四级完型词汇辨析(董仲蠡原创版)

1、excessive：If you describe the amount or level of something as excessive, youdisapprove of it because it is more or higher than is necessary orreasonable.超过了需要或合理的范围...the alleged use of excessive force by police...The government says that local authority spending is excessive.extra：1extraYou use extra to describe an amount, person, or thing that is added to others of the same kind, or that can be added to others of the same kind.被加于相同事物或者可以被加于相同事物Police warned motorists to allow extra time to get to work.Extra staff have been taken on to cover busy periods.There's an extra blanket in the bottom drawer of the cupboard.ADJ: ADJ n= additional2extraIf something is extra, you have to pay more money for it in addition to what you are already paying for something.加钱For foreign orders postage is extra.The price of your meal is extra.additional：Additional things are extra things apart from the ones already present.现在已有事物的添加物The US is sending additional troops to the region.The insurer will also have to pay the additional costs of the trial.added：You use added to say that something has more of a particular thing or quality.某件事物有特殊的东西或质量For added protection choose moisturising lipsticks with a sun screen.2、private：1privatePrivate industries and services are owned or controlled by an individual person or a commercial company, rather than by the state or an official organization.私人或私企的而不是政府或官方的...a joint venture with private industry...Bupa runs private hospitals in Britain.Brazil says its constitution forbids the private ownership of energy assets.2privatePrivate individuals are acting only for themselves, and are not representing any group, company, or organization.代表个人的而不是代表其所在集团、公司或机构...the law's insistence that private citizens are not permitted to have weapons...The King was on a private visit to enable him to pray at the tombs of his ancestors.The family tried to bring a private prosecution against him for assault.3privateYour private things belong only to you, or may only be used by you.只属于个人或者只能为你个人所用The landowners have had to sell their private aircraft....They want more State control over private property...There are 76 individually furnished bedrooms, all with private bathrooms.I took the precaution of clearing out my desk before I left, and only my private secretary knows it.4privatePrivate places or gatherings may be attended only by a particular group of people, rather than by the general public.只能有一些特殊集体的人可以参加而不是大众673 private golf clubs took part in a recent study.The door is marked `Private'.Brian Epstein was buried in a private ceremony at Long Lane Cemetery, Liverpool.individual：1individualIndividual means relating to one person or thing, rather than to a large group.与一个人或事物相关而不是大集体...waiting for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions...Aid to individual countries would be linked to progress towards democracy.Divide the vegetables among four individual dishes.ADJ: ADJ n2individual individualsAn individual is a person.一个人...anonymous individuals who are doing good things within our community....the rights and responsibilities of the individual...A child's awareness of being an individual grows in stages during thepre-school years.N-COUNT3individualIf you describe someone or something as individual, you mean that you admire them because they are very unusual and do not try to imitate other people or things.因为东西或者是人不模仿其他而带有欣赏性的形容词It was really all part of her very individual personality.The language is highly individual.ADJ-GRADED approvalpersonal：1personalA personal opinion, quality, or thing belongs or relates to one particular person rather than to other people.个人而非其他人拥有的He learned this lesson the hard waymfrom his own personal experience.That's my personal opinion....books, furniture, and other personal belongings...Refugees also complain that soldiers steal food and personal property from them and demand bribes in exchange for food or shelter.The President arrived, followed by his personal bodyguard....an estimated personal fortune of almost seventy million dollars.ADJ: ADJ n2personalIf you give something your personal care or attention, you deal with it yourself rather than letting someone else deal with it.亲自或个人去做而不是由其他人代劳...a business that requires a great deal of personal contact....a personal letter from the President's secretary...People do not mind paying a bit extra for the personal touch.ADJ: usu ADJ n3personalPersonal matters relate to your feelings, relationships, and health.与个人情感、关系和健康有关...teaching young people about marriage and personal relationships...You never allow personal problems to affect your performance.We sacrifice our personal lives to our work.Mr Knight said that he had resigned for personal reasons.3、truth 更强调真理性（比如在自然科学当中的）fact 更强调事实性（比如在历史或现实当中的）4、voice:1voice voicesWhen someone speaks or sings, you hear their voice.嗓音Miriam's voice was strangely calm.`The police are here,' she said in a low voice.There was a sound of loud voices from the kitchen.I ended up with bronchitis and no voice.N-COUNT: oft poss N, adj N2voice voicesSomeone's voice is their opinion on a particular topic and what they say about it.