宏观经济学思考题及参考答案
宏观经济学题及答案
第一章结论复习思考题:1.重要概念:超长期;总供给曲线;实际GDP的趋势线;长期;总需求曲线;产出缺口;中期;菲利普斯曲线;潜在产出;短期;增长率;通货膨胀;增长理论;经济周期;消费价格指数;总供给-总需求模型2.长期中为什么产出水平只取决于总供给?3.短期中为什么产出水平只取决于总需求?第二章国民收入核算复习思考题:1.重要概念:GDP;GNP;GDP缩减指数;CPI;PPI;生产要素;最终/中间产品;名义GDP/实际GDP;通货膨胀;名义利率/实际利率2.下列交易的价值是否应当计入国内生产总值(GDP)?为什么?(1)顾客在饭店支付餐费。
(2)一家公司购买一幢旧楼。
(3)一家供应商向制造个人计算机的公司出售计算机芯片。
(4)一位消费者从交易商手中买进一辆汽车。
3.国内生产总值(GDP)高是否一定意味着福利状况好呢?在评价经济福利状况时还应考虑哪些因素?4..假定某经济社会有A、B、C三个厂商,A厂商年产出5000美元,卖给B、C和消费者。
其中B买A 的产出200美元,C买2000美元,其中2800美元卖给消费者。
B年产出500美元直接卖给消费者,C年产6000美元,其中3000美元由A买,其余由消费者买。
(1)假定投入在生产中用光,计算价值增加;(2)计算GDP为多少;(3)如果只有C有500美元折旧,计算国民收入。
5.假定GDP是6000美元,个人可支配收入是5100美元,政府预算赤字是200美元,消费是3800美元,外贸赤字是100美元,求:(1)储蓄S是多大;(2)投资I是多大;(3)政府支出是多大?第三章增长与积累复习思考题:1.重要概念:增长核算方程;柯布-道格拉斯生产函数;趋同;全要素生产率;索洛剩余;新古典增长理论;稳态均衡;2.索络增长模型能否有助于解释趋同现象?3.在新古典增长模型中,人均生产函数为()25.02k k k f y -==,人均储蓄率为0.3,设人口增长率为3%,求:(1)使经济达到稳态均衡时的k 值。
宏观经济学完整习题(附答案)
精选word第十二章国民收入核算二、单项选择题1、下列哪—项不列入国内生产总值的核算中( )A、出口到国外的一批货物B、政府发放给贫困家庭的救济金C、经纪人从旧房买卖中收取的佣金D、保险公司收到的家庭财产保险费2、“面粉是中间产品”这一命题( )A、一定是对的B、一定是不对的C、可能对,也可能不对D、以上三种说法全对3、下列哪一项计入GDP 中? ( )A、购买一辆用过的旧自行车B、购买普通股票C、汽车制造厂买进10吨钢板D、银行向某企业收取一笔贷款利息4、某国的资本品存量在年初为10000亿美元,本年度生产了2500亿美元的资本品,资本消耗折旧为2000亿美元,则该国在本年度的总投资和净投资分别是( )A、2500亿美元和500亿美元B、12500亿美元和10500亿美元C、2500亿美元和2000亿美元D、7500亿美元和8000亿美元5、以下正确的统计恒等式为( )A、投资= 储蓄B、投资= 消费C、储蓄= 消费D、总支出- 投资= 总收入- 储蓄6、下列项目中,( ) 不是要素收入A、总统薪水B、股息C、公司对灾区的捐献D、银行存款者取得的利息7、以下( ) 不能计入国内生产总值A、企业的库存B、家庭主妇的家务劳务折合成的收入C、拍卖毕加索作品的收入D、为他人提供服务所得收入8、安徽民工在南京打工所得收入应该计入到当年( ) 中A、安徽的国内生产总值(GDP)B、安徽的国民收入(NI)C、南京的国民生产总值(GNP)D、南京的国内生产总值(GDP)9、通货膨胀时,GNP价格矫正指数( )A、大于1B、小于IC、大于0D、小于010、一国的国内生产总值小于国民生产总值,说明该国公民从外国取得的收入( ) 外国公民从该国取得的收入A、大于B、小于C、等于D、可能大于也可能小于11、如果:消费额= 6亿元,投资额= 1亿元,间接税= 1亿元,政府用于商品和劳务的支出额= 1.5亿元,出口额= 2亿元,进口额= 1.8亿元,则( )A、NNP = 8.7亿元B、GDP = 7.7亿元C、GDP = 8.7亿元D、NNP = 5亿元12、用收入法计算的GDP等于( )A、消费+投资+政府支出+净出B、工资+利息+租金+利润+间接税C、工资+利息+中间产品成本+间接税+利润D、工资+利息+租金+利润+间接税+折旧13、如果当期价格水平低于基期价格水平,那么( )A、实际GDP等于名义GDPB、实际GDP小于名义GDPC、实际GDP与名义GDP 相同D、实际GDP大于名义GDP14、如果钢铁、油漆、绝缘材料以及所有用来制造一个电烤炉的原料价值在计算GDP时都包括进去了,那么这种衡量方法( )A、因各种原料都进入市场交易,所以衡量是正确的。
《宏观经济学》思考题(有标准答案)
《宏观经济学》思考题(有答案)————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:2《宏观经济学》思考题第一章国民收入核算1、简要说明GNP与GDP之间的区别和联系,为什么现在许多国家都选择使用GDP这一指标?国内生产总值(GDP)和国民生产总值(GNP)均指一个国家一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品与劳务的市场价值的总和,区别在于,GDP是以地域划分的,是生产的概念;而GNP以人口划分,是收入的概念。
西方宏观经济学将国内生产总值(GDP)作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标,原因在于,GDP确实代表一国或一个地区所有常住单位和个人在一定时期内全部生产活动(包括产品和劳务)的最终成果,可以对一国总体经济运行表现作出概括性衡量,反映出一国(或地区)的经济实力,便于国际间和地区间作比较,为制定国家和地区经济发展战略、分析经济运行状况以及政府调控和管理经济提供重要依据和参考。
2、为什么说个人在股票债券上的投资不同于经济学意义上的投资?经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出,即建造新厂房、购买新机器设备等行为,而人们购买债券和股票只是一种证券交易活动,并不是实际的生产经营活动。
人们购买债券或股票,是一种产权转移活动,因而不属于经济学意义的投资活动,也不能计入GDP。
公司从人们手里取得了出售债券或股票的货币资金再去购买厂房或机器设备,才算投资活动。
3、为什么存货投资也要计入GNP之中?存货投资是企业掌握的存货价值的增加(或减少)。
GNP是指某个特定国家一定时期内生产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值总和。
如果把存货排除在GNP之外,所计得的就只是销售额,而不是生产额。
4、为什么转移支付不计入GNP之中?因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收(包括社会保险税)把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中,并没有相应的货物或劳务的交换发生。
宏观经济学思考题及参考答案
宏观经济学思考题及参考答案〔1〕第四章根本概念:潜在GDP,总供给,总需求,AS曲线,AD曲线。
思考题1、宏观经济学的主要目标是什么?写出每一个主要目标的简短概念。
请详细解释为何每一个目标都十分重要。
答:宏观经济学目标主要有四个:充分就业、物价稳定、经济增加和国际收支平衡。
〔1)充分就业的本义是指所有资源取得充分利用,目前主要用人力资源作为充分就业的标准;充分就业本不是指百分之百的就业,一般地说充分就业允许的失业范围为4%。
只有经济实现了充分就业,一国经济才能生产出潜在的GDP,从而使一国拥有更多的收入用于提高一国的福利水平。
〔2〕物价稳定,即把通胀率维持在低而稳定的水平上。
物价稳定是指一般物价水平(即总物价水平)的稳定;物价稳定并非是指通货膨胀率为零的状态,而是维持一种能为社会所经受的低而稳定的通货膨胀率的经济状态,一般指通货膨胀率为百分之十以下。
物价稳定可以避免经济的猛烈波动,避免各类扭曲对经济造成负面影响。
(3)经济增加是指维持合意的经济增加率。
经济增加是指单纯的生产增加,经济增加率并非是越高越好,经济增加的同时必需带来经济开展;经济增加率一般是用实际国民生产总值的年平均增加率来衡量的。
只有经济不断的增加,才能知足人类无穷的欲望。
〔4)国际收支平衡是指国际收支既无赤字又无盈余的状态。
国际收支平衡是一国对外经济目标,必需注意和国内目标的配合利用;正确处置国内目标与国际目标的矛盾。
在开放经济下,一国与他国来旧日趋密切,维持国际收支的根本平衡,才能使一国避免受到他国经济波动带来的负面影响。
3,题略答:a.石油价钱大幅度上涨,作为一种不利的供给冲击,将会使增加企业的生产本钱,从而使总供给减少,总供给曲线AS将向左上方移动。
b.一项削减国防开支的裁军协议,而与此同时,政府没有采取减税或增加政府支出的政策,那么将减少c.潜在产出水平的增加,将有效提高一国所能生产出的商品和劳务水平,从而使总供给曲线AS向右下方移动。
宏观经济学课后习题答案(共9篇)
宏观经济学课后习题答案(共9篇)宏观经济学课后习题答案(一): 这是曼昆的宏观经济学的24章的课后习题,求高手解答,我要详细的计算过程!答案我已经知道,是变动0.4美元在长期中,糖果的价格从0.10美元上升到0.60美元。
在同一时期中,消费物价指数从150上升到300。
根据整体通货膨胀进行调整后,糖果的价格变动了多少我要详细的解答过程,怎么算的就行了!由CPI可知,通货膨胀率=(300-150)/150*100%=100%糖果的原始价格P=0.1在这段时间通过通货膨胀变为0.1*(1+通货膨胀率)=0.2实际上糖果在后来卖到了0.6,所以糖果实际价格变动了0.6-0.2=0.4美元宏观经济学课后习题答案(二): 曼昆宏观经济学26章课后题答案是不是错了假设政府明年借债比今年多了200亿美元,对于可贷资金市场的利率和投资,供给和需求曲线的变动,答案是不是有错答案说是供给曲线不变,需求曲线右移,我认为是需求曲线不动,供给曲线左移……财政政策当然变动的是需求,供给怎么可能变动,你可能是总供给和总需求有些混淆,我开始的时候也不是很清楚,多看几遍就明白了,供给曲线可能因为劳动力变动,而合财政货币政策无关.这些政策变动的都是需求.另外右移就是借钱多了,就是投资需求多了,就是G多了,那就是需求曲线右移了宏观经济学课后习题答案(三): 谁有高鸿业版《西方经济学》宏观部分——第十七章课后题答案第十七章总需求——总供给模型1、(1)总需求是经济社会对产品和劳务的需求总量,这一需求总量通常以产出水平来表示.一个经济社会的总需求包括消费需求、投资需求、.政府购买和国外需求.总需求量受多种因素的影响,其中价格水平是一个重要的因素.在宏观经济学中,为了说明价格对总需求量的影响,引入了总需求曲线的概念,即总需求量与价格水平之间关系的几何表示.在凯恩斯主义的总需求理论中,总需求曲线的理论来源主要由产品市场均衡理论和货币市场均衡理论来反映.(2)在IS—LM模型中,一般价格水平被假定为一个常数(参数).在价格水平固定不变且货币供给为已知的情况下,IS曲线和LM曲线的交点决定均衡的收入水平.现用图1—62来说明怎样根据IS—LM图形推导总需求曲线.图1—62分上下两部.上图为IS—LM图.下图表示价格水平和需求总量之间的关系,即总需求曲线.当价格P的数值为时,此时的LM曲线与IS曲线相交于点 , 点所表示的国民收入和利率顺次为和 .将和标在下图中便得到总需求曲线上的一点 .现在假设P由下降到 .由于P的下降,LM曲线移动到的位置,它与IS曲线的交点为点. 点所表示的国民收入和利率顺次为和 .对应于上图的点 ,又可在下图中找到 .按照同样的程序,随着P的变化,LM曲线和IS曲线可以有许多交点,每一个交点都代表着一个特定的y和p.于是有许多P与的组合,从而构成了下图中一系列的点.把这些点连在一起所得到的曲线AD便是总需求曲线.从以上关于总需求曲线的推导中看到,总需求曲线表示社会中的需求总量和价格水平之间的相反方向的关系.即总需求曲线是向下方倾斜的.向右下方倾斜的总需求曲线表示,价格水平越高,需求总量越小;价格水平越低,需求总量越大.2、财政政策是政府变动税收和支出,以便影响总需求,进而影响就业和国民收入的政策.货币政策是指货币当局即中央银行通过银行体系变动货币供应量来调节总需求的政策.无论财政政策还是货币政策,都是通过影响利率、消费和投资进而影响总需求,使就业和国民收入得到调节的,通过对总需求的调节来调控宏观经济,所以称为需求管理政策.3、总供给曲线描述国民收入与一般价格水平之间的依存关系.根据生产函数和劳动力市场的均衡推导而得到.资本存量一定时,国民收入水平碎就业量的增加而增加,就业量取决于劳动力市场的均衡.所以总供给曲线的理论来源于生产函数和劳动力市场均衡的理论.4、总供给曲线的理论主要由总量生产函数和劳动力市场理论来反映的.在劳动力市场理论中,经济学家对工资和价格的变化和调整速度的看法是分歧的.古典总供给理论认为,劳动力市场运行没有阻力,在工资和价格可以灵活变动的情况下,劳动力市场得以出清,使经济的就业总能维持充分就业状态,从而在其他因素不变的情况下,经济的产量总能保持在充分就业的产量或潜在产量水平上.因此,在以价格为纵坐标,总产量为横坐标的坐标系中,古典供给曲线是一条位于充分就业产量水平的垂直线.凯恩斯的总供给理论认为,在短期,一些价格是粘性的,从而不能根据需求的变动而调整.由于工资和价格粘性,短期总供给曲线不是垂直的,凯恩斯总供给曲线在以价格为纵坐标,收入为横坐标的坐标系中是一条水平线,表明经济中的厂商在现有价格水平上,愿意供给所需的任何数量的商品.作为凯恩斯总供给曲线基础的思想是,作为工资和价格粘性的结果,劳动力市场不能总维持在充分就业状态,由于存在失业,厂商可以在现行工资下获得所需劳动.因而他们的平均生产成本被认为是不随产出水平变化而变化.一些经济学家认为,古典的和凯恩斯的总供给曲线分别代表着劳动力市场的两种极端的说法.在现实中工资和价格的调整经常介于两者之间.在这种情况下以价格为纵坐标,产量为横坐标的坐标系中,总供给曲线是向右上方延伸的,这即为常规的总需求曲线.总之,针对总量劳动市场关于工资和价格的不同假设,宏观经济学中存在着三种类型的总供给曲线.5、解答:宏观经济学在用总需求—总供给说明经济中的萧条,高涨和滞涨时,主要是通过说明短期的收入和价格水平的决定来完成的.如图1—63所示. 从图1—63可以看到,短期的收入和价格水平的决定有两种情况.第一种情况是,AD是总需求曲线, 使短期供给曲线,总需求曲线和短期供给曲线的交点E决定的产量或收入为y,价格水平为P,二者都处于很低的水平,第一种情况表示经济处于萧条状态.第二种情况是,当总需求增加,总需求曲线从AD向右移动到时,短期总供给曲线和新的总需求曲线的交点决定的产量或收入为 ,价格水平为 ,二者都处于很高的水平,第二种情况表示经济处于高涨状态.现在假定短期供给曲线由于供给冲击(如石油价格和工资等提高)而向左移动,但总需求曲线不发生变化.在这种情况下,短期收入和价格水平的决定可以用图1—64表示.在图1—64中,AD是总需求曲线,是短期总供给曲线,两者的交点E决定的产量或收入为,价格水平为P.现在由于出现供给冲击,短期总供给曲线向左移动到,总需求曲线和新的短期总供给曲线的交点决定的产量或收入为,价格水平为,这个产量低于原来的产量,而价格水平却高于原来的价格水平,这种情况表示经济处于滞涨状态,即经济停滞和通货膨胀结合在一起的状态.6、二者在“形式”上有一定的相似之处.微观经济学的供求模型主要说明单个商品的价格和数量的决定.宏观经济中的AD—AS模型主要说明总体经济的价格水平和国民收入的决定.二者在图形上都用两条曲线来表示,在价格为纵坐标,数量为横坐标的坐标系中,向右下方倾斜的为需求曲线,向右上方延伸的为供给曲线.但二者在内容上有很大的不同:其一,两模型涉及的对象不同.微观经济学的供求模型是微观领域的事物,而宏观经济中的AD—AS模型是宏观领域的事物.其二,各自的理论基础不同.微观经济学中的供求模型中的需求曲线的理论基础是消费者行为理论,而供给曲线的理论基础主要是成本理论和市场理论,它们均属于微观经济学的内容.宏观经济学中的总需求曲线的理论基础主要是产品市场均衡和货币市场均衡理论,而供给曲线的理论基础主要是劳动市场理论和总量生产函数,它们均属于宏观经济学的内容.其三,各自的功能不同.微观经济学中的供求模型在说明商品的价格和数量的决定的同时,还可以来说明需求曲线和供给曲线移动对价格和商品数量的影响,充其量这一模型只解释微观市场的一些现象和结果.宏观经济中的AD—AS模型在说明价格和产出决定的同时,可以用来解释宏观经济的波动现象,还可以用来说明政府运用宏观经济政策干预经济的结果.7、(1)由得;2023 + P = 2400 - P于是 P=200, =2200即得供求均衡点.(2)向左平移10%后的总需求方程为:于是,由有:2023 + P = 2160 – PP=80 , =2080与(1)相比,新的均衡表现出经济处于萧条状态.(3)向右平移10%后的总需求方程为:于是,由有:2023 + P = 2640 – PP=320 , =2320与(1)相比,新的均衡表现出经济处于高涨状态.(4)向左平移10%后的总供给方程为:于是,由有:1800 + P = 2400 – PP=300 , =2100与(1)相比,新的均衡表现出经济处于滞涨状态.(5)总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的直线,属于常规型.宏观经济学课后习题答案(四): 宏观经济学问题题号:11 题型:单选题(请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案)本题分数:5内容:一般把经济周期分为四个阶段,这四个阶段为().选项:a、兴旺,停滞,萧条和复苏b、繁荣,停滞,萧条和恢复c、繁荣,衰退,萧条和复苏d、兴旺,衰退,萧条和恢复题号:12 题型:单选题(请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案)本题分数:5内容:“面粉是中间产品”这一命题()选项:a、一定是对的b、一定是不对的c、可能是对的也可能是不对的d、以上三种说法全对.题号:13 题型:单选题(请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案)本题分数:5内容:下列哪种情况下执行财政政策的效果较好(选项:a、LM陡峭而IS平缓b、LM平缓而IS陡峭c、LM和IS一样平缓d、LM和IS一样陡峭题号:14 题型:单选题(请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案)本题分数:5内容:政府财政政策通过哪一个变量对国民收入产生影响().选项:a、进口b、消费支出c、出口d、政府购买.题号:15 题型:单选题(请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案)本题分数:5内容:在国民收入核算体系中,计入GDP的政府支出是指().选项:a、政府购买物品的支出b、政府购买物品和劳务的支出c、政府购买物品和劳务的支出加上政府的转移支出之和d、政府工作人员的薪金和政府转移支出题号:16 题型:是非题本题分数:5内容:长期总供给曲线所表示的总产出是经济中的潜在产出水平选项:1、错2、对题号:17 题型:是非题本题分数:5内容:GDP中扣除资本折旧,就可以得到NNP选项:1、错2、对题号:18 题型:是非题本题分数:5内容:在长期总供给水平,由于生产要素等得到了充分利用,因此经济中不存在失业选项:1、错2、对题号:19 题型:是非题本题分数:5内容:个人收入即为个人可支配收入,是人们可随意用来消费或储蓄的收入选项:1、错2、对题号:20 题型:是非题本题分数:5内容:GNP折算指数是实际GDP与名义GDP的比率选项:1、错2、对C,C,A,D,B对,对(NNP国民生产净值),错(可能还有摩擦失业),错,错宏观经济学课后习题答案(五): 一道宏观经济学的习题,求答案及解析7、将一国经济中所有市场交易的货币价值进行加总a、会得到生产过程中所使用的全部资源的市场价值b、所获得的数值可能大于、小于或等于GDP的值c、会得到经济中的新增价值总和d、会得到国内生产总值`b 正确市场交易的可能有中间产品,如此中间产品加上最终产品,则重复计算的结果大于GDP;不在国内市场交易,出口销往国外的漏算,则计算结果会小于gdp;如果重复的和漏算的正好相等,则结果可能等于gdp。
宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森010
宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森010Chapter 10A Monetary Intertemporal Model: Money, Prices,and Monetary PolicyTeaching GoalsAnalysis of a monetary economy can become quite complex. Modern economies require significant specialization to function well. Such specialization requires a commonly accepted medium of exchange. Money serves this function. Although it matters quite a lot that we have money, the actual quantity of money in circulation is not very important. This fact emerges because the quantity of money is neutral, if not in the very short run, certainly in the long run.In the monetary intertemporal model, changes in the money supply affect the level of prices, but do not otherwise affect economic outcomes; money is neutral. Real factors may also affect the price level. The price level adjusts to keep money demand and money equal. Disturbances that change the equilibrium levels of output and the real interest rate therefore change the price level. Shifts in preferences for money holding also affect the price level.The principle role of monetary policy in the monetary intertemporal model is to control the level of prices.A popular goal of policy is to stabilize the price level in response to shocks to the economy. However, the central bank’s ability to stabilize prices may be compromised if money demand does not behave in a predictable manner. It is also important for policy to set targets and adhere to particular policy rules.Classroom Discussion TopicsThe payments technology has continually advanced over time, but the rate of advance has acceleratedin the era of computer technology. Ask the students for examples of advances in this technology beyond the routine use of cash and the writing of paper checks. Some obvious possibilities include the use of ATMs, computer and telephone banking, the use of prepaid phone cards and other forms of smartcard technologies. Students are also likely to discuss the existence of credit cards and the ever more sophisticated ways to use credit cards and protect against fraud. As one example, there is the use of credit cards to pay for purchases over the Internet. In discussing these possibilities, it is also important to distinguish the payments technology from the proper measurement of the money supply. For example, it is important to distinguish between payment arrangements that are uses of credit, like the use of credit cards, from uses of money, like cash and transaction deposits.Standard macroeconomic analysis, like that of this chapter, emphasizes central banks’ control of the quantity of money in circulation. However, most contemporary discussions of U.S. monetary policy focus on the Federal Reserve’s control of “interest rates.” This chapter offers plenty of opportunities to discuss real life events. For example, discuss the upcoming meeting of the FOMC, what it decides on, what information it uses, and what it may do.102 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third EditionIn the monetary intertemporal model, the real interest rate is market determined and cannot be influenced by central bank behavior. Ask the students whether they believe a simplistic view of popular press coverage that seems to refute the notion that the interest rate is market determined. Note the importance of the distinction between the federal funds rate and the sort of real interest rates that motivate saving and investment choices. Is it possible that the Fed adjusts the federal funds rate to more closely resemble other market interest rates? Is it possible to control the nominal interest rate while being unable to influence the real interest rate? Even if the Fed is able to control one very narrowly defined real interest rate, does this mean that models like those in this chapter are not useful descriptions of reality?OutlineI. Functions of MoneyA. Medium of ExchangeB. Store of ValueC. Unit of AccountII. Measuring the Money SupplyA. The Monetary Base1. Currency Outside the Fed2. Depository Institution Deposits at the FedB. M11. Currency Held by the Public2. Traveler’s Checks3. Demand Deposits4. Other Checkable DepositsC. M21. Savings Deposits2. Small-Denomination Time Deposits3. Retail Money Market Mutual FundsD. M31. Large-Denomination Time Deposits2. Institutional Money Market Mutual Funds3. Repurchase Agreements4. EurodollarsIII. Introduction to the Monetary Intertemporal ModelA. The Need for Money1. Single Coincidence of Wants2. Double Coincidence of Wants3. The Cash-in-Advance ModelB. Real and Nominal Interest Rates1. Nominal Bonds2. The Nominal Interest Rate3. The Fisher RelationshipChapter 10 A Monetary Intertemporal Model: Money, Prices, and Monetary Policy 103C. Representative Consumer1. The Cash-in-Advance Constraint2. Banking Service Cost Function3. Optimal Choice of Banking ServicesD. Representative Firm1. The Cash-in-Advance Constraint2. Banking Service Cost Function3. Optimal Choice of Banking Services E. Money and the Government Budget ConstraintIV. Competitive Equilibrium in the Monetary Intertemporal ModelA. Graphical ApparatusB. A Change in the Level of the Money Supply1. Sources of Changes in the Money Supply a. Helicopter Drops: Taxes/Transfersb. Open-Market Operationsc. Seigniorage2. Classical Dichotomy3. Neutrality of MoneyC. A Change in Current Total Factor Productivity1. Real Effects2. Price-Level EffectsD. Shifts in Money Demand1. Sourcesa. Information Technology and Banking Costsb. New Financial Instrumentsc. Government Regulationsd. Perceived Riskiness of Bankse. Changes in Circumstances in the Banking System2. Neutrality vis-à-vis Real Variables3. Price-L evel EffectsE. Monetary Policy Rules1. Under Perfect Information2. Money Supply Targeting3. Nominal Interest Rate Targeting4. The Taylor RuleTextbook Question SolutionsQuestions for Review1. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account.2. Measures of the money supply include M 0, M 1, and M 2. The monetary base, M 0, includes all currency outside of currency held by the Federal Reserve, and deposits of depositary institutions at the FederalReserve. M 1 includes all currency held by the public (as opposed to bank vaults, the Fed, and the U.S. Treasury), plus travelers’ checks, demand deposits, and other checkable deposits. M 2 includes all of M 1 plus savings deposits, small-denomination time deposits, and retail money market mutual funds.104 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition3. Use of money, as opposed to barter in goods or credit, solves the problem of the double coincidenceof wants.4. The nominal rate of interest is approximately equal to the real rate of interest plus the rate of inflation. The exact relationship is:(1)1(1)R r i ++=+ 5. The real rate of return on money is approximately equal to minus the rate of inflation. If we define thereal rate of return on money as ,m r then the exact relationship is:11(1)m r i +=+ 6. The demand for money stems from the desire of consumers to hold money to make purchases. Thosecan be made with a debit card as well, but this is costly, so the consumer decides in advance how much money to withdraw from the bank account. In addition, firms demand money in a similar way