生物化学精品课件(厦大)carbohydrates and glycobiology
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生物化学：Carbohydrates
(α1→3)
脱水
or SO3- (a small fraction)
3-6-anhydro-L-Gal2S
23
peptidoglycans
乙酰胞壁酸
24
Difference
25
Glycosaminoglycan 粘多糖
透明质酸
硫酸软骨素
26
硫酸皮肤素
（硫酸）肝素
27
重要多糖的结构特点和主要功能
D-glyceraldehyde L-glyceraldehyde Enantiomers
3
Monosaccharides (cntd)
Aldotrioses
Aldotetroses
Aldoses Aldopentoses Aldohexoses
Monosaccharides
Aldoheptoses Ketotrioses
4) NAM β(1→4) NAG β(1→
3) Gal β(1→4) 3,6anhydro-L-gal β(1→
透明质酸 /Hyaluronate
硫酸软骨素 A/Chondroitin
4-sulfate
硫酸皮肤素 /Keratan sulfate
葡萄糖醛酸/GlcA N-乙酰葡萄糖胺/NAG
葡萄糖醛酸/GlcA NAG 4-硫酸/ NAG4S
NAG 葡萄糖
Glc N-乙酰胞壁酸
NAM N-乙酰葡萄糖胺
NAG 半乳糖/Gal 3,6-脱水-L-半乳糖3,6-anhydro-L-gal
重复单元
Glc α(1→4)
Glc α(1→4) 分支点α(1→6) Glc α(1→4) 分支点α(1→6) Glc β(1→4)
《生物化学》全套PPT课件
目录•生物化学概述•蛋白质结构与功能•酶学原理与应用•糖代谢途径与调控机制•脂类代谢途径与调控机制•基因表达调控与疾病关系生物化学概述生物化学定义与研究对象生物化学定义研究生物体内化学分子与化学反应的科学，探讨生命现象的化学本质。
研究对象生物大分子（蛋白质、核酸、多糖等）及其相互作用；生物小分子（氨基酸、脂肪酸、糖类等）及其代谢；生物体内能量转化与传递等。
生物化学发展历史及现状发展历史从19世纪末到20世纪初，生物化学逐渐从生理学和有机化学中独立出来，成为一门独立的学科。
随着科学技术的不断发展，生物化学的研究领域和深度不断拓展。
现状生物化学已经成为生命科学领域的重要分支，与分子生物学、遗传学、细胞生物学等学科相互渗透，共同揭示生命的奥秘。
同时，生物化学在医学、农业、工业等领域的应用也越来越广泛。
ABDC疾病诊断生物化学方法可用于检测血液中特定生物分子的含量或结构异常，从而辅助疾病的诊断，如血糖、血脂检测等。
药物研发通过对生物体内代谢途径和药物作用机制的研究，有助于设计和开发新的药物，提高治疗效果和降低副作用。
营养与健康生物化学在营养学领域的应用有助于了解食物中营养成分的代谢和利用，为合理膳食和营养补充提供科学依据。
遗传性疾病研究生物化学方法可用于研究遗传性疾病的发病机制和治疗方法，如基因疗法和干细胞疗法等。
生物化学在医学领域重要性蛋白质结构与功能0102 03氨基酸种类20种常见氨基酸，包括甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸等。
氨基酸性质具有氨基和羧基的有机酸，呈两性，等电点下溶解度最低。
氨基酸分类根据侧链R基团的性质可分为脂肪族、芳香族、杂环族等。
氨基酸种类、性质及分类通过逐步去除N-末端氨基酸并测定其种类，推断蛋白质序列。
Edman 降解法质谱法cDNA 测序法利用蛋白质分子在电场或磁场中的运动规律进行测定。
通过测定编码蛋白质的cDNA 序列，间接推断蛋白质序列。
030201蛋白质一级结构测定方法主要依靠氢键维持的局部空间结构，包括α-螺旋、β-折叠等。
生物化学教学课件：08 Carbohydrate Metabolism (2010)
动物体内的乳酸(lactate)循环（Cori cycle)： 肌肉收缩，糖酵解产生乳酸。乳酸透过细胞膜
进入血液，在肝脏中异生为Glc，解除乳酸积累 引起的副作用。 乳酸循环是一个耗能过程：2分子乳酸生成1分子 Glc，消耗2个NADH。
3.乙醇的生成
酵母或其它微生物中，经糖酵解产生的丙酮酸， 可以经丙酮酸脱羧酶（pyruvate decarboxylase) 催化，脱羧生成乙醛(acetaldehyde)。在醇脱氢 酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)催化下，乙醛被 NADH还原成乙醇。