观点What does one do when a government simply refuses to listen to the voice of the opposition?.There was no disagreement, there were no dissenting voices.N-COUNT3voiceIf you have a voice in something, you have the right to express an opinion on it.表达观点的权力Egypt is once again accepted as an important voice in Arab politics.But your partners will have no voice in how you operate your company.N-SING: N in n= say4voice voices voicing voicedIf you voice something such as an opinion or an emotion, you say what you think or feel.表达感受或想法Some scientists have voiced concern that the disease could be passed on to humans.The predominant opinion voiced by Detroit's Arab population seems to be one of frustration.VB= expresssound:1sound soundsA sound is something that you hear.声音Peter heard the sound of gunfire.Liza was so frightened she couldn't make a sound.There was a splintering sound as the railing gave way....the sounds of children playing.N-COUNT5sound sounds sounding soundedIf something such as a horn or a bell sounds or if you sound it, it makes a noise.发音The buzzer sounded in Daniel's office.A young man sounds the bell to start the Sunday service.V-ERG6sound sounds sounding soundedIf you sound a warning, you publicly give it. If you sound a note of caution or optimism, you say publicly that you are cautious or optimistic.传达The Archbishop of Canterbury has sounded a warning to Europe's leaders on third world debt.Others consider the move premature and have sounded a note of caution.Sir Patrick attempted to sound a positive note, describing the meeting as serving a useful purpose.VB5、A) refuse 拒绝（强调拒绝他人）B) prohibit 禁止（法律或当权者对行为的不允许）C) prevent 阻止（确保某件事不能发生）D) avoid 避免（强调自己避免产生的恶性的效果）例：Professors should __85__ repeating in lectures material that is in the text-book.6、argue 争论（强调不同意）discuss 讨论（并不强调一定同意或不同意）7、exist：1exist exists existedIf something exists, it is present in the world as a real thing.作为真实的东西而存在He thought that if he couldn't see something, it didn't exist.Research opportunities exist in a wide range of pure and applied areas of entomology.When Alfred Adler first postulated in 1908 that there existed an inborn instinct of aggression Freud argued against it.2exist exists existing existedTo exist means to live, especially under difficult conditions or with very little food or money.生存，尤其是在困难的情况下（没有食物或者没有钱）生存I exist from one visit to the next.I was barely existing....the problems of having to exist on unemployment benefit.occur：1occur occurs occurring occurredWhen something occurs, it happens.发生If headaches only occur at night, lack of fresh air and oxygen is often theThe crash occurred when the crew shut down the wrong engine.In March 1770, there occurred what became known as the Boston Massacre.VB= take place2occur occurs occurring occurredWhen something occurs in a particular place, it exists or is present there.存在The cattle disease occurs more or less anywhere in Africa where the fly occurs.These snails do not occur on low-lying coral islands or atolls.VB= exist3occur occurs occurredIf a thought or idea occurs to you, you suddenly think of it or realize it.突然想起或突然意识到It did not occur to me to check my insurance policy.It occurred to me that I could have the book sent to me.The same idea had occurred to Elizabeth.VB: no passive, no contsurvive：1survive survives surviving survivedIf a person or living thing survives in a dangerous situation such as an accident or an illness, they do not die.从危险的情境（疾病或者事故）中幸存...the sequence of events that left the eight pupils battling to survive in icy seas for over four hours...Those organisms that are that are most suited to the environment will be those that will survive.Drugs that dissolve blood clots can help people survive heart attacks.2survive survives surviving survivedIf you survive in difficult circumstances, you manage to live or continue in spite of them and do not let them affect you very much.能够在艰难的环境下生存或者没有让艰难的环境影响太多On my first day here I thought, `Ooh, how will I survive?'...people who are struggling to survive without jobs...Where once she had been totally self-sufficient, she now had to survive on income support....a man who had survived his share of boardroom coups.3survive survives surviving survivedIf something survives, it continues to exist even after being in a dangerous situation or existing for a long time.某物即使在危险的情境也能生存When the market economy is introduced, many factories will not survive.The chances of a planet surviving a supernova always looked terribly slim....surviving examples of 19th-century architecture in the Mid-West.4survive survives surviving survivedIf you survive someone, you continue to live after they have died.在某人死后生存Most women will survive their spouses.She is survived by two daughters from her first marriage....William Shakespeare's last surviving descendant.8、bind v.绑, 镶边, 装订, 凝固, 约束（使原来本是分散的事物或人成为一个整体，事物或人没有大小或地位高低之分）attach vt.缚上, 系上, 贴上v. 配属, 隶属于（隶属关系，与bind有根本区别）9、discipline n.纪律, 学科law n.除法律外也有规则的意思rule n.规则，惯例regulation n.规律例：Unlike marriage or the ties that __67__ parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by __68__.10、conclusion n.结束, 结论summary n.摘要, 概要例：the most important __79__ that emerges from the data,11、attraction n.吸引（力）动词形式：attractattention n.注意（力）动词形式：attendaffection n.感情动词形式：affect（这里不是影响的意思，是感动的含义）这组词不消多说，只是长得比较像，意思是完全不同的。