英国文学——新古典主义文学
新古典主义
• 随着政治生活的活跃和城市人口的增加，伦敦 何种报刊激增，散文创作空前活跃为现代主义 小说的发展奠定了基础。丹尼尔· 笛福（Daniel Defoe,`1660-1731）因创办了《评论》 （The review,1704-1713）杂志二成为英国 报刊的奠基人。他又因《鲁滨逊漂流记》 （Robinson Crusoe,1719）而流芳百世。
Thomas Gray’s “Elegy”
宵禁钟声,晚八点钟敲,是中世纪遣留下来的风俗。
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
晚钟为告别的白昼敲起了丧钟， 牛鸣 牛群 白日已尽, 晚钟好像是送别 白昼的丧钟。
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,
• 这一阶段的诗歌可以说是一大突破，因为它预示着 浪漫主义的到来。年轻一代诗人打破蒲伯极力推崇 的诗歌标准和创作方法，强调灵感和独创的重要性。 托马斯· 格雷（Thomas Gray,1716-1771)的《墓地 挽歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,1750）和《诗人》（The Bard,1757)。
四周弥漫着一片寂静和庄严，
Stillness holds the air.
Thomas Gray’s “Elegy”
move in a circle except Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
只听见甲壳虫在空中嗡嗡乱飞，
羊颈上的铃声 飞翔时嗡嗡作响源自• • • • • • • •
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 此刻的大地闪着微光慢慢消退， And all the air a solemn stillness holds, 四周弥漫着一片寂静和庄严， Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, 只听见甲壳虫在空中嗡嗡乱飞， And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds; 沉沉铃声为远处的羊圈催眠。
The 18th Century Literature 英国文学史 新古典主义时期18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。
英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人
英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-05-0-02一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。
新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。
从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。
体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。
这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。
正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。
在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。
在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。
然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
essay名词解释英国文学
英国文学名词解释：新古典主义与浪漫主义英国文学是欧洲文学的重要组成部分，其文学发展历程中有许多重要的名词和思潮。
新古典主义和浪漫主义是其中最为重要的两个名词，它们影响了英国文学的发展，并对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
本文将对这两个名词进行解释和分析。
英国文学的发展历程中，新古典主义和浪漫主义是两个最为重要的名词。
新古典主义是指 18 世纪末 19 世纪初，英国文学中一种复古的文学思潮。
这种思潮强调对古希腊和罗马文化的推崇，并试图用这些古代文化来重新塑造现代文化。
在新古典主义的影响下，英国文学开始回归到对历史和传统的重视，并更加注重文学的形式和美感。
浪漫主义则是 19 世纪初兴起的一种文学思潮，它反对新古典主义的复古思潮，主张以自然和人性作为文学创作的主题。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和主观体验，并试图通过文学来表现人类的真正感情和内心世界。
浪漫主义文学的代表作品包括拜伦、雪莱、波特和威尔斯等。
新古典主义和浪漫主义在英国文学中的出现和发展，不仅影响了英国文学本身，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
新古典主义和浪漫主义的文学风格和主题，成为了许多其他国家文学发展的借鉴和参考。
同时，这两种文学思潮也推动了欧洲文学的发展和繁荣，成为了欧洲文学的重要组成部分。
英国文学中的新古典主义和浪漫主义是两个非常重要的名词。
新古典主义强调了对古代文化的推崇和对文学形式的重视，浪漫主义则
强调个人情感和主观体验，并通过文学来表现人类的真正感情和内心世界。
这两种文学思潮不仅影响了英国文学本身，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
新古典主义论文德莱顿论文：英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人
新古典主义论文德莱顿论文：英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。
新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。
从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。
体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。
这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。
正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。
在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。
在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。
然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。
自考英美文学选读_第二章_新古典主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第二章新古典主义时期这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