5 葡萄糖来源C原子的去向 C1和C6
C2和C5
4 4
4
4
4 5
6 6
6 6
结论：
• 乙酰CoA上的两个C原子在第一轮柠檬酸循环上 并没有被氧化。
• 被标记的乙酰CoA羰基碳在第二轮柠檬酸循环中 脱去。
（３）异柠檬酸氧化脱羧→ α-酮戊二酸(α ketoglutarate)和NADH
异柠檬酸脱氢酶催化。
2.5 ATP
金币 NADH：细胞能源的“金币”
Question: 一个NADH “金币”在何处以什么方式换得 多少“流通货币”ATP？
（4）α-酮戊二酸氧化脱羧 → 琥珀酰CoA (succinyl CoA)和NADH, α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系催化。
总反应：Glc+2pi+2ADP+2H+→ 2乙醇 +2CO2+2ATP+2H20
在厌氧条件下，能产生乙醇的微生物，如果有 氧存在时，则会通过乙醛的氧化生成乙酸，制醋。
三 糖酵解的能量变化
四、糖酵解的调节
1.已糖激酶调节 “第一道关口”控制葡萄糖的进入。 别构抑制剂：G-6-P和ATP 别构激活剂：ADP
进入血液，在肝脏中异生为Glc，解除乳酸积累 引起的副作用。 乳酸循环是一个耗能过程：2分子乳酸生成1分子 Glc，消耗2个NADH。
3.乙醇的生成
酵母或其它微生物中，经糖酵解产生的丙酮酸， 可以经丙酮酸脱羧酶（pyruvate decarboxylase) 催化，脱羧生成乙醛(acetaldehyde)。在醇脱氢 酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)催化下，乙醛被 NADH还原成乙醇。
5 葡萄糖来源C原子的去向 C1和C6
C2和C5
4 4
4
4
4 5
6 6
6 6
结论：
• 乙酰CoA上的两个C原子在第一轮柠檬酸循环上 并没有被氧化。
• 被标记的乙酰CoA羰基碳在第二轮柠檬酸循环中 脱去。
（３）异柠檬酸氧化脱羧→ α-酮戊二酸(α ketoglutarate)和NADH
异柠檬酸脱氢酶催化。
2.5 ATP
金币 NADH：细胞能源的“金币”
Question: 一个NADH “金币”在何处以什么方式换得 多少“流通货币”ATP？
（4）α-酮戊二酸氧化脱羧 → 琥珀酰CoA (succinyl CoA)和NADH, α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系催化。
总反应：Glc+2pi+2ADP+2H+→ 2乙醇 +2CO2+2ATP+2H20
在厌氧条件下，能产生乙醇的微生物，如果有 氧存在时，则会通过乙醛的氧化生成乙酸，制醋。
三 糖酵解的能量变化
四、糖酵解的调节
1.已糖激酶调节 “第一道关口”控制葡萄糖的进入。 别构抑制剂：G-6-P和ATP 别构激活剂：ADP
生物化学课件 第四章 糖代谢 12级,2014季.doc
生物化学课件第四章糖代谢 12级，2014季目录 Substance Metabolism and Regulation目录本篇将讨论糖代谢、脂类代谢、生物氧化、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢，以及物质代谢的相互联系与调节( 自学) 等六章内容。
学习时要注意掌握各类物质的各种代谢途径，包括一些支路途径的⑴基本概念和⑵以下要点：①起始反应物②反应部位③反应条件④关键反应关键酶⑤能量⑥重要关联物⑦主要调控因素⑧代谢特点及意义目录糖代谢 Metabolism of Carbohydrates 第 4 章目录糖(carbohydrates) 即碳水化合物，其化学本质为多羟醛或多羟酮类及其衍生物或多聚物。
糖的概念目录糖的分类及其结构根据其水解产物的情况，糖主要可分为以下四大类: : 单糖 (monosacchride) 寡糖 (oligosacchride) 多糖(polysacchride) 结合糖 (glycoconjugate)OHO H HH OHH OHOOHOOHHHHO HOHH OHHCH 2 OH葡萄糖(glucose) （（已醛糖）果糖(fructose) （已酮糖） OHOH OHO H HH OHH OH单糖不能再水解的糖。
