2014级博士英语《科技英语翻译》结业试题(for student)
2014年浙江大学英语考博真题和参考答案
2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1. 听力听力 Part A 原文：原文： In In my my my opinion, opinion, opinion, technology technology technology has has has become become become too too too advanced. advanced. advanced. I I I am am am 17-years-old, 17-years-old, 17-years-old, and and and I I I can can can still still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for （middle class families ） to have computers. In our society society today, today, today, almost almost almost every every every single single single family family family has has has at at at least least least one one one computer computer computer if if if not not not more, more, more, and and and these these computers computers are are are incredibly incredibly incredibly advanced advanced advanced compared compared compared to to to what what what you'd you'd you'd have have have had had in in your your your home home home a a short short ten ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that that there there there is is going going to to to be be be something something something bigger, bigger, bigger, I I I should should should really really really say say say smaller, smaller, smaller, and and better （out on the market ） in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? humanity? Y ou Y ou can can can do do do everything everything everything you you you want want want from from from a a a computer, computer, computer, work, work, work, play,play,（talk to friends ）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, computer, and and and they they they would would would have have have access access access to to to everything everything everything they they they need! need! need! It It It is is is insane! insane! insane! The The The advances advances advances in in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the ） internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone phone today today today would would would be be be considered considered considered huge, huge, huge, clunky, clunky, clunky, heavy, heavy, heavy, and and and "old". "old". "old". I I I personally personally personally couldn't couldn't couldn't even even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed ）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time time I I I have have have bought bought bought a a a new new new phone phone phone since since since that that that point, point, point, six six six months months months later, later, later, I I I have have have wanted wanted wanted a a a new new new one one because because my my my phone phone phone was was was not not not up up up to to to date. date. date. Can Can Can you you you believe believe believe it, it, it, after after after not not not even even even a a a year year year a a a phone phone phone can can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them. 2. 听力听力 Part B 原文原文括号内为答案括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of （ public health disparities ）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and and spirited spirited spirited discussion. discussion. discussion. As As As many many many of of of you you you may may may know, know, know, reforming reforming reforming and and and improving improving improving our our our health health health care care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care ）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies a n increased an increased and （necessary call for action ） among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care ） because a healthy healthy society society society is is is the the the foundation foundation foundation on on on which which which we we we build build build our our our schools, schools, schools, our our our neighborhoods, neighborhoods, neighborhoods, and and and our our economy. economy. Health Health Health care care care is is not not a a privilege----it privilege----it is is is a a right. right. I I I know know know we we we have have have along along along road road road to to to travel travel travel in in achieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are （finally waking up to this reality ）. Part C1 原文原文 3个选择题个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. H is books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He neve r held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on. 第一个问题第一个问题 问这个人是干什么的问这个人是干什么的 选the writer Part C2 Part C2 原文原文原文 第2篇 3个选择题个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contactwith them. Their values values—this —this can’t be repeated too often—often—are are not necessarily ourvalues. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most importantthings. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat withdecaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, takingno notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist thatthey go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better careof? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in dangerof carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks arebeing taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easilyhurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as itgets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spareparts. But But never never forget that such operations operations are are painful experiences, experiences, however however goodthe results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Isit morally right to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs toexcite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it isdesigned to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so longas they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them atry, on t try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the highervertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of bothgreat great groups, groups, groups, every every every individual individual individual has has has a a a certain certain certain number number number of of of inmate inmate inmate movements movements movements and and and sounds soundsfor expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signalswhenever it sees or hears hears them them them in in a fellow-member fellow-member of of the species. species. The The highly socialspecies of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated codeof such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previousexperience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought aboutby these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression thatthe birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purelyinnate signal signal code code of of an an animal species species differs differs fundamentally fundamentally from from human human language, language,every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, beinga genetically fixed character of the species a genetically fixed character of the species——just as much as any bodilycharacter character——this so-called language is, for every individual animal species,ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was,nevertheless, with something akin to nevertheless, with something akin to naïve naïve naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in surprise that I heard the jackdaws innorthern Russia “talk talk”” exactly the same, familiar “dialect dialect”” as my birds at homein Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and humanlanguages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that theanimal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no waythe conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is provedby the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signalsas soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances theautomatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparentand reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather ．a ．talked b ．chatted c ．muttered d ．whispered He is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute ．a ．speak b ．talk c ．remark d ．address Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies. a. economic b. economical b. economical c. economy d. economics d. economics There are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching. a. sponsors b. contributors b. contributors c. advocates c. advocates d. performers A friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. a. identical b. superficial b. superficial c. critical d. original d. original Nobody Nobody yet yet yet knows knows knows how how how long long long and and and how how how seriously seriously seriously the the the shakiness shakiness shakiness in in in the the the financial financial financial system system system will will will _C_ _C_ down the economy. a. put b. settle b. settle c. drag d. knock d. knock We are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. a. equal b. adequate b. adequate c. considerate d. sympathetic People People were were were surprised surprised surprised to to to find find find that that that Mr. Mr. Mr. Johnson Johnson Johnson had had had the the the ability ability ability to to to ___B__ ___B__ ___B__ everything everything everything he he he was was involved in. a. Prevail b. dominate c. preside c. preside d. instruct You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it in volves. a. force b. trial b. trial c. attempt d. effort The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers. a. straightforward b. partial b. partial c. favorable d. hostile You must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too. a. Equally b. Incidentally c. Inevitably c. Inevitably d. Likewise d. Likewise This __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice. a. examination b. survey b. survey c. inspection d. test As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals a. relieve b. release b. release c. dismiss c. dismiss d. discard He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant. a. wonder b. doubt c. question d. consideration 三.