英国社会在新古典主义时期充满了动荡与变革,其中1660年英皇查理二世复辟,1665年一场瘟疫,仅在伦敦就夺去了七万人的生命,而伦敦一场火灾摧毁了大片城区,三分之二的市民无家可归,1689年英国发生了"光荣革命",清教徒玛丽公主与她荷兰裔的丈夫奥兰治公爵威廉取代了英皇詹姆士二世登上王位,从此确立了君主立宪制正体。
在这一时期,议会与专制君主不断斗争,而当时凌驾于议会与政府之上的两大党派,托利党与辉格党之间的矛盾也层出不穷,此外不同的宗教教派,辟如罗马天主教廷与英国国教及不信奉国教者,还有统治阶级与劳动人民之间,也都存在着尖锐的冲突。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
而18世纪,英国的国力又得到长足发展。
在海外,英国殖民地扩展到北美、印度和西印度群岛,由此产生的不断增长的殖民地财富与贸易为英国开辟了广阔市场,原先那种小规模的家庭手工业生产方式便远远不够了。
市场不仅需要英国产品,更需要英国标准化的产品。
在国内,"圈地运动"使大片土地都集中到越来越少的大地主手中,成千上万的小农场主与雇农都被赶出家园,成为城市里的雇佣工人。
英国工业革命因此得到了雄厚的基础一一本国劳动力从家庭中解放出来,以及从殖民地掠夺来的资本积累。
到18世纪中期,英国已成为世界上第一个最强大的资本主义国家,号称"世界工厂",它的产品涌入全球各地的市场。
随着经济迅速发展,英国资产阶段或曰中产阶级也发展壮大了,成为革命的主力军,多由城市人口组成,比如商人、产业主及贩奴者、殖民者等其它人员。
工业革命的方兴未艾使越来越多的人口加人这一行列。
这个阶级在当时是进步的,是区别于封建贵族的新生力量。
第九讲十七世纪英国文学ppt课件
☆ 关于《失乐园》的争议
1、“撒旦派”：强调撒旦是作品的主人公，认为他是具有大无畏精神的
革命者的象征——政治诗歌
2、“正统派”：倾向于从宗教角度来做解释，认为作品主要表现人类如
何失去上帝的恩宠而堕落——宗教诗
3、“调和派”：调和前两派观点，认为史诗存在着双层人物、双层结构
撒旦：正义——非正义 上帝：反面形象——走向正面 人类：自身弱点造就不幸——理性照耀未来
——魔鬼撒旦反抗上帝，设计陷害人类 ——亚当与夏娃受诱惑，被逐出伊甸园
☆ 史诗内容（共12章）
第1部：全诗总纲，讲述了整个事件的起因和结果； 第2部：撒旦与众叛逆天使讨论如何同上帝作战，夺取天堂； …… 第4部：描述撒旦在天堂见到亚当和夏娃，撒旦在夏娃的梦中施展引诱； …… 第6部：描绘天使与撒旦一伙的战斗； …… 第9部：撒旦化身为蛇，躺在伊甸园里，并指引亚当和夏娃偷食禁果； …… 第12部：天使向他们叙述拯救之路，亚当和夏娃终于离开天堂，失去了乐园
让我们把所有力气，所有 甜蜜，滚成一个圆球，
粗鲁狂猛地夺取我们的快感 冲破一扇扇人生的铁栅栏：
这样，我们虽无法叫太阳 驻足，却可使他奔跑向前。
2、约翰·弥尔顿
（1）John Milton , 1608-1674
弥尔顿人生的三个阶段：
1、（1608-1639）求学、隐居、游历， 写作了一些短小的诗歌；
一、十七世纪英国文学分类与分期
1、分类——
☆ 新古典主义文学 法国古典主义影响与英国王权复辟现实结合的产物 文艺理论是其主要成就
☆ 资产阶级革命文学 文艺复兴时期人文主义的发展 资产阶级清教革命的产物 成就主要是史诗
2、分期——
a、前期
（1）资产阶级革命文学——弥尔顿
新古典主义文学
新古典主义时期（Neo-Classicism）
产生背景
欧洲文艺复兴后产生了一种主张理性至上、尊重传统道德价值、倡导公民义务等新古典主义文艺思潮。
这一思潮发源于法国，对西欧也有一定影响。
新古典主义时期的文学理论和创作原则遵循唯理主义观点，认为艺术必须从理性出发，注重古典艺术形式的完整，追求雅典、庄重、和谐。
新古典主义在英国的发展
新古典主义在英国文学中主要是指1660-1784年从德莱顿到
约翰逊这一文学发展阶段，大致可以分为三个时期：王政时期、文学鼎盛时期和约翰逊时期。
主要代表作家：德莱顿、斯威夫特、斯梯尔、哥尔德斯密斯、吉本等。
这一阶段作家的散文、诗歌以及戏剧创作一般以严谨清晰的思想、简约优美形式与和谐完整的结构为主。
17世纪中叶英国散文开始进入形式讲究、体律丰满的境地，古典主义的创作原则逐渐促使散文体规范化和形式上典雅完美。
18世纪中叶散文又出现了一次自觉繁荣的高潮，斯梯尔、斯威夫特、爱狄生等撰写的散文一扫文风雕琢、华而不实之习气而使散文面向生活，走向朴素、诚实和自信。
18世纪初，古典主义精神在蒲诗中得到了极其充分的体现，并
使英雄双韵形式的运用达到最高的完美境界。
他的诗作思想明晰，结构匀称，语言优雅，音韵和谐，影响英国多年。
专八文学(二)
《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
Tamburlaine the Great 《帖木儿大帝》
《英语大词典》Dictionary
《愚人记》Dunciad
十八世纪小说的崛起
丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）
《鲁滨逊漂流记》Robinson Crusoe
约翰·邓恩 John Donne （“玄学派”诗人 Metaphysical Poetry）
约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）
《失乐园》 Paradise Lost
1． 考核知识点和考核要求：
1) 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、代表作品及其语言风格
2) 名词解释：十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗
2. 英国文艺复兴时期主要作家：
埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）
2) 启蒙运动产生的背景。
2． 英国新古典主义时期文学主要作家：
王政复辟时期
约翰·德莱顿 John Dryden（批评家和戏剧家；在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”； 最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。）
《天路历程》The Pilgrim’s Progress
三、英国新古典主义时期文学（The Neoclassical Period）和十八世纪文学
英国新古典主义时期