OOHOHHOH 2 CHHOHHCH 2 OHOOHHHO HHOHHOHHCH 2 OHOHH HHO H OHOHHOH 2 COHOH OHO H HO H HH OH半乳糖(galactose) （已醛糖）核糖(ribose) （戊醛糖） OHH OHH OHOHOH目录寡糖常见的几种二糖有：麦芽糖 (maltose) ：葡萄糖葡萄糖蔗糖 (sucrose) ：葡萄糖果糖乳糖 (lactose) ：葡萄糖半乳糖能水解生成几分子单糖的糖，各单糖之间借脱水缩合的糖苷键相连。
乳糖乳糖蔗糖蔗糖麦芽糖麦芽糖目录多糖能水解生成多个分子单糖的糖。
常见的多糖有：淀粉 (starch) 糖原 (glycogen) 纤维素 (cellulose)淀粉是植物中养分的储存形式。
《生物化学biochemistry》双语课件 10 糖酵解、糖异生及磷酸戊糖途径glycolysis
2. Phosphoryl groups are essential components in the enzymatic conservation of metabolic energy. Energy released in the breakage of phosphoanhydride bonds (ATP) is partially conserved in the formation of phosphate esters (glucose 6-phosphate). Highenergy phosphate compounds (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate) donate phosphoryl groups to ADP to form ATP.
2021/5/17
1905 Arthur Harden and William Young
–Yeast cell-free extracts; – Glucose; –Inorganic phosphate; Heat-labile, nondialyzable component (zymase) Heat-stable, dialyzable 可透析的fraction (cozymase)
2021/5/17
1st Stage of Glycolysis
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The Cori laboratories in St. Louis -----an international center of biochemical research 1940s-1950s six scientists got Nobel laureates: ①Arthur Kornberg (for DNA synthesis, 1959), ②Severo Ochoa (for RNA synthesis,1959), ③Luis Leloir (for the role of sugar nucleotides in polysaccharide synthesis, 1970)
2021/5/17
1905 Arthur Harden and William Young
–Yeast cell-free extracts; – Glucose; –Inorganic phosphate; Heat-labile, nondialyzable component (zymase) Heat-stable, dialyzable 可透析的fraction (cozymase)
2021/5/17
1st Stage of Glycolysis
2021/5/17
2021/5/17
The Cori laboratories in St. Louis -----an international center of biochemical research 1940s-1950s six scientists got Nobel laureates: ①Arthur Kornberg (for DNA synthesis, 1959), ②Severo Ochoa (for RNA synthesis,1959), ③Luis Leloir (for the role of sugar nucleotides in polysaccharide synthesis, 1970)
Chapter 7 carbohydrates——食品生物化学(英文)课件PPT
➢Carbohydrates constitute a versatile class of molecules. examples?
