英语专业英国文学史课件Sir Gawain and the GreenKnight
英国文学课件1
2. General Prologue
1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.
Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
英语专业英国文学史课件John_Keats
A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:
What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape
Of deities or mortals, or of both,
In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?
Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;
Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
Though winning near the goal---yet, do not grieve;
She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss
Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on;
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endeared,
Pipe to the spirit dities of no tone.
Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave
Forever wilt thou love, and she be fair!
A
6
III
• Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed
Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu;
And, happy melodist, u ON A GRECIAN URN By John Keats
A
Sir-Gawain-And-The-Green-Knight
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round
Table
第3页，共11页。
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain who is a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table. And Gawain was Arthur’s nephew. The poem is one of the better-known Arthurian stories. The story of Gawain's struggle to meet the appointment and his adventures along the way demonstrate the spirit of chivalry and loyalty.
第6页，共11页。
On the New Year’s Day, Gawain was brought to the Green Knight. The Green Knight raised his axe and brought it down.Gawain had moved a little because of fear. The Green Knight lifted his axe to cut again, but he held it in the air. He praised Gawain for not moving this time. The third time the Green Knight made a slight cut in Gawain’s neck. Then he explained that he was the lord of the castle in a different form, and that the cut in the neck had been made because Gawain was full of shame and threw the girdle away. But the Green Knight forgives him and gave him the girdle as a gift.
《英国文学史及选读》课件 PPT
Plan of the Course
Two terms to deal with this course For each term, we deal with one
English Invasion
In the mid-5th century, the tribes of Anglo, Saxons and Jutes (later known simply as Anglo-Saxons) migrated to England from the European continent, or more specifically from western Denmark and the northwest coast of Germany.
After the Norman Conquest
After the Norman conquest, for over 300 years, French was used dominantly in Britain.
By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.
By the English (the tribes of Anglo,Saxons and Jutes):in the middle of the fifth century
英国文学课件
beauty, studies, riches…
His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression
☆his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose
English people → Alliteration( 头韵） • 2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury Tales • ①The Romance( describing the life and adventures of a
noble hero) • ②Geoffrey Chaucer • → the “father of English poetry”, • →“The Canterbury Tales” is Chaucer’s masterpiece
• <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action
• To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action
• Selected readings In English And American Litercatures
• Tracy_0823
Part one Old and Medieval English
Literature
• 1. Old English Poetry and “Beowulf”(贝尔武夫) • “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and
2英国文学9.13PPT课件
Jutes
-
3
-
4
2. Literature characteristics ★ two kinds: pagan literature and Christian
literature 1) Pagan literature represents poetry and in
form of oral sagas. (“Beowulf”)
the Mid-autumn Day Nu Wa mending the sky
legends about this festival
★ Chang E flying to the moon ★ Wu Gang cutting the cherry
bay ★ Romance of Zhu Yuanzhang and moon cake
self-preservation; 3). By placing self-protection before honor, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Human excellence is marked by original sin, and the girdle itself remains a perpetual reminder of his weakness.
★Middle English literature is uttered by more voices, deals with a wider range of subjects and is in a greater
diversity of styles, tones and genres. ★ Romance and ballad occupy and important position. ★The literature reflects the principles of the medieval Christian doctrine and emphasizes the humanity of Christ
英国文学史2ch
literature
3. Matter of Britain tales
Arthur
The knights of Round Table
English Romance: Arthurian Legends (Arthur: A legendary British hero, said to have been king of the Britons in the sixth century) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Gawain: In Arthurian legend, a nephew of King Arthur and a Knight of the Round Table) --P 18-38
Part One
King Arthur
Round Table Knights
challenge who is brave enough
a tall knight dressed in green and riding on a green horse accept the challenge let his ax fall on the Green Knight’s neck Sir Gawain the head falls down the strange knight picks the head up asks Sir Gawain to look for him at the Green Chapel on the next New Year’s Day
Old English : spoken only by the common English people, esp. the common peasants French : official language used by the King and Norman lords Latin: principal tongue of church affairs used by the clergymen and scholars in the universities
英国文学史与选读课件1