Chapter II The Neoclassical Period1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定（2）政治经济背景（3）启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点1) The Enlightenment Movement:The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules and advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope and so on.2) Neoclassicism: In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Ovid) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.3) The heroic couplet :It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme and are written with five beats each.（iambic pentameter rhymed in 2 lines）4) the Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of noble, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This is the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century. It is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class, among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, and Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)and those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed rules for almost every genre of literature; prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets; the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.二.该时期的重要作家4，应用：（1）《天路历程》中"名利场"的寓义。
英国文学史笔记学习资料
英国文学史简介英国文学史简介楼主一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。
文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
托马斯·莫尔（Thomas more， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。
utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。
《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（the new Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（gulliver's travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。
Lecture 3 The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期英国文学介绍
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
Poetry political poet big political and social events heroic couplet a verse form widely adopted by the poets of the 18th century Poet Laureate of England
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
John Dryden 约翰· 德莱顿 one of the leading writers in the Restoration period Age of Dryden prolific poet playwright literary critic
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
The political power of the middle class was firmly established. At home: Acts of Enclosure The Industrial Revolution Abroad: Vast expansion of British colonies So, towards the middle of the eighteenth century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country in the world.
Lecture 2 The Neoclassical Period
Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high degree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether lighter than vanity. --- The Old Testament Bible 下流人真是虚空，上流人也是虚假。 放在天平里就必浮起。他们一共比空 气还轻。
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义
Alexander Pope
1688-1774
2。亚历山大 蒲柏 Alexander Pope
1688-1744 A great poet
蒲柏是启蒙主义时期英国文学的代表人物，新古典主义的倡 导者，他第一个将理性主义（rationalism)引入英国，强调 秩序在文艺创作中的重要性。作为当时最伟大的诗人，他发 展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅及平衡的诗风，并使英雄偶句 诗体(Heroic couplet) 完美化。 代表作有 《论批评》（An Essay on Criticism), 《夺发纪》（The Rape of the Lock), 《群愚史诗》（The Dunciad）， 《论人类》（An Essay on Man）等， 另有译作《伊里亚特》（Iliad) 和《奥德赛》（Odyssey）
Heroic Couplet
The heroic couplet, lines in iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs, appeared early in English---it was Chaucer„s favorite meter---and came into vogue流行 in poetic drama in the seventeenth century, but in the eighteenth century, in the hands of masters like Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, it became for many years the dominant English verse form. In the Neo-classical period the heroic couplet consisted of a couplet of end-stopped lines which formed a short stanza, and substituted for the Greek and Latin heroic hexameter 六音步 .
