经济开展,限制人均国民收入的提高,导致某些市场需求量的下降。
2.人口构造人口构造往往会影响一个国家或地区的消费水平、需求构造和需求心理,从而对企业的国际营销活动产生制约和影响。
人口构造主要包括:〔1〕性别构造。
人们的性别不同,不仅在需求上存在较大差异,而且在购置力与购置行为上也存在很大的差异。
〔2〕年龄构造。
不同年龄构造的国家,其消费水平、需求构造等差异较大。
年龄构造不同的国家有着不同的市场构造,同一国家的市场需求构造也会随着社会的开展而不断变化。
〔3〕家庭构造。
家庭是商品采购的根本单位,一个国家、一个地区拥有的家庭数及每个家庭成员的多少,都对企业的营销活动产生很大影响。
国际营销(完整版)
4、评估效益的信息来源不同。前者是国家的国际收支平衡表;后者是公司的营销记录
5、前者属于宏观经济学;后者属于微观经济学
3、企业国际营销的演变
1、国内营销(非经常性对外营销)
2、出口营销(经常性对外营销)
19、自行调研还是外部调研服务
取决于企业的国际运营规模和调研的复杂性。市场调研的规模越大、调研需要很高的专业技术时,使用外部的调研机构越合适;选择外部调研机构看重的是信息质量而不是费用
20、原始资料的收集方法:观察、问询、实验
21、问询调查的形式
购物中心访谈、经理人访谈、焦点集体讨论、电话访谈、入户访谈、信函调查
忠告:文化没有对错、好坏之分,只有差异
4、文化各要素
一)物质文化
1、内涵:人类创造的物质产品,包括生产工具、劳动对象、生产技术。
2、物质文化决定人们的生活方式
3、国际营销者如何把握东道国的物质文化
1)了解东道国物质文化的现状特点
2)了解东道国物质文化的细节
二)语言文字
1、语言文字是最重要的文化因素
2、语言是打开文化窗户的钥匙
7、国际市场调研的内容
(1)国际市场环境调研。有关国家地区或市场的一般信息
(2)国际市场的消费者调研。有关通过把握特定市场或国家的社会、经济、消费和工业发展趋势预测未来营销要求所必需的信息
(3)国际市场营销组合因素调研。做出有关产品、促销、分销与定价决策及制订营销计划所需的信息
企业在国内经营时,营销研究的重点放在第三类,即收集具体的市场信息,因为其它关于本
2.产品、包装、建筑设施等的设计必须符合东道国的审美观
全球营销管理提纲 参考资料:课后题
第一章国际市场营销概念第二章国际市场营销环境1.什么是文化?文化的基本特征和基本要素是什么?文化是一个包含知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法规、风俗习惯以及人类作为一个社会成员所必需的各种能力和习惯的综合的整体。
文化的三个基本特征:(1)文化源自后天的学习而非天生(2)文化是规范性的(3)文化被一个群体中的成员共享并且由此界定出该群体与其他群体之间的界限文化的基本要素:(1)教育水平(2)语言(3)宗教(4)风俗习惯(5)价值观念与态度2.爱德华·豪尔的高背景文化和低背景文化是什么?分别举出高背景文化和低背景文化的地区或国家的例子来加以说明两者之间的不同(1)低背景文化是指信息的表达比较直接明确,语言是沟通中大部分信息的载体。
代表地区是美国等以“法”为重的地方,他们只相信法律的作用。
(2)高背景文化是指一条信息的语言所包含的信息量低于低背景文化的语言信息量,大部分的信息隐含在沟通接触的过程中,涉及参与沟通人员的背景、所属社区以及基本价值观。
代表地区是日本和中东等以“理”为重的地区。
高背景文化注重道德与集体利益,在该文化下的企业员工视企业为自家,集体利益高于个人利益。
人与人之间的交往中是互相了解,讲信誉3.一个国家的人口是如何影响国际营销活动的?4.国际营销活动为什么要了解一个国家所处的经济发展阶段?一国的经济发展阶段影响着其对外国经营活动的态度、对商品的需求、分销体系,以及整个营销过程。
经济发展提出了两个方面的挑战:其一,为了深切了解发展中国家内部的经济气候,必须对这些国家经济发展的总体情况进行研究。