British literatureLecture 1About the authors•Social background•Life experience•Point of view (political/ literary)•Poet / novelist / dramatist (playwright) / essayist (prose writer) •Achievement/ contribution•Social status (position)•Representative worksAbout the works•Synopsis (the plots/ stories)•Theme•Characters (heroes/ protagonist/ antagonist)•Social significance/ importance•Artistic features: techniques•figures of speech (修辞)•Simile, metaphor, personification, symbol, irony, paradox, metonymy, synecdoche, overstatement/ understatement , alliteration and so on•Find the definition of the above termsThe period of English Literature•I. Early and Medieval English Literature•II. The English Renaissance (14th-16th century)•III. The Period of Bourgeois Revolution andRestoration (17th C.)•IV. Neoclassical Period--- The Age of Reason andEnlightenment (18th C.)•V. Romantic period( early 19th--- wwII)•VI. Critical Realism ( Victoria Period/ the second halfof the 19th C. )•VII. Modern Period (20 th C.)2. Early and Medieval LiteratureQuestions:1.The literature forms of Anglo-Saxon period?2.what’s the “England national epic”?3. The story of “Beowulf”4. What are the three battles of Beowulf ?5. The definition of “epic”6. The literature forms of Anglo-Norman period?7. What is “romance”?8.The class feature of the RomanceEpic (Heroic Poetry): This term is applied to great and lengthy narrative poems describing some important national enterprise or the adventures of distinguished heroes. (史诗)eg：Homer Odyssey《奥德赛》Dante’s Divine Comedy《十日谈》Milton Paradise Lost《失乐园》Romance: it was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.Class Feature of the Romance: the theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.Sir Gawain and Green Knight 《高文爵士和緑衣骑士》3. ChaucerLife:⏹Born in a middle-classfamily in London⏹Is said to have studied atOxford and Cambridge⏹Became a man of affaires, undertaking various diplomatic missions to the Continent as courtier, diplomat and civil servant⏹Died in 1400,buried in Westminster Abbey, there established the poets’ corner Westminster Abbey (西敏寺)⏹An Abbey of monk on the bank of the Thames. The state church in England.⏹It was destroyed and rebuilt several times.⏹Chaucer w as first buried in the Abbey, then established “Poets’ corner”.⏹It is an honor for a poet or his monument to be buried there.Literary Career:⏹His experience gave him chance to obtain a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.⏹Three periods:The first period consists of works translated from French, as “The Romaunt of the Rose”The second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as “Troilus and Criseyde.”(based on Boccacio’s poem Filostrato)The third includes “The Canterbury Tales”, which is purely English.⏹Translator⏹“The father (founder) of English poetry” -- John Dryden⏹“Founder of English realism” -- GorkyThe first short-story teller and first morden poet in E.L.Forerunner of humanismThe City Canterbury⏹Canterbury is a city and metropolitan district in Kent England, and an important Romantown.⏹The capital of the Saxon Kingdom of Kent.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》⏹A collection of stories⏹Pilgrim, pilgrimage⏹The Tabard Inn, a tavern in Southwark, near London.⏹A gigantic plan of 124 stories, but only 24 were written.⏹The verse models Boccaccio’s Decameron in formThe Prologue （楔子）⏹A prologue is an introduction or preface, often in verse, to a literary work, esp. a play ⏹The prologue provides a framework for the tales. There is an intimate connection between the tale and the prologue, both complementing each other.The Gneral Prologue (the original version)Whan that Aprill, with his shoures sooteThe droghte of March hath perced to the roote,And bathed every veyne in swich licourOf which vertu engendred is the flour;Whan zephirus eek with his sweete breethInspired hath in every holt and heethThe tendre croppes, and the yonge sonneHath in the Ram his halve cours yronne,And smale foweles maken melodye.Heroic Couplet (Iambic pentameter英雄双韵体⏹A pair of rhymed lines of verse of equal length, in the form of ten syllables and five stresses in each line. It was first used by Chaucer. Its master is Alexander Pope.⏹Alliteration（头韵）An alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin the same consonants sound. Alliteration is the opposite of rhyme by which the similar sounds occur at the end of the syllables.Contribution⏹He presents a panoramic picture of English life in the Middle Ages.⏹He brought a realistic tone to English literary creation. All his characters are true to life ⏹He introduced Rhymed stanzas, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon (alliterative verse)⏹He first wrote in the current English form of the time. His poetry is acknowledged as the literary language of the country, which is usually called middle English.The language of Chaucer⏹Middle English --- is closer to Old English, the language of the Anglo-Saxons, and Norman French, the language of William the ConquerorFeatures in Chaucer’s writing⏹Rhymed stanzas of various type⏹Simplicity in characterization⏹Satirical and humorous tone⏹narrativeAbout the prioress⏹Higher orders of the religious group⏹Speaks French-- the aristocratic language⏹Tenderness, pity, gentility⏹Overly concern about her personal appearance ⏹Satiric tone。
英美文学PPT课件
The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》 （unfinished，24 stories）
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5
Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯和科利西德》 the Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》 （translation work）
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period of tragedies!!!
