南京农业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

南京农业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section II Use of EnglishRead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for eachnumbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Health implies more than physical fitness.It also implies mentaland emotional well-being.An angry,frustrated,emotionally21personin good physical condition is not22healthy.Mental health,therefore,has much to do23how a person copes with the world as s/he exists.Many of the factors that24physical health also affect mental andemotional well-being.Having a good self-image means that people have positive25pictures and good,positive feelings about themselves,about whatthey are capable26,and about the roles they play.People with goodself-images like themselves,and they are27like others.Having agood self-image is based28a realistic,as well as positive,or Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi optimistic29of one’s own worth and value and capabilities.Stress is an unavoidable,necessary,and potentially healthful30of our society.People of all ages31stress.Children begin to32stress during prenatal development and during childbirth.Examplesof stress-inducing33in the life of a young person are death of apet,pressure to34academically,the divorce of parents,or joining a new youth group.The different ways in which individuals35to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results.One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well36another may be unable to function at all.If stressful situations are continually encountered,the individual’s physical,social,and mental health are eventually affected.Satisfying social relations are vital to37mental and emotional health.It is believed that in order to38,develop,and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must39the ability to know and trust each other,understand each other,influence, and help each other.They must also be capable of40conflicts in a constructive way.21.[A]unstable[B]unsure[C]imprecise[D]impractical22.[A]normally[B]generally[C]virtually[D]necessarily23.[A]on[B]at[C]to[D]with24.[A]signify[B]influence[C]predict[D]mark25.[A]intellectual[B]sensual[C]spiritual[D]mental26.[A]to be doing[B]with doing[C]to do[D]of doing27.[A]able better to[B]able to better[C]better to able[D] better able to28.[A]on[B]from[C]at[D]about29.[A]assessment[B]decision[C]determination[D]assistance30.[A]ideality[B]realization[C]realism[D]reality31.[A]occur[B]engage[C]confront[D]encounter32.[A]tolerate[B]sustain[C]experience[D]undertake33.[A]evidence[B]accidents[C]adventures[D]events34.[A]acquire[B]achieve[C]obtain[D]fulfill35.[A]respond[B]return[C]retort[D]reply36.[A]why[B]when[C]while[D]where37.[A]sound[B]all-round[C]entire[D]whole38.[A]illuminate[B]enunciate[C]enumerate[D]initiate39.[A]access[B]assess[C]process[D]possess40.[A]resolving[B]saluting[C]dissolving[D]solvingSection III Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (40points)Text1The period of adolescence,i.e.,the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life.Furthermore,the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may changein a given society as social and economic conditions change.Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States,and more universally,the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status.For example,grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence,and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on thesocio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles,right,privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted.The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,airplane, theater and movie tickets.Basically,the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights.At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom andchoices.He now can obtain a driver’s license;he can leave public schools;and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights;the young man can now be a soldier,but he also can marry without parental permission.At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.He now can vote,he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office.No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained.None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.41.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because________.[A]the definition of maturity has changed[B]the industrialized society is more developed[C]more education is provided and laws against child labor are made(C)[D]ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance42.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A]graduations from schools and colleges[B]social recognition[C]socio-economic status(A)[D]certain behavioral changes43.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is________.[A]eleven years old[B]sixteen years old[C]twenty-one years old(C)[D]between twelve and twenty-one years old44.Starting from22,________.[A]one will obtain more basic rights[B]the older one becomes,the more basic rights he will have[C]one won’t get more basic rights than when he is21(C)[D]one will enjoy more rights granted by society45.According to the passage,it is true that________.[A]in the late19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B]no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C]one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license(A)[D]one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armText2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporaterevival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-1987 average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a “disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of thebusiness restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague,Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion,chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”46.According to the author,the American economic situation is ________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems(A)[D]near to complete recovery47.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people(B)[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy48.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading(B)[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses49.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.(A)[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.50.According to the passage,the author’s attitude towards the productivity revolution in the U.S.A is____.[A]biased[B]optimistic[C]ambiguous[D]negativeText3Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods atreasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television license would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was againstadvertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A]he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B]everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C]advertising costs money like everything else[D]it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A]Securing greater fame.[C]Enhancing living standards.[B]Providing more jobs.[D]Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is________.[A]very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B]interested in nothing but the buyers’attention[C]correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D]obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author’s opinion,________.[A]advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B]advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C]there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D]the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement55.The best title for the passage would probably be_____.[A]Positive and Negative Aspects of Advertising[B]Benefits Brought by Advertising and Its Persuasive Function[C]Advertising The Best Persuasive and Information Medium[D]Advertising the Most Effective Way to Promote Products Text4It was3:45in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of15to10.Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.He sent it on via the group’s on-line service,Death NET.Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia.It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some have breathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.In Australia—where an aging population,life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada,where the right to die movement is gathering strength,observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a“cooling off”period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate of request.After48hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a54year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he canget on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering:a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I’d go,because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,”he says.56.From the second paragraph we learn that________.[A]the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B]physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C]changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law(D)[D]it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage57.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means________.[A]observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B]similar bills are likely to be passed in the US,Canada and other countries[C]observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes(B)[D]the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop58.The word“euthanasia”in the second paragraph most probably means________.[A]doctors’sympathy to dying patients[B]doctors’aggressive medical measures to dying patients[C]doctors’mercy killing to reduce sufferings of dying patients[D]doctors’well-meaning treatment to save dying patients59.When Lloyd Nickson dies,he will________.[A]face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B]experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C]have an intense fear of terrible suffering(A)[D]undergo a cooling off period of seven days60.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval(C)[D]indifferenceSection IV TranslationRead the following sentences,translate English into Chinese, and translate Chinese into English.(20points)61.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.62.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited theopportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.63.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.64.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.65.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.66.What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.67.This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.68.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.69.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.70.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。