➢Carbohydrates are covalently linked with a variety of other molecules. Carbohydrates linked to lipid molecules, or glycolipids, 醣脂 are mon ponents of biological membranes. Proteins that have covalently linked carbohydrates are called glycoproteins糖蛋白.
Chapter 7 Carbohydrates
碳水化合物
➢What are carbohydrates?
➢Carbohydrates are the single most abundant class of organic molecules found in nature. The name carbohydrate arises from the basic molecular formula (CH2O)n, which can be rewritten (C·H2O)n to show that these substances are hydrates of carbon, where n=3 or more.
OUTLINE
➢7.1 Carbohydrate Nomenclature命名法 ➢7.2 Monosaccharides ➢7.3 Oligosaccharides ➢7.4 Pte Nomenclature
Carbohydrates are generally classified into three groups: monosaccharides (and their derivatives[dɪ'rɪvətɪv]衍生物), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
➢Carbohydrates are covalently linked with a variety of other molecules. Carbohydrates linked to lipid molecules, or glycolipids, 醣脂 are mon ponents of biological membranes. Proteins that have covalently linked carbohydrates are called glycoproteins糖蛋白.
Chapter 7 Carbohydrates
碳水化合物
➢What are carbohydrates?
➢Carbohydrates are the single most abundant class of organic molecules found in nature. The name carbohydrate arises from the basic molecular formula (CH2O)n, which can be rewritten (C·H2O)n to show that these substances are hydrates of carbon, where n=3 or more.
OUTLINE
➢7.1 Carbohydrate Nomenclature命名法 ➢7.2 Monosaccharides ➢7.3 Oligosaccharides ➢7.4 Pte Nomenclature
Carbohydrates are generally classified into three groups: monosaccharides (and their derivatives[dɪ'rɪvətɪv]衍生物), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
【生化课件(英文)】10 Carbohydrate I
Kinetics of Hexokinase and
Glucokinase
Hexokinase (Km=0.05 mM), constitutive ● Inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate ● High concentrations of G-6-P signal that the cell no longer requires glucose for energy; the glucose will be left in the blood
Glucose Transporters and Glucose Distribution
Glut2
Glucose Levels
Glut4
Glucose
Glucagon Insulin
Liver
Adipose/muscle Brain RBC
Glut1
Glut3
Glycogen
Glycolysis
Overview of Glycolysis
(Glucose) 2ADP 2NAD+
2ATP 2NADH
(2 molecules of ATP consumed)
(4 molecules of ATP generated)
(Pyruvate)
(2 net ATP molecules generated)
Generation Of Energy From Dietary Carbohydrates
Dianzheng Zhang, Ph.D. Room 411; Ext. 6588
Importance
Outlines
Definition of Carbohydrate
厦门大学有机化学ppt厦大本科教学课件 考研必看
Xiamen University
Organic Chemistry
酰胺的命名 RCONH2
酰胺 酸 酰胺 N-烃基 酰胺
-ic acid -amide -carboxylic acid -carboxamide
Xiamen University
O CH3C NH2
O C
NH2
O HC N(CH3)2
酰胺的制备
O
200 C
CH3CH2 C OH + NH3
CH3COCl 或 (CH3CO)2O
+ C2H5NH2
O CH3CH2 C NH2
O CH3 C NHC2H5
Xiamen University
Organic Chemistry
11.4 羧酸衍生物的水解 醇解 氨解反应
Hydrolysis, Alcoholysis and Amonolysis Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
CH3CO2H + NH3
Xiamen University
Organic Chemistry
2. 醇解反应
CH3COCl + C2H5OH (CH3CO)2O + C2H5OH CH3CO2CH3 + C2H5OH
碱
碱
H+ 或C2H5O-
CH3CO2C2H5 + HCl CH3CO2C2H5 + CH3CO2H CH3CO2C2H5 + CH3OH
Xiamen University
Organic Chemistry
O CH3 C CH3 700~800
CH3CO2H 700~800
厦大生化Chapter 22
Utilization of acetoacetate as a fuel.