so that they can purchase investment goods.7. A permanent, once-and-for-all increase in the money supply has no effect on the real economy. Thatis, money is neutral. The only effect of the increase in the money supply is a permanent, proportionate increase in the price level.8. The government can change the money supply through a temporary tax cut (a helicopter drop), anopen-market operation, and seigniorage.9. The steady-state effects of an increase in the money growth rate include an increase in the rate ofinflation, a reduction in output, a reduction in employment, an increase in the real wage, and anincrease in the nominal interest rate.10. A change in the cost of banking services alters the trade-off between withdrawing money inadvance for purchases and using the debit card. For example, if the cost decreases, thenconsumers and firms will use debit cards more and will withdraw less cash, thus reducing thedemand for money.11. Money demand can increase if incomes rise (households then want to consume more and thus needmore cash, firms want to buy more investment goods and also need more cash), if the nominalinterest rate is lower, as then the opportunity cost of holding money is lower, and if prices are higher, as money demand is formulated in nominal terms. Money demand can be shifted by anything that would alter the cost of banking services, such as: new information technologies that lower the cost of accessing bank accounts, new financial instruments that lower the cost of banking, changes in bank regulation, changes in the perceived risk of banks, and changes in various circumstances in thebanking system.12. As money is neutral in this model, there is no real goal of any relevance, only a nominal goal. Thiswould be to keep inflation low in order to achieve nominal interest rates as low as possible to prevent households and firms to be constrained by the cash-in-advance constraint.13. A monetary policy rule establishes the money supply as a function of observable aggregates. Threeexamples are money supply targeting, nominal interest rate targeting, and the Taylor rule.Chapter 10 A Monetary Intertemporal Model: Money, Prices, and Monetary Policy 105 14. Money supply targeting implies no change of money supply in response to any of the three shifts,leading to price changes and the failure of the price stability goal. Nominal interest rate targeting achieves price stability in response to money demand shocks, but not to output demand or supply shocks. The Taylor Rule has ambiguous consequences with the model we have studied so far. Problems1. Bank service function with fixed cost.(a) This fix cost can be interpreted as the cost of obtaining a debit card, which is independent of thecost of using it.(b) None, as HXis unaffected.(c) It will change the level of money demand, but it has no impact on the slope of money demand oron its shifts in reaction to various circumstances. Indeed, the slope of H(X), or J(R), is still thesame.(d) With a higher D, households make the same choice of banking services, as X must be such thatHX = R, and HXhas not changed. The same applies to the firm. Thus, there is change to thedemand for money and no change to the price level.2. Zero nominal interest rate.(a) Now HX=0, which can only be achieved at X =0.(b) None. Banks are not used at all.(c) Household and firms have no reason to hold any bonds, as their return is the same as money andit costs to use the debit card. So everything is done with cash, and economic agents are notconstrained by the cash-in-advance constraint anymore. However, in order to achieve a zeronominal interest rate, it implies that the inflation rate should be the opposite of the real interestrate, that is negative. This happens only rarely.3. Government spending in the monetary intertemporal model.(a) The real effects of a temporary increase in government spending are the same as those in the realintertemporal model. Output and employment increase, the real interest rate increases, and thereal wage decreases. The new consideration is the effect on the price level. The increase inincome causes money demand to increase. The increase in the real interest rate causes thedemand for money to decrease. With a fixed supply of money, the price level must change tokeep money supply and money demand equal. If the income effect on money demand is stronger, then prices must decrease. If the interest rate effect on money demand is stronger, then pricesmust increase.(b) The real effects of a permanent increase in government spending are the same as those in the realintertemporal model. Output and employment increase, the real interest rate decreases, and thereal wage decreases. In this case the effects of the increase in income and the decrease in theinterest rate both work to increase money demand. In this case, the price level unambiguouslydeclines.4. The real effects of a decrease in the capital stock are the same as those in the real intertemporalmodel. The decrease in K leads to an increase in the real interest rate and a decrease in the real wage.The effects on output and employment are uncertain, although it may be somewhat more likely that output will decrease. A decrease in output along with an increase in the real interest rate both work to decrease money demand. Therefore, the price level would need to increase to keep money supply and money demand equal.5. The current-period real effects of the future increase in total factor productivity are the same as thosepredicted by the real intertemporal model. Output and employment increase, the real wage decreases, and the real interest rate increases. The increase in output increases money demand and the current price level increases.106 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition6. The increased presence of ATMs would allow consumers to get by holding less money. Therefore,this disturbance shifts the money demand curve to the left, so the price level would increase to keep money demand and money supply equal.7. Implementing a nominal interest rate rule.(a) This increase in housing construction may arise from household confidence, for example afteran increase in the stock price. Thus we have a temporary increase in money demand with areduction in prices. To lower the nominal interest rate, the monetary authority increases themoney supply, which raises prices to the previous level. Price stabilization is successful.(b) This is like a drop in current total factor productivity with no consequence for future total factorproductivity. Thus, we have a shift to the left of output supply, reducing output and increasingthe real interest rate. Money demand thus drops and prices increase. The monetary authorityshould react by increasing the money supply to reduce the nominal interest rate to the target, but this increases prices further. Prices are then not stable as intended.(c) We learn that total factor productivity is up, and permanently so. This implies that both outputdemand and supply increase, the real interest rate drops, and that money demand shifts to theright leading to lower prices. Under a nominal interest rate target rule, the monetary authoritywould increase the nominal interest rate by reducing the money supply, thus further reducingprices. Prices are then not stable as intended.8. Textbook Chapter 9 discusses the likely effects of a permanent increase in government spending inthe real intertemporal model. As depicted in textbook Figure 9.18, a permanent increase ingovernment spending increases output. This effect works in the direction of increasing the demand for money. In the figure below, the initial price level is P*. With the money supply fixed at M, the price level decreases to ?.P To keep the price level at P*, the money supply must increase to .M If the central bank were pursuing a policy of price-level stabilization, the central bank would find it useful to be able to accurately predict the advent of this disturbance.。
宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森002