授(full of unrealistic compromises and fantasy)
Pericles 泰尔亲王里克里斯 Cymbeline 辛白林 The Winter's Tale 冬天的童话 The Tempest 暴风雨
B Piers the Plowman C Juliana D Elene
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• 3 ___ is one of the best of the Middle English Romances. The poem consists of
A 2500 lines and contains 4 parts.
period of dramatic romances!!!
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John Donne(约翰·邓恩)(1572－1631)
He wrote poems that were both obscene, vulgar and poems of serious philosophical thinking. These reflect his feeling of the conflict between the body and the soul. Later, the term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers wrote under the influence of him.
2023年大学_《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)课后答案
2023年《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)课后答
案
《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)内容简介
PART I THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
Beowulf
PART II THE ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
PART III GEOFFREY CHAUCER
The Canterbury Tales
(General Prologue)
Popular Ballads
Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale
Get Up and Bar the Door
Sir Patrick Spens
PART IV THE RENAISSANCE
PART V THE 17TH CENTURY
PART VI THE 18TH CENTURY
《英国文学史及选读》(吴伟仁著)目录
本书是作者根据英国文学历史的`顺序结合作品选读所编写的一套适合我国高等教院校英语专业使用的教材。
由于课时有限，历史部分只作了简明扼要的概述，作品选读部分，尽可能遴选了文学史上的重要作家和重要作品。
这部“史”、“选”结合的教材，分为两册出版，第一册是古代至18世纪英国文学，第二册是19划纪至20世纪英国文学。
教材内容丰富，观点正确，选文具有代表性，可作高校外文系英语专业英国文学史和文学作品选读课程的课本或参考书，也是广大中学英语教师及具有一定程度的英语自学者和英美文学爱好者进修的理想读物。
Chapters 25-26 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
His most tragic novel is probably his The Pardoner’s Tale.
A fable is a veiled story about human existence.
Doris Lessing
(1919-)
Introduction
Doris Lessing is one of the most successful prolific British novelists of the recent decades.
His best fiction is probably his first novel, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning.
Key Points in Chapter 26
Postwar Drama Samuel Beckett John Osborne Harold Pinter Tom Stoppard A Tentative Conclusion
William Golding
(1911-1993)
Introduction
When still young, he took an enormous interest in literature and read a good many works.
His first book Lord of the Flies, established him as a rising star on the scene and paved the way for him to win the Nobel Prize in 1983.
Chapters 1—2 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
The Old English Period
History of Invasions ➢ 5th century BC: tribal kingdoms of Celtic people ➢ 55 BC: invaded by the Roman Empire (under control
for over 400 years) ➢ 5th Century: by Germanic people: the Angles and the
Chaucer and English Language
➢ Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular Middle English, rather than French or Latin.
English Literature Chapters 1—2
Key Points in Chapter 1
The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period
• History of Invasion • Anglo-Saxons • Caedmon • Beowulf • King Alfred the Great
The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction
• 3 Major Events Turning the Middle Ages into the Modern Time • Reformation • Renaissance
集美大学外国语学院英国文学简史课本I(老师画的主要内容)
集美大学外国语学院英国文学简史课本（老师画的主要内容）I. 第一部分中古英语时期一、The Old English PeriodThe British civilization is one of the oldest in the world. One of its extant signs, the Stonehenge, dates back to 1400-1800BC.This prehistoric monumental pile of stones indicates a fairly advanced level of engineering and astronomy.Ancient people of the land must have had a prehistoric literature of their own.The Celts were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history. One of their tribes, the Britons. “Britain”means “the land of the Britons.”The Celts left behind a rich oral tradition of myths and legends, of which the Arthurian legends are and important part.The Anglo-Saxons were a branch of the Germanic tribes.Anglo-Saxon became Old English, and the place became England, or the Angle-land, “the land of the Angles.”7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon by name, began to sing.8th, Beowulf, (epic史诗) the first English poem still intact as a whole piece today.The wife’s lament 妻子的哀怨ruin废墟The Ecclesiastical History of England------Bede 英格兰宗教史盎格鲁撒克逊编年史Lengthy narrative poem 长篇叙事诗The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period is Beowulf, an epic of well over 3000 lines.The story takes place in Scandinavia. The hero comes from Sweden, and performs his deeds in Denmark.It was handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation.Beowulf’s fight with the sea-monsters Grendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fiery dragon and his death in the second.But the story is unique as a hybrid(混合的) of fact with legend.写作修辞手法1、use of “kenning”比喻的复合辞A kenning is a kind of metaphor chiefly designed to appeal to people thinking in images and pictures and facilitate a process of attaining knowledge by guesswork. Kennings embellish the whole of Beowulf.2、There is the conspicuous显而易见的occurrence of alliteration.