英国古典文学
英国古典文学摘要：一、英国古典文学简介1.概述英国古典文学的发展历程2.介绍英国古典文学的代表人物和作品二、英国古典文学的主要特点1.英国古典文学的历史背景2.英国古典文学的文化内涵3.英国古典文学的艺术表现手法三、英国古典文学对后世的影响1.英国古典文学对后世文学创作的影响2.英国古典文学在教育领域的传承与发扬四、结论1.总结英国古典文学的价值和意义2.展望英国古典文学的未来发展正文：英国古典文学源远流长，具有丰富的文化内涵和历史价值。
它的发展历程可追溯至盎格鲁- 撒克逊时期，历经中世纪、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义等阶段，直至维多利亚时期。
这一时期的英国古典文学诞生了许多脍炙人口的作品和杰出作家，如莎士比亚、弥尔顿、约翰逊等。
英国古典文学的主要特点表现在以下几个方面：首先，英国古典文学深受历史背景的影响，各个时期的文学作品都反映了当时的政治、经济、社会现实。
其次，英国古典文学具有丰富的文化内涵，作品主题涉及道德、伦理、哲学、宗教等诸多领域，展现了人类对美好生活的向往和对真理的探索。
最后，英国古典文学运用丰富的艺术表现手法，如象征、讽刺、拟人等，使得作品具有较高的艺术价值。
英国古典文学对后世产生了深远的影响。
首先，在文学创作方面，后世作家深受英国古典文学的启发，创作出许多具有英国古典文学特色的作品。
其次，在教育领域，英国古典文学得到了广泛的传承与发扬，许多著名的文学作品被收入教材，供学生学习和研究。
总之，英国古典文学在世界文学史上具有举足轻重的地位，其丰富的文化内涵、独特的艺术表现手法以及对后世深远的影响使得英国古典文学成为世界文学宝库中的一颗璀璨明珠。
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义
Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. 2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones. 3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
1。约翰 班扬 John Bunyan（1628-1688）
班扬是个坚定的清教徒，深信人一定能通过精神上 的奋斗得到拯救。他的写作风格与《圣经》异曲同 工 代表作《天路历程》（The Pilgrim‟s Progress) 是英文作品中最成功的宗教语言（the religious allegory) 。
The Neoclassical Period
论英国新古典主义文学的文学规则
论英国新古典主义文学的文学规则张琴【期刊名称】《海外英语(上)》【年(卷),期】2014(000)008【摘要】Under the influence of the Enlightenment, the France writers inthe eighteenth century had a fanatic admiration for the classical literature. This revival is called Neoclassicism. Specifically speaking, neo-classical literature is written with a didactic tone with the aim of educating the readers. Besides, in order to be easily understood by the public, these works are usually in a simple style. In addition, wit and conventions arealso stressed in writing. Moreover, nature is a main theme. At last, poets pay much at-tention to the versification and language of them.%受到启蒙运动的影响，十八世纪的法国作家们特别亲睐古典文学。
这对古典文学的复兴被称为新古典主义。
具体来说，新古典主义文学通常带有说教的目的。
为了达到这个目的，作家们会以通俗易通的写作手法来让公众理解。
他们还强调写作的智慧和规范。
事物的共性也是写作的主题之一。
并且诗人们很注重诗律的变化以及语言的运用。
【总页数】3页(P187-189)【作者】张琴【作者单位】四川师范大学外国语学院，四川成都610101【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106【相关文献】1.独具见识的英国文学史叙述——对《世界文学史》“英国文学”的认识 [J], 罗俊容2.新古典主义的成熟与现代性的遗忘——对中国20世纪文学中“十七年文学”的一种阐释 [J], 陈美兰3.文学传播视角下的英国左翼文学r——评《另一种声音:20世纪英国左翼文学研究》 [J], 黄丽华4.个人化的英国文学史研究——评《英国文学:中古到伊丽莎白时期》 [J], 戚健5.论英国新古典主义文学的文学规则(英文) [J], 张琴因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
英国新古典主义文学有哪些作家
英国新古典主义文学的作家介绍约翰。
班扬亚历山大。
蒲伯丹尼尔。
笛福乔纳森。
斯威夫特亨利。
菲尔丁塞缪尔。
约翰逊理查德。
比。
谢立丹托马斯。
格雷英国新古典主义文学简介英国新古典主义运动，包含体现了对于艺术和人的存在的态度，顺序，逻辑，约束性，准确性，理想的正确性，克制，礼仪等，使得各种艺术的从业者能够模仿或复制希腊或罗马原作的结构和主题。
虽然它的起源是早得多，新古典主义为主的英国文学的恢复在1660年，直到十八世纪末，当出版抒情歌谣(1798)由华兹华斯和柯勒律治的浪漫主义标注的全部出现。
简单来说，新古典周期可分为三个相对相干部分：复兴时代(1660年至1700年)，其中弥尔顿(Milton)，本仁(Bunyan)，和德赖登(Dryden)是占主导地位的影响;全盛时期(1700至1750年)，其中以教皇为中心诗歌的特点，而迪福(Defoe)，理查德森(Richardson)，菲尔丁(Fielding)和斯莫列特(Smollett)分别主导了小说的复杂性;约翰逊时代(1750年至1798年)，其中，而它为主，特点是头脑和独特的博士塞缪尔约翰逊(Dr. Samuel Johnson)，他完全同情衰落的奥古斯，让我们对开始对莎士比亚有了一个全新的认识。
后来延伸，由斯特恩(Sterne)等人感性的小说和哥特式学校的出现，在大自然的崇拜的发展的背景下，德国浪漫主义思想的影响，宗教倾向，如卫理公会的崛起，以及像美国和法国革命的政治事件，建立了英国浪漫主义的智力和情感基础。
作品评价十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式一英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
这个文学史上巨大的变化是工业革命及英国中产阶级不断发展的结果。
英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔笛福，塞缪尔理查森，亨利费尔丁，劳伦斯斯泰思，托比亚斯斯摩莱特以及奥立佛哥尔斯密从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔、鼓励及预示的转移。
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The Restoration = The Age of Dryden 1660- 1700
This period takes its name from the restoration of the monarchy (Charles II) to the English throne and the triumph of reason and tolerance over religious and political passion.
