毕业设计外文资料翻译译文

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毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。

金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。

然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。

这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。

因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。

毕业设计外文翻译译文

1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。

如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术，我们现在的文明绝不会前进。

第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。

那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。

那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。

2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用，例如物理和数学。

许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息，这些经验信息取决于观察和经历，而不是理论知识。

这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子，虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解，但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。

3 从16、17世纪当代初期，量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。

另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。

量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。

这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。

4 从19世纪开始，它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。

机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。

他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。

工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。

从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。

5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。

到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。

这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。

我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。

每种工程领域之内都有细分。

6 例如，土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分：涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。

机械工程主要的细分是工业工程，它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统，这些系统是工业上的，而非单独的机器。

本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文原文题目：Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目：高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计（论文）题目：阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名：任有健学院：生命学院班级：06210501指导教师：李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号，Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要：本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法，胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒，与悬浮介质（0n ）相比，分别低于（0L n n <）、高于（0H n n >）悬浮介质的折射率。

球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获，捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。

这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。

我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水（0 1.33n =）中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳（ 1.2L n ≈）和聚苯乙烯微珠（ 1.57H n =）的独特性质。

1 引言光带有动量和角动量。

伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。

过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。

The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。

Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。

The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。

Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。

As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。

【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。

毕设设计类外文翻译

Interior Design Supports Art Education: A Case StudyInterior design, as a field of study, is a rapidly growing area of interest – particularly for teenagers in the United States. Part of this interest stems from the proliferation ofdesign-related reality shows available through television media. Some art educators and curriculum specialists in the nation perceive the study of interior spaces as a ‘practical application’ of the arts.This article discusses an experiential design problem, originally used in higher education interior design studio courses that was modified and shared with students in third grade to address national academic standards. Later, this same project was modified for use with high school students in the educator’s community a nd with international design students in South Korea.Lastly, the project was presented in a workshop to art education students at a higher education institution. The project was modified to address (1) the age group level and (2) a topic relevant to the audience. Goals of the design project were: (1) to explore creative problem-solving, (2) to explore the application of design elements and principles, and (3) to increase student understanding of spatial relationships within an interior environment. Findings indicate that the project supported several visual art standards, including perception and community. This project may be of interest to current and future art educators and others interested in the potential of interior design content supporting art education.IntroductionThe design of interior spaces is a growing area of interest in the United States. Studies indicate that people spend 90 per cent of their time indoors, thereby making the quality design of interiors critical to the health and welfare of the population. Youth have been unconsciously encouraged since their childhood to develop awareness of their personal interior spaces and furnishings through popular storybooks they read that introduce the awareness of scale, proportion and ergonomics at a very young age (e.g. Three Little Bears and Alice in Wonderland). More recently, teens in the United States have become unexpectedly ‘hooked’ on design related reality shows such as Trading Spaces, Changing Rooms and Design on a Dime. Although Trading Spaces was originally intended for adults, according to the Wall Street Journal article titled ‘The Teen-Room Makeover’ (18 October 2002) the audience has more than 125,000 viewers aged 12 to 17 [1]. In support of that finding, a survey conducted in 2003 for a national chain of hardware stores discovered 65 per cent of teens said they have watched home improvement-related television shows [2].Teens seemingly have a growing interest in the design of interior spaces.In the United States in 2002, a qualitative study was developed to determine if interior design subject-matter could support national academic standards in elementary and secondary schools (kindergarten – twelfth grade) [3]. Findings of the study indicated that art educators and curriculum specialists perceived interior design to be supportive in meeting their standards as a type of ‘practical application’ of the arts. Perceptions of the curriculum specialists indicated they were looking for new ways to interpret fine art standards in their existing curriculum and that interior design offered one solution. As a result, the researcher, who was an interior design educator, was encouraged to identify and develop a project or lesson plan that could introduce children and youth to the importance of well-designed interior spaces yet support an art education standard in the nation.This article discusses an experiential interior design project that was modified from an exercise used in the freshman and sophomore college studio classes and shared with students in third grade, high school, and with international students in South Korea by this interior design educator. The educator was later invited to present this project to art education teachers at her university. The project supported several school district visual art standards, including perception and community. It was modified to address (1) the age group level and (2) a topic relevant to the audience. Goals of the design project were: (1) to explore creative problem solving, (2) to explore the application of design elements and principles, and (3) to increase student understanding of spatial relationships within an interior environment. This project may be of interest to current and future art educators and others interested in the potential of interior design content supporting visual art standards.Review of literatureThe review of literature briefly discusses (1) experiential learning theory, (2) findings from a qualitative study involving art educators, and (3) the interior design link with art education. The interior design project description and process of application will follow.Experiential learningExperiential learning theory, as an application of cognitive/perceptual models, is a tool toenhance the cognitive process of students. Specifically, the experiential learning cycleinvolves a concrete experience that leads to observations and reflections then to formation of abstract concepts and generalisations, before finally testing implications from concepts in new situations [4].The Association for Experiential Education defines experiential education astheprocess by which a learner constructs knowledge, skill and value from direct experience [5]. Drengson [6] defines experiential education as the process of practical engagement withconcepts and skills applied in a practical setting and delivered through physical and practical mental activity.One of the key components to enhance student learning is reflection. Dewey [7] suggests that to have meaning, an experience must be combined with thought. Kolb [8] suggests that reflections can offer a potential source of powerful data to link theory to practice. The mental engagement of an experiential learner can involve questioning, investigation, experimentation, curiosity, problem-solving, assuming responsibility, creativity and the construction of meaning [9].Experiential learning offers the spontaneous opportunity for learning, whether from unplanned moments, natural consequences, mistakes or successes [10]. Holistically, it involves not only the cognitive but also any combination of the senses, the emotions, and the physical [11].Qualitative study involving art educatorsIn 2001, a study was conducted to determine if interior design may be supportive tokindergarten – twelfth grade (K–12) teachers in meeting national academic standards,including the arts [12]. To understand perceptions of experts in interior design and elementary and secondary education, five focus group session sand six personal interviews were conducted with interior design educators, practitioners,K–12 teachers (elementary, junior high, and high school levels), national standards curriculum specialists (local and state level), and school-to-career curriculum specialists from June 2001 to April 2002[13].Focus group findings indicated that K–12teachers, at both elementary and secondary levels, felt that interior design could be supportive in meeting visual art standards because youth are frequently analysing their personal and public spaces. Participants described specific examples of interior design materials they currently needed in their course work to include: examples of good and bad interior spaces, information about elements and principles of design as they relate to interior spaces, and hands-on col our wheels of sturdy materials. In addition they requested that the materials be low cost, stimulating,‘touchable’,recyclable, self-contained, and fun. Lesson plans the visual art teachers suggested included:• reinvention of the ‘shoe box’ projec t;• development of well-known stories (The Three Pigs, Three Little Bears, and Alice in Wonderland) into space models to teach proportion and scale. In addition, it was suggestedthe following lesson plan: use of Goldilocks story to analyse ‘client or consumer needs’;• use of a Dr Seuss story (literary passage) to generate a conceptual model that enhances creativity;• study of cultural spaces at the junior high level that would enhance study of personal expression of identity in interiors [14].The visual arts curriculum specialists indicated hat interior design –as a ‘practical application’ should be introduced in elementary levels where there is a ‘small window of opportunity’ to give good information about the visual arts. See Table 1 fo r an example of the visual art standards in kindergarten – third grade levels. One visual art specialist advocated that the design process was more important to teach than a particular design method. He suggested moving students from designing personal spaces – and the study of elements and principles of design – in elementary levels to the analysis of private and public spaces in the junior high level. Then the high school levels could be reserved for additional indepth Exploration.Today, junior high and high school students are quite attracted to design-related reality shows. Over the last five years, the number of designrelated television shows has increased dramatically [15]. Why are these shows so attractive to teens and young adults? Rodriguez [16]has suggested that this interest is linked to the teens need for expression of self andself-identity.An individual’s unique identity is established through personalisation of space, which is critical to overall development of self [17]. Developing a sense of self involves the use of symbols to communicate to others one’s personal underlying identity.Interior design link with art educationIt is not common for interior design to be linked with art education in K–12 grade levels in the United States. However, the Foundation for Interior Design EducationResearch[18]standards and guidelines – the accreditation organization for higher education interior design programmes in the nation – reveal that there are many shared areas between visual arts and interior design (e.g.elements and principles of design).Rasmussen and Wright [19]advocate the need for a new model for art education. The new model should offer youth an aesthetic education that does more than just serve the traditional concerns of established arts curriculum. Experiences indicate that young people try to make sense of their own lives by creating contextual understanding through actively, and intentionally, making connections to signs, perceptions and experiences. This is a challenge to develop a new art education model that creates a balance between social andcontextual needs, knowledge of young people, and theaesthetic medium itself.The study of interior spaces offers one such context for learning in the physical environment.People spend 90 per cent of their time in interior spaces [20]. Youth consciously or unconsciously, analyse and respond to their near environment. They also learn best if they understand why they are learning what they are learning. Application of design and art to everyday life can assist in making connections in student learning, and develop more awareness of good design as well as an appreciation of the arts. Youth need theopportunity to learn more about design and human behavior so they can learn they have choices about how supportive their environments can be. Children can [determine] how design influences their behaviors; howdesign can be used to manipulate behavior; how design can encourage or discourage conversation, establish status, put people in power positions, increase or decrease anxiety [21].Therefore, based on (1) the experiential learning theoretical underpinnings, (2) recommendations made by art educators and curriculum specialists, and (3) a call for a new ways of teaching art education, an interior design educator at a higher education institution modified an experiential design project that involved the use of elements and principles of design and an opportunity for self-expression of personal spaces. The designproblem of the personal space was changed based on the grade level.Case study project descriptionAlthough art educators and curriculum specialists perceived that interior design content could be supportive to visual art standards, it was determined that a case study project needed to be developed and presented to various grade levels. It was also determined that a conceptual model of interior spaces should be used toenhance student creativity and exploration rather than a finite model that would offer too many rules and boundaries. Project descriptionThe experiential interior design project involved the construction of athree-dimensional concept model using 44 triangular and rectangular pieces of cardstock (stiff) paper in a neutral colour [22]. The objective was to discover, manipulate and create interior spaces based on a given design problem (e.g. design your space station on a planet of your choice or design your home in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado). The purpose ofthe project was to encourage students to design a conceptual structure from the interior out, keep-ing in mind the function of the building. The student’s model had to incorporate a minimum of six spaces and three levels to encourage vertical as well as horizontal volumes. All 44 pieces of cardstock had to be used in the finished model, which sometimes posed achallenge to the youth. The cardstock pieces could not be ripped, torn, or pierced. However, they could be bent and shapedaccording to the whim of the student.Flow from one space to another and one level to another was emphasized. The decision-making design process was explained and encouraged.Outcomes consisted of a three-dimensional abstract model which, if successfully executed, demonstrated the break-down of traditional spatial paradigms. Design problemsEach student grade level was given a different design problem based on the academic standards that were to be met in that class. In some cases, several academic standards were addressed at the same time. Two national standards for visual arts in the United States were selected to be supported with this project: communication and perception. The communication standard indicates that students in kindergarten – third grade should recognise the use of the visual arts as a means of communication (e.g. select and use visual images, themes and ideas in their own work). The perception standard indicates that students know, understand and apply elements of visual arts and principles of design (e.g. Identify elements and principles of design).Third grade studentsAfter procuring appropriate permission, the design educator brought volunteer college-age interior design students to the elementary school to help administer the project. Three third grade classes (twenty students in each class) had just finished a science unit on space and orbits and were studying specific visual art standards. The children were asked to design a personal space station on a planet of their choice. The goal was to help students relate the newly learned science information to something in real life (e.g. Their home), yet encourage exploration of visual arts (see Figs. 2–4).Each team of students was given the same 44 pieces of cardstock (all cut out) in a plastic bag, a cardboard base (15” x 15” square) on which to build the model, and cellophane tape to use in constructing the model. To enhance reflection of this experiential project, each team of three students was asked to give a two-minute verbal presentation in front of the class on their finished model. In this manner, they could discuss their design solution and the design educator could assess their use of creativity through design elements and principles.The college students and design educator rotated through the three classrooms of students to answer questions, encourage use of design elements and principles, and applaud their creative exploration. The third grade teachers assisted in supporting the structure of the class and encouraging shy students who were reluctant to begin.It was interesting to observe that the children rarely built the models on their provided classroom tables. Instead,they moved to the floor space, located the base for the model in between team members, and began construction. Each team member assumed a role in the process. One team member seemed t o act as the ‘designer’, one as the ‘builder/construction crew’ and the last as the ‘supplier’ of materials. Students excitedlydiscussed the positioning of the triangular pieces of cardstock in their model, their rooms in their space stations, and the different ways to turn the model to create different vantage points.The teams of third graders had one hour to complete the models. Then their verbal presentations began, interspersed with questions and comments from the design educator and third grade teachers. Informal observations indicatedthat application of design elements and principles was strong – perhaps due to the consistent rectangular and triangular shapes that had been provided – thereby supporting the visual arts perception standard. Manipulation of shapes was innovative. Line, shape and form were used to provide movement through adjoining spaces and offered a sense of verticality. Interior volumes were created that supported human behaveour in interior spaces. For example, one team’s presentation discussed how their space station boasted an exercise room with trampolines to strengthen human muscles that weakened as a result of zero gravity in outer space. The communication standard was supported in their finished models in a couple ways. First there was a theme of design as it relates to protection from foreign objects. For example, one team’s space station on Saturn incorporated a force field to protect it from flying rocks. Other visual themes of security and safety evoked the implementation of security cameras, alien detectors, missile launchers, telescope laboratories, control stations and transport rooms. Another visual theme related to circulation. Circulation within the structure was depicted by the third graders through the use of escalators, stairs, elevators and poles. A third visual theme was unique human needs as they relate to interior spaces. Almost every team’s space station incorporated a room for their mothers! In addition, depending on the students’ personal interests, unique space station features ranged from chemical rooms to sandboxes. It was obvious in their multiple unique design solutions their use of creativity had been explored and enhanced.Evaluation and assessment that took place, after the classes were dismissed, indicated that the third grade teachers perceived that this experiential design project supported the visual arts standards in both the communication and perception components as well as the third grade science academic standard concerning space and orbits. In addition, the experiential component of the project had unexpected results when certain quiet, unassuming students in the class became animated and highly engaged in learning. One teacher shared her excitement with the design educator about a new connection that wasformed with one of students that she had not been able to connect with before the design exercise.High school studentsAfter the case study with the third grade students, it was determined to offer this project to high school students. Diversity students in a nearby community were invited to attend a complimentary design workshop at a local library. The interior design educator was asked to present a design problem that would relate to arteducation (see Figs. 6–8).Their problem was to use the same experiential project and shapes to design and construct a conceptual model of their new home or cabin in the Rocky Mountain region. The same project constraints existed. Due to the students’ ages, discussions took place prior to the exercise about innovative problem-solving, the exploration of creativity and the elements and principles of design used within the design process. Some of these elements and principles included:Scale. Awareness of human scale was addressed to develop understanding of proportion and scale of the structure and interior spaces. Shape. Triangular shapes were deliberately selected to encourage students to break paradigms of rectangular interior spaces.Colour. The cardstock pieces were of a neutral colour to enhance spatial composition rather than draw attention to colour usage or juxtaposition. Volume/Mass. The mass of thethree-dimensional model was important in communicating the use of common elements and principles of design (e.g. line, rhythm). Line. A variety of different lines (e.g. diagonal, horizontal) were investigated in the manipulation of the shapes. Space. Space was created through the manipulation of shapes. Theories of complexity, mystery and refuge within interior spaces were discussed. Informal assessment of the finished design models indicated that the design solutions werevery creative.Later that semester, by invitation, the same design project was taken to college students training to be art educators in a mini-workshop format. The art education students found the exercise effective in enhancing creativity and understanding how interior design can enhance understanding of visual arts.International studentsAlthough there was no intention to meet a national visual arts academic standard at a specific grade level, this same experiential design project was presented in Seoul, South Korea to college-aged international students. The design problem was to use the same 44 pieces to develop a design concept model for acommercial building in Seoul. Language translators were used to help the design educatorintroduce the project, guide the students through the process, and understand their verbal presentations at the end of the workshop.Students commented during and after the workshop how the model enhanced their visual literacy skills (they used different words) and creativity within the context of everyday life. The experiential nature of the workshop was seemingly a pleasure to them (see Figs.9–11).Discussion and conclusionThis interior design case study project was designed to be experiential in nature to enhance student learning of the visual arts. Student and teacher assessment of the various groups indicated enthusiasm for the design project because it enhanced creativity, explored multiple design solutions, related to real life, and increased their understanding of human behaviour within the context of the physical environment. Teacherassessment of the age groups indicated that the project did support visual art standards at the appropriate grade level. In addition, their assessment indicated satisfaction with the manner in which the interior design project encouraged student usage of the design elements and principles and the application of design to everyday living. Several instructors indicated that quiet and shy students in their class became engaged in the learning process, which had not been previously observed. Perception of art educators and art education students was that this project supported a variety of visual art standards such as perception and communication. This interior design case study project can be modified for various age and cultural groups and may be of interest to educators who are interested in working collaboratively with colleagues from other disciplines.Visual art programmes in the United States are being cut from the K–12 curriculum. By linking visual arts to an up-and-coming aesthetic field, such as interior design, there may be new ways to sustain and grow visual art programmes in the nation.References1. Orndoff, K. (2003) ASID American Society of Interior Designers 2003 Strategic Environment Report. Future Impact Education, p. 9.2. Levitz, S. (2004) Teens Hooked on Home Décor, London Free Press (Ontario, CA), 24 June, p. D2.3. Clemons, S. (2002) Collaborative Links with K–12: A Proposed Model Integrating Interior Design with National Education Standards, Journal of Interior Design, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.40–8.4. Rubin, S. G. (1983) Overcoming Obstacles to Institutionalization of Experiential Learning Programs, New Directions for Experiential Learning, Vol. 20, pp. 43–54.5. Luckman, C. (1996) Defining Experiential Education, Journal of Experiential Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6–7.6. Drengson, A. R. (1995) What Means this Experience? in Kraft, R. J. & Sokofs, M. [Eds] The Theory of Experiential Education. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education, pp. 87–93.7. Dewey, J. (1916) Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan.8. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Sources of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.9. Luckmann, C. op. cit.10. Ibid.11. Carver, R. (1996) Theory for Practice: A Framework for Thinking about Experiential Education, Journal of Experiential Education, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 8–13.12. Clemons, S. op. cit.13. Ibid.14. Ibid.15. Bien, L. (2003) Renovating how-to TV Shows in a Race to Duplicate Success of ‘Trading Spaces’. The Post Standard (Syracuse, NY), 31 October, p. E1.16. Rodriguez, E. M. (2003) Starting Young, Miami Herald, 28 December, p. H–1.17. Baillie S. & Goeters, P. (1997) Home as a Developmental Environment. Proceedings of the American Association of Housing Educators, New Orleans, LA, pp. 32–6.18. Foundation of Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) home page. Available from URL: / (Accessed 4th January 2005).19. Rasmussen, B & Wright, P. (2001) The theatre workshop as educational space: How imagined reality is voiced and conceived, International Journal of Education & the Arts, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.1–13.20. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (online). Available from URL: /iaq/ ia-intro.html (Accessed 26th September 2006).21. InformeDesign (n.d.) Implications, Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 2 (online). Available from URL: /# (Accessed 4th January 2005).22. Curfman, J. & Clemons, S. (1992) From Forty-Four Pieces to a New Spatial Paradigm, in Birdsong, C. [Ed.] Proceedings of the Interior Design Educators Council Southwest Regional Meeting, New Orleans, pp. 2–4./detail/refdetail?tablename=SJWD_U&filename=SJWD00000744102&uid=WEEvR EcwSlJHSldSdnQ0SWZDdUlMV1dWZi9tOGkyYTBaTzBVQjVYeENXYVp4MVRJQjI3cmZRYS9YRmhvdnlxazJRPT 0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4IQMovwHtwkF4VYPoHbKxJw!!Interior Design in Augmented Reality EnvironmentABSTRACTThis article presents an application of Augmented Realitytechnology for interior design. Plus, an Educational InteriorDesign Project is reviewed. Along with the dramatic progress ofdigital technology, virtual information techniques are alsorequired for architectural projects. Thus, the new technology ofAugmented Reality offers many advantages for digitalarchitectural design and construction fields. AR is also beingconsidered as a new design approach for interior design. In an ARenvironment, the virtual furniture can be displayed and modifiedin real-time on the screen, allowing the user to have an interactiveexperience with the virtual furniture in a real-world environment.Here, AR environment is exploited as the new workingenvironment for architects in architectural design works, and thenthey can do their work conveniently as such collaborativediscussion through AR environment. Finally, this study proposesa newmethod for applying AR technology to interior designwork, where a user can view virtual furniture and communicatewith 3D virtual furniture data using a dynamic and flexible userinterface. Plus, all the properties of the virtual furniture can beadjusted using occlusion- based interaction method for a TangibleAugmented Reality. General TermsApplications of computer science in modeling, visualization andmultimedia, graphics and imaging, computer vision, human-computerinteraction, et al.KeywordsAugmented Reality, Tangible AR, CAAD, ARToolKit, Interiordesign.1. INTRODUCTIONVisualizing how a particular table or chair will look in a roombefore it is decorated is a difficult challenge for anyone. Hence,Augmented Reality (AR) technology has been proposed forinterior design applications by few previous authors, for example,Koller, C. Wooward, A. Petrovski; K. Hirokazu, et al. The relateddevices typically include data glassesconnected to a。

毕业设计中英文翻译

Bridge Waterway OpeningsIn a majority of cases the height and length of a bridge depend solely upon the amount of clear waterway opening that must be provided to accommodate the floodwaters of the stream. Actually, the problem goes beyond that of merely accommodating the floodwaters and requires prediction of the various magnitudes of floods for given time intervals. It would be impossible to state that some given magnitude is the maximum that will ever occur, and it is therefore impossible to design for the maximum, since it cannot be ascertained. It seems more logical to design for a predicted flood of some selected interval ---a flood magnitude that could reasonably be expected to occur once within a given number of years. For example, a bridge may be designed for a 50-year flood interval; that is, for a flood which is expected (according to the laws of probability) to occur on the average of one time in 50 years. Once this design flood frequency, or interval of expected occurrence, has been decided, the analysis to determine a magnitude is made. Whenever possible, this analysis is based upon gauged stream records. In areas and for streams where flood frequency and magnitude records are not available, an analysis can still be made. With data from gauged streams in the vicinity, regional flood frequencies can be worked out; with a correlation between the computed discharge for the ungauged stream and the regional flood frequency, a flood frequency curve can be computed for the stream in question. Highway CulvertsAny closed conduit used to conduct surface runoff from one side of a roadway to the other is referred to as a culvert. Culverts vary in size from large multiple installations used in lieu of a bridge to small circular or elliptical pipe, and their design varies in significance. Accepted practice treats conduits under the roadway as culverts. Although the unit cost of culverts is much less than that of bridges, they are far more numerous, normally averaging about eight to the mile, and represent a greater cost in highway. Statistics show that about 15 cents of the highway construction dollar goes to culverts, as compared with 10 cents for bridge. Culvert design then is equally as important as that of bridges or other phases of highway and should be treated accordingly.Municipal Storm DrainageIn urban and suburban areas, runoff waters are handled through a system of drainage structures referred to as storm sewers and their appurtenances. The drainage problem is increased in these areas primarily for two reasons: the impervious nature of the area creates a very high runoff; and there is little room for natural water courses. It is often necessary to collect the entire storm water into a system of pipes and transmit it over considerable distances before it can be loosed again as surface runoff. This collection and transmission further increase the problem, since all of the water must be collected with virtually no ponding, thus eliminating any natural storage; and though increased velocity the peak runoffs are reached more quickly. Also, the shorter times of peaks cause the system to be more sensitive to short-duration, high-intensity rainfall. Storm sewers, like culverts and bridges, are designed for storms of various intensity –return-period relationship, depending upon the economy and amount of ponding that can be tolerated.Airport DrainageThe problem of providing proper drainage facilities for airports is similar in many ways to that of highways and streets. However, because of the large and relatively flat surface involved the varying soil conditions, the absence of natural water courses and possible side ditches, and the greater concentration of discharge at the terminus of the construction area, some phases of the problem are more complex. For the average airport the overall area to be drained is relatively large and an extensive drainage system is required. The magnitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineeringprinciples based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most economical design. Overdesign of facilities results in excessive money investment with no return, and underdesign can result in conditions hazardous to the air traffic using the airport.In other to ensure surfaces that are smooth, firm, stable, and reasonably free from flooding, it is necessary to provide a system which will do several things. It must collect and remove the surface water from the airport surface; intercept and remove surface water flowing toward the airport from adjacent areas; collect and remove any excessive subsurface water beneath the surface of the airport facilities and in many cases lower the ground-water table; and provide protection against erosion of the sloping areas. Ditches and Cut-slope DrainageA highway cross section normally includes one and often two ditches paralleling the roadway. Generally referred to as side ditches these serve to intercept the drainage from slopes and to conduct it to where it can be carried under the roadway or away from the highway section, depending upon the natural drainage. To a limited extent they also serve to conduct subsurface drainage from beneath the roadway to points where it can be carried away from the highway section.A second type of ditch, generally referred to as a crown ditch, is often used for the erosion protection of cut slopes. This ditch along the top of the cut slope serves to intercept surface runoff from the slopes above and conduct it to natural water courses on milder slopes, thus preventing the erosion that would be caused by permitting the runoff to spill down the cut faces.12 Construction techniquesThe decision of how a bridge should be built depends mainly on local conditions. These include cost of materials, available equipment, allowable construction time and environmental restriction. Since all these vary with location and time, the best construction technique for a given structure may also vary. Incremental launching or Push-out MethodIn this form of construction the deck is pushed across the span with hydraulic rams or winches. Decks of prestressed post-tensioned precast segments, steel or girders have been erected. Usually spans are limited to 50～60 m to avoid excessive deflection and cantilever stresses , although greater distances have been bridged by installing temporary support towers . Typically the method is most appropriate for long, multi-span bridges in the range 300 ~ 600 m ,but ,much shorter and longer bridges have been constructed . Unfortunately, this very economical mode of construction can only be applied when both the horizontal and vertical alignments of the deck are perfectly straight, or alternatively of constant radius. Where pushing involves a small downward grade (4% ~ 5%) then a braking system should be installed to prevent the deck slipping away uncontrolled and heavy bracing is then needed at the restraining piers.Bridge launching demands very careful surveying and setting out with continuous and precise checks made of deck deflections. A light aluminum or steel-launching nose forms the head of the deck to provide guidance over the pier. Special teflon or chrome-nickel steel plate bearings are used to reduce sliding friction to about 5% of the weight, thus slender piers would normally be supplemented with braced columns to avoid cracking and other damage. These columns would generally also support the temporary friction bearings and help steer the nose.In the case of precast construction, ideally segments should be cast on beds near the abutments and transferred by rail to the post-tensioning bed, the actual transport distance obviously being kept to the minimum. Usually a segment is cast against the face of the previously concerted unit to ensure a good fit when finally glued in place with an epoxy resin. If this procedure is not adopted , gaps of approximately 500mm shold be left between segments with the reinforcements running through andstressed together to form a complete unit , but when access or space on the embankment is at a premium it may be necessary to launch the deck intermittently to allow sections to be added progressively .The correponding prestressing arrangements , both for the temporary and permanent conditions would be more complicated and careful calculations needed at all positions .The pricipal advantage of the bridge-launching technique is the saving in falsework, especially for high decks. Segments can also be fabricated or precast in a protected environment using highly productive equipment. For concrete segment, typically two segment are laid each week (usually 10 ~ 30 m in length and perhaps 300 to 400 tonnes in weight) and after posttensioning incrementally launched at about 20 m per day depending upon the winching/jacking equipment.Balanced Cantiulever ConstructionDevelopment in box section and prestressed concrete led to short segment being assembled or cast in place on falsework to form a beam of full roadway width. Subsequently the method was refined virtually to eliminate the falsework by using a previously constructed section of the beam to provide the fixing for a subsequently cantilevered section. The principle is demonsrated step-by-step in the example shown in Fig.1.In the simple case illustrated, the bridge consists of three spans in the ratio 1:1:2. First the abutments and piers are constructed independently from the bridge superstructure. The segment immediately above each pier is then either cast in situ or placed as a precast unit .The deck is subsequently formed by adding sections symmetrically either side.Ideally sections either side should be placed simultaneously but this is usually impracticable and some inbalance will result from the extra segment weight, wind forces, construction plant and material. When the cantilever has reached both the abutment and centre span,work can begin from the other pier , and the remainder of the deck completed in a similar manner . Finally the two individual cantilevers are linked at the centre by a key segment to form a single span. The key is normally cast in situ.The procedure initially requires the first sections above the column and perhaps one or two each side to be erected conventionally either in situ concrete or precast and temporarily supported while steel tendons are threaded and post-tensioned . Subsequent pairs of section are added and held in place by post-tensioning followed by grouting of the ducts. During this phase only the cantilever tendons in the upper flange and webs are tensioned. Continuity tendons are stressed after the key section has been cast in place. The final gap left between the two half spans should be wide enough to enable the jacking equipment to be inserted. When the individual cantilevers are completed and the key section inserted the continuity tendons are anchored symmetrically about the centre of the span and serve to resist superimposed loads, live loads, redistribution of dead loads and cantilever prestressing forces.The earlier bridges were designed on the free cantilever principle with an expansion joint incorporated at the center .Unfortunately，settlements , deformations , concrete creep and prestress relaxation tended to produce deflection in each half span , disfiguring the general appearance of the bridge and causing discomfort to drivers .These effects coupled with the difficulties in designing a suitable joint led designers to choose a continuous connection, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the loads and reduced deflection. The natural movements were provided for at the bridge abutments using sliding bearings or in the case of long multi-span bridges, joints at about 500 m centres.Special Requirements in Advanced Construction TechniquesThere are three important areas that the engineering and construction team has to consider:(1) Stress analysis during construction: Because the loadings and support conditions of the bridge are different from the finished bridge, stresses in each construction stage must be calculated to ensurethe safety of the structure .For this purpose, realistic construction loads must be used and site personnel must be informed on all the loading limitations. Wind and temperature are usually significant for construction stage.(2) Camber: In order to obtain a bridge with the right elevation, the required camber of the bridge at each construction stage must be calculated. It is required that due consideration be given to creep and shrinkage of the concrete. This kind of the concrete. This kind of calculation, although cumbersome, has been simplified by the use of the compiters.(3) Quality control: This is important for any method construction, but it is more so for the complicated construction techniques. Curing of concrete, post-tensioning, joint preparation, etc. are detrimental to a successful structure. The site personnel must be made aware of the minimum concrete strengths required for post-tensioning, form removal, falsework removal, launching and other steps of operations.Generally speaking, these advanced construction techniques require more engineering work than the conventional falsework type construction, but the saving could be significant.大桥涵洞在大多数情况中桥梁的高度和跨度完全取决于河流的流量，桥梁的高度和跨度必须能够容纳最大洪水量.事实上，这不仅仅是洪水最大流量的问题,还需要在不同时间间隔预测不同程度的水灾。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。

而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

1.引言
重金属污染存在于很多工业的废水中，如电镀，采矿，和制革。
2.实验
2.1化学药剂
本实验所使用的药剂均为分析纯，如无特别说明均购买自日本片山化工。铅离子储备液通过溶解Pb(NO3)2配制，使用时稀释到需要的浓度。HEPES缓冲液购买自Sigma–Aldrich。5 mol/L的HCl和NaOH用来调整pH。
附5
华南理工大学
本科毕业设计（论文）翻译
班级2011环境工程一班
姓名陈光耀
学号201130720022
指导教师韦朝海
填表日期
中文译名
（1）巯基改性纤维素对葡萄糖溶液中铅的吸附（2）黄原酸化橘子皮应用于吸附水中的铅离子
外文原文名
（1）Adsorption of Pb(II) from glucose solution on thiol-functionalized cellulosic biomass
2.5分析方法
铅离子的浓度用分光光度计在616 nm波长处用铅与偶氮氯膦-III络合物进行分析。葡萄糖含量采用苯酚—硫酸分光光度法测定。所有的实验均进行三次，已经考虑好误差。
3.结果和讨论
3.1FTIR分析和改性脱脂棉对铅（II）的吸附机制
图1是脱脂棉、改性脱脂棉在400-4000 cm-1(A)和2540-2560 cm-1(B)范围内的红外光谱图。可以看出，改性后改性脱脂棉的红外光谱图中在1735.71 cm-1处出现了一个新的吸收峰是酯基C=O的拉伸振动峰，可见改性脱脂棉中已经成功引入巯基官能团。同时，在2550.52 cm-1出现的一个新吸收峰代表的是S-H官能团的弱吸收峰，更深一层的证明了巯基已经嫁接到脱脂棉上。图1(b)是2540-2560 cm-1光谱范围的一个放大图像，可以清楚的观察到S-H官能团的弱吸收峰。进一步证明了酯化改性脱脂棉引入巯基是成功的。而从吸附后的曲线可以看到，2550.52cm-1处S-H的吸收峰消失，证明了硫原子和Pb(II)络合物的形成，同时1735.71cm-1处C=O的吸收峰强度看起来有轻微的减弱可能也是和Pb(II)的络合吸附有关。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。

外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。

CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。

0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。

在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。

ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。

在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。

这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。

CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。

COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。

Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。

ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。

OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。

它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。

它可以被编辑。

VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。

毕设外文文献+翻译1

外文翻译外文原文CHANGING ROLES OF THE CLIENTS、ARCHITECTSAND CONTRACTORS THROUGH BIMAbstract:Purpose –This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach–Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed.Findings –One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R).Originality/value –This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application in hospital building projects.Keywords:Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type :General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still faces serious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user’s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different setof skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored. There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and to develop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively, allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to man age and finance their building projects and real estate. The government’s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Healthto obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client. Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world.The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction. The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client’s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures.A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client’s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect’s responsibility is translating client’s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor’s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium. A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the building at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extra work due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor is no longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method, all risks are placed with the client.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractor have a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked to a measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certain period of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If the building actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value thatexceed the minimum client’s requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance to the client’s extra gain. The level of transparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses an innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamic life-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carries sufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect, as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc.The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design until the project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply common values and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support the integrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates time and place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in its ultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability, can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client.BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes further than an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings. BIM is an integrated model in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actors throughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops andevolves as the project progresses. Using BIM, the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client’s requirements and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design process extend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clash detection, material schedule, planning, cost estimate, production and logistic information, and as-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communication between the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective and efficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combination with the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of the building performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors.The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and Intellectual Property Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according to the type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, but his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification of communication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “In what way does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPR in a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combined work, the IPR of each element is at tached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for the electrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, in case of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIM with authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of the IPR.How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the one hand,collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in the contract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM A ddendum confirms: ‘This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships or shifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments’ (ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand, changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM will lead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in the detailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means that significant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the design cost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary.4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy, which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy. Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of the changing roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurement method and a life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIM structure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. The preceding sections have discussed the conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are:the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; and the roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty of Dentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows:using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation, and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management of the facility through the registration of medical installations andequipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows. Both UMC and MMC opted for a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. Using BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much better insight in these aspects over the life-cycle period. The life-cycle sustainability criteria are included in the assignments for the design teams. Multidisciplinary designers and engineers are asked to collaborate more closely and to interact with the end-users to address life-cycle requirements. However, ensuring the building actors to engage in an integrated collaboration to generate sustainable design solutions that meet the life-cycle performance expectations is still difficult. These actors are contracted through a traditional procurement method. Their tasks are specific, their involvement is rather short-term in a certain project phase, their responsibilities and liabilities are limited, and there is no tangible incentive for integrated collaboration.From the current progress of both projects, it can be observed that the type and structure of BIM relies heavily on the choice for BIM software applications. Revit Architecture and Revit Structure by Autodesk are selected based on the argument that it has been widely used internationally and it is compatible with AutoCAD, a widely known product of the same software manufacturer. The compatibility with AutoCAD is a key consideration at MMC since the drawings of the existing buildings were created with this application. These 2D drawings were then used as the basis to generate a 3D model with the BIM software application. The architectural model generated with Revit Architecture and the structural model generated by Revit Structure can be linked directly. In case of a change in the architectural model, a message will be sent to the structural engineer. He can then adjust the structural model, or propose a change in return to the architect, so that the structural model is always consistent with the architectural one.Despite the attempt of the design team to agree on using the same software application, the MEP consultant is still not capable to use Revit; and therefore, a conversion of the model from and to Revit is still required. Another weakness of this “closed approach”, which is dependent to the use of the same software applications, may appear in the near future when the project further progresses into the construction phase. If the contractor uses another software application, considerable extra work will be needed to make the model creted during the design phase to be compatible for use in the construction phase.。

毕业设计论文翻译（译文+原文）

Hacking tricks toward security on network environments Tzer-Shyong Chen1, Fuh-Gwo Jeng 2, and Yu-Chia Liu 11 Department of Information Management, Tunghai University, Taiwan2 Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chiayi University, TaiwanE-Mail:****************.edu.twAbstractMounting popularity of the Internet has led to the birth of Instant Messaging, an up-and-coming form of Internet communication. Instant Messaging is very popular with businesses and individuals since it has instant communication ability. As a result, Internet security has become a pressing and important topic for discussion. Therefore, in recent years, a lot of attention has been drawn towards Internet security and the various attacks carried out by hackers over the Internet. People today often handle affairs via the Internet. For instance, instead of the conventional letter, they communicate with others by e-mails; they chat with friends through an instant messenger; find information by browsing websites instead of going to the library; perform e-commerce transactions through the Internet, etc. Although the convenience of the Internet makes our life easier, it is also a threat to Internet security. For instance, a business email intercepted during its transmission may let slip business confidentiality; file transfers via instant messengers may also be intercepted, and then implanted with backdoor malwares; conversations via instant messengers could be eavesdropped. Furthermore, ID and password theft may lose us money when using Internet bank service. Attackers on the Internet use hacking tricks to damage systems while users are connected to the Internet. These threats along with possible careless disclosure of business information make Instant Messaging a very unsafe method of communication for businesses. The paper divides hacking tricks into three categories: (1) Trojan programs that share files via instant messenger. (2) Phishing or fraud via e-mails. (3) Fake Websites. Keywords:Hacking tricks, Trojan programs, Phishing, Firewall, Intrusion detection system.1. IntroductionIncreasingly more people are using instant messengers such as MSN Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger, ICQ, etc as the media of communication. These instant messengers transmit alphanumeric message as well as permit file sharing. During transfer, a file may be intercepted by a hacker and implanted with backdoor malware. Moreover, the e-mails users receive every day may include Spam, advertisements, and fraudulent mail intended to trick uninformed users. Fake websites too are prevalent. Websites which we often visit could be counterfeited by imitating the interface and the URL of the original, tricking users. The paper classifies hacking tricks into three categories which are explained in the following sections.2. Hacking TricksThe paper divides hacking tricks into three categories: (1) Trojan programs that share files via instant messenger. (2) Phishing (3) Fake Websites.2.1 Trojan programs that share files via instant messengerInstant messaging allows file-sharing on a computer [9]. All present popular instant messengers have file sharing abilities, or allow users to have the above functionality by installing patches or plug-ins; this is also a major threat to present information security. These communication softwares also makeit difficult for existing hack prevention methods to prevent and control information security. Therefore, we shall discuss how to control the flow of instant messages and how to identify dangerous user behavior.Hackers use instant communication capability to plant Trojan program into an unsuspected program; the planted program is a kind of remotely controlled hacking tool that can conceal itself and is unauthorized. The Trojan program is unknowingly executed, controlling the infected computer; it can read, delete, move and execute any file on the computer. The advantages of a hacker replacing remotely installed backdoor Trojan programs [1] with instant messengers to access files are:When the victim gets online, the hacker will be informed. Thus, a hacker can track and access the infected computer, and incessantly steal user information.A hacker need not open a new port to perform transmissions; he can perform his operations through the already opened instant messenger port.Even if a computer uses dynamic IP addresses, its screen name doesn’t change.Certain Trojan programs are designed especially for instant messengers. These Trojans can change group settings and share all files on the hard disk of the infected computer. They can also destroy or modify data, causing data disarray. This kind of program allows a hacker access to all files on an infected computer, and thus poses a great threat to users. The Trojan program takes up a large amount of the resources of the computer causing it to become very slow and often crashes without a reason.Trojan programs that access a user computer through an instant messenger are probably harder to detect than classic Trojan horse programs. Although classic Trojan intrudes a computer by opening a listening or outgoing port which is used to connect toa remote computer, a desktop firewall can effectively block such Trojans. Alternatively, since it is very difficult for the server’s firewall to spot intrusion by controlling an instant messenger’s flow, it is extremely susceptible to intrusion.Present Trojan programs have already successfully implemented instant messengers. Some Trojan programs are Backdoor Trojan, AIMVision, and Backdoor. Sparta.C. Backdoor Trojans use ICQ pager to send messages to its writer. AIMVision steals AIM related information stored in the Windows registry, enabling a hacker to setup an AIM user id. Backdoor. Sparta.C uses ICQ to communicate with its writer and opens a port on an infected host and send its IP Address to the hacker, and at the same time attempts to terminate the antivirus program or firewall of the host.2.1.1 Hijacking and ImpersonationThere are various ways through which a hacker can impersonate other users [7]. The most commonly used method is eavesdropping on unsuspecting users to retrieve user accounts, passwords and other user related information.The theft of user account number and related information is a very serious problem in any instant messenger. For instance, a hacker after stealing a user’s information impersonate the user; the user’s contacts not knowing that the user’s account has been hacked believe that the person they’re talking to is the user, and are persuaded to execute certain programs or reveal confidential information. Hence, theft of user identity not only endangers a user but also surrounding users. Guarding against Internet security problems is presently the focus of future research; because without good protection, a computer can be easily attacked, causing major losses.Hackers wishing to obtain user accounts may do so with the help of Trojans designed to steal passwords. If an instant messenger client stores his/her password on his/her computer, then a hacker can send a Trojan program to the unsuspecting user. When the user executes the program, the program shall search for the user’s password and send it to the hacker. There are several ways through which a Trojan program can send messages back to the hacker. The methods include instant messenger, IRC, e-mails, etc.Current four most popular instant messengers are AIM, Yahoo! Messenger, ICQ, and MSN Messenger, none of which encrypts its flow. Therefore, a hackercan use a man-in-the-middle attack to hijack a connection, then impersonate the hijacked user and participate in a chat-session. Although difficult, a hacker can use the man-in-the-middle attack to hijack the connection entirely. For example, a user may receive an offline message that resembles that sent by the server, but this message could have been sent by the hacker. All at once, the user could also get disconnected to the server. Furthermore, hackers may also use a Denial of Service (DoS) tool or other unrelated exploits to break the user’s connection. However, the server keeps the connection open, and does not know that the user has been disconnected; thus allowing the hacker to impersonate the user. Moreover, since the data flow is unencrypted and unauthenticated, a hacker can use man-in-the-middle attacks that are similar to that of ARP fraud to achieve its purpose.2.1.2 Denial of Service (DoS)There are many ways through which a hacker can launch a denial of service (DoS) attack [2] on an instant messenger user. A Partial DoS attack will cause a user end to hang, or use up a large portion of CPU resources causing the system to become unstable.Another commonly seen attack is the flooding of messages to a particular user. Most instant messengers allow the blocking of a particular user to prevent flood attacks. However, a hacker can use tools that allow him to log in using several different identities at the same time, or automatically create a large number of new user ids, thus enabling a flood attack. Once a flood attack begins, even if the user realizes that his/her computer has been infected, the computer will not be able to respond. Thus, the problem cannot be solved by putting a hacker’s user id on the ignore list of your instant messenger.A DoS attack on an instant messenger client is only a common hacking tool. The difficulty of taking precautions against it could turn this hacking tool into dangerous DoS type attacks. Moreover, some hacking tools do not just cause an instant messenger client to hang, but also cause the user end to consume large amount of CPU time, causing the computer to crash.2.1.3 Information DisclosureRetrieving system information through instant messenger users is currently the most commonly used hacking tool [4]. It can effortlessly collect user network information like, current IP, port, etc. IP address retriever is an example. IP address retrievers can be used to many purposes; for instance, a Trojan when integrated with an IP address retriever allows a hacker to receive all information related to the infected computer’s IP address as soon as the infected computer connects to the internet. Therefore, even if the user uses a dynamic IP address, hackers can still retrieve the IP address.IP address retrievers and other similar tools can also be used by hackers to send data and Trojans to unsuspecting users. Hackers may also persuade unsuspecting users to execute files through social engineering or other unrelated exploits. These files when executed search for information on the user’s computer and sends them back to the hacker through the instant messenger network.Different Trojan programs were designed for different instant messaging clients. For example, with a user accounts and password stealing Trojans a hacker can have full control of the account once the user logs out. The hacker can thus perform various tasks like changing the password and sending the Trojan program to all of the user’s contacts.Moreover, Trojans is not the only way through which a hacker can cause information disclosure. Since data sent through instant messengers are unencrypted, hackers can sniff and monitor entire instant messaging transmissions. Suppose an employee of an enterprise sends confidential information of the enterprise through the instant messenger; a hacker monitoring the instant messaging session can retrieve the data sent by the enterprise employee. Thus, we must face up to the severity of the problem.2.2 PhishingThe word “Phishing” first appeared in 1996. It is a variant of ‘fishing’, and formed by replacing the ‘f’ in ‘fishing’ with ‘ph’ from phone. It means tricking users of their money through e-mails.Based on the statistics of the Internet Crime Complaint Center, loss due to internet scam was as high as $1.256 million USD in 2004. The Internet Crime Complaint Center has listed the above Nigerian internet scam as one of the ten major internet scams.Based on the latest report of Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) [8], there has been a 28% growth of Phishing scams in the past 4 months, mostly in the US and in Asia. Through social engineering and Trojans, it is very difficult for a common user to detect the infection.To avoid exploitation of your compassion, the following should be noted:(1)When you need to enter confidentialinformation, first make sure that theinformation is entered via an entirely secureand official webpage. There are two ways todetermine the security of the webpage:a.The address displayed on the browserbegins with https://, and not http://. Payattention to if the letter ‘s’ exists.b.There is a security lock sign on the lowerright corner of the webpage, and whenyour mouse points to the sign, a securitycertification sign shall appear.(2)Consider installing a browser security softwarelike SpoofStick which can detect fake websites.(3)If you suspect the received e-mail is a Phishinge-mail, do not open attachments attached to theemail. Opening an unknown attachment couldinstall malicious programs onto your computer.(4)Do not click on links attached to your emails. Itis always safer to visit the website through theofficial link or to first confirm the authenticityof the link. Never follow or click on suspiciouslinks in an e-mail. It is advisable to enter theURL at the address bar of the web browser,and not follow the given link.Generally speaking, Phishing [3] [5] is a method that exploits people’s sympathy in the form of aid-seeking e-mails; the e-mail act as bait. These e-mails usually request their readers to visit a link that seemingly links to some charitable organization’s website; but in truth links the readers to a website that will install a Trojan program into the reader’s computer. Therefore, users should not forward unauthenticated charity mails, or click on unfamiliar links in an e-mail. Sometimes, the link could be a very familiar link or an often frequented website, but still, it would be safer if you’d type in the address yourself so as to avoid being linked to a fraudulent website. Phisher deludes people by using similar e-mails mailed by well-known enterprises or banks; these e-mails often asks users to provide personal information, or result in losing their personal rights; they usually contain a counterfeit URL which links to a website where the users can fillin the required information. People are often trapped by phishing due to inattentionBesides, you must also be careful when using a search engine to search for donations and charitable organizations.2.3 Fake WebsitesFake bank websites stealing account numbers and passwords have become increasingly common with the growth of online financial transactions. Hence, when using online banking, we should take precautions like using a secure encrypted customer’s certificate, surf the net following the correct procedure, etc.There are countless kinds of phishing baits, for instance, messages that say data expired, data invalid, please update data, or identity verification intended to steal account ID and matching password. This typeof online scam is difficult for users to identify. As scam methods become finer, e-mails and forged websites created by the impostor resemble their original, and tremendous losses arise from the illegal transactions.The following are methods commonly used by fake websites. First, the scammers create a similar website homepage; then they send out e-mails withenticing messages to attract visitors. They may also use fake links to link internet surfers to their website. Next, the fake website tricks the visitors into entering their personal information, credit card information or online banking account number and passwords. After obtaining a user’s information, the scammers can use the information to drain the bank accounts, shop online or create fake credit cards and other similar crimes. Usually, there will be a quick search option on these fake websites, luring users to enter their account number and password. When a user enters their account number and password, the website will respond with a message stating that the server is under maintenance. Hence, we must observe the following when using online banking:(1)Observe the correct procedure for entering abanking website. Do not use links resultingfrom searches or links on other websites.(2)Online banking certifications are currently themost effective security safeguard measure. (3)Do not easily trust e-mails, phone calls, andshort messages, etc. that asks for your accountnumber and passwords.Phishers often impost a well-known enterprise while sending their e-mails, by changing the sender’s e-mail address to that of the well known enterprise, in order to gain people’s trust. The ‘From’ column of an e-mail is set by the mail software and can be easily changed by the web administrator. Then, the Phisher creates a fake information input website, and send out e-mails containing a link to this fake website to lure e-mail recipients into visiting his fake website.Most Phishers create imitations of well known enterprises websites to lure users into using their fake websites. Even so, a user can easily notice that the URL of the website they’re entering has no relation to the intended enterprise. Hence, Phishers may use different methods to impersonate enterprises and other people. A commonly used method is hiding the URL. This can easily be done with the help of JavaScript.Another way is to exploit the loopholes in an internet browser, for instance, displaying a fake URL in the browser’s address bar. The security loophole causing the address bar of a browser to display a fake URL is a commonly used trick and has often been used in the past. For example, an e-mail in HTML format may hold the URL of a website of a well-known enterprise, but in reality, the link connects to a fake website.The key to successfully use a URL similar to that of the intended website is to trick the visual senses. For example, the sender’s address could be disguised as that of Nikkei BP, and the link set to http://www.nikeibp.co.jp/ which has one k less than the correct URL which is http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/. The two URLs look very similar, and the difference barely noticeable. Hence people are easily tricked into clicking the link.Besides the above, there are many more scams that exploit the trickery of visual senses. Therefore, you should not easily trust the given sender’s name and a website’s appearance. Never click on unfamiliar and suspicious URLs on a webpage. Also, never enter personal information into a website without careful scrutiny.3. ConclusionsBusiness strategy is the most effective form of defense and also the easiest to carry out. Therefore, they should be the first line of defense, and not last. First, determine if instant messaging is essential in the business; then weigh its pros and cons. Rules and norms must be set on user ends if it is decided that the business cannot do without instant messaging functionality. The end server should be able to support functions like centralized logging and encryption. If not, then strict rules must be drawn, and carried out by the users. Especially, business discussions must not be done over an instant messenger.The paper categorized hacking tricks into three categories: (1) Trojan programs that share files via instant messenger. (2) Phishing (3) Fake Websites. Hacking tricks when successfully carried out could cause considerable loss and damage to users. The first category of hacking tricks can be divided into three types: (1) Hijacking and Impersonation; (2) Denial of Service; (3) Information Disclosure.Acknowledgement:This work was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan, under contract No. NSC 95-2221-E-029-024.References[1] B. Schneier, “The trojan horse race,”Communications of ACM, Vol. 42, 1999, pp.128.[2] C. L. Schuba, “Analysis of a denial of serviceattack on TCP,” IEEE Security and PrivacyConference, 1997, pp. 208-223.[3] E. Schultz, “Phishing is becoming moresophisticated,” Computer and Security, Vol.24(3), 2005, pp. 184-185.[4]G. Miklau, D. Suciu, “A formal analysis ofinformation disclosure in data exchange,”International Conference on Management ofData, 2004, pp. 575-586.[5]J. Hoyle, “'Phishing' for trouble,” Journal ofthe American Detal Association, Vol. 134(9),2003, pp. 1182-1182.[6]J. Scambray, S. McClure, G. Kurtz, Hackingexposed: network security secrets and solutions,McGraw-Hill, 2001.[7]T. Tsuji and A. Shimizu, “An impersonationattack on one-time password authenticationprotocol OSPA,” to appear in IEICE Trans.Commun, Vol. E86-B, No.7, 2003.[8]Anti-Phishing Working Group,.[9]/region/tw/enterprise/article/icq_threat.html.有关网络环境安全的黑客技术摘要：现在人们往往通过互联网处理事务。

毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。

译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。

J。

Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。

1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。

Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：计算机专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：沈俊男学号： 060601239外文出处： E. Jimenez-Ruiz,R. Berlanga. The Management(用外文写)and Integration of Biomedical[M/OL].Castellon：Spanish Ministry of Education andScience project,2004[2005-09098]./ftp/cs/papers/0609/0609144.pdf附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文管理和集成的生物医学知识:应用于Health-e-Child项目摘要：这个Health-e-Child项目的目的是为欧洲儿科学发展集成保健平台。

为了实现一个关于儿童健康的综合观点,一个复杂的生物医学数据、信息和知识的整合是必需的。

本体论将用于正式定义这个领域的专业知识，将塑造医学知识管理系统的基础。

文中介绍了一种对生物医学知识的垂直整合的新颖的方法。

该方法将会主要使临床医生中心化，并使定义本体碎片成为可能，连接这些碎片（语义桥接器），丰富了本体碎片（观点）。

这个策略为规格和捕获的碎片，桥接器和观点概述了初步的例子证明从医院数据库、生物医学本体、生物医学公共数据库的生物医学信息的征收。

关键词：垂直的知识集成、近似查询、本体观点、语义桥接器1．1 医学数据集成问题数据来源的集成已经在数据库社区成为传统的研究课题。

一个综合数据库系统主要的目标是允许用户均匀的访问一个分布和一个异构数据库。

数据集成的关键因素是定义一个全局性的模式，但是值得指出的是，我们必须区分三种全局模式：数据库模式、概念模式和域本体模式。

首先介绍了数据类型的信息存储、本地查询；其二，概括了这些图式采用更富有表达力的数据模型，如统一建模语言(UML)（TAMBIS和SEMEDA都遵循这个模式)。

_毕业设计外文文献及翻译_

_毕业设计外文文献及翻译_Graduation Thesis Foreign Literature Review and Chinese Translation1. Title: "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society"Abstract:人工智能对社会的影响摘要：人工智能技术的快速发展引发了关于其对社会影响的讨论。

本文探讨了人工智能正在重塑不同行业（包括医疗保健、交通运输和教育）的各种方式。

还讨论了AI实施的潜在益处和挑战，以及伦理考量。

总体而言，本文旨在提供对人工智能对社会影响的全面概述。

2. Title: "The Future of Work: Automation and Job Displacement"Abstract:With the rise of automation technologies, there is growing concern about the potential displacement of workers in various industries. This paper examines the trends in automation and its impact on jobs, as well as the implications for workforce development and retraining programs. The ethical and social implications of automation are also discussed, along with potential strategies for mitigating job displacement effects.工作的未来：自动化和失业摘要：随着自动化技术的兴起，人们越来越担心各行业工人可能被替代的问题。

毕业设计英文翻译中英文对照版

Feasibility assessment of a leading-edge-flutter wind power generator前缘颤振风力发电机的可行性评估Luca Caracoglia卢卡卡拉克格里亚Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 400 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington A venue, Boston, MA 02115, USA美国东北大学土木与环境工程斯内尔工程中心400，亨廷顿大道360，波士顿02115This study addresses the preliminary technical feasibility assessment of a mechanical apparatus for conversion of wind energy. 这项研究涉及的是风能转换的机械设备的初步技术可行性评估。

The proposed device, designated as ‘‘leading-edge-fl utter wind power generator’’, employs aeroelastic dynamic instability of a blade airfoil, torsionally rotating about its leading edge. 这种被推荐的定义为“前缘颤振风力发电机”的设备，采用的气动弹性动态不稳定叶片翼型，通过尖端旋转产生扭矩。

Although the exploitation of aeroelastic phenomena has been proposed by the research community for energy harvesting, this apparatus is compact, simple and marginally susceptible to turbulence and wake effects.虽然气动弹性现象的开发已经有研究界提出可以通过能量采集。

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文

本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：油气资源学院专业班级：物探0502指导教师：完成日期：年月日地震驱动评价与发展：以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码：1099——1108出版日期：NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位：PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术，在玻利维亚冲积盆地，我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。

通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。

这些方法包括盆地模拟，联井及地震叠前同时反演，岩石性质及地震属性解释，A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴，光谱分解。

联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。

迄今为止，在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。

基质和区域地质。

Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部，部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。

许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现，目前正在生产。

另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争，如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。

最近发现气田就是这种情况。

接下来，我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。

图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。

基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。

地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。

该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上，该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开（图1），圈闭类型是上盘背斜，它存在于连续冲断层上，Aguja有两个主要结构：Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。

毕业设计外文文献翻译

毕业设计外文文献翻译Graduation Design Foreign Literature Translation (700 words) Title: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Job Market Introduction:Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize various industries and job markets. With advancements in technologies such as machine learning and natural language processing, AI has become capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans. This has raised concerns about the future of jobs and the impact AI will have on the job market. This literature review aims to explore the implications of AI on employment and job opportunities.AI in the Workplace:AI technologies are increasingly being integrated into the workplace, with the aim of automating routine and repetitive tasks. For example, automated chatbots are being used to handle customer service queries, while machine learning algorithms are being employed to analyze large data sets. This has resulted in increased efficiency and productivity in many industries. However, it has also led to concerns about job displacement and unemployment.Job Displacement:The rise of AI has raised concerns about job displacement, as AI technologies are becoming increasingly capable of performing tasks previously done by humans. For example, automated machines can now perform complex surgeries with greaterprecision than human surgeons. This has led to fears that certain jobs will become obsolete, leading to unemployment for those who were previously employed in these industries.New Job Opportunities:While AI might potentially replace certain jobs, it also creates new job opportunities. As AI technologies continue to evolve, there will be a greater demand for individuals with technical skills in AI development and programming. Additionally, jobs that require human interaction and emotional intelligence, such as social work or counseling, may become even more in demand, as they cannot be easily automated.Job Transformation:Another potential impact of AI on the job market is job transformation. AI technologies can augment human abilities rather than replacing them entirely. For example, AI-powered tools can assist professionals in making decisions, augmenting their expertise and productivity. This may result in changes in job roles and the need for individuals to adapt their skills to work alongside AI technologies.Conclusion:The impact of AI on the job market is still being studied and debated. While AI has the potential to automate certain tasks and potentially lead to job displacement, it also presents opportunities for new jobs and job transformation. It is essential for individuals and organizations to adapt and acquire the necessary skills to navigate these changes in order to stay competitive in the evolvingjob market. Further research is needed to fully understand the implications of AI on employment and job opportunities.。

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文1

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Transit Route Network Design Problem:Review文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2007.1院（部）：xxx专业：xxx班级：xxx姓名：xxx学号：xxx指导教师：xxx翻译日期：xxx外文文献：Transit Route Network Design Problem:Review Abstract:Efficient design of public transportation networks has attracted much interest in the transport literature and practice,with manymodels and approaches for formulating the associated transit route network design problem _TRNDP_having been developed.The presentpaper systematically presents and reviews research on the TRNDP based on the three distinctive parts of the TRNDP setup:designobjectives,operating environment parameters and solution approach.IntroductionPublic transportation is largely considered as a viable option for sustainable transportation in urban areas,offering advantages such as mobility enhancement,traffic congestion and air pollution reduction,and energy conservation while still preserving social equity considerations. Nevertheless,in the past decades,factors such as socioeconomic growth,the need for personalized mobility,the increase in private vehicle ownership and urban sprawl have led to a shift towards private vehicles and a decrease in public transportation’s share in daily commuting (Sinha2003;TRB2001;EMTA2004;ECMT2002;Pucher et al.2007).Efforts for encouraging public transportation use focuses on improving provided services such as line capacity,service frequency,coverage,reliability,comfort and service quality which are among the most important parameters for an efficient public transportation system(Sinha2003;Vuchic2004.) In this context,planning and designing a cost and service efficientpublic transportation network is necessary for improving its competitiveness and market share. The problem that formally describes the design of such a public transportation network is referred to as the transit route network design problem(TRNDP);it focuses on the optimization of a number of objectives representing the efficiency of public transportation networks under operational and resource constraints such as the number and length of public transportation routes, allowable service frequencies,and number of available buses(Chakroborty2003;Fan and Machemehl2006a,b).The practical importance of designing public transportation networks has attractedconsiderable interest in the research community which has developed a variety of approaches and modelsfor the TRNDP including different levels of design detail and complexity as well as interesting algorithmic innovations.In thispaper we offer a structured review of approaches for the TRNDP;researchers will obtain a basis for evaluating existing research and identifying future research paths for further improving TRNDP models.Moreover,practitioners will acquire a detailed presentation of both the process and potential tools for automating the design of public transportation networks,their characteristics,capabilities,and strengths.Design of Public Transportation NetworksNetwork design is an important part of the public transportation operational planning process_Ceder2001_.It includes the design of route layouts and the determination of associated operational characteristics such as frequencies,rolling stock types,and so on As noted by Ceder and Wilson_1986_,network design elements are part of the overall operational planning process for public transportation networks;the process includes five steps:_1_design of routes;_2_ setting frequencies;_3_developing timetables;_4_scheduling buses;and_5_scheduling drivers. Route layout design is guided by passenger flows:routes are established to provide direct or indirect connection between locations and areas that generate and attract demand for transit travel, such as residential and activity related centers_Levinson1992_.For example,passenger flows between a central business district_CBD_and suburbs dictate the design of radial routes while demand for trips between different neighborhoods may lead to the selection of a circular route connecting them.Anticipated service coverage,transfers,desirable route shapes,and available resources usually determine the structure of the route network.Route shapes areusually constrained by their length and directness_route directness implies that route shapes are as straight as possible between connected points_,the usage of given roads,and the overlapping with other transit routes.The desirable outcome is a set of routesconnecting locations within a service area,conforming to given design criteria.For each route, frequencies and bus types are the operational characteristics typically determined through design. Calculations are based on expected passenger volumes along routes that are estimated empirically or by applying transit assignmenttechniques,under frequency requirement constraints_minimum and maximum allowedfrequencies guaranteeing safety and tolerable waiting times,respectively_,desired load factors, fleet size,and availability.These steps as well as the overall design.process have been largely based upon practical guidelines,the expert judgment of transit planners,and operators experience_Baaj and Mahmassani1991_.Two handbooks by Black _1995_and Vuchic_2004_outline frameworks to be followed by planners when designing a public transportation network that include:_1_establishing the objectives for the network;_2_ defining the operational environment of the network_road structure,demand patterns,and characteristics_;_3_developing;and_4_evaluating alternative public transportation networks.Despite the extensive use of practical guidelines and experience for designing transit networks,researchers have argued that empirical rules may not be sufficient for designing an efficient transit network and improvements may lead to better quality and more efficient services. For example,Fan and Machemehl_2004_noted that researchers and practitioners have been realizing that systematic and integrated approaches are essential for designing economically and operationally efficient transit networks.A systematic design process implies clear and consistent steps and associated techniques for designing a public transportation network,which is the scope of the TRNDP.TRNDP:OverviewResearch has extensively examined the TRNDP since the late1960s.In1979,Newell discussed previous research on the optimal design of bus routes and Hasselström_1981_ analyzed relevant studies and identified the major features of the TRNDP as demand characteristics,objective functions,constraints,passengerbehavior,solution techniques,and computational time for solving the problem.An extensive review of existing work on transit network design was provided by Chua_1984_who reported five types of transit system planning:_1_manual;_2_marketanalysis;_3_systems analysis;_4_systems analysis with interactive graphics;and_5_ mathematical optimization approach.Axhausemm and Smith_1984_analyzed existing heuristic algorithms for formulating the TRNDP in Europe,tested them,anddiscussed their potential implementation in the United States.Ceder and Wilson_1986_reportedprior work on the TRNDP and distinguished studies into those that deal with idealized networks and to those that focus on actual routes,suggesting that the main features of the TRNDP include demand characteristics,objectivesand constraints,and solution methods.At the same period,Van Nes et al._1988_grouped TRNDP models into six categories:_1_ analytical models for relating parameters of the public transportation system;_2_models determining the links to be used for public transportation route construction;_3_models determining routes only;_4_models assigning frequencies to a set of routes;_5_two-stage models for constructing routes and then assigning frequencies;and_6_models for simultaneously determining routes and frequencies.Spacovic et al._1994_and Spacovic and Schonfeld_1994_proposed a matrix organization and classified each study according to design parameters examined,objectives anticipated,network geometry,and demand characteristics. Ceder and Israeli_1997_suggested broad categorizations for TRNDP models into passenger flow simulation and mathematical programming models.Russo_1998_adopted the same categorization and noted that mathematical programming models guarantee optimal transit network design but sacrifice the level of detail in passenger representation and design parameters, while simulation models address passenger behavior but use heuristic procedures obtaining a TRNDP solution.Ceder_2001_enhanced his earlier categorization by classifying TRNDP models into simulation,ideal network,and mathematical programming models.Finally,in a recent series of studies,Fan and Machemehl_2004,2006a,b_divided TRNDP approaches into practical approaches,analytical optimization models for idealized conditions,and metaheuristic procedures for practical problems.The TRNDP is an optimization problem where objectives are defined,its constraints are determined,and a methodology is selected and validated for obtaining an optimal solution.The TRNDP is described by the objectives of the public transportation network service to be achieved, the operational characteristics and environment under which the network will operate,and the methodological approach for obtaining the optimal network design.Based on this description of the TRNDP,we propose a three-layer structure for organizing TRNDP approaches_Objectives, Parameters,and Methodology_.Each layer includes one or more items that characterize each study.The“Objectives”layer incorporates the goals set when designing a public transportation system such as the minimization of the costs of the system or the maximization of the quality of services provided.The“Parameters”layer describes the operating environment and includes both the design variables expected to be derived for the transit network_route layouts,frequencies_as well as environmental and operational parameters affecting and constraining that network_for example,allowable frequencies,desired load factors,fleet availability,demand characteristics and patterns,and so on_.Finally,the“Methodology”layer covers the logical–mathematical framework and algorithmic tools necessary to formulate and solve the TRNDP.The proposed structure follows the basic concepts toward setting up a TRNDP:deciding upon the objectives, selecting the transit network items and characteristics to be designed,setting the necessary constraints for the operating environment,and formulating and solving the problem. TRNDP:ObjectivesPublic transportation serves a very important social role while attempting to do this at the lowest possible operating cost.Objectives for designing daily operations of a public transportation system should encompass both angles.The literature suggests that most studies actually focus on both the service and economic efficiency when designing such a system. Practical goals for the TRNDP can be briefly summarized as follows_Fielding1987;van Oudheudsen et al.1987;Black1995_:_1_user benefit maximization;_2_operator cost minimization;_3_total welfare maximization;_4_capacity maximization;_5_energy conservation—protection of the environment;and_6_individual parameter optimization.Mandl_1980_indicated that public transportation systems have different objectives to meet. He commented,“even a single objective problem is difficult to attack”_p.401_.Often,these objectives are controversial since cutbacks in operating costs may require reductions in the quality of services.Van Nes and Bovy_2000_pointed out that selected objectives influence the attractiveness and performance of a public transportation network.According to Ceder and Wilson_1986_,minimization of generalized cost or time or maximization of consumer surplus were the most common objectives selected when developing transit network design models. Berechman_1993_agreed that maximization of total welfare is the most suitable objective for designing a public transportation system while Van Nes and Bovy_2000_argued that the minimization of total user and system costs seem the most suit able and less complicatedobjective_compared to total welfare_,while profit maximization leads to nonattractive public transportation networks.As can be seen in Table1,most studies seek to optimize total welfare,which incorporates benefits to the user and to the er benefits may include travel,access and waiting cost minimization,minimization of transfers,and maximization of coverage,while benefits for the system are maximum utilization and quality of service,minimization of operating costs, maximization of profits,and minimization of the fleet size used.Most commonly,total welfare is represented by the minimization of user and system costs.Some studies address specific objectives from the user,theoperator,or the environmental perspective.Passenger convenience,the number of transfers, profit and capacity maximization,travel time minimization,and fuel consumption minimization are such objectives.These studies either attempt to simplify the complex objective functions needed to setup the TRNDP_Newell1979;Baaj and Mahmassani1991;Chakroborty and Dwivedi2002_,or investigate specific aspects of the problem,such as objectives_Delle Site and Fillipi2001_,and the solution methodology_Zhao and Zeng2006;Yu and Yang2006_.Total welfare is,in a sense,a compromise between objectives.Moreover,as reported by some researchers such as Baaj and Mahmassani_1991_,Bielli et al._2002_,Chackroborty and Dwivedi_2002_,and Chakroborty_2003_,transit network design is inherently a multiobjective problem.Multiobjective models for solving the TRNDP have been based on the calculation of indicators representing different objectives for the problem at hand,both from the user and operator perspectives,such as travel and waiting times_user_,and capacity and operating costs _operator_.In their multiobjective model for the TRNDP,Baaj and Majmassani_1991_relied on the planner’s judgment and experience for selecting the optimal public transportation network,based on a set of indicators.In contrast,Bielli et al._2002_and Chakroborty and Dwivedi_2002_,combined indicators into an overall,weighted sum value, which served as the criterion for determining the optimaltransit network.TRNDP:ParametersThere are multiple characteristics and design attributes to consider for a realistic representation of a public transportation network.These form the parameters for the TRNDP.Part of these parameters is the problem set of decision variables that define its layout and operational characteristics_frequencies,vehicle size,etc._.Another set of design parameters represent the operating environment_network structure,demand characters,and patterns_, operational strategies and rules,and available resources for the public transportation network. These form the constraints needed to formulate the TRNDP and are,a-priori fixed,decided upon or assumed.Decision VariablesMost common decision variables for the TRNDP are the routes and frequencies of the public transportation network_Table1_.Simplified early studies derived optimal route spacing between predetermined parallel or radial routes,along with optimal frequencies per route_Holroyd1967; Byrne and Vuchic1972;Byrne1975,1976;Kocur and Hendrickson1982;Vaughan1986_,while later models dealt with the development of optimal route layouts and frequency determination. Other studies,additionally,considered fares_Kocur and Hendrickson1982;Morlok and Viton 1984;Chang and Schonfeld1991;Chien and Spacovic2001_,zones_Tsao and Schonfeld1983; Chang and Schonfeld1993a_,stop locations_Black1979;Spacovic and Schonfeld1994; Spacovic et al.1994;Van Nes2003;Yu and Yang2006_and bus types_Delle Site and Filippi 2001_.Network StructureSome early studies focused on the design of systems in simplified radial_Byrne1975;Black 1979;Vaughan1986_,or rectangular grid road networks_Hurdle1973;Byrne and Vuchic1972; Tsao and Schonfeld1984_.However,most approaches since the1980s were either applied to realistic,irregular grid networks or the network structure was of no importance for the proposed model and therefore not specified at all.Demand PatternsDemand patterns describe the nature of the flows of passengers expected to be accommodated by the public transportation network and therefore dictate its structure.For example,transit trips from a number of origins_for example,stops in a neighborhood_to a single destination_such as a bus terminal in the CBD of a city_and vice-versa,are characterized as many-to-one_or one-tomany_transit demand patterns.These patterns are typically encountered in public transportation systems connecting CBDs with suburbs and imply a structure of radial orparallel routes ending at a single point;models for patterns of that type have been proposed by Byrne and Vuchic_1972_,Salzborn_1972_,Byrne_1975,1976_,Kocur and Hendrickson _1982_,Morlok and Viton_1984_,Chang and Schonfeld_1991,1993a_,Spacovic and Schonfeld_1994_,Spacovic et al._1994_,Van Nes_2003_,and Chien et al._2003_.On the other hand,many-to-many demand patterns correspond to flows between multiple origins and destinations within an urban area,suggesting that the public transportation network is expected to connect various points in an area.Demand CharacteristicsDemand can be characterized either as“fixed”_or“inelastic”_or“elastic”;the later meaning that demand is affected by the performance and services provided by the public transportation network.Lee and Vuchic_2005_distinguished between two types of elastic demand:_1_demand per mode affected by transportation services,with total demand for travel kept constant;and_2_total demand for travel varying as a result of the performance of the transportation system and its modes.Fan and Machemehl_2006b_noted that the complexity of the TRNDP has led researchers intoassuming fixed demand,despite its inherent elastic nature.However,since the early1980s, studies included aspects of elastic demand in modeling the TRNDP_Hasselstrom1981;Kocur and Hendrickson1982_.Van Nes et al._1988_applied a simultaneous distribution-modal split model based on transit deterrence for estimatingdemand for public transportation.In a series of studies,Chang and Schonfeld_1991,1993a,b_ and Spacovic et al._1994_estimated demand as a direct function of travel times and fares with respect to their elasticities,while Chien and Spacovic2001_,followed the same approach assuming that demand is additionally affected by headways,route spacing and fares.Finally, studies by Leblanc_1988_,Imam_1998_,Cipriani et al._2005_,Lee and Vuchic_2005_;and Fan and Machemehl_2006a_based demand estimation on mode choice models for estimating transit demand as a function of total demand for travel.中文译文：公交路线网络设计问题：回顾摘要：公共交通网络的有效设计让交通理论与实践成为众人关注的焦点，随之发展出了很多规划相关公交路线网络设计问题（TRNDP）的模型与方法。

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附件1：外文资料翻译译文包装对食品发展的影响一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。

食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。

食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。

味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。

其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。

食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。

越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。

这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。

保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。

保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。

延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。

包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。

包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。

消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。

标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。

食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。

这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。

在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包揭开（百货配送研究所，IGD）。

对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。

没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。

现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。

近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。

例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。

自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。

媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添加剂和食品污染事故已警示消费者，这些事件都是故意的，恶意篡改的，和在生产过程意外发生的。

然而，许多消费者都没有充分认识到包装在维护食品安全和质量过程中的重要作用。

明显更改之后的包装迅速推出，不仅为了保护消费者，而且为了品牌的一个效果，一直是许多预包装食品。

另一个影响一直激励消费者注重保质保鲜、最小加工和对产品的原产地（OECD）的标准给予更多的关注。

消费者直接通过他们的购买方式和它们所产生的包装废弃物对环境的影响。

消费者购买包装作为产品的一部分，包装的重量，多年来，所包含的产品，相对下降。

然而，消费模式产生了更大容量的包装，由于人口结构的变化和生活方式的变化，这些情况使得包装体积，而不是包装的重量，正成为吸引公众关注的关键。

此外，朝预包装食品和食品包装服务的发展趋势，增加了塑料包装废弃物进入固体废物流的金额。

零售商和制造商所使用的营销策略之一，是对环境的兼容性。

然而，消费者往往混淆或发现它很难界定什么是对环境负责的或友好的包装。

正是这种缺乏明确的含义，至今无法利用，以使零售商和包装公司获得竞争优势。

消费者需要明确的信息来指导他们的行动，使大多数的人差异化。

包装链的各部门负责解释的职能和自身包装的好处，厂家销售好的包装，他们的客户，产品的厂家，但这一特定的信息到达最终顾客相对较少。

包装在现代快速消费品零售上的发展，反过来成了促使以满足其需求的演变的关键。

最重要的发展为食品包装行业已出现大型零售集团。

这些群体产生巨大的影响和控制生产什么，如何介绍产品和它们是如何分配商店的。

大型零售商处理的包装食品杂货市场的主要份额对食品生产厂家相关的包装供应商施加相当大的影响。

因此，重要的包装供应商充分了解市场需求和快速响应变化。

此外，买方力量集中在零售层面是指制造商可能需要修改它们的分布和包装业务反应的结构变化的零售。

论包装多种食品零售环境可考虑其在品牌竞争和零售物流中的作用。

在食品销售流通中一个重要的关键，一个品牌的成功，或仅仅是生存在一个高度竞争的市场，包装起着至关重要的作用。

包装设计创新存在于一线之间的竞争品牌的主要零售商和产品制造商，已在近年来推动巨大的零售增长，行业激烈的竞争和日益苛刻和复杂的消费者。

在个人品牌/产品的基础上，成功取决于产品制造商的快速创新的反应的主要趋势。

一个最有效的回应方式是通过独特的包装，这已经成为一个品牌成功关键因素。

零售商自有品牌产品与制造商的品牌在几乎每一个产品类别竞争激烈。

品牌差异化可以提高创新的包装设计，赋予审美和/或功能属性。

包装在预测零售商的形象，赢得竞争优势方面起着重要的支撑作用。

一般零售商自己的品牌形象的目的是积极的消息，如高品质的，健康的饮食，新鲜，环保意识还是物有所值的整体。

例如，零售商是热衷于环保意识，推动部分为可生物降解、可堆肥包装成长的利基市场，他们正在使用它作为与客户的沟通点。

包装与广告是密切相关的，但它远远超过了广告，重点是因为它每天在家里和在零售货架上向消费者介绍产品。

商品显示，目前用一个有吸引力的或有趣的方式和媒体广告与包装的形象一致的包装设计也有利于促进品牌。

品牌的拥有者是经常负责采购操作，促销活动的关键是通过利用有效的包装，存在多种返还优惠的方式，如免费额外的产品，退返现金，特别版，新的改进产品，铝箔新鲜包装。

零售商的忠诚卡计划使用条码扫描信息购买和销售决策，对其产生了很大的影响。

他们的任务是更好地利用这一信息消费行为为目的，并建立品牌忠诚度。

零售商还可以使用此信息来评估新的包装设计有效性，返还促销和新产品销售。

包装的作用在多个零售物流配送和店内商品有严格的限制。

零售商是接受包装，降低经营成本，增加存货周转率，转化为吸引力商品显示器 - 如预组装或易于装配显示 - 满足物流服务水平（可靠性，响应速度和产品的可用性）。

例如，联合运输销售点包装节省商店劳动力通过更快货架载荷，从而避免需要使用有潜在危险的不安全的切割工具，提供方便的机会，并减少了污染源的可能。

总经销成本影响，通过对价格的影响（麦金农，1989）的需求总量。

对于一些快速移动商品型产品，如巴氏杀菌奶，分销及零售商品成本产品总成本占高达50％或更多的销售价格通常是一个相当大的比例。

包装材料和容器还增加了成本而设计出最佳包装系统可以大大降低在零售连锁配送的成本。

发展全球食品供应链意味着，许多生产点位置远离消费点，往往导致配送成本较高。

通过改善供应链运作效率，进行分销成本控制是一个零售商竞争优势关键。

零售商必须最大限度地发挥在分销渠道（西，1989年）的运作效率。

分配目标是以最少的成本为客户提供必要的服务水平，最具成本效益后勤包装标识变得更加重要。

配送成本领域，包括仓储，库存，运输，管理包装；仓储，库存，运输和储存劳动是零售商的主要成本区而运输，仓储包装食品制造商主要成本区。

多种零售食品供应链效率依赖于零售商，食品生产商和包装供应商之间密切沟通。

它还依赖于准确的订单预测可能的市场需求。

信息技术大规模投资，使更紧密的供应链的整合，并通过电子数据交换（EDI），确保股票上刚刚在实时（JIT）的基础上移动商店，出售届满前条形码是一个代码，使全行业的零售产品单位鉴定通过一个独特的参考号码，主要应用在零售结帐电子销售系统（EPOS）。

小学，中学和大专院校包装使用鉴定的条形码，使有效的分配管理和库存控制。

附件2：外文原文FOOD PACKING TECHNOLOGYPackaging is critical to a consumer’s first impression of a product, communi- cating desirability, acceptability, healthy eating image etc. Food is available in a wide range of product and pack combinations that convey their own processed image perception to the consumer e.g. freshly packed/prepared, chilled, frozen, ultra-heat treated (UHT) aseptic, in-can sterilised and dried products.One of the most important quality attributes of food, affecting human sen- sory perception, is its flavour, i.e. taste and smell. Flavour can be significantlydegraded by processing and/or extended storage. Other quality attributes that may also be affected include colour, texture and nutritional content. The quality of a food depends not only on the quality of raw ingredients, additives, methods of processing and packaging, but also on distribution and storage conditions encountered during its expected shelf life. Increasing competition amongst food producers, retailers and packaging suppliers; and quality audits of suppliers have resulted in significant improvements in food quality as well as a dramatic increase in the choice of packaged food. These improvements have also been aided by tighter temperature control in the cold chain and a more discerning consumer.One definition of shelf life is: the time during which a combination of food processing and packaging can maintain satisfactory eating quality under the particular system by which the food is distributed in the containers and the conditions at the point of sale. Shelf life can be used as a marketing tool for promoting the concept of freshness. Extended or long shelf life products also provide the consumer and/or retailer with the time convenience of pro duct use as well as a reduced risk of food wastage. The subject of Packaged product q u a l i t y a n d s h e l f l i f e i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n C h a p t e r 3.Packaging provides the consumer with important information about the product and, in many cases, use of the pack and/or product. These include facts such as weight,volu me, ingred ients,the manufac turer’s details, nutritional value, cooking and opening instructions. In addition to legal guidelines on the minimum size of lettering and numbers, there are definitions for the various types of product. Consumers are seeking more detailed nformation about products and, at the same time, many labels have become multilingual. Legibility of labels is an issue for the visually impaired and this is likely to become more important with an increasingly elderly population..A major driver of food choice and packaging innovation is the consumer demand for convenience. There are many convenience attributes offered by modern packaging. These include ease of access and opening, dispos al and handling, product visibility, resealability, microwaveability, prolonged shelflife etc. Demographic trends in the age profile of the UK and other advanced economies reveal a declining birth rate and rapid growth of a relatively afflu- ent elderly population. They, along with a more demanding young consumer, will require and expect improved pack functionality, such as ease of pack o p e n i n g(T h e I n s t i t u t e o f G r o c e r y D i s t r i b u t i o n,I G D).There is a high cost to supplying and servicing the retailer’s shel f. Failure to stock a sufficient variety of product or replenish stock in time, especially for staple foods such as fresh milk, can lead to customer dissatisfaction and defection to a competitor’s store, where product availability is assured. Mod- ern distribution and packaging systems allow consumers to buy food when and where they want them. Consumer choice has expanded dramatically in recent years. In the UK, for example, between the 1960s and 1990s the number of product lines in the average supermarket rose from around 2000 to over 18 000. . Since the 1970s, food health and safety have become increasingly major concerns and drivers of food choices. Media attention has alerted consumers to a range of issues such as the use of chemical additives and food contamination incidents. These incidents have been both deliberate, by malicious tampering, and accidental, occurring during the production process. However, many consumers are not fully aware of the importance of packaging in maintaining food safety and quality. One effect has been the rapid introduction of tamper evident closures for many pre-packaged foods in order to not only protect the consumer but also the brand. Another impact has been to motivate consumers to give more attention to the criteria of freshness/shelf life, minimum processing and the products oringin..Consumers ha ve dire ct environ mental imp act through the wa y the y purchase and the packaging waste they generate. Consumers purchase packaging as part of the product and, over the years, the weight of packaging has declined relative to that of the product contained. However, consumption patterns have generated larger volumes of packaging due to changing demo- graphics and lifestyles. It is the volume of packaging rather than the weightof packaging that is attracting critical public attention. In addition, the trend toward increased pre-packaged foods and food service packaging has increased the amount of plastics packaging waste entering the solid waste stream. Packaging has been a key to the evolution of modern fast-moving consu goods retailing that in turn has spurred on packaging developments to meet its requirements. The most significant development for the food packaging supply industries has been the emergence of large retail groups. These groups exert enormous influence and control over what is produced, how products are pre- sented and how they are distributed to stores. The large retailers handle a major share of the packaged grocery market and exert considerable influence on food manufacturers and associated packaging suppliers. It is, therefore, import ant for packaging suppliers to be fully aware of market demand and respond quickly to changes. In addition, the concentration of buyer power at the retail level means that manufacturers may have to modify their distribution and p a c k a g i n g o p e r a t io n s i n r e s p o n s e to s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s i n r e ta i l i n g.Packaging for fast-moving consumer goods (f.m.c.g.) has been referred to as part of the food retail marketing mix and thus closely affects all th e other marketing variables i.e. product, price, promotion, and place (Nickels & Jolsen,The discussion on packaging in the multiple food retail environment may be considered in terms of its role in brand competition and retail logistics. The role of packaging in brand competition.Packaging plays a vital role infood marketing representing a significant key to a brand’s success or mere sur- vival in a highly competitive marketplace. Packaging innovation and design are in the front line of competition between the brands of both major retailers and product manufacturers, having been driven in recent years by dramatic retail growth, intense industry competition and an increasingly demanding and sophisticated consumer. On an individual product/brand bas is, success is dependent on the product manufacturer’s rapid innovative response to major trends. One of the most effective ways to respond is through distinctive pack-aging, and this has become one key factor in the success of a brand. The retail- ers’ own brand products compete intensely with manufacturers’ brands in virtually every product category. Brand differentiation can be enhanced by drive the growing n i c h e m a r k e t f o r b i o d e g r a d a b l e a n d c o m p o s t a b l e p a c k a g i n g. The y a re us ing it as a poin t of co mmuni cation with th eir cus to me rs.Packaging is closely linked to advertising but it is far more focused than advertising because it presents the product to the consumer daily in the home and on the retail shelf. Merchandising displays that present the pack desi gn in an attractive or interesting way and media advertising consistent with the pack’s image also serve to promote the brand. The brand owner is frequently responsible for the merchandising operation. A key to promotional activities is through effective use of packaging and there exist many kinds of on-pack promotions such as free extra product, money-off, special edition, new improved Bar code scanning information linked to the use of retailers’ loyalty card schemes has made a big impact on buying and marketing decision-making by retailers. Their task is to make better use of this information on con- sumer behaviour for promotional purposes and to build store brand loyalty. Retailers can also use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of new pack designs, on-pack promotions and the sales appeal of new products. The role of packaging in multiple retail logistics.There are tight constraintson physical distribution and in-store merchandising. The retailer is receptive to packaging that reduces operating costs, increases inventory turnover, trans- forms to attractive merchandising displays –such as pre-assembled or easy- to-assemble aisle displays –and satisfies logistics service levels (reliability, responsiveness and product availability). For example, combined transit and point-of-sale packaging saves store labour through faster shelf loading, pro- vides ease of access to product thereby obviating the need to use potentially dangerous unsafe cutting t ools, and presents an opportunity for source reduce.The total distribution cost affects the total volume of demand through itsinfluence on price (McKinnon, 1989). For some fast-moving commodity type products, such as pasteurised milk, the cost of distrib ution and retail mer- chandising is usually a sizeable proportion of total product cost representing up to 50 per cent or more of the sales price. The cost of packaging materials and containers also adds slightly to the cost but design of the optimal packaging system can significantly reduce cost in the retail distribution chain. The development of global food supply chains has meant that many points of production have located further away from the points of consump- t i o n,o f t e n r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n c o s t.Controlling distribution cost through improved operational efficiency in the supply chain is a key to competitive advantage for a retailer. The retailer must maximise operational efficiency in the distribution channel (West, 1989). The goal of distribution is to deliver the requisite level of service to customers at the least cost. The identification of the most cost-effective logistical packaging is becoming more crucial. Cost areas in distribution include storage, inventory, transport, administration and packaging. Storage, inventory, transport and store labour are major cost areas for the retailer while transport, storage and p a c k a g i n g a r e t h e m a i n c o s t a r e a s f o r t h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r e r.The efficiency of the multiple retail food supply chain relies on close com- munication between retailers, food manufacturers and packaging suppliers. It also relies on accurate order forecasting of likely demand. Massive investment in information technology has enabled closer integration of the supply chain and, through electronic data interchange (EDI), has ensured that stock moves to stores on a just-in-time (JIT) basis, and is sold well before the expiry date. The bar code is a code that allows the industry-wide identification of retail product units by means of a unique reference number, the major application being the electronic point of sale (EPoS) system at the retail checkout. The use of the bar code for identification of primary, secondary and tertiary packaging h a s e n a b l e d e f f i c i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n m a n a g e m e n t a n d s t o c k c o n t r o l.。