22.3.3 Animals cannot convert fatty acids into glucose
21
22
22.4 Fatty acids are synthesized and degraded by different pathways
11
22.2.2 Fatty acids are linked to coenzyme A before they are oxidized
The activation of fatty acid takes place on the outer mitochondrial membrane, and is catalyzed by acyl CoA synthetase.
15
16
First three rounds in the degradation of palmitate β-oxidation. Two-carbon units are sequentially removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid.
Glycerol formed by lipolysis is absorbed by the liver and converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is the intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Activation of palmitate: -2 ATP (ATP → AMP +2 Pi)
Total
106 ATP.
22.3.3 Animals cannot convert fatty acids into glucose
21
22
22.4 Fatty acids are synthesized and degraded by different pathways
11
22.2.2 Fatty acids are linked to coenzyme A before they are oxidized
The activation of fatty acid takes place on the outer mitochondrial membrane, and is catalyzed by acyl CoA synthetase.
15
16
First three rounds in the degradation of palmitate β-oxidation. Two-carbon units are sequentially removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty acid.
Glycerol formed by lipolysis is absorbed by the liver and converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is the intermediate of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Activation of palmitate: -2 ATP (ATP → AMP +2 Pi)
Total
106 ATP.
生物化学 chap1 carbohydrate
H
OH
C H 2O H
O
C H-C-OH HO-C-H O H-C-OH H-C CH2OH
OH
OH OH OH
α-D- glucose
C H 2O H
O
C H 2O H O OH
C H 2O H OH
HO
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
C H 2O H
D-fructose
,D-fructose
Three forms of some monosaccharides • Glucose • Galactose • Fructose
Classification of carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides (e.g. ribose(核糖), glucose(葡萄 糖), fructose(果糖)etc) • Oligosaccharides—more than two but less than ten monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds(糖苷键) (e.g. Sucrose(蔗糖), maltose(麦芽 糖), lactose(乳糖 )etc.)
Stereoisomers (立体异构体)
• Glyceraldehyde (甘油醛，n=3) is the smallest monosaccharide: a single asymmetric carbon atom (the central one) • Two forms of stereoisomers (optical isomers)-mirror images O=C-H O=C-H H-C-OH OH-C-H CH2OH CH2OH D-glyceraldehyde L-glyceraldehyde
【生物化学】Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
7.2 Gluconeogenesis 7.3 Pentose phosphate pathway
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
29
D-glucose
occupies a central position in metabolism of plants, animals, and many microorganisms
Chapter 7 Outline
77..11 GGllyyccoollyyssiiss 7.2 WGhluact oisngeloycgoelynseiss?is 7.3 SPteepnstoosf eglpyhcoolsypsihsate pathway
Diverse fates of pyruvate Feeder pathways for glycolysis
specialized functions of cells
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
5
(3) Classification of Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Breakdown of
Building of complex
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
4
(2) Functions of metabolism
1. Obtain chemical energy from the degradation of energy-rich nutrients from the environment or from captured solar energy
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
29
D-glucose
occupies a central position in metabolism of plants, animals, and many microorganisms
Chapter 7 Outline
77..11 GGllyyccoollyyssiiss 7.2 WGhluact oisngeloycgoelynseiss?is 7.3 SPteepnstoosf eglpyhcoolsypsihsate pathway
Diverse fates of pyruvate Feeder pathways for glycolysis
specialized functions of cells
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