头韵Alliteration is by definition a succession of similar consonant辅音sounds repeated at the beginning of successive words. It is good for rhythmic chanting effects, emphasis, and helping to memorize things.3、Equally noticeable is the use of assonance.协韵Another popular sound pattern of repeating vowel sounds in successive words either initially句首or internally句中.二、Middle English: Medieval literature中世纪文学Romance浪漫主义1、The legends of King Arthur and his knightsHe claimed that the book was a translation of a Welsh history of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士One of these was Wace of Jersey whose Roman de Brut布鲁特传奇made the story a romance of chivalry.2、Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士It virtues of loyalty忠诚, valor勇敢, rectitude公正, and integrity正直.It is a 4-part work of 2530 lines in 101 sections.骑士精神对照：To the intensity of the lady’s offensive, the hunting serves as an apt foil——deer(timidity)怯懦, the boar(the wild and aggressive)攻击性, and the fox(the cunning).狡猾3、Robin Hood罗宾汉Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, and the enemy of the rich and the powerful.4、William Langland wrote Vision of Piers the Plowman. 威廉·朗格兰（英国文学之父，著有《耕者皮尔斯》）1、Geoffrey Chaucer1)Father of English poetry2)Master of English language3)First realistic writer4)Forerunner of humanismHe was the first preeminent English poet in history and ranks with Shakespeare as the most popular and most widely read of all poets today.The Book of DuchessCanterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集诗体小说Heroic couplet英雄双韵; rhymed stanza雅韵诗节；end rhyme尾韵By far the most famous of all his works is The Canterbury Tales, a collection of 20-odd stories. Boccaccio’s Decameron 薄伽丘的《十日谈》（模仿、借鉴坎特伯雷）works in a similar way in that ten narrators each tell a story a day for ten days.On the pilgrimage朝拜to CanterburyThe painting begins in the General Prologue, which is Chaucer’s purely English work. It offers such a panorama of social life that the readers can instantly imagine themselves back into the time tunnel and relive the 14th-century as one of the travelers in the Tales. The variety of lifestyles, customs and traditions, the ways people walk in their peculiar gaits and talk in their peculiar language, the juxtaposition of the serious and the dignified alongside the jocular and the vulgar, the candid folk with the treacherous, the high with the low, and female with male——all these reveal Chaucer’s thorough knowledge of his country and his rare gift for adequate expression. “The Wife of Bath’s Tale”A young knight in King Arthur’s time violates the knightly code and rapes a young woman.违反骑士美德，骚扰女性Woman wants to be the mistress of her own house most.The implication is that hers may not be a physical beauty, but one that resides in the soul and thata man should love a woman for her worth rather than her face.“The Pardoner’s Tale”“The Miller’s Tale”三、The Pre-Elizabethan PeriodThe 150 years between the death of Chaucer and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I was a very important period I history.Free from spiritual restraint, loyalty of God and authority of clergy were declining. ReformationThe growing corrupt practices of the Catholic ChurchFirst stared in German by Martin LutherThe Protestants, such as the Lutherians and the CalvinistsThe rebirth or revival of classical learning, which first began in 14th-century ItalyHumanism as a movement came into existence.2、Thomas MoreUtopia consists of two books with emphasis on Book II in which the Utopian weal republic is described in detail.Book I is written in the form of a dialogue between More and a traveler by the name of Rapael Hythloday.To explore the potential of human lifeUtopia, a kind of “Nowhere land”Utopia offers the best ideal social system possible that could be offered at the time.The limitation of Utopian Society:The Utopian society is clearly male-dominated: there is no mention of gender equality, no equal opportunity for administrative and religious jobs, no clear recognition of the female sex and their rights, but a very clear indication that the women folk have to submit to their men folk as, for instance, they have to kneel before their men and confess on days of religious observance.Renaissance文艺复兴时期四、The Elizabethan Age1、The Elizabethan period began with the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I in 1588.The War of the Roses (1455-1483)Francis Drake defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, England became the first sea power in the world.The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucer’s Medieval England into Shakespeare’s modern one.Spirit of adventure permeated all the fieldsThe age furnished a fertile soil, as it were, on which a plethora a fresh flowers and plants grew to survive.