完形填空（20题 20分）分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9） long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are （12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young young person. person. person. Another Another Another (14) (14) (14) in in in aging aging aging may may may be be be changes within changes within the the cells(15). cells(15). cells(15). Some Some Some of of the the protein protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA DNA and and and RNA, RNA, RNA, store store store and and and (19) (19) (19) information information information that that that the the the cells cells cells need.Aging need.Aging need.Aging may may may affect affect affect this this this (20) (20) (20) and and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well. 1.C A A ．would B B ．be used to C ．used to D ． used 2.B A A ．function B ．effect C C ．affect D D ． sign 3.D A A ．lead in B ．give in C C ．run into D ． result in 4.but 5.D A A ．hands B B ．feet C C ．heart D ． organs 6.B A A ．energy B ．protection C ．vigor D ． power 7.A A A ．likely B B ．probable C ．possible D ． alike 8.B A A ．attend to B B ．contribute to C C ．add to D ． devote to 9.fairly 10.A A A ．replaced B ．reborn C ．recovered D ． surrendered 11.C A ．a number B B ．the amount C ．the number D ． a great deal 12.replaced 13.C A ．to B ．for C ．of D ． in 14.A A ．factor B B ．effect C C ．reason D ． element 15.C A ．for themselves B ．of themselves C ．themselves D ．on their own 16.why 17.B A ．increase B ．shrink C C ．lengthen D ． decrease 18.such as 19.D A ．pass away B B ．pass by C C ．pass off D D ． pass on 20.D A ．improvement B ．procession C ．approach D ． process 四阅读（4篇，20分）分）阅读第一篇阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the the child child child must must must physiologically physiologically physiologically be be be capable capable capable of of of producing producing producing and and and experiencing experiencing experiencing particular particular particular emotions emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two two basic basic basic processes processes processes by by by which which which learning learning learning takes takes takes place. place. place. one one one kind kind kind of of of learning learning learning is is is called called called "classical "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward reward or or or punishment, punishment, punishment, it it it is is is through through through classical classical classical conditioning conditioning conditioning that that that a a a child child child learns learns learns to to to associate associate associate his his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce produce rewards rewards rewards in in in his his his environment environment environment and and and learns learns learns not not not to to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every Every day, day, we we grow grow grow and and and have have have new new new experiences. experiences. experiences. we we we constantly constantly constantly learn learn learn by by by reading, reading, reading, watching watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_. a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion b) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning c) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning d) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 2.if 2.if your your your jokes jokes jokes often often often find find find already already already echo echo echo in in in a a a person, person, person, you you you will will will learn learn learn though though though _B_ _B_ _B_ that that that telling telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) neither of them d) some other sorts of conditioning 3. 3. if if if a a a child child child is is is bitten bitten bitten or or or startled startled startled several several several times times times by by by a a a dog, dog, dog, he he he may may may learn learn learn to to to associate associate associate furry furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) both of them d) neither of them 4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_. a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day b) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning c) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on d) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_. a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings b) the third kind of learning c) further examples of learning through operant conditioning d) none of the above 阅读第2篇，篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill kill people. people. people. The The The hazards hazards hazards of of of drinking drinking drinking too too too much much much alcohol alcohol alcohol are are are as as as bad bad or or worse worse worse than than than the the the hazards hazards hazards of of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism. But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores stores anywhere anywhere anywhere in in in the the the United United United States. States. States. They They They were were were shut shut shut down down down abilished abilished abilished by by by an an an amendment amendment amendment to to to the the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or or Canadian Canadian Canadian liquor. liquor. Crime Crime and and and drunkenness drunkenness drunkenness were were were both both both supposed supposed supposed to to to decline decline decline as as as a a a rusult rusult rusult of of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. 1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? A a) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism. b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages. c) Without liquor, people would not drink. d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance. 2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___. a) sold openly b) no longer a temptation c) a major factor in the passage of the V olstead Act d) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders 3. During Prohibition, people__B__. a) lived in fear of the law b) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor c) recklessly endangered their comunities d) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them 4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__. a) every American would buy alcohol illegally b) all criminal activities would cease c) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol d) the social threat from drunkerness would decline 5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__. a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition b) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness c) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinking d) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages 第三篇第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you you are are are under under under is is yet yet another. another. another. But But But scientists scientists scientists studying studying studying senescence senescence senescence want want want to to to know: know: know: Why Why Why do do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What What we we we consider consider consider old old old age age age now now now may may may only only only be be be middle-aged middle-aged middle-aged someday someday someday soon. soon. soon. Who Who Who knows knows knows with with with so so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! 1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one ‟s disease and injury B . to run fast C. to recover from disease and injury D. to jump after recovering 2. In order to live longer, ___A___. 。
2014年6月翻译考试答案学生最终拷贝
2014年6月翻译考试答案学生最终拷贝2014年6月翻译考试试题参考答案Part I ：Please translate the following sentences into Chinese with the designated translating methods. (10分，每题2分)1.Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules forthe borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.（主/被动语态转换）要求学生勿忘借阅书籍流通之规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。
今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将按章重罚。
2.People who don’t receive or give themselves pats on the back aremuch less likely to give praise to others. （释义）不接受和不赞赏自己的人更不可能给予他人赞扬。
3.A strange was shot and critically injured after stepping into aprivate property accidentally. The father of two was rushed to the hospital. （合并）一位有两个孩子的父亲因误入私宅被开枪击中，受了重伤，随即被送往医院。
4.In his essay “The Philosophy of Travel,” George Santayana writesthat we sometimes need to escape into open solitudes①, into aimlessness, and into a moral holiday. （增补）乔治桑塔亚那在他的散文《旅行的哲学》中写道，有时我们需要逃避一下现实生活，到一些广袤孤绝的环境，过一段漫无目的的光阴，度一个陶冶情操的假期。
2014年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionAbout six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked: “So, how have you been?” And the boy —who could not have been more than seven or eight years old—replied. “Frankly, I’ve been feeling a little depressed lately.”This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school. The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children don’t seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to. Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Childhood as it once was no longer exists, why? Human development is based not only on innate biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social role to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders. In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation (揭示) machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television. Television passes information, and indiscriminately, to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures. Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practices. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials.1．According to the author, feeling depressed is______.A．a mental scale present in all humans, including childrenB．a sure sign of a psychological problem in a childC．an inevitable part of children’s mental developmentD．something hardly to be expected in a young child正确答案：D解析：本题细节定位于第二段第二句话“As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were‘depressed’until we were in high school”。