The Augustan Age = Age of Pope 1700-1745
Alexander Pope (1688-1744) is the greatest poet of this period. He followed Dryden by using the couplet in verse. When he was young, he wrote his Essay on Criticism, which contains sayings often remembered today: A little learning is a dangerous thing. True ease in writing comes from art, not chance, As those move easiest who have learned to dance.
The Restoration = The Age of Dryden 1660- 1700
Writing should be well structured, emotion should be controlled, and emphasize qualities like wit. This is in sharp contrast to the high seriousness and sobriety of the earlier Puritan regime.
Heroic Plays:
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Men are splendidly brave; The women wonderfully beautiful; There is a lot of shouting and a good deal of nonsense; The plays are written in Heroic Couplets using Satire:
‘From the head, not the heart’
The neoclassic poetry differs from that of the Elizabethan Age, the climax of Renaissance, in three ways: First, it is more formal, with its demand to follow exact rules; Second, it is more artificial, polished, straightforward, dull and lacks the creative liveliness of the Elizabethans; Third, the chief poetic form is heroic couplet which replaced the variety of forms in the Elizabethan Age.
The Neoclassical Period 1660-1798
1660- 1700 1700-1745
The Restoration = Age of Dryden The Augustan Age = Age of Pope
1745-1798
The Age of Sensibility = Age of Johnson
Dryden’s prose is logical; he is never carried away by the sound of words or the lure of a metaphor or simile.
The Restoration
Philosophy John Locke (1632-1704) had many views on government, especially the importance of the contract. Religion John Bunyan (1628-1688) knew the Bible very well and his style is based on it, as well as his imagery. His Pilgrim’s Progress is about Christian travelling to the Eternal City. It is an allegorical story popular for its narrative skill and humor.
Dryden identified himself with official opinion and regards himself as the chronicler of the age. The tragic drama of this period was made up of Heroic Plays or Heroic Drama.
The purpose of literature is to give a picture of truth and imitate nature in the manner of the ancient Greeks and Romans; Literature must satisfy the reason; Blank verse suggests disorder, so he insists on rhyme;
THE NEOCLASSICAL PERIOD 1660-1798
17th -18th Century
The Neoclassical Period = Age of Reason = Enlightenment
After the Renaissance--a period of exploration and expansiveness--came a reaction in the direction of order and restraint. The period is called neoclassical because its writers looked back to the ideals and art forms of classical times, emphasizing even more than their Renaissance predecessors the classical ideals of order and rational control. The classical ideals of order and moderation which inspired this period, its realistically limited aspirations, and its emphasis on the common sense of society rather than individual imagination, could all be characterized as rational. And, indeed, it is often known as the Age of Reason.
‘From the head, not the heart’
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The Age of Enlightenment has been crucial for developments and advances in human rights, education, and modern democracy. One of the principal objectives of the Age of Enlightenment was to rebel against the authorities. The philosophers and artists insisted that the individual use reason and logic instead of accepting what the Monarchy (King), law, and the Church presented as truth.
The Augustan Age1700-1745
This period takes its name from the original Roman Augustan Age (27 B.C.-14 A.D.), which the leading writers of this period greatly admired its figures. The new Augustans drew parallels between the two ages, and deliberately imitated their literary forms and subjects, their emphasis on social concerns, and their ideals of moderation, decorum, and urbanity.
The Augustan Age = Age of Pope 1700-1745
Pope’s delightful poem The Rape of the Lock [the stealing of the hair] takes a light subject and treats it as important. He also translated the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer. His other famous Essay on Man shows his perfection of the heroic couplet: