生物专业英语.ppt

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生物医学工程专业英语精品PPT课件

➢ Structured abstract
➢ Non-structured
（4、5、6、8 elements）
Lesson2 “Abstract”
第二讲 “摘要”
Lesson2 “Abstract”
❖I. Importance of “abstract” ❖II. Writing about “abstract” ❖III. Reading about “abstract”
I. Background
Importance of Abstract
II. Writing about “abstract”
Part1.Requirement
❖ IfGtheenreeraalrererqeuqirueemstesn，ts
From form:
Writinfgonatb，olouctaatibons，tract in waocrcdonrudmanbecre（w30it0h）, trheqeurierFleeermgvos:materonunbtcctjetsoucnr。teitveen, ts: (“call fmoretphoadpse,re”tc. or “aIuntshtrFosurrecosnt”mtieon)lnacenf，ogruteangsee：
Informational Function
（meaning of abstract：refining；miniature；highly condensed summary and conclusion）
A，Read articles on the most rapid, make up for lack of title B，facilitate the establishment of literature database

生物专业英语(共62张PPT)

energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products.
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步，称光反应，水分子裂解 (被氧化)，释放氧气，并形成ATP和 NADPH（还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸）。
此反应必须在存在光能的条件下进行。
2022/9/25
9
Introduction
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞、藻类、某些原生生物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，其能量以分子键形式贮存。
从化学和能量学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应。
但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，释放能量的过程，而光合作用需要能量, 并且是高度吸能的过程。
在光合作用的光反应中，当捕光分子回到基态时，额外的激发能被转移到其它分子中并且以化学能的形式贮存。
•All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of
chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis.
captured by biological molecules to do constructive work.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中光子的能量。
The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum—a statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.

生物专业英语上传PPT精选文档

4
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.

