美国智库的政治和经济情况简介

• Challenge 挑战
– Act as an objective voice 发出独立客观的声音
Image: Flickr/Alex Berger
POST WWII EVIDENCE-BASED TANKS 二战后的问题研究型智库
CONSERVATIVE TANKS 保守型智库
PROGRESSIVE RESPONSE 进步主义的应对
• Target executive-level decisions such as rule-making by federal agencies (EPA) 影响高级别政策，例如联邦机构的政策制定 （美国环保署） • Influence popular opinion via the media 通过媒体影响大众 • Build coalitions, preferably bipartisan, around analysis 建立跨政党的研究联盟 • Conduct analysis for use by advocacy-based organizations 开展分析研究供政策倡导型机构引用 • Improve governance to increase the role of evidence in decision-making 改善政府治理方式，提高决策过程的科学性
Organizations generating policy-oriented research and advice to enable policymakers and the public to make informed decisions
开展 政策导向的研究 并 提供建议 来确保决 策者和公众做出 恰当决定 的机构
世界资源研究所宗旨| 致力于改善人类社 会生存方式，保护环境以满足世代所需
WHAT IS WRI‘S DISTINCTIVE CONTRIBUTION? 什么是WRI的不同之处？
Environment 环境
Action 行动
Ideas 理念
Development 发展
WRI FOCUSES ON SIX GLOBAL CHALLENGES 世界资源研究所在六大领域开展工作
THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF U.S. THINK TANKS 美国智库的政治和经济 情况简介
LAWRENCE MACDONALD, VICE PRESIDENT, COMMUNICATIONS 劳伦斯-麦克唐纳，世界资源研究所国际交流与传播副总裁
EARLY THINK TANKERS 古代谋士
系统性的采纳意见 及 交流传播
开展一些列活动并进 行试点，扩大影响
OUR GLOBAL NETWORK 我们的全球网络
1 276 45 20
8
56
30
8
26
Note: These numbers reflect full-time staff only as of April 2015.
BUILDING COALITIONS 联结伙伴
GOOD THINK TANKS ACT AS BRIDGES 优秀的智库像一座桥
Image图片来源: Flickr/William Verrbeek
GOOD THINK TANKS ACT AS BRIDGES 优秀的智库像一座桥
Academia Policymakers
学术机构
Think Tanks
WRI’S MISSION | To move human society to live in ways that protect Earth's environment and its capacity to provide for the needs and aspirations of current and future generations.
WHAT ROLE DO THINK TANKS PLAY IN US POLICY? 智库在美国政策中扮演什么角色？
• Shape 塑造
– Provide expertise and new policy ideas 提供专业知识和新的政策理念
• Support 支持
– Critically analyze existing policy and engage stakeholders 辩证地分析现有政策并联结各利益相关方
Food 粮食
Forests 森林
Water 水资源
Cities & Transport Climate 气候 城市与交通
Images Flickr/Lyle Rains, Flickr/Waks, Flickr/USAID U.S. Agency for International Development, Flickr/PetterDuvander, Flickr/merrick brown, Flickr/alex ferguson
Energy 能源
OUR APPROACH 我们的工作方法
量化
通过数据、分析和工具 来进行结果导向型管理
OUR APPROACH 我们的工作方法
量化
变革
通过数据、分析和工具 来进行结果导向型管理
系统性的采纳意见 及 交流传播
OUR APPROACH 我们的工作方法
量化
变革
推广
通过数据、分析和工具 来进行结果导向型管理
– Carbon pricing 碳价 – Energy efficiency 能效 – Low emissions zones 低排放区
谢谢
WWW.WRI.ORG
Lawrence MacDonald 劳伦斯-麦克唐纳 世界资源研究所国际合作与交流副总裁 Lmacdonald@wri.org
Canada 加拿大
99
Source: McGann, James G. 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks
CHARACTERISTICS OF US THINK TANKS 美国智库特点
• Diverse Funding 资金来源多样化 • Diverse Audiences 受众多样化 • Outcomes and Results 成果与结果
SO WHAT’S AN INDEPENDENT THINK TANK TO DO? 独立智库的职能
决策者
智库
Civil Society States
公众
政府
Image图片来源: Flickr/William Verrbeek
…BUT SOMETIMES THE BRIDGE IS WEAK …但有的时候这座桥不够牢固
Image图片来源: Flickr/Xaverian Missionaries
Source: Compared to baseline established 7 months before the launch of the report, this figure comes from 7 months after the launch of the global report. Image: CCTV
…OR HAS OBSCURED CONNECTIONS… …或者并不明确通向何处
Image图片来源:பைடு நூலகம்Flickr/Don McCullough
NUMBER OF THINK TANKS BY COUNTRY AND US STATE 各国/美国各州的智库数量
Source来源: Zara Matheson, Martin Prosperity Institute
INTERNATIONAL KNOWLEDGE-SHARING 全球知识共享
• U.S. policy not always created on the basis of evidence, but benefits greatly from it 科学依 据和实证对美国政策制定有着重要影响 • U.S. could benefit from independent Chinese research on 美中两国可以在如下领域互相交 流分享知识信息：
Source: Brookings Institution 来源：布鲁金斯研究院
Source 来源: Thinktankproject.net
WHAT IS A THINK TANK? 智库是什么？
Image 图片来源: Wikimedia Commons/Juanedc
HOW DO YOU DEFINE A THINK TANK? 如何定义智库？
USING THE MEDIA TO GET THE MESSAGE OUT 通过媒体传递理念
Climate action is good for efficiency, competitiveness and growth 气候行动对提高效率、竞争力 和增长是有利的
Image: CCTV
USING THE MEDIA TO GET THE MESSAGE OUT 通过媒体传递理念
WHERE ARE THINK TANKS? TOP 10 LOCATIONS 智库在哪里？10大热点地区
Country 国家 United States 美国 China 中国 United Kingdom 英国 Germany 德国 India 印度 France 法国 Argentina 阿根廷 Russia 俄罗斯 Japan 日本 Number of Think Tanks 智库数量 1830 429 287 194 192 177 137 122 108
Adapted from McGann, James G. 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=think_tanks
NCE media analysis reveals a 230% increase in online content agreeing with NCE messaging less than a year after first report 新气候经济项目的媒体分析显示，在线支持该项目 理念的人群相较于首份报告发布时增长了230%