大学英语语法11-定语从句
(完整版)定语从句讲解
1一、定语从句概述定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语 等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。
在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语 从句。
定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
被定 语从句修饰的名词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
二 关系词的用法。
关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词指代先行词，放在先行词与 定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分（主语、宾 语、状语等）。
引导定语从句的关系代词有"at ，who ，whom ，whose ，which;关系副词有 when ，where ，why 等。
关系词在句子中的指代作用及成分如下表 1.关系代词的用法(1) who, whom 的用法二者都用于指人。
who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom 在定语从句中 作宾语。
在现代英语里，有时who 也可代替whom 在从句中作宾语。
作 宾语的关系代词who ，whom 可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）。
She was the one who did most of the talking 。
大部分时间都是她在说话。
（作主语） The boy who I know studies best in his class.我认识的那个男孩在班上学习最好。
（作宾语）I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party. 我碰巧遇见了那位在一次聚会上认识的教授。
（作宾语，whom 可用who 代替) whom 在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到whom 前面时，不能用who 代替。
Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the park .昨天 我碰见了几个朋友，我和他们一起去了公园。
大学英语语法应用教程-从句(Clause)
从句(Clause)
If two numbers are to be added, it does not matter in which order they are added. 若要把两个数加起来，那么按哪种顺序相加是没有关系的。(需要注意的是，连接代词which并没有位于主语从句句首， 因为它在从句中作介词in的介词宾语和order的定语。而且，不要把由which引导的主语从句误认为是介词宾语从句。) It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there netic field is produced. 由麦克斯韦假设可知，每当电场发生变化时就产生磁场。 (it follows that … 意为“由此得知……；因此”。) It happened that she was out when he called.( = She happened to be out when … ) 他打电话时，她恰巧不在家。(It happens that可译成“碰巧，恰巧；发生”。)
从句(Clause)
3) 表语从句 主要位于系动词be之后的表语从句最为常见，当然，也可用seem, sound等。例如： The present conception of the general structure of the atom is that it consists of a kind of solar system. 现在对 原子的一般结构的看法是：它是由一种太阳系构成的。 All indications are that the need for skilled people in the field of electronics will grow in this new decade. 所有 的迹象表明，在这新的十年中对电子学领域熟练人员的需求量将会增长。 That is how a computer works. 这就是计算机的工作原理。 (本句中的that应译为“这”；how从句一般可译成“……的原理，……是如何……”) Predictions are that electronics will continue to grow at a rapid rate for some time to come. 预测表明，在未来 一段时期内电子学将会继续高速发展。 (That is why … 要译成“这就是……的理由；这就是为什么……；因此……”。) My plan is that we will finish the project by the end of the year. 我的计划是我们年底结束这个项目。 The conclusion of the discussion is that the proposal cannot be accepted. 讨论的结果是这个提议不能被接受。 在个别情况下，状语从句也可充当表语从句(特别是句型this is because … )。如： This is because you has been absent all the term. 这是因为你整个一学期缺勤的缘故。
(完整版)定语从句语法详解
定语从句语法专题（Attributive Clauses）教案一. 定语从句的概述:1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
在句中做定语，被修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词。
从句通常放在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导。
其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
eg She is the girl（who got the first prize.）girl先行词who充当从句主语, 从句做定语修饰girlThis is the boy who broke the window.这就是打破窗子的孩子。