生物专业英语课件 Biology

Biology: The Science of Our Lives Biology literally means "the study of life". Biology is such a broad field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system. Biologists recently all but completed the deciphering of the human genome, the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine much of our innate capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses. DNA sequences have played major roles in criminal cases (O.J. Simpson, as well as the reversal of death penalties for many wrongfully convicted individuals), as well as the impeachment of President Clinton (the stain at least did not lie). We are bombarded with headlines about possible health risks from favorite foods (Chinese, Mexican, hamburgers, etc.) as well as the potential benefits of eating other foods such as cooked tomatoes. Informercials tout the benefits of metabolism-adjusting drugs for weight loss. Many Americans are turning to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, improve memory, as well as improve our moods.Can a biology book give you the answers to these questions? No, but it will enable you learn how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. To be honest, five years after you are through with this class it is doubtful you would remember all the details of meatbolism. However, you will know where to look and maybe a little about the process of science that will allow you to make an informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be formally trained as a science major, but you can think critically, solve problems, and have some idea about what science can and cannot do. I hope you will be able to tell the shoe from the shinola.Science and the Scientific MethodScience is an objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating in the natural universe. Science is from the Latin word, scientia, to know. Good science is not dogmatic, but should be viewed as an ongoing process of testing and evaluation. One of the hoped-for benefits of students taking a biology course is that they will become more familiar with the process of science.Humans seem innately interested in the world we live in. Young children drive their parents batty with constant "why" questions. Science is a means to get some of those whys answered. When we shop for groceries, we are conducting a kind of scientific experiment. If you like Brand X of soup, and Brand Y is on sale, perhaps you try Brand Y. If you like it you may buy it again, even when it is not on sale. If you did not like Brand Y, then no sale will get you to try it again.In order to conduct science, one must know the rules of the gameplay! Which is precisely what one does with some computer or videogames (before buying the cheatbook). The scientific method is to be used as a guide that can be modified. In some sciences, such as taxonomy and certain types of geology, laboratory experiments are not necessarily performed. Instead, after formulating a hypothesis, additional observations and/or collections are made from different localities.Steps in the scientific method commonly include:1.Observation: defining the problem you wish to explain.2.Hypothesis: one or more falsifiable explanations for theobservation.3.Experimentation: Controlled attempts to test one or morehypotheses.4.Conclusion: was the hypothesis supported or not? After thisstep the hypothesis is either modified or rejected, whichcauses a repeat of the steps above.After a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested, a hierarchy of scientific thought develops. Hypothesis is the most common, with the lowest level of certainty. A theory is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modification, e.g. The Theory of Evolution. A Law is one of the fundamental underlying principles of how the Universe is organized, e.g. The Laws of Thermodynamics, Newton's Law of Gravity. Science uses the word theory differently than it is used in the general population. Theory to most people, in general nonscientific use, is an untested idea. Scientists call this a hypothesis.Scientific experiments are also concerned with isolating the variables. A good science experiment does not simultaneously test several variables, but rather a single variable that can be measured against a control. Scientific controlled experiments are situations where all factors are the same between two test subjects, except for the single experimental variable.Consider a commonly conducted science fair experiment. Sandy wants to test the effect of gangsta rap music on pea plant growth. She plays loud rap music 24 hours a day to a series of pea plants grown under light, and watered every day. At the end of her experiment she concludes gangsta rap is conducive to plant growth. Her teacher grades her project very low, citing the lack of a control group for the experiment. Sandy returns to her experiment, but this time she has a separate group of plants under the same conditions as the rapping plants, but with soothing Led Zeppelin songs playing. She comes to the same conclusion as before, but now has a basis for comparison. Her teacher gives her project a better grade.Theories Contributing to Modern BiologyModern biology is based on several great ideas, or theories:1.The Cell Theory2.The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection3.Gene Theory4.HomeostasisRobert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, referredto the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Mattias Schleiden (in 1838) concluded all plant tissues consisted of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion for animal tissues. Rudolf Virchow, in 1858, combined the two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory. Thus there is a chain-of-existence extending from your cells back to the earliest cells, over 3.5 billion years ago. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.Figure 1. JamesWatson (L) andFrancis Crick (R),and the model theybuilt of thestructure ofdeoxyribonucleicacid, DNA. While amodel may seem asmall thing, theirdevelopment of theDNA model fosteredincreasedunderstanding of howgenes work. Imagefrom the Internet.In 1953, American scientist James Watson and British scientist Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had (then) recently been deduced to be the physical carrier of inheritance. Crick hypothesized the mechanism for DNA replication and further linked DNA to proteins, an idea since referred to as the central dogma. Information from DNA "language" is converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid) "language" and then to the "language" of proteins. The central dogma explains the influence of heredity (DNA) on the organism (proteins).Homeostasis is the maintainence of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, pH, and energy are major components of this concept. Theromodynamics is a field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers, and thus the basis for life on earth. Two major laws are known: the conservation of matter and energy, and entropy. These will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, etc.) and energy.These first three theories are very accepted by scientists and the general public. The theory of evolution is well accepted by scientists and most of the general public. However, it remains a lightening rod for school boards, politicians, and television preachers. Much of this confusion results from what the theory says and what it does not say.Development of the Theory of EvolutionModern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science.The Ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the"crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists (See Gould, 1989, for a more detailed discussion).Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages -- the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600's calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher's book, History of the World. The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of bibles. Ussher's ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked applecarts of church and state.Figure 2. Archbishop JamesUssher. Image from the Internet.Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "truth". Ussher's ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5000 years old. Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci (painter of the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa, architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as theFather of modern geology, developed the Theorythe basis of modern geology and paleontology. According to Hutton's work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5000 years old.The Modern View of the Age of the EarthRadiometric age assignments based on the rates of decay ofsuggest the earth is over 4.5 billion years old. The Earth is thought older than 4.5 billion years, with the oldest known rocks being 3.96 billion years old. Geologic time divides into eons, eroas, and smaller units. An overview of geologic time may be obtained at /help/timeform.html.Figure 3. The geologic time scale, hilighting some of the firsts in the evolution of life. One way to represent geological time. Note the break during the precambrian. If the vertical scale was truly to scale the precambrian would account for 7/8 of the graphic.。

生物专业英语PPT

The genomic formula of the alien chromosomes in TE253 was 2 St + 8 J S + 2 J + 2 J-St.
The problem which haven't solved
We are presently developing chromosome addition and substitution(替换) lines to identify(确认) the chromosome location of the powdery mildew and stripe rust resistance(抗性) genes.
The problem need to be solve
In this study, we determined the genomic composition of a partial amphiploid TE253 by GISH probed with St genomic DNA from Ps. strigosa and evaluated its resistance to both powdery mildew and stripe rust as well. 我们通过基因组原位杂交探测从Ps. Strigosa到St基因组确定了局部TE253基因的组成，并且还评估了对白粉病和条锈病的抗性。
The method of the study
Cytogenetic Analyses(细胞遗传学分析）
其基本原理是用不同荧光物质分别标记病变细胞DNA 和正常细胞然后与正常中期细胞染色体杂交。荧光原位杂交技术用荧光物质标记特异性DNA探针，与中期细胞染色体或间期细胞核杂交，鉴别和确定出生缺陷、肿瘤细胞染色体异常，分辨率可达50~500kb。

生物-专业英语作业纯英文献ppt

Result
A CRISPR–Cas9 mutagenesis construct was designed to simultaneously generate knockout mutants in both AtDMP8 and AtDMP9 (Fig. a).
Homozygous dmp8, dmp9 and dmp8dmp9 mutants were selfpollinated and seed sets were examined. The seed set was reduced slightly in dmp8 (95.6%; average: 45.3 seeds per silique), even more so in dmp9 (70.9%; average: 32.2 seeds per silique) and even further in dmp8dmp9 (48.4%; average: 21.4 seeds per silique) (Fig. c,d)
These data confirm previously reported defects in the seed set and during development, and the proposed roles for AtDMP8 and AtDMP9 in fertilization.
Content
1 Summary 2 Background 3 Results 4 Discussion
Summary
Summary
➢ ZmPLA1/MTL/NLD is conserved in monocots and has been used to extend the system from maize to other monocots, but no functional orthologue has been identified in dicots, while ZmDMP-like genes exist in both monocots and dicots.

《生物专业英语》PPT课件

gene [dʒi:n] 基因
A unit of heredity located on a chromosome and composed a sequence of DNA nucleotides.
heredity [hə‘redɪti:] 遗传 nucleotide ['nu:kli:ə,taɪd] 核苷酸
dihybrid cross [dai‘haibrid]双因子杂种杂交
A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.
differ with 与...不一致 specified 指定的 respect 关系
particular 特殊的, 特别的 allelic 等位基因的
homozygous [,hɔmə'zaiɡəus] 纯合的
A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
identical 同一的, 同样的
incomplete dominance [, inkəm'pli:t 'dɔmənəns] 不完全显性
The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when
they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of
germ plasm theory 种质学说
A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes (germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.

生物专业英语课件

Biology: The Science of Our LivesBiology literally means "the study of life". Biology is such a broad field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system. Biologists recently all but completed the deciphering of the human genome, the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine much of our innate capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses. DNA sequences have played major roles in criminal cases (O.J. Simpson, as well as the reversal of death penalties for many wrongfully convicted individuals), as well as the impeachment of President Clinton (the stain at least did not lie). We are bombarded with headlines about possible health risks from favorite foods (Chinese, Mexican, hamburgers, etc.) as well as the potential benefits of eating other foods such as cooked tomatoes. Informercials tout the benefits ofmetabolism-adjusting drugs for weight loss. Many Americans are turning to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, improve memory, as well as improve our moods.Can a biology book give you the answers to these questions? No, but it will enable you learn how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. To be honest, five years after you are through with this class it is doubtful you would remember all the details of meatbolism. However, you will know where to look and maybe a little about the process of science that will allow you to make an informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be formally trained as a science major, but you can think critically, solve problems, and have some idea about what science can and cannot do. I hope you will be able to tell the shoe from the shinola.Science and the Scientific MethodScience is an objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating in the natural universe. Science is from the Latin word, scientia, to know. Good science is not dogmatic, but should be viewed as an ongoing process of testing and evaluation. One of the hoped-for benefits of students taking a biology course is that they will become more familiar with the process of science.Humans seem innately interested in the world we live in. Young children drive their parents batty with constant "why" questions. Science is a means to get some of those whys answered. When we shop for groceries, we are conducting a kind of scientific experiment. If you like Brand X of soup, and Brand Y is on sale, perhaps you try Brand Y. If you like it you may buy it again, even when it is not on sale. If you did not like Brand Y, then no sale will get you to try it again.In order to conduct science, one must know the rules of the game(imagine and having to discover the rules as you play! Which is precisely what one does with some computer or videogames (before buying the cheatbook). The scientific method is to be used as a guide that can be modified. In some sciences, such as taxonomy and certain types of geology, laboratory experiments are not necessarily performed. Instead, after formulating a hypothesis, additional observations and/or collections are made from different localities.Steps in the scientific method commonly include:1.Observation: defining the problem you wish to explain.2.Hypothesis: one or more falsifiable explanations for theobservation.3.Experimentation: Controlled attempts to test one or morehypotheses.4.Conclusion: was the hypothesis supported or not? After thisstep the hypothesis is either modified or rejected, which causes a repeat of the steps above.After a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested, a hierarchy of scientific thought develops. Hypothesis is the most common, with the lowest level of certainty. A theory is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modification, e.g. The Theory of Evolution. A Law is one of the fundamental underlying principles of how the Universe is organized, e.g. The Laws of Thermodynamics, Newton's Law of Gravity. Science uses the word theory differently than it is used in the general population. Theory to most people, in general nonscientific use, is an untested idea. Scientists call this a hypothesis.Scientific experiments are also concerned with isolating the variables. A good science experiment does not simultaneously test several variables, but rather a single variable that can be measured against a control. Scientific controlled experiments are situations where all factors are the same between two test subjects, except for the single experimental variable.Consider a commonly conducted science fair experiment. Sandy wants to test the effect of gangsta rap music on pea plant growth. She plays loud rap music 24 hours a day to a series of pea plants grown under light, and watered every day. At the end of her experiment she concludes gangsta rap is conducive to plant growth. Her teacher grades her project very low, citing the lack of a control group for the experiment. Sandy returns to her experiment, but this time she has a separate group of plants under the same conditions as the rapping plants, but with soothing Led Zeppelin songs playing. She comes to the same conclusion as before, but now has a basis for comparison. Her teacher gives her project a better grade.Theories Contributing to Modern Biology Modern biology is based on several great ideas, or theories:1.The Cell Theory2.The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection3.Gene Theory4.HomeostasisRobert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, referred to the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Mattias Schleiden (in 1838) concluded all plant tissues consisted of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion for animal tissues. Rudolf Virchow, in 1858, combined the two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory. Thus there is a chain-of-existence extending from your cells back to the earliest cells, over 3.5 billion years ago. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.Figure 1. James Watson (L)and Francis Crick (R), andthe model they built of thestructure ofdeoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. While a model may seema small thing, theirdevelopment of the DNAmodel fostered increasedunderstanding of how geneswork. Image from theInternet.In 1953, American scientist James Watson and British scientist Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had (then) recently been deduced to be the physicalcarrier of inheritance. Crick hypothesized the mechanism for DNA replication and further linked DNA to proteins, an idea since referred to as the central dogma. Information from DNA "language" is converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid) "language" and then to the "language" of proteins. The central dogma explains the influence of heredity (DNA) on the organism (proteins). Homeostasis is the maintainence of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, pH, and energy are major components of this concept. Theromodynamics is a field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers, and thus the basis for life on earth. Two major laws are known: the conservation of matter and energy, andbe discussed in more detail in a later chapter. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, etc.) and energy.These first three theories are very accepted by scientists and the general public. The theory of evolution is well accepted by scientists and most of the general public. However, it remains a lightening rod for school boards, politicians, and television preachers. Much of this confusion results from what the theory says and what it does not say.Development of the Theory of EvolutionModern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science.The Ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the "crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists (See Gould, 1989, for a more detailed discussion). Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages -- the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600's calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in thebiblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher's book, History of the World. The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of bibles. Ussher's ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked applecarts of church and state.Figure 2. Archbishop JamesUssher. Image from the Internet.Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "truth". Ussher's ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5000 years old.Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci(painter of the Last Supper, and theMona Lisa, architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as the Father of modern geology, developed thepaleontology. According to Hutton's work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5000 years old.The Modern View of the Age of the Earth Radiometric age assignments based on the rates of decay ofnot discovered until the late 19th century, suggest the earth is over 4.5 billion years old. The Earth is thought older than 4.5 billion years, with the oldest known rocks being 3.96 billion years old. Geologic time divides into eons, eroas, and smaller units. An overview of geologic time may be obtained at .--Figure 3. The geologic time scale, hilighting some of the firsts in the evolution of life. One way to represent geological time. Note the break during the precambrian. If the vertical scale was truly to scale the precambrian would account for 7/8 of the graphic.--。

生物学专业英语作业PPT

硫酸盐
碱性的
硫酸铜（蓝色溶液）在碱性条件下被还原为氧化铜，在相同条件下产生砖红色沉淀。
Cu2+ Blue
+
e-
Cu+ Red
半定量的

The test is semi-quantitative – the greater the concentration of reducing sugar,the darker and heavier the precipitate.
任何必要的加热应在固定的时间内水浴加热
A control
blank (a volume of water equal to the volume of text solution)should be run alongside the tests;any colour change in the blank would suggest contamination or unreliable technique.不可靠的，不可信任的
向样品中加入5ml乙醇混合后，加5ml水，振荡。
Ⅲ
• Positive result (milky-white suspension =emulsion)=fat or oil present
阳性结果：形成乳浊液，说明脂肪或油脂存在。
充满油的

Principle:the fat or oil dissolves in the ethanol,which is miscible with water.When the oil-laden ethanol is added to the water the oil is left as minute drops suspended in the water – these drops scatter light rays in many directions and give the suspension a milky-white v.悬浮 appearance.

生物专业英语ppt教材课程

• The course will also provide opportunities for students to practice their English communication skills through group discussions, presentations, and other activities
Active reading
Highlighting important information, asking questions about the text, and summarizing key points as you read This helps to retain information better
Course arrangement
• The course is usually divided into four or five modules, each module focusing on a specific topic in biology
• Each module includes a combination of theory, practice, and assignments to ensure that students can fully understand and apply the knowledge learned
Understanding the context
It is essential to understand the context in which the term is used to correctly translate its meaning
Use of dictionaries

生物专业英语 (8)ppt课件

转基因动物的概念：
将特定的目的基因从某一生物体分离出来，进行体上，在动物的发育过程中表达，并通过生殖细胞传给后代。这种在基因组中稳定整合有人工导入外源基因的动物称为转基因动物（transgenetic animal）。
Cf. transgender animal
克隆动物存在的问题 1）技术尚不成熟

得到的克隆动物具有极大的偶然性和随机性。迄今为止，克隆试验的成功率始终很低。例如，在培育多莉的过程中，科学家共克隆出 277 个绵羊胚胎，最终成功使母羊受孕并生产的只有多莉一个。目前，多莉羊的制备还不能重复，更不能肯定克隆多莉羊的方法也适用于其它动物或其它不同组织器官的细胞。
第九章
转基因动物与生物反应器
Gene
A modern working definition of a gene is "a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions, and or other functional sequence regions ". 是指携带有遗传信息的DNA（或RNA）序列，是控制性状的基本遗传单位。
转基因动物的一般过程：
外源目的基因的制备外源目的基因有效导入生殖细胞或胚胎干细胞选择获得携有目的基因的细胞选择合适的体外培养系统和宿主动物转基因细胞胚胎发育及鉴定筛选所得的转基因动物品系
目的基因的制备
PCR扩增法获得目的基因
常用RNA模板
细胞总RNA

生物专业英语ppt讲解材料

Review Articles
These articles synthesize and evaluate research on a particular topic, providing an overview of the current state of knowledge.
Technical Reports
01
introduction
Purpose and background
Purpose
To provide a comprehensive overview of the field of biology, focusing on key concepts, principles, and applications.
Sentence structure and expression
Active Voice
Using active voice, especially in scientific writing, makes sentences more direct and easier to understand.
The study of heredity and the variation of traits within and between species.
Evolutionary Biology
Ecology
Biotechnology
The study of the origin and development of species through natural selection and other mechanisms.
These are written to communicate technical information in a clear and concise manner, often including tables, figures, and appendices.

生物专业英语BIOLOGICALENGLISH课件

半桶；大脑半球；半透明；半等位基因；半导体；
19）holo 全，整体，完全
holoenzyme holoprotein holocrine
全酶；全蛋白；全（质分）泌；
18
20）mega 巨大，兆，百万
megaspore megabasse megakaryocyte megavolt megalopolitan
庚烷；庚糖；七珠蛋白；
8）oct
octpus octagon octane octase
八
章鱼；八角形；辛烷；辛糖；
13
9）enne, nona
nonapeptide enneahedron
九
九肽；九面体；
10）deca, deka
decapod decahedron decagram
上，高，超
超导体；超流体；超氧化物；超分子的；
9）hyper 超过，过多
hypersensitive hyperelastic hypertension hyperploid
过敏的；超弹性的；高血压；超倍体；
30
10）hypo 下，低，次
hypoglycaemia hypotension hypophysis
低血糖；低血压；脑下垂体；
11）iso 等，相同，同
iso-osmotic isopod isotope
等渗的；等足目动物；同位素；
31
12）oligo，olig
oligohaline oligogene oligomer oligophagous oligarchy
少，低，寡，狭
狭盐性；寡基因；寡聚体；寡食性；寡头政治；

生物专业英语课件

Biology: The Science of Our LivesBiology literally means "the study of life". Biology is such a broad field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study details of the human brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system. Biologists recently all but completed the deciphering of the human genome, the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine much of our innate capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses. DNA sequences have played major roles in criminal cases (O.J. Simpson, as well as the reversal of death penalties for many wrongfully convicted individuals), as well as the impeachment of President Clinton (the stain at least did not lie). We are bombarded with headlines about possible health risks from favorite foods (Chinese, Mexican, hamburgers, etc.) as well as the potential benefits of eating other foods such as cooked tomatoes. Informercials tout the benefits ofmetabolism-adjusting drugs for weight loss. Many Americans are turning to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, improve memory, as well as improve our moods.Can a biology book give you the answers to these questions? No, but it will enable you learn how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. To be honest, five years after you are through with this class it is doubtful you would remember all the details of meatbolism. However, you will know where to look and maybe a little about the process of science that will allow you to make an informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be formally trained as a science major, but you can think critically, solve problems, and have some idea about what science can and cannot do. I hope you will be able to tell the shoe from the shinola.Science and the Scientific MethodScience is an objective, logical, and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating in the natural universe. Science is from the Latin word, scientia, to know. Good science is not dogmatic, but should be viewed as an ongoing process of testing and evaluation. One of the hoped-for benefits of students taking a biology course is that they will become more familiar with the process of science.Humans seem innately interested in the world we live in. Young children drive their parents batty with constant "why" questions. Science is a means to get some of those whys answered. When we shop for groceries, we are conducting a kind of scientific experiment. If you like Brand X of soup, and Brand Y is on sale, perhaps you try Brand Y. If you like it you may buy it again, even when it is not on sale. If you did not like Brand Y, then no sale will get you to try it again.In order to conduct science, one must know the rules of the game(imagine and having to discover the rules as you play! Which is precisely what one does with some computer or videogames (before buying the cheatbook). The scientific method is to be used as a guide that can be modified. In some sciences, such as taxonomy and certain types of geology, laboratory experiments are not necessarily performed. Instead, after formulating a hypothesis, additional observations and/or collections are made from different localities.Steps in the scientific method commonly include:1.Observation: defining the problem you wish to explain.2.Hypothesis: one or more falsifiable explanations for theobservation.3.Experimentation: Controlled attempts to test one or morehypotheses.4.Conclusion: was the hypothesis supported or not? After thisstep the hypothesis is either modified or rejected, which causes a repeat of the steps above.After a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested, a hierarchy of scientific thought develops. Hypothesis is the most common, with the lowest level of certainty. A theory is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modification, e.g. The Theory of Evolution. A Law is one of the fundamental underlying principles of how the Universe is organized, e.g. The Laws of Thermodynamics, Newton's Law of Gravity. Science uses the word theory differently than it is used in the general population. Theory to most people, in general nonscientific use, is an untested idea. Scientists call this a hypothesis.Scientific experiments are also concerned with isolating the variables. A good science experiment does not simultaneously test several variables, but rather a single variable that can be measured against a control. Scientific controlled experiments are situations where all factors are the same between two test subjects, except for the single experimental variable.Consider a commonly conducted science fair experiment. Sandy wants to test the effect of gangsta rap music on pea plant growth. She plays loud rap music 24 hours a day to a series of pea plants grown under light, and watered every day. At the end of her experiment she concludes gangsta rap is conducive to plant growth. Her teacher grades her project very low, citing the lack of a control group for the experiment. Sandy returns to her experiment, but this time she has a separate group of plants under the same conditions as the rapping plants, but with soothing Led Zeppelin songs playing. She comes to the same conclusion as before, but now has a basis for comparison. Her teacher gives her project a better grade.Theories Contributing to Modern Biology Modern biology is based on several great ideas, or theories:1.The Cell Theory2.The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection3.Gene Theory4.HomeostasisRobert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, referred to the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Mattias Schleiden (in 1838) concluded all plant tissues consisted of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion for animal tissues. Rudolf Virchow, in 1858, combined the two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory. Thus there is a chain-of-existence extending from your cells back to the earliest cells, over 3.5 billion years ago. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.Figure 1. James Watson (L)and Francis Crick (R), andthe model they built of thestructure ofdeoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. While a model may seema small thing, theirdevelopment of the DNAmodel fostered increasedunderstanding of how geneswork. Image from theInternet.In 1953, American scientist James Watson and British scientist Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had (then) recently been deduced to be the physicalcarrier of inheritance. Crick hypothesized the mechanism for DNA replication and further linked DNA to proteins, an idea since referred to as the central dogma. Information from DNA "language" is converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid) "language" and then to the "language" of proteins. The central dogma explains the influence of heredity (DNA) on the organism (proteins). Homeostasis is the maintainence of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, pH, and energy are major components of this concept. Theromodynamics is a field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers, and thus the basis for life on earth. Two major laws are known: the conservation of matter and energy, andbe discussed in more detail in a later chapter. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, etc.) and energy.These first three theories are very accepted by scientists and the general public. The theory of evolution is well accepted by scientists and most of the general public. However, it remains a lightening rod for school boards, politicians, and television preachers. Much of this confusion results from what the theory says and what it does not say.Development of the Theory of EvolutionModern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science.The Ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the "crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists (See Gould, 1989, for a more detailed discussion). Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages -- the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600's calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in thebiblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher's book, History of the World. The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of bibles. Ussher's ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked applecarts of church and state.Figure 2. Archbishop JamesUssher. Image from the Internet.Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "truth". Ussher's ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5000 years old.Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci(painter of the Last Supper, and theMona Lisa, architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as the Father of modern geology, developed thepaleontology. According to Hutton's work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5000 years old.The Modern View of the Age of the Earth Radiometric age assignments based on the rates of decay ofnot discovered until the late 19th century, suggest the earth is over 4.5 billion years old. The Earth is thought older than 4.5 billion years, with the oldest known rocks being 3.96 billion years old. Geologic time divides into eons, eroas, and smaller units. An overview of geologic time may be obtained at .Figure 3. The geologic time scale, hilighting some of the firsts in the evolution of life. One way to represent geological time. Note the break during the precambrian. If the vertical scale was truly to scale the precambrian would account for 7/8 of the graphic.。

生物专业英语PPT课件

注射1xl06杂交瘤细胞，待生成腹水后再抽取，离心去细胞沉淀，取上清液冻存。一般在接种杂交瘤细胞后7---12d便能抽取到腹水，抽取几次，即可达10ml。
• 体外培养法
• 培养基：多采用RPMll640培养液，添加10％～20％胎牛或小牛血清。
• 特点：
由于培养液中含有血清成分，总蛋白量可达100mg／m1以上，给纯化带来困难。加入小牛血清又是发生支原体污染的原因，而且批间质量差异太大，直接影响杂交瘤细胞生长。所以，近年来发展起来的无血清培养法，就是利用白蛋白、胰岛素、转铁蛋白、乙醇胺等混合物来代替小牛血清。虽然该法可减少污染又有利于单克隆抗体的纯化，但产量不高。
CellEngin7
（七）抗体检测
免疫荧光试验放射免疫试验(RIA) 联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)
CellEngin7
ELISA用于破伤风抗体的筛选
ELISA
（八）单克隆抗体的大量制备
体内法培养法
动物体内诱生法
• 优缺点 1. 比较经济， 2. 产物量多效价高， 3. 还可有效地保存杂交瘤细胞株和分离已经污染杂菌的杂交
- 2700 copies/virion
- monovalent display - multivalent display
- large proteins
- small peptides
- N-terminal display
- N-terminal display
瘤细胞株， 4. 缺点是小鼠腹水中混有来自小鼠的多种杂蛋白，纯化难。
要点：选用BALB／c小鼠（因为杂交瘤细胞的两种亲本细胞都来自BALB／c小鼠）
破坏小鼠腹腔内膜（注入细胞的几周前，预先将具有刺激性的有机溶剂降植烷(pristane)注入腹腔内，建立杂交瘤细胞易于增殖的环境使杂交瘤细胞在腹腔内增殖良好）

生物专业英语文稿.推荐精选PPT

英文科技论文的写作
② 作者署名(Signature）作者署名一般应列于标题之下。
③ 作者单位（Department）
④ 摘要（ Abstract）三部分组成： (1）研究目的简要陈述研究目的、内容及需要解决的问题。 (2）研究方法简要介绍研究所采用的实验方法和基本步骤。 (3）结果简要描述实验主要发现和主要结论及论文的价值。英文稿以1 000印刷符号为宜，原则上不超过全文的3％。
English for Biology 生物学专业英语
目的
(一) 培养科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。
(二)掌握基本的专业英语词汇。 (三)为专业英语学习提供相关文献资料，进一步扩
大阅读范围和提高阅读能力。
专业英语的特点
专业英语语法特点：
① 体现科技英语的特点-语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质。
十克
11.hecto,
百
hectometer
百米
hectoliter
百升
hectowatt
百瓦
12. kilo,
千
kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿
kilobase
千碱基
13. deci,
十分之一,分
decimeter
分米
decigram
十分之一克
14. centi,
百分之一
15. milli,
如： • photosynthesis (光合作用) • microtubule (微管) • microfilament (微丝) • Electrophoresis (电泳) • DNA （deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸） • CoA （Coenzyme A） • UV （Ultra-violet） • AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

生物专业英语上传PPT

organisms at the level of tissues and organs; ecology,
which studies the interactions between organisms
themselves; ethology, which studies the behavior of
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
2021/10/10
8
1.1 What is Biology? (Continued)
• In recent years, much excitement in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison, called genomics, and the creation of life with custom-written DNA programming, called synthetic biology. These fields are sure to continue grabbing the headlines in the near future.
2021/10/10
10
Notes to the Difficult Sentences
• Besides classifications based on the category of organism being studied, biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines, which may focus on just one category of organism or address organisms from different categories.