宏观经济学-课后思考题答案_史蒂芬威廉森002Chapter 2MeasurementTeaching GoalsStudents must understand the importance of measuring aggregate economic activity. Macroeconomics hopes to produce theories that provide useful insights and policy conclusions. To be credible, such theories must produce hypotheses that evidence could possibly refute. Macroeconomic measurement provides such evidence. Without macroeconomic measurements, macroeconomics could not be a social science, and would rather consist of philosophizing and pontificating. Market transactions provide the most simple and direct measurements. Macroeconomists’ most basic measurement is Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the value of final, domestically market output produced during a given period of time.In the United States, the Commerce Department’s National Income and Product Accounts provide official estimates of GDP. These accounts employ their own set of accounting rules to ensure internal consistency and to provide several separate estimates of GDP. These separate estimates are provided by the product accounts, the expenditure accounts, and the income accounts. The various accounting conventions may, at first glance, be rather dry and complicated. However, students can only easily digest the material in later chapters if they have a good grounding in the fundamentals.GDP changes through time because different amounts of goods and services are produced, and such goods and services are sold at different prices. Standards of living are determined by the amounts of goods and services produced, not by the prices they command in the market. While GDP is relatively easy to measure, the decomposition of changes in real GDP into quantity and price components is much more difficult. This kind of problem is less pressing for microeconomists. It is easy to separately measure the number of apples sold and the price of each apple. Because macroeconomics deals with aggregate output, the differentiation of price and quantity is much less easily apparent. It is important to emphasize that while there may be more or less reasonable approaches to this problem, there is no unambiguous best approach. Since many important policy discussions involve debates about output and price measurements, it is very important to understand exactly how such measurements are produced.Classroom Discussion TopicsAs the author demonstrates in presenting this chapter’s material, much of this material is best learned by example. Rather than simply working through the examples from the text or making up your own, the material may resonate better if the students come up with their own examples. They can start by picking a single good, and by the choice of their numbers they provide their own implied decomposition of output into wage and profit income. Later on, encourage them to suggest intermediate input production, inventory adjustments, international transactions, a government sector, and so on. Such an exercise may help assure them that the identities presented in the text are more than simply abstract constructions.If many of your students are familiar with accounting principles, it may also be useful to present the National Income and Product Account with the “T” accounts. Highlighting how every income is an expense elsewhere. Make one account for each of the firms, one for the household and one for the government. Add another account for the rest of the world when discussing the example with international trade. This procedure can highlight how some entities can be inferred from others because accounting10 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Editionidentities must hold. It makes it also easier to determine consumption for some student Social Security benefits are indexed to the Consumer Price Index. Explain with an example exactly how these adjustments are made. Ask the students if they think that this procedure is “fair.” Another topic for concern is the stagnation in the growth of measured real wages. Real wages are measured by dividing (for example) average hourly wages paid in manufacturing by the consumer price index. Ask students if measured changes in real wages confirm or conflict with their general beliefs about whether the typical worker is better or worse off than 10 or 20 years ago. How does possible mis-measurement of prices reconcile any apparent differences between casual impressions and statistical evidence?The text discusses why unemployment may or may not be a good measure of labor market tightness. Another interpretation of the unemployment rate is as a(n inverse) measure of economic welfare. Ask the students if they agree with this interpretation. Does the unemployment rate help factor in considerations like equal distribution of income? How can the unemployment rate factor in considerations like higher income per employed worker? Discuss possible pros and cons of using unemployment rather than per capita real GDP as a measure of well-being. Can unemployment be too low? Why or why not?OutlineI. Measuring GDP: The National Income and Product AccountsA. What Is GDP and How Do We Measure It?1. GDP: Value of Domestically Produced Output2. Commerce Department’s National Income and Product Accounts3. Business, Consumer, and Government AccountingB. The Product Approach1. Value Added2. Intermediate Good InputsC. The Expenditure Approach1. Consumption2. Investment3. Government Spending4. Net ExportsD. The Income Approach1. Wage Income2. After-Tax Profits3. Interest Income4. Taxes5. The Income-Expenditure IdentityE. Gross National Product (GNP)1. Treatment of Foreign Income2. GNP = GDP + Net Foreign IncomeF. What Does GDP Leave Out?1. GDP and Welfarea. Income Distributionb. Non-Market Production2. Measuring Market Productiona. The Underground Economyb. Valuing Government ProductionChapter 2 Measurement 11G. Expenditure Components1. Consumptiona. Durable Goodsb. Non-Durable Goodsc. Services2. Investmenta. Fixed Investment: Nonresidential and Residentialb. Inventory Investment3. Net Exportsa. Exportsb. Imports4. Government Expendituresa. Federal Defenseb. Federal Non-Defensec. State and Locald. Treatment of Transfer PaymentsII. Nominal and Real GDP and Price IndicesA. Real GDP1. Output Valued at Base Year Prices2 Chain Weighted Real GDPB. Measures of the Price Level1. Implicit GDP Price Deflator2. Consumer Price Index (CPI)C. Problems Measuring Real GDP and Prices1. Substitution Biases2. Accounting for Quality Changes3. Treatment of Newly Introduced GoodsIII. Savings, Wealth, and CapitalA. Stocks and FlowsB. Private Disposable Income and Private Sector Saving1.d Y Y NFP TR INT T =+++? 2.p d S Y C =? C. Government Surpluses, Deficits, and Government Saving1.g S T TR INT G = 2. g D S =? D. National Saving: p g S S S Y NFP C G =+=+??E. Saving, Investment, and the Current Account1. NFP NX I S ++=2. CA I S NFP NX CA +=?+=F. The Stock of Capital1. Wealth ΔS ?2. K I Δ?3. Claims on Foreigners CA ?12 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third EditionIV. Labor Market MeasurementA. BLS Categories1. Employed2. Unemployed3. Not in the Labor ForceB. The Unemployment RateNumber unemployed=Unemployment RateLabor forceC. The Participation RateLabor force=Participation RateTotal working age populationD. Unemployment and Labor Force Tightness1. Discouraged Workers2. Job Search IntensityTextbook Question SolutionsQuestions for Review1. Product, income, and expenditure approaches.2. For each producer, value added is equal to the value of total production minus the cost ofintermediate inputs.3. This identity emphasizes the point that all sales of output provide income somewhere in the economy.The identity also provides two separate ways of measuring total output in the economy.4. GNP is equal to GDP (domestic production) plus net factor payments from abroad. Net factorpayments represent income for domestic residents that are earned from production that takes place in foreign countries. 