三个时期I、The first of these stretches over two decades, beginning with the printing of Tottel’s Miscellany and concluding with the publication of Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheardes Calendar.The main contributors to Tottel’s Miscellany were Thomas Wyatt, who introduced the sonnet into the country, and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who brought the blank verse(素体诗、无韵诗)into English poetry (blank verse being rhyme-less iambic pentameter（不押韵，五步抑扬格）or a line of ten syllables in five iambs（五个抑扬格，十个音节）, a rhythmic unit of two syllable with the unstressed followed by the stressed syllable)II、The second phase covers some two decades from 1580 through 1599, the year of Spenser’s death. This was a period of intense literary activity in which the greatest Elizabethan writers made their presence felt.Spenser——The Faerie Queene《仙后》Philip Sidney——Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》John Lyly’s——Eupheus Its quaint style with its extravagant, conceited, and florid language 最初文章很奢华Euphemism委婉语John Lyly contributed to the English languageUniversity Wits大学才子派each and every one of whom was a man of genius, out with their brilliant creations, and would have all taken up a lot more space in literary history had there not towered above them the all-time Shakespeare. These “Wits”include Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Nash, and Thomas Kyd. All were graduates either from Oxford or Cambridge or both, had a short but brilliant literary career that placed them among the ancestors of modern English writers, and most left the scene as soon as they came mainly as result of their reckless and dissolute Bohemian lifestyle for which the Elizabethan age was famous or notorious.大学才子派的常用手法“戏中戏”The mechanism of the play within the playLodge’s Rosalynde（洛奇的罗莎琳达）gave the storyline for Shakespeare’s As You Like It(皆大欢喜). The work of the University Wits paved the way for the rise of Shakespeare.III、The third phase spans over some three decades. This was the period in which Shakespeare finished all his later plays, and Ben Jonson did almost the whole of his work.The Authorized Version of the Bible——授权版本的圣经King James’ Bible——国王詹姆斯圣经The Elizabethan age is famous in every possible sense of the word, in volume数量, quality, variety, originality, and permanence持久性.2、Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Faerie Queen 《仙后》先给伊丽莎白女王的诗，came out in 1590 and made him the best of poets of his time.He was buried near Chaucer in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey角落的威斯敏斯特教堂. Spenser’s major works include The Shepheardes Calendar(牧羊人日历), The Faerie Queene, Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, two odes to Marriage——Epithalamium祝婚诗and Prothalamium婚前曲, and Amoretti祝婚曲, a collection of sonnets.The Faerie Queene is a grand epic poem.Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体Spenserian stanza, which has continued to be a popular stanzaic form for dreamy and meditative works.The rhyme scheme is abab bcbc c3、Shakespeare’s plays reveal traces of acquaintance with Spenser’s poems. Milton calls him his“poetical father.”Dryden and Pope were both indebted to him.And so were James Thomson, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson, and hundreds more.4、Philip SidneyApologie for Poetrie为诗一辩Sidney’s Apologie for Poetrie defends the noble nature of poetry and its moral value against Puritan criticism and elevates poetry as the supreme form of art that helps enrich and make nature.5、English Drama: A Sketchy AccountThe drama had gone through a number of phases over the centuries including those of the mysteries, the miracles, the morality道德剧, the interlude戏中戏，插剧, and the true drama经典剧.6、Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛（英国戏剧家）The Passionate Shepherd to this loveThe most preeminent figure among the University Wits was Christopher Marlowe, who was the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.浮士德博士的悲剧Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝, the play which pushed the young playwright instantly to prominence凸显, is a dream vision in blank verse素体诗（rhyme-less iambic pentameter）The play for which Marlowe is chiefly remembered today, The tragical History of Doctor Faustus. Faust浮士德was a real person, a 16th-century German magician. Marlowe wrote the 13-scene tragedy in collaboration with others….and also to the interest of Goethe歌德two centuries later, whose drama, Faust, came out in two parts in 1808 and 1832 respectively. Marlowe’s tragedy places emphasis on the cosmic宇宙的nature of Faustus’s quest for knowledge and power.The first part of the play tells of Faustus’s dissatisfaction with earthly knowledge and of his pact with the devil.The second part tells of Faustus’ satisfaction with his newly acquired knowledge and power.The third section concludes with Faustus’soul being dragged down to Hell as the pact公约requires. When the last hour comes, Faustus tries to repent懊悔and pray to God to save him from eternal damnation. In despair he asks the devil to let him have Helen of Troy as his lover. He has his last desire and is hauled down to Hell.The image of Faustus is historically significant as a “photo” record of the new man, the modern man, the Renaissance humanist, who steps into modern light with all the glitter of Reformation