研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson11课后习题答案
(新编研究生英语系列教程)研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版课件及课后答案lesson 10
② 在欧共体内，农业现在处于转折点。 Now farming is at a crossroads in the European Community.
2. Study in the same place. Once you have located a good place to study, try to study in this place regularly. You will find that you will become familiar with the surroundings and will begin to form associations between the place and the activity you perform there. Eventually, as soon as you enter the room or sit down at the desk, you will begin to feel as though you should study.
② 这所房子附带有5亩空地。 Five acres of land go with the house.
4. Stick to a routine, efficient study schedule. Studying at the same time each day will help you fall into the habit of studying more easily.
5. Do not study where you are too comfortable. If you study sitting in a lounge chair or lying across your bed, you may find it difficult to concentrate.
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二lesson课后习题答案学习教案
business, education, fashion, politics, law, lifestyles,
what you intend to accomplish during that session and
about how much time it will take.
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2. Vary your reading. It is easy to tire of reading about
to become restless or feel a need to do something.
Activities such as highlighting, underlining, making marginal notes, or writing summary outlines provide
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*at onehand; available 近在手边；随时可供应用， 立即可以得到
① 他手头有自己所需要的所有信息。 He has all the information he needs at his fingertips.
and check what you have done. )
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Lesson 5
Reading Selection A
Science and Technology
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研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)
02
03
04
01
Course outline
Unit 4: Critical Thinking and Analysis
Identifying the author's purpose and perspective
Evaluating the credibility and reliability of the source
Graduate English Reading Course (Basic Level 2 Edi
目录
CONTENTS
introduction English reading skills English article types English reading comprehension exercises English Reading Practice English Reading Assessment and Feedback
Comprehend complex sentences
Improve reading speed
Regular practice of reading English texts can help improve reading speed and comprehension.
Speed reading techniques
Expository text
Argumentative essay is a genre that is designed to persuade or convince the reader of a particular point of view or argument. It typically includes a clear position statement, evidence or reasons to support the position, and a conclusion that summarizes the argument. Argumentative essays are written in an assertive and forceful style. They use language that is precise and accurate, and they present evidence or reasons that are relevant and reliable. Argumentative essays are often found in editorials, opinion columns, political speeches, and other public forums. They are also used in academic contexts, such as term papers and research papers.
研究生英语读写译第二版1-7课练习参考答案和参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。
）各单元练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 divergeC1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzlingSPEAKING: Open.TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级第二版）1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individu als within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Y ear of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Y et many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” Mc Arthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Y et”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. T ranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Y et English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语读写译第二版1-7课练习参考答案和参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。
）各单元练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you havelearned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative 8 mirror 9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 divergeC1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzlingSPEAKING: Open.TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。
研究生英语读写译第二版1-7课练习参考答案和参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。
）各单元练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 divergeC1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzling SPEAKING: Open.TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。
《研究生英语》(第二版)练习答案及译文
研究生英语练习答案及译文Unit OneTextA Brief History of EnglishKey to ExercisesIV. Cloze: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. Fill each blank with a proper word.1.Firstly2. and3. whom4. but5. either1.number 7. no 8. rest 9. expanding 10. because Translation of the Text英语简史保罗罗伯茨想要掌握英语这门语言就必须了解英语的历史，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。
因为英语的历史漫长而复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。
英语的历史起源于公元600年之后，而对于公元600年之前的英语史前阶段我们只能揣测而无法证实。
公元前1000年左右，英语民族的祖先（盎格鲁-撒克逊人）生活在北欧森林之中，他们的语言属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语支。
这些盎格鲁-撒克逊人是如何迁移到英格兰的，对此我们知之甚少。
然而据我们所知，在很长一段时间内盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人一直在为巩固他们在英格兰的定居地而战。
他们与凯尔特人的战争持续了一百多年，直到英格兰境内的凯尔特人不是被杀，就是被迫流亡到威尔士或沦为奴隶。
这就是亚瑟王时期。
亚瑟王不完全是一个传说人物，他是个受过罗马文明影响的凯尔特人，是一位将领，或许不是一位国王。
他也曾打败过盎格鲁-撒克逊人，但只是一时的胜利。
到了公元550年前后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人才最终定居下来。
英语从此来到了英格兰。
我们习惯上把英语的历史分为三个阶段：古英语，中世纪英语和现代英语。
古英语从最早的历史记载即公元七世纪到大约1100年；中世纪英语从1100年到1450或1500年；现代英语从1500年至今。
现代英语也可以再分为早期现代英语（1500年到1700年）和后期现代英语（1700年至今）。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson10课后习题答案
As a general guide, then, read the following items:
The Title. The title often announces the subject of the material and provides clues about the author’s approach or attitude toward the subject.
Hale Waihona Puke 3. In an experiment described as flabbergasting, scientists shone a bright light on the backs of human knees and, in some mysterious way, reset the biological master clock in the human brain. Those treated with the light had their body clocks advanced or delayed by up to three hours, enough to overcome the fatigue associated with familiar forms of jet lag or insomnia. The finding, which is described in the most recent issue of the journal Science, is so surprising that many experts are withholding judgment until the experiment is duplicated later this year. But those who heard the study was carried out by Dr. Scott Campbell and Dr. Patricia Murphy, both at the Laboratory of Human Chronobiology at Cornell University.
研究生英语阅读教程(课后翻译部分答案)
LESSON 11.因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语,康沃尔语,诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡.在这些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言.然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在.所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语.英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密切相关。
在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。
这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。
3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。
在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。
4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。
在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。
5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。
6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处，同时尽可能避免招来灾难。
LESSON 21.年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。
２.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。
他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)
READING COMPREHENSION TEST I(45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 points each)Directions: In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questions.Passage OneA study released last week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intended to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to be in full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.Erika Karres, an assistant education professor (associate professor) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: "Nowadays parents may make little of (ignore) their child's mistake by thinking ' he was cheating, but it's not like he's taking drugs' or ` she's pregnant.'As for teachers, Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to "press (report) the point". Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records, materials, and statements? And even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes. Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters (字符串) on the Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead) their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hook up, cheating is just a click away.Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and "commitment to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility".1. The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that _____.A. college authorities don't take cheating very seriouslyB. college teachers encourage their students to cheatC. cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the studentsD. scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges2. According to Erika Karres, parents _____.A. don't think of cheating as their children's behavioral mistakeB. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuseC. make little of their girls' being pregnantD. think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating3. Teachers close their eyes to cheating because _____.A. they think it doesn't help to have a meeting discussing cheating problemsB. they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidenceC. they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papersD. they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers4. Wide-awake teachers can find cheating by _____.A. comparing the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the InternetB. comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmatesC. learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the InternetD. checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers5. Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?A. College policies.B. Teachers' encouragement.C. Parents' negligence.D. The wide-spread use of computer.Passage TwoThe traditional final resting place for a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way -- in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer, "don't throw it in the trash", said Michele Glaze, a Dell spokeswoman. "That's not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment." At the Dell Exchange Website people have four options:They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle them for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder.HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling -- U. S. $ 13~34 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities -- steel, aluminum, copper and plastic -- at shredders the company has in Tennessee.The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's computer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know because he often strips old computers down to their composite parts."The beauty of the Mac is it's easy to decide which wounded soldiers on a battlefield need to be operated on first," he said.6. The new computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because _____.A. the old computers have blocked our way at home or in officeB. the new programs will save our space at home or in officeC. the useful computer components will not be thrown awayD. the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollution7. Computer companies collect old computers made by _____.A. their own companiesB. other computer companiesC. computer makers in the U. S.D. any computer makers8. One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that _____.A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipmentB. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old partsC. the company has to transport the returned equipment to TennesseeD. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic9. Which of the following donation will reach the schools?A. Donations of all the second-hand computers.B. Used computers which can run current systems.C. Donations of old operating systems.D. New computer cases.10. By saying "The beauty of be operated on first" (in the last paragraph) Lorin Evans means “_____.”.A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apartB. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repairedC. it is easy to know where to put the very old computersD. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose ofPassage ThreeCrowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world __ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29, 028 ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve "firsts", rather than simply climb the mountain. This year's crop of summiteers included the oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers who thought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.11. What is important to climbers on Mount Everest?A. Watching the weather.B. Making a final dash.C. Psychological adjustment.D. Group management.12. More accidents have happened in recent years due to _____.A. bad geographical conditionsB. carelessness of the climbersC. overcrowdingD. snowstorms13. Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to showA. their courageB. their diversityC. their great achievementsD. their common motivation14. The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is _____.A. indifferentB. welcomingC. worriedD. concerned15. An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to _____.A. overcrowdingB. political reasonsC. the returning of the climbersD. the lack of crowd-control measurePassage FourAmericans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors -- and will only work within a given culture.Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the "you to you" approach, as distinguished from the Western "I to you" approach. The difference is this: in "1 to you", each side presents his arguments forthrightly from his own point of view -- he states what he wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.The "you to you" approach practiced in Japan is based on each side -- automatically and often unconsciously -- trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.A second characteristic is based on "consensus M-4tit) opinion". In Japan great consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies.To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group -- whether it is family, company, or Government -- to act as a unit.Another characteristic is "bottom-up direction" of management. When I use the term "bottom-up" , I am referring to a style of management -- perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western style decision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.16. What does the author think of the differences between the Japanese and western style in decision-making?A. Both of them are very complex.B. They are greatly affected by each other.C. Neither of them is superior to the other.D. They often go into confrontations.17. In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually _____.A. present their ideas from their own point of viewB. listen passively during the discussionC. come into conflict with one anotherD. consider other people's ideas18. In the West, a decision in an organization can be made when _____.A. a consensus is reachedB. there is a lot of discussionC. the workers are consultedD. the top have their ideas19. The expression "keeping your finger on the pulse of the public" (in bold, in Paragraph 8) has the closest meaning with _____.A. knowing the opinion of the publicB. presenting the opinion of the publicC. judging the opinion of the publicD. imposing an opinion on the public20. This passage was most probably written by a _____.A. historianB. politicianC. sociologistD. businessmanPassage FiveProbably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or another can be classified as "liberal economists". Liberal in this instance refers to their willingness to intervene in the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal economists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even "extremely objectionable".Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no fault of their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physically or mentally handicapped) may not have the ability to participate in the economic system. Others, however, perhaps because they are extremely lucky or because they have inherited wealth, may have not only the ability to participate in the system, but they may have the ability to direct the course of that system. Second, the free market does not and cannot handle spill-over effects or what are known as " externalities" . These are the third party effects which may occur as a result of an economic act. Will a firm willingly compensate its neighbors for the pollutants it pours into the nearby lake? Will a truck driver willingly drive at 55 miles per hour and in the process reduce the highway accident rate? Liberal economists think not. These economists are therefore willing to have the government intervene in these and other similar cases.21. Unlike free market economists, liberal economists think that free market economy should be _____.A. respectedB. rejectedC. encouragedD. intervened22. In regard to a freely operating market, liberal economists are mainly concerned about itsA. efficiencyB. costsC. operationD. stability23. Liberal economists think that the rich benefit more from a free market because they _____.A. can participate in the government systemB. have a habit of spending moneyC. can determine the direction of economyD. have the ability to influence the consumers24. According to liberal economists, free market may result in _____.A. povertyB. unfairnessC. government inefficiencyD. social change25. The third party effects refer to the instances of _____.A. caring less about external consequencesB. the intervention of a third partyC. extreme economic actsD. the failure of market control。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
《研究生英语读写译教程》(第二版)练习参考答案及参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。
）各单元练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established实用文档dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.) VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 diverge实用文档C1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzling SPEAKING: Open.TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)
READING COMPREHENSION TEST I(45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 points each)Directions: In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questions.Passage OneA study released last week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intended to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to be in full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.Erika Karres, an assistant education professor (associate professor) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: "Nowadays parents may make little of (ignore) their child's mistake by thinking ' he was cheating, but it's not like he's taking drugs' or ` she's pregnant.'As for teachers, Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to "press (report) the point". Who has time to have a meeting after school with all the records, materials, and statements? And even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not take the time to change the order of test questions for their various classes. Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters (字符串) on the Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead) their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hook up, cheating is just a click away.Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and "commitment to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility".1. The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that _____.A. college authorities don't take cheating very seriouslyB. college teachers encourage their students to cheatC. cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the studentsD. scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges2. According to Erika Karres, parents _____.A. don't think of cheating as their children's behavioral mistakeB. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuseC. make little of their girls' being pregnantD. think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating3. Teachers close their eyes to cheating because _____.A. they think it doesn't help to have a meeting discussing cheating problemsB. they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidenceC. they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papersD. they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers4. Wide-awake teachers can find cheating by _____.A. comparing the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the InternetB. comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmatesC. learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the InternetD. checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers5. Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?A. College policies.B. Teachers' encouragement.C. Parents' negligence.D. The wide-spread use of computer.Passage TwoThe traditional final resting place for a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way -- in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launched or improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer, "don't throw it in the trash", said Michele Glaze, a Dell spokeswoman. "That's not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment." At the Dell Exchange Website people have four options:They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle them for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them to the highest bidder.HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling -- U. S. $ 13~34 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities -- steel, aluminum, copper and plastic -- at shredders the company has in Tennessee.The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's computer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know because he often strips old computers down to their composite parts."The beauty of the Mac is it's easy to decide which wounded soldiers on a battlefield need to be operated on first," he said.6. The new computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because _____.A. the old computers have blocked our way at home or in officeB. the new programs will save our space at home or in officeC. the useful computer components will not be thrown awayD. the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollution7. Computer companies collect old computers made by _____.A. their own companiesB. other computer companiesC. computer makers in the U. S.D. any computer makers8. One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that _____.A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipmentB. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old partsC. the company has to transport the returned equipment to TennesseeD. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic9. Which of the following donation will reach the schools?A. Donations of all the second-hand computers.B. Used computers which can run current systems.C. Donations of old operating systems.D. New computer cases.10. By saying "The beauty of be operated on first" (in the last paragraph) Lorin Evans means “_____.”.A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apartB. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repairedC. it is easy to know where to put the very old computersD. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose ofPassage ThreeCrowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world __ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29, 028 ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve "firsts", rather than simply climb the mountain. This year's crop of summiteers included the oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. An American with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers whothought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.11. What is important to climbers on Mount Everest?A. Watching the weather.B. Making a final dash.C. Psychological adjustment.D. Group management.12. More accidents have happened in recent years due to _____.A. bad geographical conditionsB. carelessness of the climbersC. overcrowdingD. snowstorms13. Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to showA. their courageB. their diversityC. their great achievementsD. their common motivation14. The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is _____.A. indifferentB. welcomingC. worriedD. concerned15. An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to _____.A. overcrowdingB. political reasonsC. the returning of the climbersD. the lack of crowd-control measurePassage FourAmericans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors -- and will only work within a given culture.Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the "you to you" approach, as distinguished from the Western "I to you" approach. The difference is this: in "1 to you", each side presents his arguments forthrightly from his own point of view -- he states what he wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.The "you to you" approach practiced in Japan is based on each side -- automatically and often unconsciously -- trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.A second characteristic is based on "consensus M-4tit) opinion". In Japan great consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies.To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group -- whether it is family, company, or Government -- to act as a unit.Another characteristic is "bottom-up direction" of management. When I use the term "bottom-up" , I am referring to a style of management -- perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western styledecision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.16. What does the author think of the differences between the Japanese and western style in decision-making?A. Both of them are very complex.B. They are greatly affected by each other.C. Neither of them is superior to the other.D. They often go into confrontations.17. In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually _____.A. present their ideas from their own point of viewB. listen passively during the discussionC. come into conflict with one anotherD. consider other people's ideas18. In the West, a decision in an organization can be made when _____.A. a consensus is reachedB. there is a lot of discussionC. the workers are consultedD. the top have their ideas19. The expression "keeping your finger on the pulse of the public" (in bold, in Paragraph 8) has the closest meaning with _____.A. knowing the opinion of the publicB. presenting the opinion of the publicC. judging the opinion of the publicD. imposing an opinion on the public20. This passage was most probably written by a _____.A. historianB. politicianC. sociologistD. businessmanPassage FiveProbably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or another can be classified as "liberal economists". Liberal in this instance refers to their willingness to intervene in the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal economists maintain that the freely operating market sometimes results in economic instability and inflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even "extremely objectionable".Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no fault of their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physically or mentally handicapped) may not have the ability to participate in the economic system. Others, however, perhaps because they are extremely lucky or because they have inherited wealth, may have not only the ability to participate in the system, but they may have the ability to direct the course of that system. Second, the free market does not and cannot handle spill-over effects or what are known as " externalities" . These are the third party effects which may occur as a result of an economic act. Will a firm willingly compensate its neighbors for the pollutants it pours into the nearby lake? Will a truck driver willingly drive at 55 miles per hour and in the process reduce the highway accident rate? Liberal economists think not.These economists are therefore willing to have the government intervene in these and other similar cases.21. Unlike free market economists, liberal economists think that free market economy should be _____.A. respectedB. rejectedC. encouragedD. intervened22. In regard to a freely operating market, liberal economists are mainly concerned about itsA. efficiencyB. costsC. operationD. stability23. Liberal economists think that the rich benefit more from a free market because they _____.A. can participate in the government systemB. have a habit of spending moneyC. can determine the direction of economyD. have the ability to influence the consumers24. According to liberal economists, free market may result in _____.A. povertyB. unfairnessC. government inefficiencyD. social change25. The third party effects refer to the instances of _____.A. caring less about external consequencesB. the intervention of a third partyC. extreme economic actsD. the failure of market control。
研究生英语阅读教程(第二版基础级)英语课后习题答案
Section A Guessing about Different OccupationsExercise 11. air hostess2. teacher3. dentists4.shop assistant5. tour guide6. salesman7. disc jockey8. traffic warden9. waiter 10. taxi driverExercise 21. airways, flight2. homework3. open up wide, filling, chipped4. larger size, fit, stock5. building, designed6. buys, products7. record, radio 8. yellow line, no-parking, traffic9. menu, chef 10. road, parkSection B Taking MessagesExercise 11. Meet Stacey at school at 4:30 .Stacey has told others.Bring volleyball and Stacey's money.2. Dinner with Tim on Thursday.Will meet at 7:00 instead of 6: 3 0.Will pick you up at your place.3. Dr White.Dental check-up.Thursday, 2 pm.Call if not convenient.4. Diane called.Ruth Lee needs a ride tomorrow.Can you take her?Call her 547-68925. Car ready next Tuesday.Car needed a lot of work.Replaced battery but still working on starter.Will cost around $ 350.You need new snow tires.Section C Leaving a MessageExercise 11. Petty.2. Jenny.3.4.Exercise 21. a hair-dryer2. ring3. the end of May4. shoeExercise 3 4.48 5 3 7 2 4 6 9 1Section D What's HappeningExercise 1A. 6B. 5C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 1Picture A: Yes, delicious, like to have some more.Picture B: Yes, good teacher.Picture C: Yes, great game. What a Play!Picture D: No, the service is so slow, expensive.Picture E: No, boring, terrible, bad.Picture F: No, awful, too crowded, too loud, terrible music.'Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. C3. A4. B5. D6. C7. B8. A9. C 10. CUnit TwoPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about the Situation and SpeakerExercise 11. football match2. law court3. church4. quiz show5. airport6. weather forecast7. car showroom8. driving lesson9. school 10. tour (of London) Exercise 21. football commentator2. judge3. priest4. TV presenter5. announcer6. weather forecaster7. car salesman8. driving instructor9. school principal 10. tour guide Section B Looking for a FlatExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. 34 New Street in Kanden2. $ 75 including gas and electricity3. one bedroom flat, central heating, small kitchen, bathroom, washing machine4. Mrs Green5. 4 o'clock this afternoonSection C Finding out the House RulesExercise 11. Landlord and tenant.2. The man is talking about house rules.3. She has agreed.Exercise 21. Don't allow the cat to go upstairs.2. No smoking in bedrooms.3. Don't stick pictures with sellotape on the wall.4. Close the window when you go out.5. Don't put the kettle on the chest of drawers.Section D Apartments for RentExercise 1Thomas Street University Avenue Taft Road Metcalf StreetExercise 21. Metcalf Street2. Thomas Street3. University Avenue4. Taft RoadPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. C4. B5. B6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. DPart I Listening PracticeSection A Listening for Specific. Information Exercise 11. Weight; 13 pounds2. A car; 6503. A cash-card; 89764. A fax; 593381; Code--4408655. A bank account; 609177186. A foreign exchange counter; 410 000 pesos; Exchange rate; 4 100 to 17. Weather; 83°F8. Waterloo; 1815Exercise 21. On a diet and doing a keep-fit class.2. Rusty, expensive.3. Yes.4. He'll contact him and talk about the new contract.5. Probably in a bank.6. For a holiday.7. Because Dave and Jane are there. 8. Quiz.Section B Describing Different People1. Sex: female Age: about 35 Height: about averageHair: long black Others: glasses, yellow flower2. Sex: male Age: an older man about seventyHeight: rather short, about five feet or five feet twoHair: grey, mustache Others: white flower in jacket3. Sex: female Age: quite young, about thirty.Height: really tall Hair: blond Others: carrying red flowers4. Sex: male Age: about forty-five Height: very tallHair: very long, dark Others: no flower; wearing a T-shirt saying "Bruce Springs Is the Boss!" Section C Taking a PhotoExercise 1A. 4B. 5C. 2D. 6E. 3F. 1Exercise 26 4 2 3 1 5 photos, coin, stool, dial, background, flashSection D Express Company1. Prepaid express bag servicemajor cities $ 10Buy a bag in advance.Call for a quick pick-up2. Same day serviceWithin the city $ 8They will go to you.3. Express road serviceAny townDepends on distance and weightFor larger packagesFor further details call: Tel: 33445656Ask: for the sales departmentPart III Listening Comprehension Test1.B2.D3.B4. B.5.B6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. CUnit FourPart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephoning about Jobs tonExercise 1Exercise 21. part-time, Saturday and Sunday, eight hours a day2. full-time, Tuesday through Sunday, from 5 to about 12. Pay is $3.35 an hour3. working nights; five or six days a week4. a weekend job; three evenings a week, hours are five to midnightSection B Talking about JobsExercise 1Diane--waitress Tracy—typist Gred--car salesman Joe--businessman Exercise 21. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6. F7. FSection C A Same Job or a New Job1. Liza new job2. Tom same job3. Brian new job4. Kay new job5. Janice new job Section D Interview about a JobAl Employment Agency1. Full Name: Jessica Richards2. Address: 33 Landseer Road, Newtown3. Tel: _______4. Date of Birth: March 19th, 19805. Education: Secondary6. Examinations passed: English, Chemistry, Maths, French, Physics, and Biology7. Interests (hobbies & sports): playing the piano, in a jazz band, water-skiing8. Experience? Previous posts: lab assistant9. Post or position required: lab assistant10. Any special requests: noPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. C5. D6. C7. A8. C9. A 10. BUnit FivePart I Listening PracticeSection A Gussing the MeaningExercise 11. a pair of trousers2. a return ticket3. a newspaper and mints/sweets4. ballet or theatre tickets5. drinks6. tickets for a coach trip7. haircut8. soup and fish9. a game of squash10. medicine for the throatExercise 21. in a clothes shop2. at the station3. at a newsagent's4. at a box-office5. at a pub6. in a travel agency7. at a barber's8. in a restaurant9. at a sports club 10. at a chemist'sSection B ShoppingExercise 1gold pen $ 135 bracelet $ 545 ring $ 1,259 watch $ 23.75 calculator $ 7.85 Exercise 21. watch2. ring3. pen4. bracelet5. They are too expensive for her. Section C Paying for the Things1. personal check2. credit card3. personal check4. cash5. traveler's check Section D Andrew's ComplaintEquipment: electric fanNo. : BE 42703-02 Size: medium Color: blue Made in/date: 1985Fault: It doesn't work.Purchaser: Andrew Emmett Address: 5 Rainbow Terrace West Old-Field SurreyPhone No.: 77480Part Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. C3. B4. D5. D6. D7. C8. C9. C 10. CUnit SixPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about TopicsExercise 11. garden2. vending-machine3. microwave oven4. computer/word-processor/video game5. clothes6. hifi /music