5. GDP provides a reasonable approximation of economic welfare. However, GDP ignores the value ofnonmarket economic activity. GDP also measures only total income without reference to how that income is distributed. 6. Measured GDP does not include production in the underground economy, which is difficult toestimate. GDP also measures the value of government spending at its cost of production, which may be greater or less than its true value.7. The largest component is consumption, which represents about 2/3 of GDP.8. Investment is equal to private, domestic expenditure on goods and services (Y ? G ? NX) minusconsumption. Investment includes residential investment, nonresidential investment, and inventory investment.9. National defense spending represents about 5% of GDP.Chapter 2 Measurement 13 10. GDP values production at market prices. Real GDP compares different years’ production at a specificset of prices. These prices are those that prevailed in the base year. Real GDP is therefore a weighted average of individual production levels. The weights are determined according to prevailing relative prices in the base year. Because relative prices change over time, comparisons of real GDP across time can differ according to the chosen base year.11. Chain weighting directly compares production levels only in adjacent years. The price weights aredetermined by averaging the prices of the individual goods and services over the two adjacent years.12. Real GDP is difficult to measure due to changes over time in relative prices, difficulties in estimatingthe extent of quality changes, and how one estimates the value of newly introduced goods.13. Private saving measures additions to private sector wealth. Government saving measures reductionsin government debt (increases in government wealth). National saving measures additions to national wealth. National saving is equal to private saving plus government saving.14. National wealth is accumulated as increases in the domestic stock of capital (domestic investment)and increases in claims against foreigners (the current account surplus).15. Measured unemployment excludes discouraged workers. Measured unemployment only accounts forthe number of individuals unemployed, without reference to how intensively they search for newjobs.Problems1. Product accounting adds up value added by all producers. The wheat producer has no intermediateinputs and produces 30 million bushels at $3/bu. for $90 million. The bread producer produces100 million loaves at $3.50/loaf for $350 million. The bread producer uses $75 million worth ofwheat as an input. Therefore, the bread producer’s value added is $275 million. Total GDP istherefore $90 million + $275 million = $365 million.Expenditure accounting adds up the value of expenditures on final output. Consumers buy100 million loaves at $3.50/loaf for $350 million. The wheat producer adds 5 million bushels ofwheat to inventory. Therefore, investment spending is equal to 5 million bushels of wheat valued at $3/bu., which costs $15 million. Total GDP is therefore $350 million + $15 million = $365 million.2. Coal producer, steel producer, and consumers.(a) (i) Product approach: Coal producer produces 15 million tons of coal at $5/ton, which adds$75 million to GDP. The steel producer produces 10 million tons of steel at $20/ton, whichis worth $200 million. The steel producer pays $125 million for 25 million tons of coal at$5/ton. The steel producer’s value added is therefore $75 million. GDP is equal to$75 million + $75 million = $150 million.(ii) Expenditure approach: Consumers buy 8 million tons of steel at $20/ton, so consumption is $160 million. There is no investment and no government spending. Exports are 2 milliontons of steel at $20/ton, which is worth $40 million. Imports are 10 million tons of coal at$5/ton, which is worth $50 million. Net exports are therefore equal to $40 million ?$50 million =?$10 million. GDP is therefore equal to $160 million + (?$10 million) =$150 million.14 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition(iii) Income approach: The coal producer pays $50 million in wages and the steel producer pays $40 million in wages, so total wages in the economy equal $90 million. The coal producerreceives $75 million in revenue for selling 15 million tons at $15/ton. The coal producerpays $50 million in wages, so the coal producer’s profits are $25 million. The steel producerreceives $200 million in revenue for selling 10 million tons of steel at $20/ton. The steelproducer pays $40 million in wages and pays $125 million for the 25 million tons ofcoal that it needs to produce steel. The steel producer’s profits are therefore equal to$200 million ? $40 million ? $125 million = $35 million. Total profit income in theeconomy is therefore $25 million + $35 million = $60 million. GDP therefore is equal towage income ($90 million) plus profit income ($60 million). GDP is therefore $150 million.(b) There are no net factor payments from abroad in this example. Therefore, the current accountsurplus is equal to net exports, which is equal to (?$10 million).(c) As originally formulated, GNP is equal to GDP, which is equal to $150 million. Alternatively, ifforeigners receive $25 million in coal industry profits as income, then net factor payments from abroad are (?$25 million), so GNP is equal to $125 million.3. Wheat and Bread(a) Product approach: Firm A produces 50,000 bushels of wheat, with no intermediate goods inputs. At$3/bu., the value of Firm A’s production is equal to $150,000. Firm B produces 50,000 loaves ofbread at $2/loaf, which is valued at $100,000. Firm B pays $60,000 to firm A for 20,000 bushels of wheat, which is an intermediate input. Firm B’s value added is therefore $40,000. GDP is therefore equal to $190,000.(b) Expenditure approach: Consumers buy 50,000 loaves of domestically produced bread at $2/loafand 15,000 loaves of imported bread at $1/loaf. Consumption spending is therefore equal to$100,000 + $15,000 = $115,000. Firm A adds 5,000 bushels of wheat to inventory. Wheat isworth $3/bu., so investment is equal to $15,000. Firm A exports 25,000 bushels of wheat for$3/bu. Exports are $75,000. Consumers import 15,000 loaves of bread at $1/loaf. Imports are$15,000. Net exports are equal to $75,000 ? $15,000 = $60,000. There is no governmentspending. GDP is equal to consumption ($115,000) plus investment ($15,000) plus net exports($60,000). GDP is therefore equal to $190,000.(c) Income approach: Firm A pays $50,000 in wages. Firm B pays $20,000 in wages. Total wagesare therefore $70,000. Firm A produces $150,000 worth of wheat and pays $50,000 in wages.Firm A’s profits are $100,000. Firm B produces $100,000 worth of bread. Firm B pays $20,000in wages and pays $60,000 to Firm A for wheat. Firm B’s profits are $100,000 ? $20,000 ?$60,000 = $20,000. Total profit income in the economy equals $100,000 + $20, 000 = $120,000.Total wage income ($70,000) plus profit income ($120,000) equals $190,000. GDP is therefore$190,000.Chapter 2 Measurement 15 4. Price and quantity data are given as the following.Year 1Good Quanti tyPri ceComputers 20$1,000 Bread 10,000$1.00Year 2Good Quanti tyPri ceComputers 25$1,500Bread 12,000$1.10(a) Year 1 nominal GDP =×+×=20$1,00010,000$1.00$30,000.Year 2 nominal GDP =×+×=25$1,50012,000$1.10$50,700.With year 1 as the base year, we need to value both years’ production at year 1 prices. In the base year, year 1, real GDP equals nominal GDP equals $30,000. In year 2, we need to value year 2’s output at year 1 prices. Year 2 real GDP =×+×= 25$1,00012,000$1.00$37,000. The percentage change in real GDP equals ($37,000 ? $30,000)/$30,000 = 23.33%.We next calculate chain-weighted real GDP. At year 1 prices, the ratio of year 2 real GDP to year1 real GDP equals g1= ($37,000/$30,000) = 1.2333. We must next compute real GDP using year2 prices. Year 2 GDP valued at year 2 prices equals year 2 nominal GDP = $50,700. Year 1 GDPvalued at year 2 prices equals (20 × $1,500 + 10,000 × $1.10) = $41,000. The ratio of year 2 GDP at year 2 prices to year 1 GDP at year 2 prices equals g2=chain-weighted ratio of real GDP in the two years therefore is equal to 1.23496cg==. The percentage change chain-weighted real GDP from year 1 to year 2 is therefore approximately23.5%.If we (arbitrarily) designate year 1 as the base year, then year 1 chain-weighted GDP equals nominal GDP equals $30,000. Year 2 chain-weighted real GDP is equal to (1.23496 × $30,000) = $37,048.75.(b) To calculate the implicit GDP deflator, we divide nominal GDP by real GDP, and then multiplyby 100 to express as an index number. With year 1 as the base year, base year nominal GDP equals base year real GDP, so the base year implicit GDP deflator is 100. For the year 2, the implicit GDP deflator is ($50,700/$37,000) × 100 = 137.0. The percentage change in the deflator is equal to 37.0%.With chain weighting, and the base year set at year 1, the year 1 GDP deflator equals($30,000/$30,000) × 100 = 100. The chain-weighted deflator for year 2 is now equal to($50,700/$37,048.75) × 100 = 136.85. The percentage change in the chain-weighted deflator equals 36.85%.16 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition(c) We next consider the possibility that year 2 computers are twice as productive as year1 computers. As one possibility, let us define a “computer” as a year 1 computer. In this case,the 25 computers produced in year 2 are the equivalent of 50 year 1 computers. Each year 1computer now sells for $750 in year 2. We now revise the original data as:Year 1Good Quanti tyPri ceYear 1 Computers 20 $1,000Bread 10,000$1.00Year 2Good Quanti tyPri ceYear 1 Computers 50 $750Bread 12,000$1.10First, note that the change in the definition of a “computer” does not affect the calculations of nominal GDP. We next compute real GDP with year 1 as the base year. Year 2 real GDP in year 1 prices is now ×+×=50$1,00012,000$1.00$62,000. The percentage change in real GDP is equal to ($62,000 ? $30,000)/$30,000 = 106.7%. We next revise the calculation of chain-weighted real GDP. From above, g1 equals($62,000/$30,000) = 206.67. The value of year 1 GDP at year 2 prices equals $26,000. Therefore,g 2 equals ($50,700/$26,000) = 1.95. 200.75. The percentage change chain-weighted real GDPfrom year 1 to year 2 is therefore 100.75%.If we (arbitrarily) designate year 1 as the base year, then year 1 chain-weighted GDP equalsnominal GDP equals $30,000. Year 2 chain-weighted real GDP is equal to (2.0075 × $30,000) = $60,225. The chain-weighted deflator for year 1 is automatically 100. The chain-weighteddeflator for year 2 equals ($50,700/$60,225) × 100 = 84.18. The percentage rate of change of the chain-weighted deflator equals ?15.8%.When there is no quality change, the difference between using year 1 as the base year and using chain weighting is relatively small. Factoring in the increased performance of year 2 computers, the production of computers rises dramatically while its relative price falls. Compared withearlier practices, chain weighting provides a smaller estimate of the increase in production and a smaller estimate of the reduction in prices. This difference is due to the fact that the relative price of the good that increases most in quantity (computers) is much higher in year 1. Therefore, the use of historical prices puts more weight on the increase in quality-adjusted computer output. 5. Price and quantity data are given as the following:Year 1GoodQuantity(million lbs.)Price(per lb.)Broccoli 1,500 $0.50 Cauliflower 300$0.80Year 2GoodQuantity(million lbs.)Price(per lb.)Broccoli 2,400 $0.60 Cauliflower 350$0.85Chapter 2 Measurement 17(a) Year 1 nominal GDP = Year 1 real GDP =×+×=1,500million$0.50300million$0.80 $990million.Year 2 nominal GDP=×+×=2,400million$0.60350million$0.85$1,730.5million Year 2 real GDP=×+×=2,400million$0.50350million$0.80$1,450million.Year 1 GDP deflator equals 100.Year 2 GDP deflator equals ($1,730.5/$1,450) × 100 = 119.3.The percentage change in the deflator equals 19.3%.(b) Year 1 production (market basket) at year 1 prices equals year 1 nominal GDP = $990 million.The value of the market basket at year 2 prices is equal to ×+×1,500million$0.60300million $0.85= $1,050 million.Year 1 CPI equals 100.Year 2 CPI equals ($1,050/$990) × 100 = 106.1.The percentage change in the CPI equals 6.1%.The relative price of broccoli has gone up. The relative quantity of broccoli has also gone up. The CPI attaches a smaller weight to the price of broccoli, and so the CPI shows less inflation.6. Corn producer, consumers, and government.(a) (i) Product approach: There are no intermediate goods inputs. The corn producer grows30 million bushels of corn. Each bushel of corn is worth $5. Therefore, GDP equals$150 million.(ii) Expenditure approach: Consumers buy 20 million bushels of corn, so consumption equals $100 million. The corn producer adds 5 million bushels to inventory, so investment equals$25 million. The government buys 5 million bushels of corn, so government spendingequals $25 million. GDP equals $150 million.(iii) Income approach: Wage income is $60 million, paid by the corn producer. The corn producer’s revenue equals $150 million, including the value of its addition to inventory. Additions toinventory are treated as purchasing one owns output. The corn producer’s costs includewages of $60 million and taxes of $20 million. Therefore, profit income equals $150 million ?$60 million ? $20 million = $70 million. Government income equals taxes paid by the cornproducer, which equals $20 million. Therefore, GDP by income equals $60 million +$70 million + $20 million = $150 million.(b) Private disposable income equals GDP ($150 million) plus net factor payments (0) plusgovernment transfers ($5 million is Social Security benefits) plus interest on the government debt ($10 million) minus total taxes ($30 million), which equals $135 million. Private saving equalsprivate disposable income ($135 million) minus consumption ($100 million), which equals$35 million. Government saving equals government tax income ($30 million) minus transferpayments ($5 million) minus interest on the government debt ($10 million) minus governmentspending ($5 million), which equals $10 million. National saving equals private saving($35 million) plus government saving ($10 million), which equals $45 million. The government budget surplus equals government savings ($10 million). Since the budget surplus is positive, the government budget is in surplus. The government deficit is therefore equal to (?$10 million).18 Williamson ? Macroeconomics, Third Edition7. Price controls.Nominal GDP is calculated by measuring output at market prices. In the event of effective pricecontrols, measured prices equal the controlled prices. However, controlled prices reflect an inaccurate measure of scarcity values. Nominal GDP is therefore distorted. In addition to distortions in nominal GDP measures, price controls also inject an inaccuracy in attempts to decompose changes in nominal GDP into movements in real GDP and movements in prices. With price controls, there is typically little or no change in white market prices over time. Alternatively, black market or scarcity value prices typically increase, perhaps dramatically. Measures of prices (in terms of scarcity values) understate inflation. Whenever inflation measures are too low, changes in real GDP overstate the extent of increases in actual production.8. Underground economy.Transactions in underground economy are performed with cash exclusively, to exploit the anonymous nature of currency. Thus, once we have established the amount of currency held abroad, we know the portion of $2,474 that is held domestically. Remove from it what is used for recorded transactions, say by using some estimate of the proportion of transactions using cash and applying this to observed GDP. Finally apply a concept of velocity of money to the remaining amount of cash to obtain the size of the underground economy.9. S p– 1 = CA + D(a) By definition:p d S Y C Y NFP TR INT T C =?=+++?? Next, recall that .Y C I G NX =+++ Substitute into the equation above and subtract I to obtain:()()p S I C I G NX NFP INT T C INX NFP G INT TR T CA D ?=+++++=++++?=+(b) Private saving, which is not used to finance domestic investment, is either lent to the domesticgovernment to finance its deficit (D ), or is lent to foreigners (CA ).10. Computing capital with the perpetual inventory method.(a) First, use the formula recursively for each year:K 0 = 80K 1 = 0.9 × 80 + 10 = 82K 2 = 0.9 × 82 + 10 = 83.8K 3 = 0.9 × 83.8 + 10 = 85.42K 4 = 0.9 × 85.42 + 10 = 86.88K 5 = 0.9 × 86.88 + 10 = 88.19K 6 = 0.9 × 88.19 + 10 = 89.37K 7 = 0.9 × 89.37 + 10 = 90.43K 8 = 0.9 × 90.43 + 10 = 91.39K 9 = 0.9 × 91.39 + 10 = 92.25K 10 = 0.9 × 92.25 + 10 = 93.03(b) This time, capital stays constant at 100, as the yearly investment corresponds exactly to theamount of capital that is depreciated every year. In (a), we started with a lower level of capital, thus less depreciated thanwhat was invested, as capital kept rising (until it would reach 100). Chapter 2 Measurement 19 11. Assume the following: 10540308010520D INT T G C NFP CA S =======?= (a) 201080110d p Y S C S D C =+=++=++= (b)103054015D G TR INT T TR D G INT T =++?=??+=??+= (c) 208030130S GNP C G GNP S C G =??=++=++= (d)13010120GDP GNP NFP =?=?= (e)Government Surplus 10g S D ==?=? (f)51015CA NX NFP NX CA NFP =+=?=??=? (g) 12080301525GDP C I G NXI GDP C G NX =+++==??+=。
宏观经济学思考题(答案)
1、简述国民收入核算体系五个总量的关系?(1)国内生产总值(GDP):一个国家一年内生产的最终产品劳务的市场价格之和(按不变价格计算)(2)GNP与GDP(国内生产总值)的关系GNP+外商在国内投资产值-本国在国外投资产值=GDPA、国内生产净值 NDP=GDP-折旧B、国民收入 NI=NDP-间接税C、个人收入 PI=NI-社会保险税-公司所得税-公司未分配利润+转移收入D、个人可支付收入 PDI=PI-个人所得税2、论述国民收入核算方法及估算中的缺陷。
国民收入核算方法:见第一章17-20国民收入核算方法的缺陷:1、非市场经济(自给性生产和劳务)2、非法经济活动(地下经济、偷漏税)3、核算体系自身缺陷(劳务和重复计算)4、最终产品与中间产品难于区分(蔬菜生吃与熟吃等)5、GDP无法反映人们的福利状况(闲暇、自我完善)7、结合图示简述英迪利安尼消费函数理论?1、主要假设A、不考虑个人预期寿命和工作年限的不确定性B、个人储蓄不是为了利息,只为了未来消费,不考虑价格未来变动C、个人收入来源于劳动收入与财产收入,一生收入全部用于消费D、为实现一生满足程度最大化,消费者一生中较平均地分配收入2、图式1WRmax=(YL-C) ×(NL-WL)即一生储蓄最大化WL:工作时间NL:生活期间YL:每年劳动收入C:每年消费量WRmax=(YL-C) ×(NL-WL)即一生储蓄最大化WL:工作时间NL:生活期间YL:每年劳动收入C:每年消费量3、评价:(1)说明了长期消费倾向的稳定性和短期消费倾向的波动性(2)高收入家庭消费倾向低、低收入家庭消费倾向高(3)现期收入多少对消费倾向影响很小(4)征收长期累进税比本期累进税更合理,因为前者影响消费比后者影响较小,使税收杠杆调节作用失效(5)经济萧条时,赤字预算政策比增税来增加政府支出政策措施更有效,因赤字债务几代人偿还,而通过增税增加政府支出由这一代人负担。
《宏观经济学》思考题(有答案)
《宏观经济学》思考题(有答案)《宏观经济学》思考题第⼀章国民收⼊核算1、简要说明GNP与GDP之间的区别和联系,为什么现在许多国家都选择使⽤GDP这⼀指标?国内⽣产总值(GDP)和国民⽣产总值(GNP)均指⼀个国家⼀定时期内所⽣产的全部最终产品与劳务的市场价值的总和,区别在于,GDP是以地域划分的,是⽣产的概念;⽽GNP以⼈⼝划分,是收⼊的概念。
西⽅宏观经济学将国内⽣产总值(GDP)作为核算国民经济活动的核⼼指标,原因在于,GDP确实代表⼀国或⼀个地区所有常住单位和个⼈在⼀定时期内全部⽣产活动(包括产品和劳务)的最终成果,可以对⼀国总体经济运⾏表现作出概括性衡量,反映出⼀国(或地区)的经济实⼒,便于国际间和地区间作⽐较,为制定国家和地区经济发展战略、分析经济运⾏状况以及政府调控和管理经济提供重要依据和参考。
2、为什么说个⼈在股票债券上的投资不同于经济学意义上的投资?经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的⽀出,即建造新⼚房、购买新机器设备等⾏为,⽽⼈们购买债券和股票只是⼀种证券交易活动,并不是实际的⽣产经营活动。
⼈们购买债券或股票,是⼀种产权转移活动,因⽽不属于经济学意义的投资活动,也不能计⼊GDP。
公司从⼈们⼿⾥取得了出售债券或股票的货币资⾦再去购买⼚房或机器设备,才算投资活动。
3、为什么存货投资也要计⼊GNP之中?存货投资是企业掌握的存货价值的增加(或减少)。
GNP是指某个特定国家⼀定时期内⽣产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值总和。
如果把存货排除在GNP之外,所计得的就只是销售额,⽽不是⽣产额。
4、为什么转移⽀付不计⼊GNP之中?因为政府转移⽀付只是简单地通过税收(包括社会保险税)把收⼊从⼀个⼈或⼀个组织转移到另⼀个⼈或另⼀个组织⼿中,并没有相应的货物或劳务的交换发⽣。
5、为什么GNP中只计⼊净出⼝?进⼝应从本国购买中减去,因为进⼝表⽰收⼊流⼊到国外,不是⽤于购买本国产品的⽀出;出⼝则应加进本国总购买量之中,因为出⼝表⽰收⼊从国外流⼊,是⽤于购买本国产品的⽀出。
大学课程《宏观经济学》试题及答案
大学课程《宏观经济学》试题及答案一、主要概念:经济增长有保证增长率自然增长率资本-产出比资本深化资本宽化资本-劳动比或人均资本储蓄率新古典经济增长模型资本积累的“黄金法则”增长因素分析全要素生产率“70规则”内生经济增长理论基钦周期朱各拉周期康德拉耶夫周期库兹涅茨周期储蓄过度理论投资过度理论创新周期理论纯货币理论汉森-萨缪尔森模型二、单项选择题1、根据哈罗德-多马模型,若储蓄率提高,则合意经济增长率( )。
A.提高B.下降C.不变D.不确定2、根据哈罗德-多马模型,若资本生产率提高,则合意经济增长率( )。
A.提高B.下降C.不变D.不确定3、根据哈罗德-多马模型,若投资增长率小于合意增长率,则各年经济( )。
A.供大于求B.求大于供C.供求均衡D.不确定4、经济增长在图形上表现为( )A.生产可能性曲线内的某一点向曲线上移动B.生产可能性曲线向外移动C.生产可能性曲线外的某一点向曲线上移动D.生产可能性曲线上某一点沿向曲线移动5、实际增长率等于合意增长率小于自然增长率,表明经济( )A持续萧条B持续过热C均衡D变化不确定6、实际增长率等于自然增长率大于合意增长率,表明经济( )A.持续萧条B.持续过热C.均衡D.变化不确定7、如果实现了哈罗德的自然增长率,将使( )A.社会资源等到充分利用B.实现均衡增长C.实现充分就业下的均衡增长D.经济持续高涨8、根据新古典增长模型,若资本收入占总收入的比例提高,则可知资本产出弹性( )A.提高B.下降C.不变D.不确定9、如果劳动力的年增长率为1.5%,劳动生产率的年增长率为3%,则自然增长率为( )A.1.5%B.3% C .4.5%D.无法确定10、下列第( )项是新古典经济增长模型所包含的内容。
A.均衡的增长率取决于有效需求的大小B.要实现充分就业的均衡增长,要使G=G w=G nC.通过调整收入分配,降低储蓄率,可以实现充分就业的均衡增长D.从长期看,由于市场的作用,经济总会趋向于充分就业的均衡增长11、下列各项中( )项不属于生产要素供给的增加。
宏观经济学思考题参考答案(1-5章)要点
第一章导论1.宏观经济学的研究对象是什么?宏观经济学所关心的主要问题有哪些?宏观经济学的研究对象是整个国民经济,它研究一个国家整体经济的运行情况以及政府如何运用经济政策来影响国家整体经济的运行,涉及的内容是整个社会的价格水平、总产量、就业水平和其他经济总量的决定。
宏观经济学的研究主要涉及以下问题:1)实现充分就业的问题2)防止和抑制通货膨胀的问题3)经济波动和经济周期问题4)经济增长问题5)开放经济下的宏观经济问题6)宏观经济政策及其效果问题2.宏观经济学和微观经济学的区别和联系是什么?微观经济学是关于单个厂商、消费者个人或家庭经济活动的研究,而宏观经济学研究的则是经济总体情况与趋势。
二者是个别与整体之间的关系。
很多情况下,微观经济变量加在一起,就可以构成相应的宏观经济变量,众多同类微观经济问题的总合也可能构成宏观经济问题。
有些情况下却不能把个别的经济变量简单加总起来,直接等同于整体经济变量。
在有些场合,经济总量和经济个量也会呈现出不同的规律性。
3.宏观经济学的研究方法主要有哪些?1)实证分析与规范分析2)经济理性主义的假定3)均衡分析与非均衡分析4)静态、比较静态和动态分析5)存量分析与流量分析6)事前变量分析与事后变量分析4.我们应该怎样看待宏观经济学中的一些理论观点和政策主张?理论联系实际,尤其在分析中国经济现象时,一定要注意中国国情。
不要盲目崇拜西方经济理论,这些理论建立的基础是西方几百年的西方式的市场经济,其中有许多不适用中国实际的方面。
不要滥用西方经济学;不要盲目相信中国的某些经济学家的一些言论。
(仅供参考)第二章国民收入核算理论1.在国民收入核算中,为什么总收入总是等于总支出?GDP衡量的是最终产品的市场价值,而进入市场的每一笔交易都有两方:买者和卖者。
某个买者的支出是某个卖者的收入,同一笔交易对经济的收入和支出做出了相同的贡献。
因此,对一个经济整体而言,经济中所有人的总收入和用于购买经济中物品与劳务的总支出是相同的,收入必定等于支出。
武汉大学金融学《e宏观经济学》思考题(带解答)
《宏观经济学》思考题第一章国民收入核算1、简要说明GDP与GNP之间的区别和联系,为什么现在许多国家都选择使用GDP这一指标?GDP与GNP的区别在于其涉及的主体不同,GDP是一个地域概念,指一国的居民,而GNP是国民概念,是指一国国民。
因为GDP确实代表了一国或一个地区所有常住单位和个人在一定时期内全部生产活动(包括产品和劳务)的最终成果,可以对一国总体经济运行表现做出概括性衡量,反映出一国(或地区)的经济实力,便于和国际间和地区间作比较,为制定国家和地区经济发展战略,分析经济运行情况以及政府调控和管理经济提供重要依据和参考。
2、为什么存货投资也要计入GNP之中?因为存货也是最终产品,相当于企业自己花钱买了自己的商品,算在总支出中。
第二章简单国民收入决定理论1、试用图形画出用消费函数和储蓄函数决定同一均衡国民收入的两种方法。
(略)2、什么是乘数原理?为什么按照这一原理储蓄即节俭反而成为一种罪恶?乘数作用的发挥在现实中会受到哪些方面的限制?乘数原理是指由于连锁反应,某一变量的变化引起另一相关变量成倍变化的经济理论。
因为消费的增加会通过消费乘数导致国民收入的成倍增加,因而储蓄即节俭意味着消费的减少,也就意味着国民收入的成倍减少成为了一种罪恶。
(1)社会有无过剩生产率,能否满足生产要求;(2)投资与储蓄的独立性,独立性越好,效果越好;(3)货币供给量是否能适应支出增加的需求。
3、简要说明政府支出乘数、税收乘数、平衡预算乘数的含义。
政府支出乘数是指政府购买的变动对于国民收入的变动放大倍数;税收乘数是指政府税收的变动对于国民收入的变动放大倍数;平衡预算乘数是指政府在政府购买和净税收方面等量反向操作以保持政府预算平衡时对于国民收入的变动放大倍数。
----------专业最好文档,专业为你服务,急你所急,供你所需-------------第三章国民收入决定:IS——LM模型1、简要说明货币交易需求、货币预防需求、货币投机需求的含义。
宏观经济学课后题答案
第1章宏观经济学导论:习题答案一、名词解释1.宏观经济学〔Macroeconomics〕,也叫做总量经济学,它是通过对整个社会经济总量决定及其变化的科学研究,来提醒和描述稀缺资源配置、国民收入变化以及宏观经济增长和开展规律的科学。
其研究所涉及的主要容是整个社会的价格水平、总产量、就业水平和其他经济总量的决定。
2.凯恩斯学派(Keynesian)是最初由凯恩斯等人开创的、二战以后在欧美等兴旺国家开展起来、并迅速得到世界上大多数市场经济国家认可与推崇的宏观经济学学派。
凯恩斯开创的宏观经济理论在20世纪五六十年代的美国获得最大开展。
主要代表有凯恩斯、保罗·萨缪尔森〔Paul A.Samuelson〕、詹姆斯·托宾〔James Tobin〕、罗伯特·索洛〔Robert Solow〕等。
3.理性预期学派〔Rational E*pectation School〕是在1970年代在美国出现的一个经济学流派。
相对"适应性预期〞而言,理性预期是指人们预先充分掌握了一切可以利用的信息做出的预期。
人们参照过去历史提供的所有知识并加以有效利用,并经过周密的思考之后,才做出的与有关经济理论相一致的"理性预期〞。
4.货币主义学派〔Monetary school〕是1950-1960年代在美国出现的经济学流派,亦称货币主义,其创始人为美国芝加哥大学教授弗里德曼。
货币学派的政策主主要有:坚持经济自由主义,反对国家过多干预;认为"货币最重要〞;主实施"单一规则〞即固定货币供给增长率的货币政策。
5.供给学派(supply-side school)是1970年代在美国兴起的一个经济学流派。
该学派强调经济的供给方面,认为需求会自动适应供给变化。
其政策主有:崇尚"供给自创需求〞的萨伊定律;反对政府过多的干预;应通过减税刺激投资,增加供给;反对过多社会福利,反对通货膨胀,竭力主大幅度减税等。
宏观经济学思考题
宏观经济学思考题第一章G D P核算与总量关系1、简要说明名义G D P与实际G D P、G D P与G N P的差别。
答:名义G D P是用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值。
实际G D P 是用从前某一年作为基期价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值。
名义G D P与实际G D P 是以那年的为基期计算价格的区主要别;实际G D P=名义G D P/G D P折算指数两者区别主要是计算价格的基期不同。
G D P是指国内生产总值:一个经济社会在一定时期内利用国内外资源(要素)在国内生产的全部最终产品或服务的市场价值总和。
G N P是指国民生产总值:在一定时期内,利用国民拥有的要素在国内外生产的最终产品或服务的市场价值总和。
G D P和D N P的区别主要是利用的生产要素的区别。
2、为什么支出法G D P中的政府支出部分是政府购买而不是政府总支出,国外部门支出部分是净出口而不是总出口,收入法G D P中的政府税收部分是净税收而不是总税收,居民个人收入部分是个人可支配收入而不是个人收入?答:因为在支出法中G D P=C+I+G+N X,而政府的总支出=政府支出+政府转移支付,而政府转移支付时计算在居民消费中的,为了避免重复计算。
因为净出口=总出口-进口;出口是本国生产的一部分,而从外国进口的货物并不是本国生产的一部分,只是外国生产的一部分,已经被计入本国的消费支出、投资支出和政府购买。
如果我们计算投资、消费和政府购买时不把进口减去,就会把外国生产的G D P计算成本国的G D P。
因为收入法G D P=C+S+N T,净税收=总税收-政府转移支付,而转移支付已经算入了居民消费中。
因为个人可支配收入(D P I)=个人收入(P I)-个人所得税-社会保险金,而个人所得税以算入政府税收中了。
3、为什么国内私人总投资包括居民住房构建投资?为什么“总投资=(固定资产投资+存货)”是错误的?为什么“去年建成但在今年才卖出的住房总价值都不能计入今年的G D P”这句话是错误的?4、答:居民住房即当年建造的为私人所购买和使用的房屋总值,被列为投资的一部分,是由于住宅能长期供人居住,能提供服务。
宏观经济学课后答案(共10篇)
宏观经济学课后答案(共10篇)宏观经济学课后答案(一): 宏观经济学习题3 ,请大家帮忙做做!非常感谢!5、假设在两部门经济中,C=50+0.8Y,I=50。
(C为消费,I为投资)• (1)求均衡的国民收入Y、C、S分别为多少(2)投资乘数是多少• (3)如果投资增加20(即△I=20),国民收入将如何变化若充分就业的YF=800,经济存在紧缩还是膨胀其缺口是多少6、假如某人的边际消费倾向恒等于1/2,他的收支平衡点是8000美元,若他的收入为1万美元,试计算:他的消费和储蓄各为多少?7、假设经济模型为:C=20+0.75(Y-T);I=380;G=400;T=0.20Y;Y=C+I+G。
• (1)计算边际消费倾向。
(2)计算均衡的收入水平。
• (3)在均衡的收入水平下,政府预算盈余为多少?1 Y=C+I=0.8Y+50+50=0.8Y+100 ,Y=500,I=50,C=450,ki=1/(1-0.8)=5I增加20,Y增加100,紧缩,缺口800-500=3002 边际消费倾向1/2设消费函数c=a+0.5y收支平衡点80008000=a+4000,a=4000c=4000+0.5yy=10000,c=9000,s=10003 dc/dy=0.75*0.8=0.6y=c+i+g=20+0.75(y-0.2y)+380+400=0.6y+800,y=2023预算盈余bs=t-g=400-400=0宏观经济学课后答案(二): 宏观经济学习题:当政府通过提高税收来增加政府支出时的挤出效应是指:A.刺激了消费和储蓄,实际利率上升,投资下降B.抑制了消费和储蓄,实际利率下降,投资下降C.抑制了消费和储蓄,实际利率上升,投资上升D.抑制了消费和储蓄,实际利率下降,投资上升E.抑制了消费和储蓄,实际利率上升,投资下降帮帮忙啊~说明理由~分不多~麻烦了Y=C+G+I~G增加的挤出效应是C I减少因为y=c-s 税收增加后Y=C(1+T)100%-S(1+T)100%即储蓄消费同时下降.因为S=I 投资下降了当然利率就上升了所以答案是E楼下的对投资和消费的说明正确,但利率问题错了宏观经济学课后答案(三): 求解一道宏观经济学习题……已知C=200+0.25Yd,I=150+0.25Y-1000R,G=250,T=200,(L/P)^d=2Y-8000R,M/P=1600.试求:IS曲线方程LM曲线方程均衡的实际国民收入均衡利率水平均衡水平时的C和I,并将C、I和G相加来检验均衡的实际国民收入Y.【宏观经济学课后答案】IS曲线:y=c+i+t=200+0.25(y-t)+150+0.25y-1000r+200,t=200LM曲线:2y-8000r=1600自己化简方程,然后两方程联立,解得y,r.分别代入就好了···宏观经济学课后答案(四): 宏观经济学习题在某国,自发消费支出是500亿美元,边际消费倾向是0.8.投资是3000亿美元,政府购买是2500亿美元,税收T=3000+0.1Y(亿美元,假定没有转移支付等项,税收为净税收),出口为100亿美元,进口M=0.12Y.1.消费函数是什么2.总支出曲线的方程式是什么3.均衡支出是多少4.政府购买乘数是多少消费函数C=500+0.8*(Y-3000-0.1Y)自己化简就行了总支出 AE=Y=C+I+GP+(出口-进口) Y就是NI国名收入 C用第一题的式子带入 GP是政府购买带进去就行了均衡支出就是吧y求出来就行了政府购买乘数与税收乘数相差一个负号购买乘数是正的税收乘数=-MPC*MULT MULT=1/(1-MPC)算出来的是负的把符号除了就是购买乘数宏观经济学课后答案(五): 一道宏观经济学的习题,求答案及解析7、将一国经济中所有市场交易的货币价值进行加总a、会得到生产过程中所使用的全部资源的市场价值b、所获得的数值可能大于、小于或等于GDP的值c、会得到经济中的新增价值总和d、会得到国内生产总值`b 正确市场交易的可能有中间产品,如此中间产品加上最终产品,则重复计算的结果大于GDP;不在国内市场交易,出口销往国外的漏算,则计算结果会小于gdp;如果重复的和漏算的正好相等,则结果可能等于gdp。
宏观经济学课后习题及答案
宏观经济学课后习题及答案复习与思考题:1.名词解释宏观经济学实证分析规范分析存量分析流量分析事前变量分析事后变量分析2.宏观经济学的研究对象是什么?主要研究哪些问题?3.宏观经济学的研究方法主要有哪些?4.请谈谈宏观经济学和微观经济学的联系与区别?参考答案2.答:宏观经济学以整个国民经济作为研究对象,它考察总体经济的运行状况、发展趋势和内部各个组成部分之间的相互关系。
它涉及到经济中商品与劳务的总产量与收入、通货膨胀和失业率、国际收支和汇率、长期的经济增长和短期的经济波动等现象,揭示这些经济现象产生的原因及其相互关系。
3.答:实证分析方法与规范分析法、总量分析法、均衡分析与非均衡分析、事前变量分析与事后变量分析、存量分析与流量分析、即期分析与跨时期分析、静态、比较静态与动态分析、经济模型分析法。
4.答:参考第二节。
本章习题一、概念题国内生产总值、国民生产总值、国内生产净值、国民收入、个人可支配收入、名义GDP、实际GDP、GDP折算指数二、单项选择题 1. 下列产品中不属于中间产品的是 A. 某造船厂购进的钢材 B. 某造船厂购进的厂房 C. 某面包店购进的面粉 D. 某服装厂购进的棉布2. 在一个四部门经济模型中,GNP=。
A. 消费十净投资十政府购买十净出口B. 消费十总投资十政府购买十净出口C. 消费十净投资十政府购买十总出口D. 消费十总投资十政府购买十总出口3. 下列各项中,属于要素收入的是 A. 企业间接税 B. 政府的农产品补贴C. 公司利润税D. 政府企业盈余4. 经济学的投资是指。
A. 企业增加一笔存货 B. 建造一座厂房C. 购买一台机器 D. 以上都是5. 已知在第一年名义GNP为500,如到第六年GNP核价指数增加一倍,实际产出上升40%,则第六年的名义GNP为。
A. 2000B. 1400C. 1000D. 750 三、判断题 1. 农民生产并用于自己消费的粮食不应计入GNP。
大学宏观经济学-真题-宏观经济学思考题
20XX年复习资料大学复习资料专业:班级:科目老师:日期:宏观经济学复习思考题第1章国民收入核算一、概念题1、宏观经济学2、国内生产总值3、名义GDP和实际GDP4、国民生产净值5、国内生产总值折算指数与消费物价指数6、国民生产总值7、个人收入8、流量与存量9、重置投资20XXXX、自发投资20XXXX、引致投资20XXXX、转移支付20XXXX、最终产品和中间产品20XXXX、四部门经济模型20XXXX、绿色GDP二、问答题1、为什么GNP不是反映一个国家福利的一个理想指标?2、试分析GNP和GDP之间的不同3、写出国民收入(National Icome)、国民生产净值(NNP)、国民生产总值(GNP)和国内生产总值(GDP)之间的关系4、为什么从公司债券得到的利息应计入GDP,而人们从政府得到的公债利息不计入GDP?5、储蓄投资恒等式中的投资和储蓄与宏观经济均衡中的投资和储蓄的区别6、如何用支出法计算四部门经济的GDP?7、请推导四部门经济中总储蓄和投资的恒等式三、论述题1、用GDP衡量国民经济活动的缺陷是什么?2、试评述国民收入核算理论,为什么要用绿色GDP代替GDP?第2章简单国民收入决定理论一、概念题1、均衡产出2、政府转移支付乘数3、政府支出乘数4、边际消费倾向和平均消费倾向5、边际储蓄倾向6、持久收入假说7、税收乘数8、投资乘数9、平衡预算乘数20XXXX、相对收入假说20XXXX、边际消费倾向递减规律20XXXX、乘数20XXXX、自发性投资20XXXX、消费函数20XXXX、棘轮效应二、问答题1、什么是乘数原理?乘数原理发挥作用的假设前提条件是什么?2、简述生命周期假说3、写出投资乘数公式,尽量考虑各种经济变量对投资乘数的影响。
据此说明,哪些因素影响到投资乘数?是怎样影响的?原因是什么?4、简述产品市场的均衡条件5、试比较生命周期消费理论与永久收入消费理论6、杜森贝里的短期消费函数的特点是什么?7、弗里德曼的短期消费函数的特点是什么8、试证明平衡预算乘数等于19、论述两部门经济中国民收入的决定20XXXX、试从收入——支出法和储蓄——投资法说明同一均衡国民收入的决定20XXXX、试论凯恩斯的边际消费递减规律与经济稳定性之间的关系第3章产品市场与货币市场的一般均衡一、概念题1、资本边际效率2、流动性陷阱3、流动偏好4、IS曲线5、LM曲线6、货币需求函数7、货币交易需求8、投机性需求9、交易动机20XXXX、预防动机20XXXX、投机动机20XXXX、有效需求20XXXX、产品市场均衡二、简答题1、货币需求动机包括哪几个方面?它对货币需求具有何种影响?2、凯恩斯认为人们的货币需求行为由哪些动机决定?3、什么叫“流动性陷阱”?当经济处于“流动性陷阱”时,扩张性货币政策是否有效?4、简述凯恩斯的货币理论5、简述凯恩斯的货币需求函数6、请画出IS曲线,并作简要说明与分析7、如果LM曲线既定,IS曲线的斜率变小,那么扩张性财政政策的效果将发生什么样的变化?8、试说明凯恩斯的三种货币需求动机,并画出相应的货币需求曲线及总的货币需求曲线9、如何理解IS-LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心?20XXXX、凯恩斯是如何解释资本主义社会的有效需求不足的?他由此引出的结论是什么?20XXXX、LM曲线有哪三个区域?在这三个区域,货币需求的利率弹性有什么不同?这三个区域分别与什么样的经济状况相对应?20XXXX、凯恩斯的经济理论奠定了现代西方宏观经济学的基础,请概括地阐述凯恩斯经济理论的基本框架20XXXX、货币市场的均衡条件是什么?LM曲线是怎样得到的?请画图说明20XXXX、在IS曲线和LM曲线的交点所形成的国民收入是否就是充分就业的国民收入?为什么?20XXXX、简述IS-LM模型的内容和意义20XXXX、结合图形说明产品市场和货币市场从失衡到均衡的调整第4章宏观经济政策分析一、概念题1、“挤出”效应2、凯恩斯极端3、宏观经济政策4、财政政策5、货币政策6、财政政策乘数7、货币政策乘数8、古典主义极端9、货币幻觉二、问答题1、何谓“挤出”效应?说明影响挤出效应的主要因素2、IS曲线和LM曲线怎样移动才能使国民收入增加而利率不变?怎样的财政政策和货币政策配合才能做到这一点?3、货币政策效果为什么会因LM曲线斜率而异?4、请对财政政策和货币政策混合使用的政策效应作简要分析5、IS-LM模型及其政策含义6、试述财政政策和货币政策的效果与IS和LM曲线形状的关系7、分析财政政策效果与IS曲线和LM曲线的斜率之间的关系8、试分析引起“完全挤出效应”的财政扩张情况第5章宏观经济政策实践一、概念题1、自动稳定器2、充分就业的预算盈余3、货币创造4、法定存款准备金5、法定准备金率6、功能财政7、公开市场业务8、基础货币9、派生存款20XXXX、再贴现20XXXX、实际货币供给20XXXX、货币政策时滞20XXXX、贴现率20XXXX、相机抉择20XXXX、货币创造乘数二、简答题1、什么是货币创造乘数?其大小主要与哪些变量有关?2、说明货币政策的含义及其局限性3、什么是自动稳定器(内在稳定器)?财政的自动稳定器功能主要是通过哪些制度得到发挥的?4、简述斟酌使用的财政政策5、简述宏观财政政策的主要工具及具体操作6、何谓自动稳定器?说明它对缓和经济波动的作用7、平衡预算和功能财政的两种思想有何差异8、怎样用货币政策来影响宏观经济活动水平,并简述中央银行的作用第6章总需求——总供给模型一、概念题1、古典总供给曲线2、总需求函数3、劳动供给曲线4、总供给曲线5、总需求曲线6、潜在就业量和潜在产出7、凯恩斯主义的总供给曲线8、总需求——总供给模型9、利率效应20XXXX、长期20XXXX、工资价格“刚性”20XXXX、宏观生产函数20XXXX、实际余额效应二、简答题1、古典模型中的总供给曲线和凯恩斯模型的总供给曲线有什么区别?2、对总供给和总需求曲线的研究,涉及了“三个市场和一个总量生产函数”。
宏观经济学练习与思考题范文
宏观经济学第十一章导论[练习与思考]一、名词解释1. 国内生产总值2. 实际国内生产总值3. 国民收入4. 个人可支配收入二、单项选择题1. 用支出法核算GDP时,应包括的项目有( )。
A. 居民消费支出B. 政府转移支付C. 政府税收D. 居民对债券的支出2. 以下不能计入国民收入(NI)的有( )。
A. 政府转移支付B. 工资C. 资本折旧D. 间接税3. 宏观经济学研究的中心是( )。
A. 收入与增长分析B. 收入与就业分析C. 失业与通货膨胀分析D. 通货膨胀与增长分析4. 下列产品中能够计入当年GDP的有( )。
A. 纺纱厂购入的棉花B. 某人花10万元买了一幢旧房C. 家务劳动D. 某企业当年生产没有卖掉的20万元产品5. 属于GDP但不属于NI的项目有(或按收入法计入GDP的有)( )。
A. 政府转移支付B. 企业转移支付C. 间接税 D. 直接税6. GDP与NDP之间的差别是( )。
A. 间接税B. 折旧C. 直接税 D. 净出口7. 国民收入核算体系中不包括如下哪个变量( )。
A. 国内生产总值B. 国内生产净值C. 政府税收D. 个人收入8. 用收入法核算的GDP应包括()。
A. 工资、利息、租金和非企业主收入B. 公司税前利润C. 企业转移支付及企业间接税D. 资本折旧9. 已知C=6亿,I=1亿,间接税=1亿,g=1.5 亿,X=2 亿,M=1.8亿,则( )。
A. NNP=8.7亿B. GDP=7.7 亿C. GNP=8.7亿D. NNP=5亿10. 用支出法计算的GDP的公式为( )。
A. GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)B.GDP=C+S+G+(X-M)C. GDP=C+I+T+(X-M)D. GDP=C+S+T+(M-X)11. 以下可以计入GDP的有( )。
A. 购买一辆用过的卡车B. 居民购买粮食C. 政府转移支付D. 政府购买办公用品12. 用收入法核算GDP时,应包括()。
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第四章
基本概念:潜在GDP,总供给,总需求,AS曲线,AD曲线。
思考题
1、宏观经济学的主要目标是什么?写出每个主要目标的简短定义。请详细解释为什么每一个目标都十分重要。
答:宏观经济学目标主要有四个:充分就业、物价稳定、经济增长和国际收支平衡。
(1)充分就业的本义是指所有资源得到充分利用,目前主要用人力资源作为充分就业的标准;充分就业本不是指百分之百的就业,一般地说充分就业允许的失业范畴为4%。只有经济实现了充分就业,一国经济才能生产出潜在的GDP,从而使一国拥有更多的收入用于提高一国的福利水平。
会造成重复计算。
e.这些损害不计入GDP,但是用于减轻损失的治理污染的支出会通过电价反映出来,
从而计入GDP。因此为避免重复计算,电力公司排放的污染物对房屋和庄稼的损害不计入GDP。
f. ABM公司设在英国的工厂所创造的利润应计入英国的GDP,同时也应计入美国的GNP,而不是美国的GDP。
第六章
基本概念:消费、储蓄,MPC,MPS,投资,影响消费的因素,影响投资的因素
思考题
1、
答:(1)总需求曲线表示当其他条件不变时,在给定的价格水平下,人们愿意购买的总量。它由消费需求、投资需求、政府购买和净出口四部分组成。价格水平的变化会引起需求量沿着总需求曲线移动,这很大程度上归因于货币供给的影响。
影响总需求AD曲线本身移动的因素可以划分为两类:
一类是由政府控制的宏观经济政策变量,包括货币政策(中央银行赖以影响货币供给量和其他金融条件的手段)和财政政策(税收和政府支出);
预期下一年的产出量下降,或对利润征税加重都将使投资需求曲线下移。图略。
第七章
基本概念:商业周期,商业周期阶段,总需求构成,影响总需求的因素,乘数,投资乘数,政府购买乘数,税收乘数,乘数效应存在的条件
乘数效应存在的条件
当经济中存在过剩的生产能力和失业人员时,增加投资或其他支出所增加的这些支出最终会更多地导致实际产出的增长,而较少地会导致价格水平的上涨。然而,当经济达到并超过其潜在产出时,在现有价格水平上要创造更多的产出就是不可能的。因此,在充分就业情况下,增加支出只会导致价格水平上升,而很少或完全不会引起实际产出或就业的增加。
b.可支配收入的增加引起沿着消费曲线的变动,如图(a)所示,随着可支配收入
从Dl。增加到Dl1,消费将沿着消费曲线从C0增加到C1。
财富的减少和股票价格的下跌都将使消费曲线下移,如图(b)所示,消费曲线从C0下移到C1,
c.利率的上升将会引起沿着投资需求曲线的变动,利率上升,将使投资沿着投资需求曲线从A点移动到B点。图略
(2)物价稳定,即把通胀率维持在低而稳定的水平上。物价稳定是指一般物价水平(即总物价水平)的稳定;物价稳定并不是指通货膨胀率为零的状态,而是维持一种能为社会所接受的低而稳定的通货膨胀率的经济状态,一般指通货膨胀率为百分之十以下。物价稳定可以防止经济的剧烈波动,防止各种扭曲对经济造成负面影响。
(3)经济增长是指保持合意的经济增长率。经济增长是指单纯的生产增长,经济增长率并不是越高越好,经济增长的同时必须带来经济发展;经济增长率一般是用实际国民生产总值的年平均增长率来衡量的。只有经济不断的增长,才能满足人类无限的欲望。
(3)货币供给的减少将使利率上升,导致实际货币供给和投资等减少,从而使总需求曲线左移。
7请给出乘数的(a)一般定义,(b)算式,(c)几何图形。当MPC分别等于0.9, 0.8,0.5时,算出乘数的数值。
思考题:
2、
答:
a可支配收入的变化将导致沿着消费函数曲线的变动。任何促使人们在每一收入水平下支出变动的因素都会导致这两条曲线移动,例如,人们感到储蓄目标已经实现时,就会增加消费,导致消费函数曲线右移;又如,当人们对未来的收入前景预期乐观时,人们的消费函数曲线就会右移。
实际利率的变化将会导致沿着投资需求曲线的变动。对企业未来前景预期等因素会导致投资需求曲线发生移动,例如,人们预期企业未来将创造出更多的利润,就会导致投资需求的增加,从而使投资需求趋向右移。
f. IBM公司设在英国的工厂所创造的利润。
答:a优秀的厨师在自己家里烹制膳食,没有参与市场交易,不计入GDP。
b.购买一块土地,由于土地不是统计当期新创造出来的产值,因此,也不计入GDP。
c.由于绘画真品不是在统计当期生产的,因此不计入GDP。
d.在2009年播放一张2005年录制的CD所获得的价值不应该计入2009的GDP,否则
(4)国际收支平衡是指国际收支既无赤字又无盈余的状态。国际收支平衡是一国对外经济目标,必须注意和国内目标的配合使用;正确处理国内目标与国际目标的矛盾。在开放经济下,一国与他国来往日益密切,保持国际收支的基本平衡,才能使一国避免受到他国经济波动带来的负面影响。
3,题略
答:a.石油价格大幅度上涨,作为一种不利的供给冲击,将会使增加企业的生产成本,从而使总供给减少,总供给曲线AS将向左上方移动。
第五章
基本概念:GDP,名义GDP,实际GDP,NDP,DI,CPI,PPI。
思考题:
5.为什么下列各项不被计入美国的GDP之中?
a优秀的厨师在自己家里烹制膳食;
b购买一块土地;
c购买一幅伦勃朗的绘画真品;
d某人在2009年播放一张2005年录制的CD所获得的价值;
e电力公司排放的污染物对房屋和庄稼的损害;
第二类是外生变量,或由AS-AD框架以外的因素所决定的变量(参见书本总结提要)。这些因素的变动会导致总需求曲线本身的移动。
(2)潜在产出能力的提高影响供给,同时通过价格水平将影响总需求。尽可能的清楚区分曲线的移动和曲线上的点的移动是很重要的。这里,总供给曲线将平行移动,而经济会沿着总需求曲线移动。减税使得消费者可支配收入增加,因此,在每一价格水平下,消费支出将会增加。
b.一项削减国防开支的裁军协议,而与此同时,政府没有采取减税或者增加政府支出的政策,则将减少一国的总需求水平,从而使总需求曲线AD向左所能生产出的商品和劳务水平,从而使总供给曲线AS向右下方移动。
d.放松银根使得利率降低,这将有效刺激经济中的投资需求等,从而使总需求增加,总需求曲线AD向右上方移动。