and Renaissance.Insatiability is his name.Thus Faustus represents the archetypal Renaissance humanist of the 16th century, and a supreme specimen of Everyman for all time.Formally, the play uses some dramatic devices like the choruses合唱and the accompanying quarrels between the good angles and the evil ones.They help externalize the continual inner struggle that goes on in Faustus’s mind, or his incessant interior dialogue内心独白. Faustus debates within himself all the while whether it is worthwhile doing what he is doing.As a popular material in the classic form and gave the drama a new“mighty line”(as Ben Jonson says of his poetry) has been well known through the ages.7、William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all English literature.Shakespeare has been known as a “physical” poet, and his poetry is alive with its sounds, colors, odors气味, and fine textures肌质（the poetic content）. The art of Shakespeare envelopes these poems with a halo光环of permanent fascination.Shakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total.Identity of the people to whom the poems are addressed: a young man, a dark-skinned woman. The sonnets fall essentially into three groupings: over 100 of these seem to be addressed to a young man, some 20 seem to be concerned with a young woman, and of these two read like free translations of a Greek poem of about the fifth century AD.For their grace in form（形式优美）, depth in thought（深度）, and vivacity in tone（朝气）. They are peerless（无与伦比）in freshness, poetical beauty, and human interest.They are in essence the Renaissance paean of man（文艺复兴人的赞歌）Sonnets 18 and 65 both assert the power of literature to combat斗争the ravages of time and declare the greatness of man伟大and his immortality不朽.[1、get married early 2、write a poem]His dramatic work is amazing in its variety: 1.the histories and comedies of his early period, 2.the tragedies of the middle or “tragic”period, and 3. the late period of romances or the period of serenity平静.All these dramas end happily：A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们As You Like It皆大欢喜Though Romeo and Juliet is essentially a tragedy and The Merchant of Venice is tragic for Shylock.All tragedies：Julius Caesar尤利乌斯•凯撒Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉Timon of Athens雅典的泰门The last period of his life was one of emotional tranquility when he must have won through pain and possibly a nervous breakdown to acceptance of the inevitability of life.戏剧手法：One dramatic device装置that Shakespeare uses in all his works involves the juxtaposition并置of the comic element喜剧元素alongside the serious.庄谐并置All the best features of the age find adequate充足的expression in his works.As to Macbeth, Shakespeare took his story from Holinshed’s Chronicles of Scotland苏格兰编年史and made it into a lucid statement about man and his problems. Shakespeare’s Macbeth is acomplex multi-dimensional多维person.Macbeth represents the effect of sin and guilt upon the moral fiber of man: he ends with the tragic vision of human existence (Life is a tale/ Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,/ Signifying nothing ). The implication is that evil and sin and greed, all part of human nature, conspire to bring about man’s inevitable helplessness and downfall. It is good to note here that William Faulkner derive from the quotation above the title for his famous novel, The sound and the Fury声音与愤怒.She turns insane疯狂的, always walking with a candle, always washing an imaginable stain污点on her hands.HamletPsychoanalytical criticism seems to suggest that the young prince suffers from the Oedipus complex.俄狄浦斯情结·恋母情结Gloomy princeThe Merchant of Venice is another of Shakespeare’s popular plays. As the story goes, oung Bassanio, who needs money to win the hand of the rich young heiress——Portia, comes to Antonia, a merchant of V enice, for help. Antonio, as he has no ready cash, goes to Shylock, the Jewish usurer, who has been at odds with Antonio because of the competition and racial discrimination he has suffered at his hands.The characterization of Shylock presents an intriguing ambiguity矛盾混合体.奸商+种族歧视The play is thus a kind of tragicomedy悲喜剧, tragic if we take Shylock’s losses into consideration.8、Francis BaconBacon’s Essay is the most cogent有说服力的testimony证明，证据to his wisdom and his unique style. The essay form was traceable to the work of the French essayist, Montaigne蒙田, but Bacon’s Essay was the first of its kind to appear in English literature. Bacon drew chiefly on the various phenomena现象of nature and his careful observations and analyses.It deals with subjects such as truth, love, envy, high position, good nature, riches, ambition, beauty, vainglory虚荣，自负, learning, and politics and economy.9、Ben Jonsonfirst literary dictator in English history.One of these was to bring the classic form of the three unities——unity of action, unity of timeFirst, a brief sketch of the evolution of the Bible is in order. The Bible consists of two parts——the Old Testament旧约and the New Testament新约.The whole Bible took final shape around the