其二,应当从市场潜力的角度研究经济发展状况,包括现行经济发展水平和经济增长潜力。
经济发展的现有水平决定了市场潜力的性质和大小,而对一国经济的动态了解有助于营销者对经济形势的变化以及新兴市场的出现做好准备5.技术发展的变化是如何影响国际营销活动的?在现代,生产率水平的提高主要依靠设备的技术开发,创造新的生产工艺、生产流程。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?(全球本土化策略)Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries,leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation:views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces:Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces:Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage:P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. (Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan)International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping;Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响?Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
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二、支出模式和消费结构
1、边际消费倾向递减率(Marginal propensity of consume MPC递 减率) 消费支出增减额 —————————×100% 消费者收入增减额
MPC=
消费支出随个人收入的增பைடு நூலகம்而增长,但消费支出增长 的幅度会逐渐小于个人收入增长的幅度;即随着消费者收 入的增加,增加部分用于消费的比重下降。
其他:个人护理、旅行支出等
资料来源:联合国统计年鉴,1993-1994
第二节:社会文化环境
文化是在某一社会里,人们所共有的、由后天获得的各 种价值观念和社会规范的综合体,是人们社会生活方式的总 和。
消费者的 文化背景
生活方式 在市场中采取 的行动
行为模式
对公司营销决策 的影响
一、价值观念
价值观念是人们在社会生活中对各种事物的态度和看 法。价值观念不同,人们的购买动机和购买行为就有很大 的差异。 如:西方人追求个人自由,注重现实生活的感官享受,主 张及时享乐,提前消费,强调获取,以进取的态度看待 世界 东方人:提倡效忠、遵从权威,崇尚节俭,朴素,在收入 相等的条件下,储蓄高于西方国家
二、收入(影响购买力) 1、国内生产总值(GDP) 对中间产品、工业用品和社会集团消费品需求量 影响大 (从其增长速度可以了解一个国家经济发展状况和速度,是衡
量一个国家经济实力与购买力的重要指标。
2、人均收入 在一定程度上反映出一个国家人民生活水平的高 低及商品需求的构成 3、个人可支配的收入 个人可支配收入=个人应得收入—应由个人负担的直 接税(所得税、遗产税等)及其他非商业性开支; 是影响消费者购买力和支出的决定性因素
第四节:国际市场营销的科学技术环境
第一节:国际营销的经济环境
经济发展水平和经济结构——消费潜力
国际市场规模和消费模式——消费结构 通货膨胀 失业 其他经济问题 国际收支 负债 汇率风险
经济发展结构和水平在很大程度上决定一个国家或地区对外 贸易总水平、进出口结构、市场需求特点等。 按经济结构分类 (1)自给自足型经济:农业经济为主,市场机会较少(拉美、非洲等)
第二章 国际市场营销环境
营销环境研究的意义
企业总是在一定的不断变化的外部环境中开展营销活动 外部营销环境既给企业提供新的市场机会;又给企业带来威 胁
营销环境分析是企业作出成功营销决策的前提
宏观营销环境与微观营销环境
宏观营销环境因素:包括人口、经济、政治、法律、科
学技术、社会文化及自然地理等。
微观营销环境因素:指与企业联系紧密,直接影响其营 销能力的各种参与者,如供应商、中间商、顾客、竞争 者以及社会公众和影响营销决策的企业内部各个部门。 微观营销环境直接影响和制约企业的营销活动,宏观营
国际经济组织
• 全球性国际经济组织 世界贸易组织(WTO) 国际货币基金组织(IMF) 世界银行(World Bank) • 区域性国际经济组织 石油输出国组织(OPEC) 经济合作与发展组织(OECD) 欧共体(EC) 亚太经济合作组织(APEC) 北美自由贸易区(NAFTA)
区域经济一体化形式
销环境则是以微观营销环境为媒介间接影响和制约企业
的营销活动。
国际营销外部环境分类
(1) 一般环境:影响某一社会内所有企业的外部因 素,包括:经济、政治、法律、技术、文化、教育、 社会等 作业环境:直接影响个别企业的外部因素, 包括:竞争者、供应商、顾客、技术等 (2)按组成部分:国际环境 东道国环境 母国环境 (3)按内容分:国际政治和法律环境 国际文化环境 国际经济环境 国际经济组织
事件背景:
中日之间冲突升级
导火线:
1.日本要求成为联合国安理会的常任理事国 2.日本修改教科书,否认南京大屠杀
其他争议:
3.日本将存在争议的东海深海天然气开采权给私人企业 4.中日对钓鱼岛问题的分歧 5.日本拒绝对中国慰安妇赔偿等……
案例2 :麦当劳策略
在以美国为首的北大西洋公约组织对前南斯拉夫展开为期78天的轰炸时 期,麦当劳在该地区的汉堡销售量持续大幅下跌:餐馆受到愤怒人群破 坏,15家快餐店被迫临时关闭…… 为克服人们对美国商标的憎恨: • 当地麦当劳摇身变为麦氏王国(Mc Country)——一家在当地经营涂着 • 红辣椒粉的猪肉汉堡餐馆 • 在宣传海报中,在M金色拱门的顶端加印传说中的一种塞尔维亚帽子图案 • 为反抗北约的集会游行者发放免费汉堡 • 位于塞尔维亚首都的快餐店的地下室,被用作防空避难所……
印度教:素食,禁食牛肉 伊斯兰教:禁食猪肉 穆斯林:男性的地位远远高于女性……
• 适应目标市场上宗教信徒的生活习俗和兴趣爱好可以利用 和创造市场机会 • 宗教节假日是相关消费品销售的最佳时节 • 一个国家或地区的宗教分裂斗争会给国际市场营销带来困 难。
1984年,一个比利时地毯商人,为了把自己 的地毯打进阿拉伯市场,根据阿拉伯国家穆斯林 教徒跪在地毯上做朝拜时,必须面向麦加城方向 的特点,特意设计了一种地毯。这种地毯中间嵌 有永远指向麦加城方向的指针,这样,教徒只要 铺上了地毯,就能知道麦加城的方向所在。这一 地毯一上市,就受到穆斯林教徒的广为欢迎,成 了供不应求的热门货。 类似的例子:日本精工曾推出一款手表,一次可 以定五次时,提醒教徒定时朝拜;并且设计了一 个特别的、类似指南针的指针。但和指南针不同 的是,无论戴这款手表的人在哪,该指针都指向 伊斯兰圣地麦加的方向。
一体化 的阶段 取消关税 和配额 一致的关税 和配额体系 取消对要素 流动的限制 经济、社会和法律 政策的综合协调
自由贸易区
关税同盟 共同市场 经济联盟
是
是 是 是
否
是 是 是
否
否 是 是
否
否 否 是
度量国际市场规模和消费模式的主要经济指标
一、人口和收入 1、人口 (1)人口数量和人口增长率 在一定程度上决定了市场的规模和增长潜力 (2)人口年龄结构: 细分市场的一个依据:婴儿市场、儿童市场、青年市场、 成人市场、老年人市场 (3)人口的地理分布 对产品需求、促销方式、分销渠道等都产生不同的影响
二、风俗习惯
风俗习惯是人们在一定的社会物质生产条件下长期形成的风 尚、礼节、习俗、惯例和行为规范的总和。
如:日本人的商业习惯:重视个人信用和良好合作关系的建立;做决 定缓慢;定单小而频繁;对商品质量和交货期要求十分严格;独特的 回扣制度等。 美国人的商业习惯:对每一细节都强调法律化,高效率。美国商人对 生意比较看中财务指标如对交易伙伴的利润率,投资回收期等。
肢体语言:不同文化的问候方式不同 比如:在美国,要表示“OK” ,大多数人是举起一 只手用拇指和食指做成一个圈儿;但同样的手势 对法国人来说意味着“零”或“一文不值”;对 日本人来说意味着“钱”。 比如:在美国表示“胜利”的手势,对于澳大利 亚人来说就等于在美国竖起中指。
• 教育水平 • 地理条件
2、恩格尔定律 贫困的家庭或国家花费更多的收入购买食物
( 19世纪,德国统计学家恩格尔对德国劳工家庭收入增加时消费结 构的变化所作的调查分析。)
恩格尔系数=
食物消费支出变动百分比 ——————————————— 总消费支出(收入)变动百分比
随着家庭收入增加,饮食支出占家庭收入的比重就会 下降;文化娱乐等方面的支出占家庭收入的比重上升。食 物支出在家庭收入中所占的比例越大,表明这个家庭越穷。
四、其他文化环境因素
• 语言 语言差异会影响商业谈判、广告、以及标签设计等环节 一种语言在翻译成其他语言会出现问题,同一种语言在不同 的地方使用也会出现问题 如:希腊的Roto牌影印机,在智利是“最低等”的意思,在 西班牙语中是“破旧”的意思。 比如:阿司匹林使头疼得到缓解。 阿拉伯语中的意思是:阿司匹林使人头疼。 比如:美国一汽油品牌埃索(Esso)在日本的读音意思为 “抛锚的汽车”。
一、国际政治环境
案例1:抵制日货 “抵制日货,从你我做起! 你每直接或间接地购买100元日本货,你就: 为日本厂家增加40元的毛利收入; 为日本企业增加了20元的扩张资本;
为日本政府增加了5元的税收收入;
给日本的所谓自卫队增加了10颗子弹; 多印6~8页的反华教科书和文件; 送给小泉参拜鬼社的汽油费。“ 2005年4月,中国各地掀起的抵制日货口号
例:芭比娃娃的文化适应
• 这种在美国最受欢迎的玩具,刚刚登陆日本时,并不受日本孩子的青 睐。后来,玩具开发公司mattle toys把生产许可授予日本一家公司—— Takara,Takara经过调查发现,大多数日本女孩及其家长认为蓝眼睛、 大胸部、修长腿并不美丽。于是,经过一系列改进后,芭比娃娃迅速 风靡日本市场。如今在日本销售的芭比娃娃,看起来更像一个日本人。 • 为了提高玩具公司的销售额,mattle toys围绕芭比娃娃,千方百计的 设计了很多周边产品,比如:衣服、鞋帽、皮包、太阳镜、比基尼。 甚至还给芭比找了一个男朋友。但是在印度,将芭比连同其男友一起 出售却遭到了印度消费者的抵制。原因很简单,在印度传统文化中, 只要女孩有了男朋友,她的社会性将会受到很大限制。也就是说,芭 比既然已经有了男朋友,就不能和小朋友在一起玩了。但是,玩具公 司并没有气馁,进一步研究发现,印度人对兄弟姐妹感情非常深,因 此,玩具公司创造了名叫马克的玩具作为芭比的兄弟在印度市场上出 售,收到了很好效果。
三、民族宗教文化
(一)民族文化 每个国家或地区都是民族的融合体,每个民族的文化 宗教信仰、图腾禁忌和生活习俗都有其独特之处。
世界各地
泰国人的头“碰不得” 在香港、韩国和台湾,三角形是不祥之物 “7”是肯尼亚人的不幸,是捷克人的幸运数 在保加利亚和印度,点头的意思是“不”,左右摇头才表示“是”
(二)宗教文化 宗教影响人们对物质生活的注重程度,即人们占有财 富、享受物质和服务的态度,宗教传统优势还禁用某种商 品和服务。
人口环境
竞争者 文 化 环 境
经济环境