南京大学2014年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析
南京大学2014年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and Vocabulary1． As the world’s largest grain exporter, the United States has______power over the world food distribution system.A．assortedB．unrivaledC．compoundedD．intrigued正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。
assorted“组合的；混杂的”；unrivaled“无敌的，无比的，至高无上的”；compounded“复合的，化合的”；intrigued“好奇的；被迷住的”。
根据句意能与power(控制权)搭配的形容词只能是unrivaled。
故答案为B。
2．The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to______, but rather to increase with every new discovery.A．clarifyB．eliminateC．diminishD．extinguish正确答案：C解析：动词词义辨析。
空后的but一词表示转折，所以此空应填入与increase意思相反的词，选项中只有diminish(使减少；使变小)符合这个要求。
故答案为C。
eliminate“排除，消除”；extinguish“熄灭；压制”。
3． Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more______emotion.A．compellingB．abidingC．violentD．sophisticated正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。
2014英语翻译基础真题和部分答案(回忆版)
2014年广东外语外贸大学研究生入学考试英语翻译基础一、短语翻译（30分）1，十八届三中全会2，国家民族事务委员会3，中国地震局4，主管部门5，玩忽职守6，徇私舞弊7，以……为把手8，国际会议口译员协会9，绿化覆盖面积10，行政问责制11，暂行规定12，一站式服务13，国际惯例14，得寸进尺15，《西厢记》16，National Council for US-China Trade17，Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development18，The Baltimore Sun19，court of first instance20，underwriting contract21，licensee of a patent22，China-EU maritime transport agreement23，venture capital24，The Great Depression25，strategic agility26，occupational health and safety27，low-end processing28，information asymmetry29，diamonds cut diamonds30, The Catcher in the Rye二、英译中关于秘鲁前副总统劳尔·迭斯·坎塞科Raul Diez Canseco Terry的一篇简介，难度不大但是篇幅较长，人名和学校名都给出了注释，地名要自己翻译。
这里要注意：今年中英和英中的文章都增加了长度,完全没有时间打草稿，长度参照二笔真题。
下文并非原题，长度也略短，但有部分信息与原题重合，已加粗标明。
RAUL DIEZ CANSECO TERRY: THE ENTREPRENEURMr. Diez-Canseco, a Peruvian citizen, founded the preparatory academy ”San Ignacio de Loyola”40 year ago and became its Executive Director in 1970. In 1995, he co-founded the“Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola” and was elected Chairman of the Board of the holding organization; “Organizacion San Ignacio de Loyola.” In 1983, Mr. Diez- Canseco co-founded the “Inst ituto Superior Tecnologico”, and in 1990 founded “San Ignacio de Recalde” school.The organization expanded internationally, and in 1993 “San Ignacio de Loyola School” was established in Asuncion, Paraguay. Raul Diez-Canseco passion and commitment to education was a decisive factor in bringing the “Junior Achievement” organization to Peru in 1996. Mr. Diez-Canseco is currently a shareholder of the Junior Achievement organization and sits on its Board of Directors.The Escuela de Chefs has been preparing culinary arts and baking and pastry professionals for over 10 years. Excellent reputation, outstanding professionals and facilities made possible to partner with internationally recognized culinary schools such us Institut Paul Bocuse in Lyon, France; Hofmann Hotel Management School in Barcelona, Spain, and Apicius International School of Hospitality in Florence, Italy. These international partnerships allow San Ignacio students to participate in more culturally diverse experiences and expose them to the highly competitive business world.The Escuela de Chefs in Lima opened “Restaurante Don Ignacio”, the first student run restaurant in Peru. At Restaurante Don Ignacio, students prepare and present international cuisine plates under the guidance and tutelage of some of the most highly trained chefs in the business.Over the past 30 years, Raul Diez-Canseco has been a pioneer in bringing world-famous restaurants and entertainment franchises to Peru, including Chili’s,Señor Frog’s, Carlos & Charlie’s, Cosmic B owling, Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. He was also the first entrepreneur to bring the concept of “home-delivery” to Peru.Apart from his entrepreneurial endeavors, Raul Diez-Canseco has been involved in the political arena, serving as a political advisor for several years before being elected vice-president of the Republic of Peru in the year 2001. He has also written several books on politics and continues to contribute articles to major Peruvian newspapers.Above everything, Raul Diez-Canseco is a dedicated advocate for the economic and cultural advancement of Peru. He firmly believes that education is the only path to upward mobility, both individually and as a society. He can tell countless triumphant stories of students -from a variety of social and economic status- who have become successful professionals, politicians, business owners and educators, all working to raise the standard of living of Peruvians.三、中译英是翻译《天衢丹阙：老北京风物图卷》的序言，以下是原题内容：首都北京，是国家历史文化名城，世界著名古都。
实用科技英语翻译-期末考试复习题
2009-2010学年第2学期《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题）1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)?EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation.2. What are stylistic features of EST?Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level.3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms?A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the conceptB. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one wordC .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common systemD. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same languageE. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to rememberF. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.G. stability（稳定性）: stable and unlikely to changeH. productivity（能产性）: once established, it is easy to produce more neologisms based the original one by means of word-formation4. What are common rules for Technical Term Translation?As such, we should deal with the relationship of the following aspects:A. monosemy vs. concisenessmonosemy is the priorityB. motivation vs. accuracyAs science knowledge is rather abstract, motivation in translation is preferredC. stability vs. productivityProductivity is the priorityD. systematization vs. linguistically correctBefore translation of compound technical terms, we should be aware of the nature and tradition of Chinese word-formation.E. Chinese language trait vs. concisenessAs for the numbers of characters, we prefer to use pair characters （偶数词语）or even 4-character expressions（四字结构）.II. Underline and mark out the themes and rhymes of the following sentences with the capital letters T and R respectively. (10’)（2个题）1. Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.Parallel：T-R1+R2+R3… Aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to hot treatment processes.2. Each cylinder therefore is encased in a water jacket, which forms part of a circuit through which water is pumped continuously, and cooled by means of air drawn in from the outside atmosphere by large rotary fans, worked off the main crankshaft, or in the large diesel-electric locomotives, by auxiliary motors.3. We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following that there is still much scope for craft and ingenuity in metallurgy, despite the fact that great strides have been made in it as a science during the past seventy years, and also that real fundamental understanding and valid explanations of many of the properties of metals which are used by man still call for intensive scientific work.We, the authors having handled a variety of metals and alloys for over forty years, can reassure those following (Theme) that there is still much scope for craft and ingenuity in metallurgy, despiteIII. Improve the following translation. As for the first sentence you should provide your improved English translation and as for the second sentence you should provide the improved Chinese one. (10’)（2个题）1.活塞与气缸的配合问题，对发动机的使用寿命影响极大。
2014年全国大学考博英语考试答案.《461533046》
英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。
华慧2014年3月中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练
2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译真题训练PART IV TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another about reading is to take no advice. to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions. 1) If this is agreed between us, then I feel at liberty to put forward a few ideas and suggestions because you will not allow them to fetter (禁锢) that independence which is the most important quality that a reader can possess. After all, what laws can be laid down about books? The battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day; but is Hamlet a better play than Lear? Nobody can say. Each must decide that question for himself. 2) Everywhere else we may be bound by laws and conventions-there we have none. Then, how are we to bring order into this multitudinous chaos and get the deepest and widest pleasure from what we read?3) It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. 4) If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, the signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other."We have only to compare"-with those words the cat is out of the bag, and the true complexity of reading is admitted. The first process, to receive impressions with the utmost understanding, is only half the process of reading; it must be completed, if we are to get the whole pleasure from a book, by another. 5) We must pass judgment upon these multitudinous impressions; we must make of these fleeting shapes one that is hard and lasting.2014年3月份中科院考博英语真题翻译参考译文【华慧考博独家解析: 参考译文】PART IV TRANSLATION1.如果我们对此达成共识，我就可以无拘束地提出一些看法和建议，因为你不会让这些看法和建议禁锢你的独立见解，而独立见解正是读者应具备的最重要的品质。
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Most good writers use every means at their______to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A．willB．disposalC．requestD．convenience正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
没有at one’s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one’s disposal“可自行支配”；at one’s request“应某人请求”；at one’s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2．John was so______in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.A．engagedB．occupiedC．absorbedD．concentrated正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3．Too much______to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A．exposureB．disclosureC．contactD．connection正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
2014年四川大学考博英语真题及问题详解
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
科技英语试题(带答案)(可编辑修改word版)
e of English1.—Good-bye and thank you very much for a wonderful time. — A . Hope to see you again.A.Thank you for your comingB. Not at allC. It was nothingD. Never mind2.—I’m sorry. I lost the key. — AA.Well, it’s OK.B. No, it’s all right.C. You are welcome.D. You are wrong.3.—I’m so sorry for stepping on your foot. — A .A.That’s all rightB. No, it’s my faultC. You didn’t hurt me at allD. Yes, don’t worry about it4.—Paul, B ? —Oh, that’s my father! And beside him, my mother.A.what is the person over thereB. who’s talking over thereC. what are they doingD. which is that5.—Could I speak to Don Watkins, please? — CA.I’m listeningB. Oh, how are you?C. Speaking, please.D. I’m Don.6.— Would you rather come on Friday or Saturday? — DA.Yes, of course.B. The other is better.C. What’s the matter?D. Either would suit me.7.—Would you mind if I turned the radio up？— B .A.Yes, pleaseB. No, go aheadC. No, thank youD. Yes, that’ll be right8.— C —He teaches physics in a school.A.What does your father want to do?B. Who is your father?C. What is your father?D. Where is your father now?9.— I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow. — DA.I don’t like the weather at this time of the year.B.I don’t mind if it is going to rain tomorrow.C.Why read the newspaper yourself?D.Let’s listen to the weather report on the radio at ten.10.—Why didn’t you come to my birthday party yesterday? — DA.Excuse me, my friend sent me a flower.B. Fine, I never go to birthday parties.C. Ha…ha, I don’t like birthday parties.D. Sorry, but my wife had a car accident11.—Thank you for inviting me. — DA.I really had a happy time.B. Oh, it’s too lateC. Oh, so slowly?D. Thank you for coming12.— C . —It’s nothing to worry about. I never liked it anyway.A.I lost my walkman this morningB.I feel awful. I’ve got a coldC.I feel terrible, but I’ve left your tape somewhereD.I’m sorry, but we don’t have that medicine13.—We are going to London for holiday next week. Would you mind taking care of my garden while we’re away？—Not at all. C .A.Sorry, I have no timeB. I’d rather notC. With pleasureD. No, I wouldn’t14.— B —Well, they got there last Wednesday. So about a week.A.When did your parents arrive at Paris?B.How long have your parents been in Paris?C.Did your parents arrive at Paris last Wednesday?D.When will your parents go to Paris?15.— Do you feel like taking a walk in the park? — C .A.You may ask your brother to go, tooB.Yes, but I can’t afford the timeC.No, I’m really not in the mood for it this eveningD.No, I’d like it16.—Hi, welcome back! Had a nice trip? — AA.Oh, fantastic! Fresh air, and sunshine every day.e on, I’ve got lots of fun.C.By the way, I don’t like Saturdays.D.Well, I’ll look forward to your phone call.17.—Oh, sorry to bother you. — CA.That’s good.B. No, you can’t.C. That’s Okay.D. Oh, I don’t know.18.— Jane: Tom, let me introduce you to Lucy. — Tom: B —Lucy: Hi, I’m Lucy Lee.A.What’s your name?B. Hello.C. Nice to see you.D. Sorry, not right now.19.—Would you like to have dinner with me this Saturday, Mr. Wang? — C .A.Oh, no. Let’s notB. I’d rather stay at homeC. I’d love to, but I have a meeting that dayD. Thank you20.—How often do you go dancing? — CA.I will go dancing tomorrow.B. Yesterday.C. Every other day.D. I’ve been dancing for a year.21.—You’ve won the football game. Congratulations! — A .A.It’s nice of you to say soB. We are really luckyC. No one else could do itD. Oh, not really22.—Marilyn, I’m afraid I have to be leaving now. — BA.That sounds wonderful.B. Oh, so early?C. Not at all.D. Good luck!23.—I was worried about my maths, but Mr. Brown gave me an A. — BA.Don’t worry about it.B. Congratulations! That’s a difficult course.C. Mr. Brown is very good.D. Good luck to you!24.—What’s happened to my library books? — A .A.I’ve no ideaB. You borrowed them from the libraryC. You bought them yesterdayD. They’re about wild animals25.—Mike, I am going to skate in the mountains tomorrow. —Oh, really？ C .A.Good luckB. Thank youC. Have a good timeD. Congratulations26.—How about going to dinner at the Mexican restaurant tonight? — CA.Forget it.B. Sorry, I like Mexican food.C. That’s great!D. Glad you like it.27.— My children are always arguing. — AA.Just leave them alone.B. That’s right.C. Are you sure?D. How old are the boys?28.—I wonder if I could use your dictionary？—Sure. B .A.Go onB. Here you areC. Go upD. Here are you29.—Madam, do all the buses go downtown? — DA.Wow, you got the idea.B. No, never mind.C. Pretty well, I guess.D. Sorry, I’m new here.30.— Where is Tom this morning? —He’s got a cold. — AA.Just tell him to take it easy.B. What’s the matter with him?C. He is absent.D. What? Where is he?II.Reading ComprehensionPassage 1Pigeons have been used as messengers for 500 years, because of their special ability to find home. The mystery of the homing pigeon is on how it navigates and how it finds home. We now know that there are two ways that pigeons tell directions. First, they use the sun. Just getting rough directions from the sun is easy. However, getting accurate directions from the sun takes more care. To tell direction accurately from the sun, one needs to know the exact time.All plants and animals seem to have built-in clocks. Usually these biological clocks are not quite exact in measuring time. However, they work pretty well, because they are “reset” every day, maybe when the sun gets up.Do pigeons use their biological clocks to help them find direction from the sun? We can experiment to find out. We can keep pigeons in a room lighted only by lamps. And we can time the lighting to make their artificial “days” start at some different time from the rea l outside day. After a while we have shifted their clocks. Now we take them far away from home and let them go on a sunny day. Most of them start out as if they know just which way to go, but choose a wrong direction. They have picked a direction that would be correct for the position of the sun and the time of day according to their shifted clocks.The above experiment shows that homing pigeons can tell directions by the sun. What happens when the sky is darkly overcast by clouds and no one can see where the sun is? The pigeons still find their way home. So it seems that pigeons also have some extra sense of direction from the earth’s magnetic field when they cannot see the sun.1.Pigeons have been used as messengers, for they have special ability B .A.to send lettersB. to find homeC. to carry food for menD. to lead the way for people2.The secret of the homing pigeons is B .A.how they find foodB. how they find homeC. how they take a letterD. how they take care of children3.All plants and animals reset their biological clocks when A .A.the sun risesB. the sun setsC. the moon risesD. the moon sets4.The experiment tells us that the pigeons fly C because of the shifted biological clocks.A.in a wrong directionB. in a correct directionC. in all directionsD. in a circle5.Pigeons have C to tell the direction when it is cloudy by using the earth’s magnetic field.A.sharp eyesB. sensitive hearingC. sense of directionD. brain wavesPassage 2The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, "High school English teachers are not doing their jobs." He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established.My topic is not standards nor its decline (降低). What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult.My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies (缺陷). But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack.The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generation of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequate.Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today's young people, it naturally follows that today's English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. Otherwise, young people would not commit offenses against the language.6.The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that D .A.the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generationB.the students had a poor command of English because they didn't work hard enoughC.he was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen yearsD.English teachers should be held responsible for the students' poor command of English7.In the author's opinion, the speaker B .A.gave a correct judgment of the English level of the studentsB.had exaggerated the language problems of the studentsC.was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobsD.could think and speak intelligently8.The author's attitude towards the speaker's remarks is C .A.neutralB. positiveC. criticalD. compromising9.It can be concluded from the passage that D .A.it is justifiable to include English as a school subjectB.the author disagrees with the speaker over the stadard of English at Grade 9 levelC.English language teaching is by no means an easy jobnguage improvement needs time and effort10.In the passage the author argues that A .A.it is unfair to blame the English teachers for the language deficiencies of the studentsB.young people would not commit offences against the language if the teachers did their jobs properlyC.to eliminate language deficiencies one must have sensitive eyes and earsD.to improve the standard of English requires the effort of several generationsPassage 3Is there a “success personality”— some winning combination of qualities that leads almost inevitably to achievement? If so, exactly what is that secret success formula, and can anyone cultivate it?At the Gallup Organization we recently focused in depth on success, probing the attitudes and qualities of 1 500 prominent people selected at random from Who’s Who in America. Our research finds out a number of qualiti es that occur regularly among top achievers. Here is one of the most important, that is, common sense.Common sense is the most prevailing quality possessed by our respondents(回答者). Seventy-nine percent award themselves a top score in this category. And 61 percent say that common sense was very important in contributing to their success.To most, common sense means the ability to present sound, practical judgments on everyday affairs. To do this, one has to sweep aside extraneous ideas and get right to the core of what matters. A Texas oil and gas businessman puts it this way: “The key abi lity for success is simplifying. In conducting meetings and dealing with industry, reducing a complex problem to the simplest terms is highly imp ortant.”Is common sense a quality a person is born with, or can you do something to increase it? The oil man’s answer is that common sense can definitely be developed. He attributes his to learning how to debate in school. Another way to increase your store of common sense is to observe it in others, learning from their — and your own — mistakes.Besides common sense, there are many other factors that influence success: knowing your field, self-reliance, intelligence, the ability to get things done, leadership, creativity, relationships with others, and of course, luck. But common sense stands out. If you cultivate these qualities, you’ll succeed. And you might even find yourself listed in Who’s Who someday.11.It can be known from the passage that Who’s Who C .A.is a very useful book telling us how to succeedB.is a book providing us with the information about the family life of some famous peopleC.is a book providing us with the names and brief biographies of the top successful peopleD.is a book from which we can find out the names of different peoples in the world12.According to the author, common sense B .A.is something that common people like bestB.is something that enables one to form correct opinionsC.is a popular quality a person is born withD.is a quality that is possessed by common people13.The word“extraneous” in Paragraph 4 most probably means D .A.rightB. extraordinaryC. clearD. not related14.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor for success? BA.Intelligence.B. Modesty.C. Creativity.D. Good luck.15.The passage is mainly concerned with D .anizational ability and good work habitsB.the way to obtain big profits and achieve fame and successC.knowledge and interest which are primary to successD.what successful people have in commonPassage 4Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.Wh en asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In s imilar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patien ts categorized as manic(疯人).The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps s ince childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.16.According to the report, D.A.many short sleepers need less sleep by natureB.many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their workC.long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the dayD.many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood17.Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that C .A.sleep is a withdrawal from the realityB.sleep interferes with their sound judgementC.sleep is the least expensive item on their routine programD.sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles18.It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers B .A.are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of lifeB.often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleepC.do not know how to relax properlyD.are more unlikely to run into mental problems19.When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might A .A.appear disturbedB. become energeticC. feel dissatisfiedD. be extremely depressed20.Which of the following is Not included in the passage? BA.If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakenedB.The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patientsC.Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleepD.Short sleepers would be better off with more restPassage 5Not so long ago almost any student who successfully completes a university degree or diploma course could find a good career quite easily. However, those days are gone, even in Hong Kong, and nowadays graduates often face strong competition in the search for jobs.Job seekers first have to make a careful assessment of their own abilities. One area of assessment should be of their academic qualifications, which would include special skills within their subject area. Graduates should also consider their own personal values and attitudes, or the relative importance to themselves of such matters as money, security, leadership and caring for others.The second stage is to study the opportunities available for employment and to think about how the general employment situation is likely to develop in the future. After studying all the various options, they should be in a position to make informed comparisons between various careers.Job application forms and letters should, of course, be filled in carefully and correctly, without grammar or spelling errors.When graduates are asked to attend for interview, they should prepare properly by finding out all they can about the prospective employer. Dressing suitably and arriving for the interview on time are also obviously important. Interviewees should try to give positive and helpful answers and should not be afraid to ask questions about anything they are unsure about. This is much better than pretending to understand a question and giving an unsuitable answer.There will always be good career opportunities for people with ability, skills and determination; the secret to securing a good job to be one of them.21.In Paragraph 1, the sentence “… those days are gone, even in Hong Kong…”s uggest that D .A.Hong Kong is no longer the good place for finding jobsB.nowadays, everyone in Hong Kong has an equal chance of finding a good careerC.it used to be harder to find a good job in Hong Kong than in other countries.D.in the past, finding a good career was easier in Hong Kong than elsewhere22.The word “relative” in Paragraph 2 could best be replaced by “ B ”.A.familyB. comparativeC. considerateD. slight23.The advice given in the first sentence of Paragraph 3 is to B .A.find out what jobs are available and the opportunities for future promotionB.examine the careers available and how these will be affected in the futureC.look at the information on and probable future location of various careersD.study the opportunities and the kinds of training that will be available24.The word “prospective” in Paragra ph 5 is closest in meaning to “ C ”.A.generousB. reasonableC. futureD. ambitious25.In paragraph 5, the writer seems to suggest that C .A.interviewees should ask a question if they can’t think of an answerB.pretending to understand a question is better than giving an unsuitable answerC.it is better for interviewees to be honest than to pretend to understandD.it is not a good idea for interviewees to be completely honest in their answersPassage 6Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: those international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said, “This wasn’t hockey. Hock ey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at le ast two years.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted for not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national team, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.26.According to the author, recent Olympic Games have C.A.created good will between the nationsB.bred only false national prideC.barely showed any international friendshipD.led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred27.What did the manager mean by saying “… Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finis hed.”BA.His team would no longer take part in the international games.B.Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions.C.There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.D.The Federation should be dissolved.28.The basketball example implied that A .A.too much patriotism was displayed in the incident.B.the announcement to prolong the match was wrongC.The appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decisionD.the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals29.The author gives the two examples in Paragraph 2 and 3 to show C .A.how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international gamesB.that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to beC.that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendshipD.that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games30.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?DA.International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.B.Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.C.Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.D.The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.III.Vocabulary and Structure1.It is just as hard to persuade my wife not to dance _B to keep me from the football field.A.so it isB. as it isC. so is itD. as is it2.The committee B different opinions about the financial help given to the workers.A.hasB. haveC. havingD. having had3.Nothing is A time; yet nothing is less valued.A.more precious thanB. less precious thanC. most preciousD. as precious as4. A you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.A.Now thatB. AfterC. AlthoughD. As soon as5.Not only I but also Jane and Mary B tired of having one examination after another.A.isB. areC. amD. be6.The child felt there was no one he could turn A with his problem.A.toB. forC. onD. at7. A from the top of the mountain, the whole city looks beautiful.A.SeenB. SeeingC. SeeD. Looked8.Traveling abroad will broaden your C and help you to understand the world.A.rangeB. sightC. horizonD. vision9.In all English towns there is a speed limit of 30 miles an hour, B ?A.is thereB. isn’t thereC. is itD. isn’t it10.No sooner had he left B the police arrived.A.whenB. thanC. thenD. before11. D the expense, I a round-the-world tour.A.Were it not … would takeB. If it were not… takeC. Weren’t it for… will takeD. If it hadn’t been for… would have taken12.As a part-time job, I worked in a small beachside restaurant during the college C .A.scopeB. scheduleC. vacationD. vocation13.The mountain village is my hometown. I spent C merry night there when I was young.A.a great manyB. plenty ofC. many aD. a great deal14. B the cold wind, they went out without their coats.A.DespiteB. In spiteC. AlthoughD. Unless15.Ellis Haizlip began his stage career in Washington, D.C., _D supervised the Howard University Players during their summer season.A.he wasB. where he was C .which he D. where he16.Never before A won gold medals in the Olympic Games.A.have so many Chinese athletesB. so many Chinese athletes haveC. have such many Chinese athletesD. such many Chinese athletes have17.Those A to go to the exhibition should inform the office.A.not wantingB. who not wantC. not wantedD. are not want18.What did the teacher C us to do tonight as our homework?A.allowB. permitC. assignD. resign19. C impressed the visitors deeply was the workers made with their hands.A.What…thatB. That…thatC. What…whatD. That…what20.People of B backgrounds applied for the job.A.manyB. variousC. variableD. a lot of21. C scenery in national parks is usually attractive.A.AB. AnC. TheD. One22.They felt inferior D the others until the team’s international success made them proud of themselves.A.thanB. forC. withD. to23.With the shining water before you and the wind B , trees behind you, you can not help .A.blown … but feel relaxedB. blowing … feeling relaxedC. blown … but feel relaxingD. blowing … but feel relaxing24. B we need more practice is quite clear.A.WhatB. ThatC. WhichD. When25._B he was ill, I was expected to take his place greatly surprised me for I didn’t have much working experience.A.IfB. That ifC. ThatD. If that26.Many people around tried to D the boy who fell into the river, but in vain.A.preventB. deliverC. releaseD. rescue27.Recent estimates show that _C more than two million bird-watchers in the United States.A.there are amongB. are there theC. there areD. among the .28.I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into D when judging my examination.A.observationB. countingC. regardD. account29.Peter and Bob both did well, but Peter is _D of the two.A.more talentedB. the most talentedC. most talentedD. the more talented30.The young man had A great hardships before he grew into a real army man.A.undergoneB. underestimatedC. underlinedD. undertaken31.Some people hold that the more conservative the world becomes, B have old furniture, old houses and old paintings.A.the smarter is toB. the smarter it is toC. is it the smarter soD. is one to the smarter32.The village B my mother grew up in is not far from the city.A.whatB. whichC. where D wherever33. A that Mr Thomson got such rare fishes ?A.When and where was itB. When and where it wasC. Was it when and whereD. When and where were it34.The child is unhappy with the restrictions B on him by his parents.A.imposingB. imposedC. exposingD. exposed35.She was just about to explain D_ she hadn’t passed her maths test chiefly out of carelessness her uncle came.A.her mother … whenB. to her mother why … thatC. her mother that … whenD. to her mother that … when36.Yesterday I went to the office and got my passport C .A.to changeB. changeC. changedD. changing37.——Will you be able to finish the job this week?—— D .A.I can’t say itB. I don’t know thatC. I’m not sure thisD. I don’t expect so38.Is this museum D you visited a few days ago?A.whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one39.It was dark and cold. They had to find a house A and some wood .A.to stay in…to make a fire withB. to stay…to make a fire withC. to stay in…to make a fireD. to stay…to make a fire40.Do you remember those days C we spent along the seashore very happily?A.whoB. whereC. whichD. when41.The newspaper’s owner and editor _A away on holiday.。
2014级《博士英语—科技英语翻译结业试题》-(for-student)
西南石油大学博士研究生英语结业考试题专业名称：课程名称：科技英语翻译学生姓名：学生学号：Part OneTranslate the Following into ChineseI Words Translation（例：laser 激光）1、asbestos 石棉2、camshaft 凸轮轴3、 resistor 电阻器4、 capacitor 电容器5、 transistor 晶体管6、chemical 化学制品7、heat-pipe 热管8、heat-pump 热泵9、steroid 类固醇10、quantum 量子11、mosaic 马赛克12、bumper 缓冲器13、resistance 电阻14、contact 触点15、waveform 波形16、radwaste 放射性废物17、nukes 核武器18、LCD 液晶显示屏19、SMS 存储管理服务20、anode 阳极II Sentence Translation（例：Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反。
）1、The automobile with automatic transmission has smooth gear shiftingand convenient operation.装有自动变速器的汽车换档平稳、操作方便。
2、Automation is a concept through which a machine system is caused tooperate with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior.自动化是一个概念，它是通过大量的测量、观察，控制机器系统运行的最大效率。
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2014年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2014年(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this section, there are four texts. After each text, there are five questions marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text OneA controversy erupted in the **munity in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminalinvestigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it isin the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groupsin an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, aNational Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects ______.A would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC could easily escape conviction of guiltD could be convicted of guilt as well该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:C[解析] 本题为推理题。
科技英语翻译课后题答案课后习题答案
The power plant is the heart of a ship. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。
The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。
2014年博士英语试卷 完整原题版
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
《信息科技英语翻译》期末考试 A卷参考答案
《信息科技英语翻译》期末考试A卷参考答案一、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1.所谓翻译就是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的语言转换过程，是通过译者在不同语言之间进行的一种语言交流活动。
A. 形式/内容B. 增译/省译C. 转换/交流D. 直译/意译2.著名的“信达雅”三字翻译标准是清末启蒙思想家严复所提出的。
A. 玄奘B. 严复C. 傅雷D. 钱钟书3.翻译中所谓的“忠实”，首先是指忠实于原文的内容。
A. 原文B. 译文C. 原语D. 译语4.信息科技英语的翻译标准应该是：准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰。
A. 忠实、通顺B. 意美、形美、音美C. 传神、化境D. 准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰5.信息科技英语翻译中所谓的准确，就是忠实地、不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。
A. 信息B. 意义C. 风格D. 思想6.要做好科技英语的翻译工作，通常要求译者具有较高的英语水平、汉语水平、科技知识水平和翻译理论水平。
A. 口头表达能力B. 书面表达水平C. 英语水平D. 思维能力7.信息科技英语文体的特点是第三人称多，被动语态多，专业名词、术语多，非谓语动词多，长句子多。
A. 第一人称B. 第二人称C. 第三人称D. 三种人称8.信息科技英语翻译中直译法是最常见的译法之一。
A. 直译法B. 意译法C. 合译法D. 分译法9.英语中的同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往有不同的含义，常常要求译者根据上下文的联系，以及句型来确定某个词在特定场合下的词义。
A. 词语B. 词汇C. 词序D. 词义10.所谓增译就是在译文中添加英语原文省略、或原文中无其词而有其意的词语。
A. 省译B. 增译C. 顺译D. 倒译二、是非题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1.由于英汉两种语言结构与表达方式的不同，有些句子在汉译时不能逐词对译。
（是）2.英语中有大量动词派生的名词和具有动词意义的名词，均不可以转译为汉语的动词。
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西南石油大学博士研究生英语结业考试题专业名称：课程名称：科技英语翻译学生姓名：学生学号：Part OneTranslate the Following into ChineseI Words Translation（例：laser 激光）1、asbestos 石棉2、camshaft 凸轮轴3、resistor 电阻器4、capacitor 电容器5、transistor 晶体管6、chemical 化学制品7、heat-pipe 热管8、heat-pump 热泵9、steroid 类固醇10、quantum 量子11、mosaic 马赛克12、bumper 缓冲器13、resistance 电阻14、contact 触点15、waveform 波形16、radwaste 放射性废物17、nukes 核武器18、LCD 液晶显示屏19、SMS 存储管理服务20、anode 阳极II Sentence Translation（例：Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction.作用力与反作用力大小相等，方向相反。
）1、The automobile with automatic transmission has smooth gear shifting andconvenient operation.装有自动变速器的汽车换档平稳、操作方便。
2、Automation is a concept through which a machine system is caused to operatewith maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation, and control of its behavior.自动化是一个概念，它是通过大量的测量、观察，控制机器系统运行的最大效率。
3、Larger fiber bandwidth, lower loss and more reliable optical source wouldmake optical fibers competitive in this section.更大的光纤带宽，较低的损失和更可靠的光源使得光纤更具竞争力。
4、Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude woulddefine the subsurface.地层是通过地震测量时间和振幅来定义的。
5、The harder the rock, so much the more difficult is the workof drilling, though few types are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete.因为极少有坚硬的岩石能在未灌注水泥情况下保持原样，所以，岩石越坚硬，钻井越困难。
6、For any machine whose input force and output force are known, itsmechanical advantage can be calculated.若已知机器的输入力和输出力，则可以计算其机械优势。
7、Conversion to electric power represents a practical means oftransferring geothermal energy. However, the price of the conversion is a substantial loss of energy, and further losses occur in transmission and in the subsequent use of it.电能转换实际是一种地热能转换的方法。
然而，其代价是很大转换能量损失和使用过程中的运输损失。
8、The crust and mantle are separated by a seismicallydetermined boundary known as the Moho-discontinuity.地壳和地幔的分界面称为莫霍面。
9、The burnish machine is used for surface treatment before the cold rolling forCPD material, and hence is one of the key installations for CPD material production.打磨机是用于CPD的冷轧材料、涂装前的表面处理，因此是CPD材料生产的关键设备之一。
10、The value of R by (18) may be in error by as much as20%, as shown in the table. Doctor Jackson will meet his Waterloo if he puts the data into practice.R值(18)可能有高达20%的误差，如表所示。
Jackson博士如果将他的数据应用于实际将会产生严重的后果。
11、More than 100 chemical elements are known to man; of these, about 80 aremetals.人类目前所知的化学元素有100多种；其中，大约80多个是金属。
12、Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or puttogether almost totally by hand.汽车的生产可能会带有电脑驱动的机器人或者几乎完全用手放在一起13、A market is any group of buyers and sellers communicating offers toexchange goods.市场就是的买家和卖家沟通提供了交换商品14、Management is the scientific art of attaining intended organizationalobjectives by working effectively with and through the human and material resources of the firm.管理是科学的艺术，其目的是通过组织公司的人力和物力达到有效地工作。
15、The ultimate objective of economics is the study of how best to satisfyrelatively unlimited human wants with relatively scarce resources.经济学的终极目标是如何用稀有资源最大化的满足人类无止境的需求。
16、The slightly porousnature of the surface of the oxide film allows it to becolored with either organic or inorganic dyes.17、The civil engineer must be able to select and utilize effectively the productsprovided by the other branches of the profession developing consumer goods, such as the materials of construction and industry, including steel, timber, concrete and many other materials; and engaging the modern application and use of steam, electric and gas power engines and machines.18、Most of what we know about the earth below the limited depth to whichboreholes or mine shafts have penetrated has come from geophysical observations.19、Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowherein nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has strong affinity.20、The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5percent a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 percent-a-year in the mid-1970s, simply stopped growing in 1981—1982.21、Apart from the obviously arithmetical work like pay calculations, there ismuch work which can be put into a mathematical form although at first sight it may not appear to have anything to do with arithmetic.22、Eclipses are not seen in every part of the world.23、Keep the petroleum from the fire. It will burst into flame.24、Every one cannot do these tests.25、All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful workIII Passage Translation1、As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by astudy of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sec tions of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of values. （Passive Voice & its Translation ）2、Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials becauseeither the quantity of the natural products cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substances, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized so that it would be of the greatest use in the field which it is to be applied.3、The electronic notebook will serve as memo files in which the scientist recordsthoughts for preservation, description of experiments, drafts of reports, calendar and diary information, quotations and other materials extracted from other electronic files, and other types of information that would now be put in paper notebooks and other types of paper files.4、With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solarpower plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity.5．Oil and Gas Exploitation geologyWell construction challenges for Russian oil and gas producers can be broadly grouped into two categories. Firstly those fields in new frontiers ("NF??) such as the arctic and offshore, in which risk management and technological solutions are paramount. And secondly, mature fields ("MF??) in which cost management and efficiency are drivers. Drawn from experience of the re-emergence and transformation of the Russian oil and gas industry over the last 10 years, this paper reviews historic and current approaches, and recommends new models for partnership between operators and service companies to improve performance and encourage investment in technology.Specifically, it is suggested how traditional Russian approaches, revised and revamped with new structures, processes and technologies, can provide a basis to exceed benchmark drilling efficiencies in mature fields. It also suggests how animproved approach to front end planning, engineering, and collaboration, can decrease project risks in "new frontiers". Some of the lessons learned are globally applicable.Another key conclusion is that distinct organizational cultures are required in new frontiers compared with mature fields, and that these cultures are remarkably difficult to contain within one operational entity.6．The Exploitation EnigmaEvaluation of exploitation drilling programs raises unique issues around risking logic plus estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR) and project economic uncertainties. Clarification of these issues will assist in managing portfolios of exploration, exploitation, and development investment opportunities.Under USA accounting rules, all wells drilled outside the area of proved reserves are classified as "exploratory wells" for computation of cost of finding. However, companies typically segregate wells into Exploration (targeting prospective resources in undiscovered accumulations) and Exploitation (targeting probable and possible reserves in and around discovered fields).Classification as "discovered" signifies a high degree of confidence that the accumulation's EUR exceeds an internal economic threshold for development. However, there remains significant risk of drilling a dry well within the projected field limits. At the field level, the non-proven area is part of the uncertainty distribution for discovered reserves. At the exploitation well level, risk of failure and success case volume uncertainty both come into play. This multiple level view of risk and uncertainty gives rise to the "exploitation enigma".Exploitation well results change the field/reservoir model, the EUR uncertainty profile and associated cash flow projections. Successful wells not only develop reserves within a drainage area but also modify the total field volume uncertainty distribution. Results redefine the remaining proved undeveloped, probable, and possible reserve volumes and their associated confidence levels. Dry exploitation wells also change the EUR distribution and increase investment costs without an increase in forecast production.This paper compares alternative approaches to the evaluation of exploitation programs. It concludes that the economic analysis to support exploitation drilling decisions should not be based solely on the individual well's anticipated results, but rather on its risk-weighted, incremental effect on the overall project value. 7．Sour-Gas-Reservoir Exploitation in CroatiaBecause fossil fuels are still dominant sources of energy supply, the petroleumindustry is called upon not only to provide an effective management of oil and gas reserves in order to meet rising energy demand, but also to do that in a safe and efficient manner, with as small an ecological footprint as practically possible. Consequently, also taking into account the fact that conventional oil and gas reserves are declining, petroleum companies are forced to develop and adopt new technologies to increase oil and gas recovery and to expand their upstream activities to still unexploited areas, which often implies development of deep-buried oil and natural-gas reservoirs characterized by unfavorable reservoir conditions such as high temperature and pressure and even a certain amount of impurities.Croatian experience with natural-gas production from deep-buried reservoirs is based on the development of several gas fields in the northwestern part of Croatia. The development of the largest natural-gas fields in Croatia--Molve, Stari Gradac, and Kalinovac gas fields--began at the beginning of the 1980s. The main characteristic of all the mentioned fields are extremely unfavorable reservoir conditions, with reservoir depth of more than 3000 m, high initial reservoir pressures (more than 450 bar), high temperature (180°C), and a significant share of CO2 (10 to 54%), H2S (800 ppm), and some other nonhydrocarbon compounds such as mercaptans (30 mg/m3) and mercury (1000 to 1500 µg/m3). Several other gas fields with similar reservoir conditions were discovered and developed in the last 25 years in the same region. Today, the petroleum industry in Croatia has almost 30 years of experience in processing sour natural gas with a well-established methodology of auditing processing-plant outlet-gas influences on the environment. These experiences and future plans regarding this subject will be presented in this paper. 8．Opportunities For Offshore Mineral Exploration In the IndianThe Indian Ocean offers several opportunities for offshore mineral resources in the nearshore and coastal areas, the EEZs of different countries as well as the deep sea regions. With the increasing demands and depletion of land resources, the oceans are being looked upon as the future source of these minerals for sustaining the industrial development. The coastal and nearshore resources of heavy mineral placers are being successfully mined in some of the countries around the Indian Ocean, and ample opportunity lies in exploring for these resources in .the hitherto unexplored areas, to build up the reserves for the future. Simultaneously, activities in the deep sea areas for polymetallic nodules, crusts and sulfides need acceleration owing to their potential for strategic metals, such as cobalt, nickel, lead and zinc. These efforts call for cooperation and sharing of facilities, infrastructure, know-how and expertise, among the national as well as international agencies for exploration, mining, impact assessment and metallurgical process development. With its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, India could also play a major role in assisting the other countries in developing their offshore mineral resources.9、Surveillance System for Subsea Survey and Mineral ExplorationA surveillance system for seafloor survey and mineral exploration has successfully completed its initial sea trials off the coast of Florida. The system consists of an unmanned undersea vehicle which houses an array of electronic seafloor measuring devices. The 700 pound aluminium vehicle is designed to be towed at speeds of' 3 to 10 knots at controllable depths above the seafloor. A terrain following sonar controlled guidance system will be used for obstical avoidance.Plans are underway to design two advanced surveillance systems. One capable of operation at 600 meters depth for outer continental shelf (OCS) work and another to a 6000 meter depth for deep water mineral explorations. The 600 meter surveillance system will be applied to rapid and concise data collection on bottom conditions in frontier areas of proposed OCS oil and gas lease investigation. Survey equipment will include dual side scan sonar, CCTV tied to video tape, proton magnetometer and a high resolution sub-bottom profiler. The 6000 meter surveillance system will be capable of real time measurement of deep ocean seafloor parameters which relate to manganese nodule exploration. This vehicle will have all the capabilities of the 600 meter system and a seafloor sample retrieval and multi-sample storage system. Data collected will be multiplexed and transmitted to a surface ship for computer processing. 10．Future Needs of Deep Ocean Mineral Exploration and SurveyingThe paper reviews the state-of the-art of equipment and techniques used for conducting commercial deep ocean prospecting and exploration surveys for manganese nodules. Requirements for deep ocean surveying are discussed and equipments evaluated based on at-sea experience. Discussion includes PDRs, still cameras, TV systems, wire line dredge samplers, free fall samplers, coring devices, onboard assay devices, navigation gear, buoys, data reduction, and presentation, etc.New equipment requirements to improve prospecting and exploration effectiveness are presented. Devices presently under development and test are described. Exploration survey functions including mapping, bathymetry measurements, navigation, environmental data measurements, and ecological data measurements are discussed. Present and future equipment needs for deep ocean mineral exploration are identified. The need for rigorous testing to assure reliability and survivability is stressed.11. Ergonomic Computing In Geophysical InterpretationWorkstation-based geophysical interpretation may pose a risk for repetitive strain injury (RSI). The physical environment for interpretation can beimproved to reduce RSI risk (e.g., adjustable chairs, tables, monitors), but the degree to which software is “RSI-friend ly” may also have an impact on software usability, interpretational efficiency, and ultimately an interpreter's health. Strategies to address software-related ergonomic risk can be formulated using standard hazard abatement techniques borrowed from the Safety, Health, and Environment (SH&E) discipline. However, the potential for improvement in the ergonomic computing environment also depends on the degree to which the ergonomic fitness of individual applications and/or workflows can be measured. The software development industry has for many years routinely applied standard usability criteria to improve their products, but an accepted framework for assessing software ergonomic fitness is lacking. This paper describes a nascent, multicompany effort to develop a checklist for the purpose of quantifying an application's ergonomic risk. This checklist is being tested and benchmarked to compare geoscience interpretation tools and identify areas for ergonomic improvement.12. Real-Time Field Surveillance and Well Services Management in a Large Mature Onshore Field: Case StudyThis paper describes the planning for, implementation of and results generated by a real-time field surveillance and well services management system, as it was deployed in an onshore mature field in California, USA. The motivation behind the deployment of this system was simultaneously to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs in this large field with over 1,000 wells.The paper will describe how the business processes and supporting work flows were defined. This is an essential step before any technology can be deployed. The challenges of data management included not only the automatic handling of very large quantities of real-time data, but also the management of inventory and the integration of field level data with corporate level data. Historical data had to be brought into, and made compatible with the new system. The technologies required for this project included the software systems and the integration of these with remote intelligent field sensors and data transmission systems.The impact of the system has been material to the performance of the asset. Examples will be given of tangible improvements in performance across the disciplines of surveillance, production engineering, and well services. One critical factor to the successful deployment of this system includes the organizational changes needed to support the new working practices enabled by the system. The paper will discuss the required change management programs.The success of this project has clearly established that a "smart" solution integrating intelligent remote devices, communications networks and workflow management software can be successfully deployed on large, mature fields. Thedeployment process to achieve this has been assimilated and is now being reproduced in many other similar fields across North America. The paper will indicate some of the areas where this combination of technology and supporting change management will be expanded in the future.13、Parallel Numerical Reservoir Simulations of Nonisothermal Compositional Flow and ChemistryThis paper describes an efficient numerical scheme for nonisothermal compositional flow coupled to chemistry. An iterative implicit-pressure/explicit-composition (IMPEC) method is applied to solve the flow problem using a volume-balance-convergence criterion. A backward-Euler mixed finite-element method (FEM) with lowest-order RT0 elements is applied to solve the pressure equation, and a component local mass-preserving explicit scheme is used to update concentrations. Chemical reactions are solved using explicit Runge-Kutta (RK) ordinary-differential-equation (ODE) integration schemes. A higher-order Godunov method and a backward-Euler mixed FEM are applied for thermal advection and conduction, respectively, in a time-split scheme.One of the major applications of the method is in the modeling of field-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration as an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) process or for containment in deep saline aquifers where chemical reactions and temperature variations may have an effect on the flow and transport of CO2. Leakage patterns when CO2 is injected near leaky abandoned wells, the displacement of methane from depleted gas reservoirs, and accurate modeling of geochemical reactions involving injected CO2 are other applications of interest. Results of a benchmark problem in multiphase flow with several hydrocarbon components in formations with highly heterogeneous permeability on very fine grids, as well as a large-scale parallel implementation of modeling CO2sequestration, are presented to justify the practical use of the model. A parallel efficiency of approximately 80% was observed on up to 512 cores in the benchmark study. Results from a problem simulating injection of CO2 in deep aquifers including nonisothermal and chemical effects are also presented. The results indicate a good agreement of the solutions with published data, where available.Numerical modeling and simulation of CO2 sequestration plays a major role in future site selections and in designing storage facilities for effective CO2 containment. The main contribution of this paper lies in providing a parallel and efficient method of simulating challenging compositional flow problems, such as in the study of CO2 sequestration, as well as flow coupled to thermal and geochemical effects.2014级博士英语—-科技英语翻译结业考试题14. Chemical Osmosis, Shale, and Drilling FluidsThis paper describes continuing efforts to develop a water-based drilling fluid that will provide the osmotic membrane behavior and wellbore stability of an oil-based drilling fluid. A pore-pressure-transmission technique in use for several years as a tool to measure osmotic behavior has been refined for improved measurement of changes in shale permeability and pore pressure in response to interaction with drilling fluids. Conventional invert-emulsion and water-based drilling fluids containing selected additives were tested with outcrop and preserved shale specimens using an innovative screening method.Observed pressure differences across each shale specimen were compared with the values predicted by osmotic theory. From this comparison, an empirical concept of "membrane efficiency" was developed. Three distinct types of "membranes" are postulated to describe the interaction of various drilling fluids with shales. Type 1 membranes are generally characterized by coupled flows of water and solutes between fluid and shale. Type 2 membranes greatly reduce the near-wellbore permeability of shale and restrict the flow of both water and solutes. Type 3 membranes transport water more selectively, but shale permeability and fluid chemistry may alter performance measurements. Invert-emulsion fluids tend to form efficient, Type 3 membranes; however, under certain conditions, these fluids can yield lower capillary pressures than described previously and invade the interstitial fabric of highpermeability shales.Several water-based mud formulations were prepared that achieve approximately one-quarter to one-half the measured osmotic pressure of a typical oil-based mud (OBM). Fluid additives that supplement or reinforce a Type 1 membrane, such as saccharide polymers (especially in combination with calcium, magnesium, or aluminum salts), can induce relatively high efficiencies. As expected, fluids that form a Type 2 membrane, such as silicate and aluminate muds, provide the highest membrane efficiencies.11。