beginning of the 3rd century.The Old Testament tells of the history and religious beliefs of the Jews while the New Testament relates the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of the Christian faith. The word “testament” means “contract”契约, referring here to the one between God and the Jews.Jesus came on the scene around the first century to challenge the Jewish faith.The writing of the Bible went through different stages:1. The oldest Testament was written in Hebrew,2. while the New Testament was done in Greek. In 270AD 72 Jewish scholars spent 72 daystranslating the Old Testament.3. Toward the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome translated the Septuagint version of the Bible into Latin.4. John Wycliffe was the first Englishman to render the whole Bible into English.Thus the most enduring King James’or the Authorized Bible came into being in 1611. It is accurate in sense and beautiful and dignified in language. It has influenced generations of writers in their literary endeavors over the centuries.五、The 17th Century1、Then to deal with the disorder混乱that ensued, Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔and his Ironsides moved in, and England became a Protectorate受保护国with Cromwell as its protector With the death of Cromwell in 1658, the country fell once more into anarchy.Charles I’s son was welcomed back as Charles II. Charles II was an exceptionally evil king. James II saw his day was lost and fled to France. The new king and his wife Mary (James II’s daughter) became the joint ruler of the country. This was known as “the Glorious Revolution,”光荣革命glorious because bloodless. The Bill of Rights权利法案which the new king signed with Parliament议会endowed赠与Parliament as the de facto实际上的ruler of the nation and the king became a titular head虚位元首.The period under discussion was one of transition.过渡时期The old value system was on its way out, new values were taking shape, and the conflict generated an acute sense of loss. These incidentally constituted the basic features of the literature of the period. The prevalent mood that enveloped literary works was one of gloom, pessimism, decadence, and frivolity. Representing the immoral lifestyle of Charles II’s court in a naked realistic manner with its sex and violence and diverse forms of depravity.堕落2、John Donne (1571-1631)His famous works include such poems as “The Flea”跳蚤与爱情, “A Valediction: Forbidden Morning”一个告别演说，Meditation冥想“All mankind is of one author and is one volume,”and “Any man’s death diminishes me because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls.”His poetry possessed a highly idiosyncratic quality特别气质that reveals a peculiar, brilliant imagination at work.His type of poetry has been known as Metaphysical Poetry and the group of poets, sharing some of his poetic features, has been called “Metaphysical Poets”玄学派诗人The “Metaphysical Poets”as a group included George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Richardcommenting on Donne, feels that Donne loves to play with metaphysics玄学both in his satirical 讽刺的and love poetry.The basic features of Metaphysical poetry are its “wit”机巧or “conceit”奇喻. “Wit” here means being clever at “yoking”哈哈大笑the most heterogeneous不同的，多样的ideas together by violence so as to impress people (to paraphrase Samuel Johnson’s statement on the subject), and “conceit” denotes a fantastic fancy or way of thinking in the form of peculiar特殊的, ingenious有独创性的, knotty棘手的, many-sided多面的metaphors隐喻.These people tried to conquer by sheer unconventionality纯粹的异常rather than follow the normal channel of communication.Donne’s love poems are good examples of Metaphysical poetry.“The Flea”跳蚤, is disconcertingly fantastic in equating “the flea” with “love”.Desist from killing it because she would have committed murder谋杀罪, self-murder自杀, and sacrilege亵渎罪: “three sins in killing three”【诡辩】Stanza诗的一节The flea is the most sordid肮脏的，卑鄙的, disgusting令人厌恶的, and hateful parasite寄生虫in the world, while love is the sweetest, noblest, and purest human emotion in life. No one else would have ever thought of the flea as the “marriage bed” and “marriage temple”.【反差超越】Donne’s uniqueness lies独特的谎言in this sudden jump from the conventional符合传统的to the unconventional非传统的and metaphysical, and making it appear rational合理的and acceptable.Another illustrating example is easily found in his “Valediction: Forbidden Mourning”离别辞——节哀The novelty新奇的事consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of a compass 圆规. The choice is strangely apt if the readers take into account the fact that the compass is a symbol of both firmness (its legs) and perfection (the circle it draws).两个情人比喻成圆规，必须一个人不懂。
英语专业英国文学史John-KeatsPPT优秀课件
Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?
Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
Though winning near the goal---yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss Forever wilt thou love, and she be fair!
• On the surface of the vase there is an ornamental band of sculpture with figures of trees, pipes, and lovers on it.
• Though there are quiet forms, they possess and convey the beauty, the significance and the eternity of art, which appealed to Keats.
7
IV • Who are these coming to the sacrifice?
To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies,
《英国文学》2014年9月10日课件
“Beowulf”→the national epic of the English people Epic→heroic poem: it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe ,a nation, or the human race.
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature(450-1550) 1、The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066)/Old English Period 2、The Norman Period (1066-1350)/Middle English Period 3、The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) /Middle English Period 4、The Fifteenth Century (1400-1550) /Middle English Period
Narrowly the powerful Kinsman of Hygelac kept watch how the ravager set to work with his sudden catches; nor did the monster mean to hang back. As a first step he set his hands on a sleeping soldier, savagely tore at him, gnashed at his bone-joints, bolted huge gobbets, sucked at his veins, and had soon eaten all of the dead man, even down to his hands and feet.
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Minor Characters
• Bertilak’s wife- During the competition between Gawain and her husband, she tests Gawain’s integrity and honesty
Settings
Camelot
The Holiday celebrations take place at King Arthur’s castle in Camelot. It is here that the Green Knight challenges Gawain to exchange blows with him.
Tasks for students
• Tell the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in your own words.
• Hints…
• author is anonymous
• written c. 1400 in Middle English
• Contents: love chivalry religion
Review: Characteristics of the Epic Poem 1. An epic poem is a long, highly-stylized narrative poem… 2. that recounts the exploits of its main character – the epic hero. 3. Because most epic poetry originated as sung or spoken
The Green Knight
Sir Gawain’s main opposition in the story. He is a richly decorated knight, who has green skin and hair.
King Arthur
The king of Camelot. Uncle of Sir Gawain. It is at his celebration feast that the Green Knight challenges the court to a game.
Falling Action
• The Green Knight explains the mysteries of the story, which we will learn after reading.
Themes
• Temptation and testing • Hunting and seduction • Nature and chivalry • Games: beheading game • Times and seasons
Romance
• Definition: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights, reflecting the spirit of chivalry, i.e, the quality and ideal of knight conduct.
Climax
• Gawain meets the Green Knight at the Green Chapel. After faking his first two swings, the Green Knight nicks Gawain on his third swing, only slightly cutting his neck.
The Norman Period (1066-1350) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
• What are the features of Chinese culture at that time?
Historical Background
• 1066: King Harold ---Duke William of Normandy.
–Arthurian romance poetry/courtly love poetry
–medieval alliterative poetry
–epic poetry
Major Characters
Sir Gawain
The story’s
protagonist. A loyal knight to King Arthur, as well as his nephew. Gawain goes on his quest to meet the Green Knight in order to uphold his knightly values.
Bertilak’s Home
On his quest to meet the Green Knight, Gawain stays here for a short period of time.
The Green Chapel
The supposed home of the Green Knight. Gawain is sent here to keep his end of the bargain which he made with the Green Knight at Arthur’s holiday celebration a year prior.
Religious Literature
• Emphasis: the moral and spiritual responsibilities
of the individual
• Themes: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels; re-
iteration of the Christian doctrine of the terrors of the Last Judgement; lyrics for the Christ or the Virgin Mary.
verse, it is ries:
The matter of France: Charlemagne the Great
and Roland, Chanson de Roland.
The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.
Characteristics of Courtly Behavior--chivalry
• “Chivalry” comes from the French cheval, or horse (n.b. Norman influence in language).
• Only the wealthiest people in medieval society could keep horses and afford to use them in combat. “Chivalry” became associated, therefore, with the qualities of “horsemen”, or knights.
• Written in long alliterative lines with the
rhyme scheme of ababa, in 101 stanzas
• important in literature because it represents all of the following significant poetic genres:
Journey = Quest
• In medieval poetry, the epic hero’s journey to battle (like Achilles’ voyage to Troy or Beowulf’s to Daneland) becomes a quest.
• A quest is “an adventurous expedition in search of something spiritually fulfilling or self-enhancing.”
Historical Background
• Churches: political power & religious authority
• Conflicts: serfs and the peasants against feudal lords
• Languages: Latin, French and English
• related words: cavalier (Fr., L.), cavalry (from L. caval), caballero (Sp.)
• Faith in God/Piety • Loyalty to the King • Bravery • Respect for women • Chastity (see “piety” and “respect for women”)
The matter of Britain: Arthurian legends, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the quest for the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Bertilak de Hautdesert
The Lord of the castle at which Gawain spends his time before meeting the Green Knight. We learn his true identity at the end of the story.