system7. art8. concert9. tennis10. holidaysExercise 21. lawn, flower beds, fence2. button, cold water, hot chocolate3. food, be cooked in no time, electricity4. switch, disc, programme5. fit, tight, shrink, suit6. compact, speaker, cassette player7. modern, abstract, colors and forms 8. singer, guitars, drums, records9. player, backhand, score 10. tan, beach, hotel, campingSection B Plans for Weekend1. Pat2. Jill3. Mary4. Sam5. Ted6. JaneSection C Discussing Plans for the Weekend1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. BSection D Making ArrangementsExercise 1A. 2B.4C. 3D. 1Exercise 21. bring: records meet: bus stop2. bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at the river3. bring: white wine meet: at Pat's house4. bring: dessert--chocolate cake and soda meet: in front of his housePart III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9. D 10. BUnit SevenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Owning a CarExercise 1Reason for owning a car:1. allows a person to move around freely2. a comfortable way to travel3. safe at nightReasons against owning a car:1. very expensive2. cause worry and stressExercise 21. check a bus schedule, a train2. warm, dry, cold, wet3. walk down, a stop, dark corner4. maintain, repair5. urban, park .A6. on the street, get stolen, something elseSection B The Self Drive Car Hire CenterExercise 1July 7th, after 4 o'clock on the FridayBy 10 o'clock on the Monday￡29.25First 300 milesExercise 21. F2. F3. T4. F5. FSection C Car PoolExercise 11. In a car near New York.2. The main part of New York is Manhattan which is an island.3. At tunnels or bridges.4. In a car with only one person.5. Park their cars outside the city and pick up public transport.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. F8. TSection D Drunk DrivingExercise 11. A. 44 000 peopleB. drunk driversC. stricter laws2. a 30-year-old, CaliforniaA. 4 bottles of beerB. speedingC. ran through, crashed into3. A. justifiedB. too harshly, he had not planned the accidentC. not the first time he had been arrested for drunk drivingD. he had his driver's license suspended for 6 months his license has been revoked for life Exercise 21. Stricter laws have been passed.2. You will be considered a murderer.3. At the intersection.4. Five people.5. He was sentenced to 77 years in prison.Part Listening Comprehension Test1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. AUnit EightPart I Listening PracticeSection A Safari ParkExercise 1Exercise 21. They can pet the rabbits, sheep, and other animals.2. There are items from many parts of the world.3. They believe in taking care of the environment.4. It is both educational and interesting.5. Bats, owls and other animals.Section B Safari TourExercise 11. You mustn't get off the land-rover without permission.2. You must all stay close to the guide.3. You all have to sign these insurance declarations.4. You mustn't disturb the animals.Exercise 21. land-rover, could be attacked2. company regulation, sign3. disturb, wild, tame, zoos4. 50 miles, 805. insect repellent, drinking water, rolls of 35mm film, packed lunchSection C The Afternoon TourExercise 1The cathedral was built in 1241. It was designed by Hugo De-rash, a French, so it's in Norman style. You can see part of the wall, a small statue beside a fountain. It's in the market place and a regular Tuesday market is held. There is a flower market every two weeks on Saturdays in Summer. The worn statue represents Venus, and the water comes from the springs in the hills and is very clear.Exercise 21. 12412. Hugo Derash, France, brother3. Norman4. wall5. modern6. Venus, Goddess of Love7. flower, two8. Tuesday9. clear 10. springs in the hills Section D Julie's VacationExercise 11. urban holiday, camping2. Stanley park, aquarium, Grouse Mountain, museums, galleries3. ride over, deck, sat inside, read magazinesExercise 21. It's cold and miserable.2. It's much an elegant city with a lot of British influence.3. A pin with a tiny totem pole on it.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AListening Test One1. C2. A3. D4. C5. B6. B7. C8. D9. A 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B16. Three stages: marriage by capture; marriage by contract or purchase; marriage based on mutual love.17. It symbolizes the period when the bridegroom hid his captured bride until her kinsmen grew tired of searching for her.18. The "wed" was the money, horses, or cattle which the groom gave as security and as a pledge to prove his purchase of the bride from her father.19. Blue was the color of purity, love and fidelity.20. Bridesmaids remind us of the days when there had to be ten witnesses at the solemn marriage ceremony.Listening Test Two1. B2. B3. D4. C5. A6. D7. C8. B9. A 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. B16. Primitive.17. Measure progress of students, show what they are lacking.18. Selection and promotion.19. Test results lack validity and reliability; Teacher and students work for high marks instead of learning.20. Some Asian students with very high TOEFL marks turn out to be poor in their communication skills in the US.Unit NinePart I Listening PracticeSection A Stress and Your HealthExercise 1Person 1: I can't sleep.Person 2: I eat mostly snack foods.Person 3: I can't stop smoking, drink more beer.Person 4: I can't eat.Exercise 21. fatigue2. listlessness3. sleeping problems4. loss of appetite or stomach disorder5. heart palpitationsSection B Student StressExercise 11. pressure, parents, myself, academically, exactly, track record2. quarter system, beginning, end, middle, screw up, messed up, well ordered, perfect3. eleventh week, ten-week, half-week, exams4. cumulative, incorporate, different problemsExercise 21. quiet, nervous, distracted, around, music, C’s2. library3. desk, room, straight, awake, comfortable4. night, quietSection C Techniques for Managing Stress (1)Exercise 11. What we can do with stress?2. Four points:a. Recognition of stress and welcome it.b. Be thankful, an attitude of gratitude to life for life. 0c. To set my body in position to take whatever comes along and to utilize it properly.d. To maintain the hormonal system in a proper state of balance.3. Because a thankful attitude maintains the hormonal system in a proper state of balance so that we are able to take whatever action necessary in a constructive way.Exercise 21. to become aware of potentially stressful situations and avoid them2. to reduce our workload and organize the work in a better way3. to get the proper rest and exercise4. to find a balance between work and playSection D Techniques for Managing Stress (2)Exercise 11. She can't lower her workload right now.2. Visualization or meditation, more positive outlook, mentally planning your day's activities in a less stressful way.3. How to deal with the stress.4. A sport called crew to achieve physical and mental balance.5. Do the emotions have a great deal to do with the disease and healing process?6. Dr Norman Cousins laughed himself back to health.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5.F6. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. D4. A5. B 6B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. CUnit TenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal HeroesExercise 1Dr Martin Luther Kingwon the Nobel Peace Prizeagainst racismwas peacefulMother Teresa of Calcuttahelped poor peoplewon the Nobel Peace Prizehelped sick peoplewas peacefulNavajo Code-Talkerssoldiersare well-known by native American peopleExercise 21. racism, discrimination, peaceful, guts2. send, receive messages, language, figured out3. poorest, Calcutta, India, feed, take care of,Section B Akio Morita (Mr Sony)Exercise 11. In Nagoya, Japan.2. A rice drink called sake.3. A very small radio.4. Walkman.5. Because of the high quality.6. In 1963.7. Mr Sony.Exercise 21. 1 22. 1 23. 2 14. 2 1Section C Discovery of Sigmund Freud (1)Exercise 11. hypnosis T2. long talks with patients3. study of dreams in order to learn the cause of mental and emotional problemsExercise 2young Greek man, sat by pool, looked down and saw his face in water, so pleased by his beautiful face, sat long, grew roots, became flower narcissusExercise 31. a. at birth, first, themselvesb. emotions, pass, there are other people around them2. a. warmth, security, loveb. attention, love, warmthSection D Discovery of Sigmund Freud (2)Exercise 1as a child, separated from parents; as an adult, killed his father, married his own mother without knowing, put out his eyes to punish himselfExercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. T7. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. D3. A4. A5. A6. C7. D8. B9. B 10. DUnit ElevenPart I Listening PracticeExercise 2Section A Premonitions of the Sinking of the TitanicExercise 11. take the form of dreams or visions strong feelings, ideas, or guesses that come into people's minds for no apparent reason2. in the early morning of April 15, 1912 Titanic struck an iceberg and sank 150220 cases of premonitions3. FutilityFiction: Titan1898sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsFact: TitanicApril 15, 1912sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsExercise 21. a passenger on the doomed ship, over 20 years earlier2. nine people, in which a ship like the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank3. Two clairvoyants4. Several other people, something would go wrong5. would-be passengers, they canceled their tickets at the last minuteSection B The Titanic and the Andrea DoriaExercise 1Similarities:1. Both ships were transatlantic ocean liners.2. They were both luxury liners.3. As each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of villainy.4. Both of these ships were considered "unsinkableDifferences:Titanic1. on her maiden voyage across the Atlantic2. struck an iceberg and sank3. not equipped with radar, only a lookout4. more than 1 500 people died, over 700 survivedAndrea Doria1. on her 101st transatlantic crossing2. collided with another ship and sank3. had radar to warn of the approach of another ship4. 60 people died, about 1 650 were savedExercise 21. I can infer it.2. I heard it.3. I can infer it.4. I cannot infer it.5. I heard it.6. I cannot infer it.Section C Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (1)Exercise 1Reason 1: We had far better save what few we had in my boat. ReasonReason 2: Our boat would be swamped by the crowds that were there..Reason 3: The whole crowd in my boat discouraged me to do that.Reason 4: They said it was rather a mad idea.Exercise 21 100 people, 700 people, 1 000 people, freezing, a few hundred yards, refused to return and try to save, in charge of, tied his lifeboat to another lifeboat, 60 more peopleSection D Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (2)Exercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. Smith is a senator and Pitman is a survivor of the Titanic disaster, who is in charge of a lifeboat.2. Not clearly told, but we know there was room for 60 more people in the two boats.3. The whole crowd in Pitman's lifeboat.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. A5. C6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AUnit TwelvePart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephone NumbersExercise 11. 3423-6070 3052. 911-1144 2163. 623-4030 3134. 505-6653 5045.610-1214 6176. 632-1010 2027. 211-4579 2128. 397-4231 6029. 974-0012 21510. 864-3079 206Exercise 21. 3132. 2023. 305-342-60704. student's numberSection B Telephone Quiz Exercise 110, 9, 1, 4, 6,2, 7, 8, 5, 3Exercise 21. The number you have dialed has been temporarily disconnected and is no longer in service.2. You can dial that direct.3. Please have her call me back at 654-9234.4. I have a collect call from Sue. Will you accept the charges?5. She isn't here right now. Can I take a message?6. What number did you dial?7. This number is unlisted.8. I'll connect your call. Please hold.9. This is a recording.10. There is no one here by that name.Section C Making ArrangementsSection D Telephone Use in BusinessExercise 11. True2. True3. False4. False5. FalseExercise 21. facial expressions2. gestures3. appearances4. what5. how6. manners7. the third ring8. pick up9. identify 10. put a customer on hold 11.45 seconds 12. personality 13. warmth 14. eagerness 15. voice16. mumble 17. tone of voice 18. minimum 19. hearing 20. commandPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. So that their customers may call them long distance free of charge.2. Dial 0, and ask the operator for the 800-number operator who can help you.3. sell products and services.4. charging very high rates, encouraging unauthorized callers to call.5. Ask your local phone company to block access to 900 numbers from your phone.Talk 21. Cell phone etiquette.2. Inappropriate use of the cell phone is widespread.3. Ten feet.4. Because the cell phone can be distracting or disruptive to others.5. it may interfere with the signals or other sensitive equipment.Unit ThirteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal ComputingExercise 1Interview 1 Interview 2Name John Steele Enrique VargasOccupation computer consultant studentType of PC used IBM PC Apple MacintoshReasons for choice1) knows them well 1) easier to use2) exchanges information with other users 2) GUI--lick on icons /no typing in commands3) a lot of software available 3) windows easier to set upExercise 2choose clone easiermouse standard iconscommands set upused toSection B Portable ComputersExercise 11. palmtop2. notebook3. clipboard4. laptop5. desktopSection C Computers in EducationExercise 11. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. FExercise 21. √2. X (you should check that there is good applications software available)3. X (not two factors but three factors, the third being the size of your budget)4. √5. X (the ideal is one computer per student and all computers linked by a local area network)6. X (free access = unlimited access)Section D Computer Security1. The network system isn't very secure.2. A modem.3. What people do with them, e. g. put passwords on scraps of paper on their computer terminals, use their own names or a partner's name, which makes life easy for a hacker.4. It shows a constantly changing number. It is safe as long as you don't leave the card lying around. j5. Steve seems to know a lot.Part IQ Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. Because his company changed the way the world perceived the computer and its role in society.2. 557 million.3. technology.4. technology could be made available to everyone.5. technology could be used to better people's lives and as a tool for creativity.Talk 21. It refers to the idea of marketing a product over the Internet.2. A website.3. it can save time and money.4. a broader market and lower overheads.5. Cybershoppers.Unit FourteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Radio AnnouncementsExercise 11. Event: Midweek Lecture on American HistoryDays: WednesdayTime: 7:00 p.m.Price: FreePlace: Johnson Hall2. Event: Modern Jazz Concert'sDays: Friday & Saturday.Time: 9:00 p.m.Price: $10Place: the New World Night Club3. Event: Houston International Film FestivalDays: Monday to SundayTime: 11:00 a. m.--10 p.m.Price: $ 2.50 eachPlace: the Academy of Arts4. Event: Independence Day FireworksDays: Saturday, July 4Time: 8:30 p. m.Price: FreePlace: City ParkSee the above.Section B Weather ReportExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 2The following statements are true: 5, 7, 8, 10.Section C Family QuizExercise 11. D2.B3.A4.BExercise 2 (omitted) the way ;oddSection D Taking Time OffExercise 1Sentences 3 and 6 are not on the tape.Exercise 2thirteen, took time off, on several continentsdevelop his body and strength, learn interesting thingsby himself, encourage others to make a similar tripPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. conversational skills.2. Language in Focus.3. fluency.4. The most useful expressions, structures and word combinations used in the workplace today.5. eltradio@bbc. co. uk.Talk 21. To collect and preserve television and radio programs and to make them available to the public.2. 1976.3. artistic, cultural, and historical significance.4. By interpreting and analyzing radio and television programs.5. New York/ Manhattan, Los Angeles.Unit FifteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A AdvertisementsExercise 11. train service / British Rail2. washing powder / Blanco3. credit card / Spendcard4. shampoo / Shine5. car / Puma6. chocolate, sweets / Frolic bar7. whisky / Glengunnich Malt8. newspaper / Daily Herald9. face cream / Petal10. bank / Midwestern1. traffic jams, driving conditions, speed limits, parking, faster, delays, destination2. stains, whiter than white, housewives3. card, services and discounts4. hair, conditioner5. engine, aerodynamic lines, boot, test drive6. nuts, raisins, coconut, biscuity, toffee, delicious, scrumptious7. spring water, Scottish barley, flavour, wooden barrels, taste, tonic, soda8. objective reporting, current issues, news, colour supplement 9. looks, soft and gentle, skin, creamy and smooth, complexion10. invest, interest rates, bank charges, accounts, insurance, mortgages, pensionsSection B Job AdsAdvertisement 11.A2.C3.A4. A5.BAdvertisement 26. B7. A8. A9. C 10. CSection C Cellular Phone AdExercise 1Sentences 4 and 8 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. X2.√3. √4. X5. √6. X7. √Section D Northwest AirlinesExercise 1Sentences 4 and 7 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. √2. X3. √4. X5. √6. X7. XSemiticPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. commercials.2. Happiness, youth, success, status, luxury, fashion, and beauty.3. You can solve all human problems by buying things; modern things are good and traditional things are bad.4. Because it sometimes gives us useful information about different products.5. shopping cheers them up.Talk 21. vanity.2. Shoddy antiques.3. demonstrate her expertise.4. reproduction furniture and paintings.5. had an extensive knowledge of the antique business.Unit SixteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Popular TV Shows (1)。
研究生英语阅读(基础版)lesson11课后题目
Lesson111. He has got the key to the apartment eventually. And on the way home he could envision the smile on his wife's face.A.foreseeB. imagineC. memorizeD. recall2. She opened the refrigerator and took a bottle of cold mineral water to quench her thirst.A. e aseB. gripC. releaseD. query3. "Man's ingenuity has outrun his intelligence."(Joseph Wood Krutch)A. o utwittedB.excelledC. outputD. exceeded4. After that, the airhostess continued to demonstrate how to inflate the life-jacket in an emergency.A. b low upB. take upC. break upD. make up5.The unsuccessful democratic candidate seemed oblivious of the fact that he stood for no chance in running for governor.A. preoccupiedB. thrilledC. insensitiveD. unaware6.Most of the citizens in that country have already felt the pressure of soaring inflation because of the changes in economic policy after the financial crisis in Asia.A. r isingB. roaringC. progressingD. amounting7. When men are most sure and arrogant. they are commonly most mistaken.A. p oliteB. obedientC. proudD. courteous8. This untutored mathematician had an obsession with numbers.A. imaginationB. addictionC. hatredD. sense9. You should not be afraid to aim high in the quest for an improvement in your income.A.pursuitB. beliefC. claimD. realization10.She was blinded by the glitter and the glamour of her own life.A. s pectacleB. brillianceC. hardshipD. defeat。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)READING COMPREHENSION TEST I (45 minutes, 25 questions, 4 points each)Directions: In this test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and choose the best choice to answer the questions.Passage OneA study released last week indicates that American students not only have no problem with cheating, but that often, teachers close their eyes to it.The survey was conducted by Professor Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University, New Jersey, founder and president of the Center for Academic Integrity. This national association (society) of more than 250 colleges is dedicated to (intended to) fostering (develop/ cultivate) scholastic (academic) honesty. According to the survey of 4, 500 students, cheating was found to bein full sway (common) , with 97 percent admitting to at least one instance of cheating, from copying homework to duplicating (copying) answers on tests.Erika Karres, an assistant education professor (associate professor) atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who studied student cheating patterns (rules) for more than 30 years said: \but it's not like he's taking drugs' or ` she's pregnant.'As for teachers, Karres claims some do not want to go through the annoyance of having to \(report) the point\Who has time to have a meetingafter school with all the records, materials, and statements? And even if that meeting occurs, parents may blame the teacher because he or she did not takethe time to change the order of test questions for their various classes.Still (Furthermore), she adds, many teachers are wide-awake (on alert). For example, English teachers may check word clusters (字符串) on the Internet for signs of fraud (cheating) or file away samples of student writing to compare with vocabulary and grammar used in later papers. No matter what the cheaters' motives are, educators agree the computer has greatly contributed to (lead)their wrongdoing (offense). With an Internet hook up, cheating is just a click away.Many U. S. colleges have recently rewritten the policy on cheating to emphasize academic integrity and \to fundamental values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility\1. The study conducted by Professor McCabe reveals that _____. A. college authorities don't take cheating very seriously B. college teachers encourage their students to cheatC. cheating has become a serious problem with almost all the studentsD. scholastic honesty is no longer valued in American colleges2. According to Erika Karres, parents _____.A. don't think of cheating as their children's behavioral mistakeB. think that cheating is as bad as drug abuseC. make little of their girls' being pregnantD. think many other problems should draw more attention than cheating3. Teachers close their eyes to cheating because _____.A. they think it doesn't help to have a meeting discussing cheating problemsB. they don't want to take the trouble to reveal cheatings with reliable evidenceC. they have already changed the order of questions in the exam papersD. they can easily identify cheating problems while grading exam papers4. Wide-awake teachers can find cheating by _____.A. comparing the word groups in students' writing with the ones on the InternetB. comparing the examples used by their students with those used by their classmatesC. learning the methods and signs of cheating provided on the InternetD. checking the vocabulary and grammar used in the latest published papers5. Which of the following can be regarded as a primary cause of the increase of cheating in American colleges?A. College policies.B. Teachers' encouragement.C. Parents' negligence.D. The wide-spread use of computer.Passage TwoThe traditional final resting place for a discarded (deserted) computer is anywhere it will not be in the way -- in a closet (cupboard), under a lamp, in the attic (loft), anywhere. But there are a growing number of computer-recycling options that do not take up space. More important, the new recycling programs (projects) do not involve pitching old computer parts into the trash bin (dustbin).Computer makers Dell, Gateway and Hewlett-Packard have recently launchedor improved programs to collect old personal computers and printers from any manufacturer. The message is that whatever you do with your old computer,\spokeswoman. \not an appropriate (proper) way to get rid of any piece of any electronic equipment.\They can donate old models to a nonprofit organization, recycle them for proper disposal, trade them in for a discount on a new Dell or sell them tothe highest bidder.HP offers to do the recycling work for the consumer as well. The company charges for shipping and handling -- U. S. $ 13~34 per item. Returned equipment is either donated to nonprofit organizations or, if too old to be useful, broken down to its key (basic) commodities -- steel, aluminum, copper and plastic -- at shredders the company has in Tennessee.The form of recycling most folks will probably think of, however, is donating old computers to schools. Several Washington area organizations will gladly take the old computers, monitors, printers and so on, re-case them, and send them to schools. Old hardware, however, may not make it to school in one piece, especially if the computer is too old to run a current operating system.When people ask Lorin Evans, who runs Washington Apple Pi's computer-recycling program, where their computers will go, he usually does not know because he often strips old computers down to their composite parts.\operated on first,\6. The new computer-recycling programs are recommended most probably because _____. A. the old computers have blocked our way at home or in office B. the new programs will save our space at home or in office C. the useful computer components will not be thrown awayD. the old computer parts have caused serious environmental pollution7. Computer companies collect old computers made by _____. A. their own companies B. other computer companies C. computer makers in the U. S. D. any computer makers8. One reason that HP charges for the disposal of old computers is probably that _____. A. nonprofit organizations charge them for the returned equipment B. the company has to pay for the storage space for the old parts C. the company has to transport the returned equipment to Tennessee D. it is very difficult to separate steel, aluminum, copper and plastic9. Which of the following donation will reach the schools? A. Donations of all the second-hand computers. B. Used computers which can run current systems. C. Donations of old operating systems. D. New computer cases.10. By saying \be operated on first\“_____.”.A. it is easy to decide what kind of computers should be taken apartB. it is easy to decide which part of the computers should be repairedC. it is easy to know where to put the very old computersD. old computers are easy to collect but hard to dispose ofPassage ThreeCrowd control could soon become a crucial skill for climbers on Mount Everest, as important as physical strength or watching the weather. In a single day last week, nearly 40 people reached the top of the world __ record. Reports sent by satellite telephone from base camp spoke of queues at dangerous ridges and crowded as people passed each other in the final dash for the 8, 848 meters (29, 028 ft) summit.More traditional mountaineers sneer (嘲笑) at the circus atmosphere surrounding Everest in recent years, and there are warnings that the crowds are making the mountain more dangerous. Overcrowding has already taken its toll. In 1996, 14 died on the mountain when the members of several expeditions were trapped at high altitudes by sudden snowstorms. Bad weather in early May led to this year's jam on the summit ridge, but the toll, luckily, was light. Just four climbers died, including a Nepali Sherpa who had made 11 previous successful climbing.Traditionalists are also worried about the growing tendency of expeditions to set records and achieve \oldest man, 64-year-old Sherman Bull from Connecticut, and the youngest: 16year-old Temba Tsheri Sherpa of Nepal. AnAmerican with only one arm was on the mountain this year; an Indian with no legs also tried but to no avail. In the most spectacular feat, Erik Weihenmeyer, an American, became the first blind person to reach the top of the world. His fellow climbers stayed in front of him on the way up, describing the terrain and ringing bells.Nepal views Mount Everest as something of a cash cow; the government charges expeditions a minimum of $ 70, 000. That is probably why officials in Katmandu are ignoring concerns about overcrowding and talking about even more climbers coming next year. But a celebration of the 48th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest, by Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, was cancelled after violent strikes, called by the Communist opposition. Returning climbers whothought their challenge was over had to walk from hotel to airport so they could fly home to the usual triumphal welcome. Tumultuous Nepali politics, it seems, could be just the crowd-control measure that Everest needs.11. What is important to climbers on Mount Everest? A. Watching the weather. B. Making a final dash. C. Psychological adjustment. D. Group management.12. More accidents have happened in recent years due to _____. A. bad geographical conditions B. carelessness of the climbers C. overcrowding D. snowstorms13. Several summiteers are mentioned in the third paragraph to show A. their courage B. their diversity C. their great achievements D. their common motivation14. The attitude of the Nepali government toward the circus atmosphere is _____. A. indifferent B. welcoming C. worried D. concerned15. An anniversary celebration of the first conquest of Everest was cancelled due to _____. A. overcrowding B. political reasonsC. the returning of the climbersD. the lack of crowd-control measurePassage FourAmericans and Japanese are different in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern ofmanagement behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factors -- and will only work within a given culture.Let me try to describe three characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making or direction-taking and problem-solving. These characteristics are interrelated.First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the \approach, as distinguished from the Western \you\The difference is this: in \to you\wants and what he expects to get. Thus, a confrontation situation is set up and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.The %unconsciously -- trying to understand the other man's point of view, and for the purpose of discussion actually declaring this understanding. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt at minimizing confrontation and achieving harmony.A second characteristic is based on \given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of corporate enterprises and Government agencies.To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a very densely populated country. In Japan there is a drive for the group -- whether it is family, company, or Government -- to act as a unit.Another characteristic is \direction\of management. When I use the term\finger on the pulse of the public, or the labor force, or other audiences.The difference is that in Japan we record the pulse and it has real meaning, and it influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western styledecision-making proceeds mainly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the worker, while in Japan direction can be formulated at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.16. What does the author think of the differences between the Japanese and western style in decision-making?A. Both of them are very complex.B. They are greatly affected by each other.C. Neither of them is superior to the other.D. They often go into confrontations.17. In Japan, when people are trying to solve a problem they usually _____.A. present their ideas from their own point of viewB. listen passivelyduring the discussion C. come into conflict with one another D. consider other people's ideas18. In the West, a decision in an organization can be made when _____. A.a consensus is reached B. there is a lot of discussion C. the workers are consulted D. the top have their ideas19. The expression \has the closest meaning with _____. A. knowing the opinion of the public B. presenting the opinion of the public C. judging the opinion of the public D. imposing an opinion on the public20. This passage was most probably written by a _____. A. historian B. politician C. sociologist D. businessmanPassage FiveProbably the single largest group of economists in the U. S. in one way or another can be classified as \the free operation of the market. These economists share with the free market economists a great respect for the market. However, the liberal economist does not believe that the explicit and implicit costs of a freely operating market should or can be ignored. Rather, the liberal maintains that the costs of an uncontrolled marketplace are often borne by those in society who are least capable of bearing them: the poor, the elderly and the weak. Additionally, liberal economists maintain that thefreely operating market sometimes results in economic instability andinflation, unemployment and slow growth. Thus, although liberal economists believe that economic efficiency is highly desirable, they find the attainment of economic efficiency at any cost to be unacceptable and perhaps even \Consider for a moment the differences between free market economists and liberal economists at the microeconomic level. Liberal economists take exception to the free market on two grounds. First, these economists find a basic problem with fairness in the marketplace. Since the market is driven by the forces of consumer spending, there are those who through no fault of their own (they may be aged, young, weak, physically or mentally handicapped) maynot have the ability to participate in the economic system. Others, however, perhaps because they are extremely lucky or because they have inherited wealth, may have not only the ability to participate in the system, but they may have the ability to direct the course of that system. Second, the free market doesnot and cannot handle spill-over effects or what are known as\externalities\These are the third party effects which may occur as a result of an economic act. Will a firm willingly compensate its neighbors for the pollutants it pours into the nearby lake? Will a truck driver willingly drive at 55 miles per hour and in the process reduce the highway accident rate? Liberal economists think not.These economists are therefore willing to have the government intervene in these and other similar cases.21. Unlike free market economists, liberal economists think that free market economy should be _____. A. respected B. rejected C. encouraged D. intervened22. In regard to a freely operating market, liberal economists are mainly concerned about its A. efficiency B. costs C. operation D. stability23. Liberal economists think that the rich benefit more from a free market because they _____. A. can participate in the government system B. have a habit of spending moneyC. can determine the direction of economyD. have the ability to influence the consumers24. According to liberal economists, free market may result in _____. A. poverty B. unfairness C. government inefficiency D. social change25. The third party effects refer to the instances of _____. A. caring less about external consequences B. the intervention of a third party C. extreme economic acts D. the failure of market control感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
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Lesson 11 Increasing Your Attention Span
The focus of this lesson is systematic scanning— moving your eyes quickly down the page looking only for specific information. Scanning is also important when it comes to dealing with directories, schedules, manuals, forms, charts, and other English texts.
it reads 1 o’clock. This means that there is one hour’s difference in time between our longitude and that of Greenwich. As we mentioned earlier, this corresponds to exactly 15 degrees of longitude, so our longitude must be 15 degrees west. The world is divided into 24 time zones, and each zone corresponds to 15 degrees of longitude. New York is approximately 5 time zones west of Greenwich, so the time difference must be about 5 hours. By maintaining chronometers on Greenwich time, ships can determine their longitude on any sunny day by merely noting the difference in hours between Greenwich time and local sun time and multiplying this difference by 15 degrees.
Since the sun appears to travel around the earth in 24 hours, it will move 360/24 or 15 degrees in one hour. This reasoning can be used by navigators to determine their longitude. Imagine that we have set sail from Greenwich, England, after having set a very accurate clock, or chronometer, to the local Greenwich time. As we travel westward toward New York, we notice that the sun is going “slower” than our chronometer. At the time that our timepiece reads 12 o’clock, the sun has not quite reached the zenith. As a matter of fact, when our clock reads noon, what it really means is that it’s noon in Greenwich, England. Our clock continues to tell us the time, not at our present location, but at Greenwich. Let us wait until the sun is directly overhead (noon at our location) and then read the time on our clock. Suppose
Form Specific Questions
Scanning is effective only if you have a purpose, so try to fix in your mind what you are looking for by forming specific questions about the topic. Anticipatห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ Word Clues
To get an idea of our location, therefore, we need to know the local time, Greenwich time, and the angle between Polaris and the horizon. 1. In order to get the precise location of a ship, the navigator must know__________. A. his latitude B. both his latitude and longitude C. local time
Identify Likely Answer Locations
Using what you have learned from checking how material is organized, try to identify likely places where the information you are looking for might appear.
HOW TO SCAN
The key to effective scanning is to approach the material in a systematic manner. The following steps provide a systematic approach.
Check the Organization Before you begin to scan, check to see how the article or material is organized. For graphics (maps, tables, graphs, charts, diagrams), this step is especially important. The title of the item you are scanning and other labels, keys, and legends are important to notice. They state what the graphics are intended to describe and tell you how it is presented. For prose selections, assessing the organization is very similar to pre-reading. Your purpose should be to notice the overall structure of the article so that you will be able to predict where in the article you can expect to find the information you are looking for. Headings are especially important to notice since they clearly show how a selection is divided into subtopics.
The next step is to anticipate clues that may help you locate the answer more rapidly. For example, if you were trying to locate the population of New York City in an article on the populations of cities, you might expect the answer to appear in digits such as 2 304 710, or in words such as “two million” or three million.
Of course, longitude gives only half of the information needed to determine our precise location. We must also know our latitude, which tells us how far we are north or south of the Equator. The Equator is the zero line for the measurement of latitude. Circles are drawn parallel to the Equator to indicate other values of latitude. There are 90 degrees of south latitude.
In the Northern Hemisphere, there is a star called Polaris almost directly over the North Pole. This makes it possible to determine the latitude of a given point by setting our sextant to measure the angle between Polaris, the North Star, and the horizon. Mathematicians tell us that this angle is equal to the latitude at the point in question.