5
(3) Classification of Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Breakdown of
Building of complex
Zhao Dandan
Chapter 7 Carbohydrate Catabolism
4
(2) Functions of metabolism
1. Obtain chemical energy from the degradation of energy-rich nutrients from the environment or from captured solar energy
厦门大学生物化学课件
① 水解不完全, ②不宜用来制备 分离氨基酸。
-NH3OH (弱碱性)
可解离出OH－,溶液中的阴离子
能与其交换而结合在树脂上
分离氨基酸混合物常用强酸型阳离子交换树脂：
用碱处理交换柱，树脂变成Na+型，调氨基酸混合物 至pH2-3，使氨基酸变成阳离子，与Na+交换而挂在树脂上。 结合牢固程度取决于： 静电引力 (主) 疏水相互作用 (次) pH3时，静电引力大小： 碱性AA(R2+) ＞中性AA(R+) ＞酸性AA(R0) 洗脱顺序： R0 (先) R+ (次) R2+ (后) 同时考虑疏水 作用影响： 疏水性较大的AA 与树脂的作用力＞ 疏水性较小的 AA与树脂的作用力
或微溶的有机 相中的分配系 溶剂 数不同而得以 彼此分开 支持物(滤纸)上 又称展开剂， 吸附的水 为与水不互溶 或微溶的有机 溶剂 若固定相上吸附 硅胶、氧化铝 同纸层析
有水，属分配层 析；若无水，则 属于吸附层析
维素)上吸附的 水
薄层层 析
柱 层 析
纸 层 析
薄 层 层 析
柱 层 析 示 意 图
碱法
加6mol/LNaoH，密封于 ①能完全水解或不完全 小试管，置110℃水解若 水解, 干小时 ② Trp不被破坏,
③ 水解液较清亮.
酸法
加5Mol/LHCl,密封于小 试管,置110℃水解若干 小时
①能完全水解, ②大部分氨基酸不被破 坏, ③不发生外消旋.
酶法
用蛋白酶 酶解样品
①氨基酸不被破坏, ②不发生外消旋, ③水解条件温和.
Lys是碱性氨基酸，其解离情况是：
依理可推得 pI=（pK2′+ pKR′）/2 =（8.95+10.53）/2 = 9.74
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Aldoses and Ketoses
Aldehyde vs. Ketone
The smallest sugar--triose
A carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O.
D or L is determined by the chiral center with highest number
Mutual epimers: differ only around one carbon D-mannose vs. D-glucose D-glucose vs. D-galactose
Stereoisomers with n chiral centers=2n
Four chiral centers can yield 16 isomers of D- and Lforms together.
Ketose with three carbons
Ketose with
No chiral center
Ribose and deoxyribose sugars form part of the structural framework of RNA and DNA.
Polysaccharides are structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants. They are involved in cell-cell recognition.
Key point: One carbon center with four different side groups.
Three-carbon sugar (aldose) has one chiral center
Aldoses with two chiral centers
Three chiral centers
If the carbonyl group is at an end of the carbon chain, or in an aldehyde group, the monosaccharide is an aldose; anywhere else, a ketose.
Chirality
Chiral carbons or chiral centers stereoisomers
However, in aqueous solution, monosaccharides with five or more carbon atoms in the backbone occur predominantly as cyclic structures.
(a-D-glucose)
Pyranose Furanose
Latin, saccharum, meaning sugar).
Carbohydrates as food & structural elements
The major energy cycle of the biosphere depends largely on carbohydrate metabolism.
They are such termed because their general formulas can all be written in a simple form as (CH2O)n or derivatives of it. Another term used to describe sugar-based molecules is rooted in the word "saccharide" (from the
enantiomers
Some sugars can exist in their Lforms.
L-Arabinose is one example.
Cyclic structuresFor simplicity, sugars are presented as aldoses or ketoses in straight chain forms, as shown above.
Homopolysaccharides: cellulose, glycogen Heteropolysaccharides: bacterial cell wall,
with more than one monosaccharide in the repeating unit.
Cotton fiber consists of cellulose that is a polysaccharide with physical and chemical properties desirable qualities for textiles.
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
糖生物学
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates represent a great class of biomolecules. More than half of the organic
carbon on Earth is stored in just two carbohydrate molecules--starch and cellulose, both of which are polymers of glucose.
They are linked to many proteins and lipids
Major classes of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose
2. Oligosaccharides: sucrose, lactose
3. Polysaccharides