the boy是先行词, who broke the window是限制性定语从句, 明确指出theboy是打破窗子的那个孩子,who 在从句中充当主语That is the house where he lived ten years ago.He is the man who/that lives next door.He is the man who I want to see.先行词关系词定语从句复合句: 是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子, 复合句中的主句和从句都具有完整的的主语和谓语, 主句是复合句的主体, 可以独立存在, 从句需要有一个连词引导, 是修饰说明主句的, 不能独立存在, 根据在句中的不同作用, 从句可以分为三类: 定语从句, 名词性从句, 状语从句。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词有两大类:1.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词: that, who, whom, whose, which, as（主, 宾, 定）关系副词: when, where, why.（状语）2.关系词的作用:（1）引导定语从句, 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用；（2）代替先行词在句中充当成分。
定语从句讲解
定语从句【知识简介】名词或代词由一个从句来修饰，该从句即定语从句。
定语从句一般后置，但as引导的修饰全句的定语从句可以前置。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等以及关系副词when, where, why等。
关系代词或关系副词放在被修饰的名词或代词（又叫做先行词）和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时又作定语从句中的一个成份。
【要点难点】1) that和which的用法区别只用that的情况：①先行词由最高级修饰时，如the best work that I can do。
②先行词由序数词修饰时，如the second book that I bought。
③先行词由the last, the only, the same, the very等修饰时。
④先行词是不定代词all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing等时，如anything that he does; all that I can do now等。
⑤先行词有any, no, all等限定词时，如all the words that I’ve learned。
⑥先行词为词组，该词组既含人又含物时，如the city and the people that I visited。
只用which的情况：①在非限定性定语从句中（定语从句前有逗号）。
②介词后。
请看that和which的使用例句：I t’s the best film that’s ever been made on the subject of madness. 这是以精神病为题材而拍摄的影片中最好的一段。
Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had. 莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。
（本句中先行词虽是人，但由于前面也有形容词最高级修饰，仍用that较好）Take the first opportunity that offers. 抓住第一个出现的机会。
定语从句知识点讲解
定语从句知识点讲解定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
它常常用来给出详细的描述、限制或补充说明，以便读者可以更好地理解主句中的名词或代词。
以下是几个关于定语从句的重要知识点：1.引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词：- 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, which, that（指人或物）- 关系副词有：when, where, why（指时间、地点、原因）2.关系代词的选择：- 指人的先用who，做宾语用whom，所有格用whose，作主语用that （在口语中who/that可通用）- 指物的先用which，作宾语用which，作主语用that（在口语中which/that可通用）-当关系代词作主语时，可以省略（不可以省略的情况：关系代词后有逗号分隔、定语从句修饰不止一个名词）3.定语从句的位置：-定语从句通常紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词后面4.定语从句的种类：-限制性定语从句：不使用逗号分隔，修饰的内容是对名词或代词进行必要的限制和定义-非限制性定语从句：使用逗号分隔，修饰的内容是对名词或代词进行额外的说明，可以省略，不对整个句子的意思产生重要影响5.关系副词的使用：- when：指时间，修饰表示时间的名词- where：指地点，修饰表示地点的名词- why：指原因，修饰表示原因的名词6.注意定语从句的时态和语态一致：-如果主句是过去时，则定语从句通常使用过去时-如果主句是现在时，则定语从句通常使用一般现在时-如果主句是将来时，则定语从句通常使用一般将来时-如果主句是被动语态，则定语从句通常使用被动语态以上是定语从句的一些基本知识点，掌握了这些内容，可以更好地理解和运用定语从句。
当然，在实际运用中还需多加练习，不断积累。
定语从句相关知识点总结
定语从句相关知识点总结一、定语从句的概念。
1. 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
- 例如：I like the book which/that is very interesting. 其中“book”是先行词，“which/that is very interesting”是定语从句，用来修饰“book”。
二、关系代词的用法。
1. that.- 既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
- 当先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时，关系代词用that。
- 例如：All that can be done has been done.（先行词是“All”，关系代词“that”在从句中作主语）- 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用that。
- 例如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.（先行词“film”被最高级“the best”修饰，关系代词“that”在从句中作宾语，可省略）- 当先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时，关系代词用that。
- 例如：This is the very book that I want.（先行词“book”被“the very”修饰，关系代词“that”在从句中作宾语）2. which.- 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
- 例如：The book which/that is on the desk is mine.（“which/that”在从句中作主语）；I like the book which/that you lent me.（“which/that”在从句中作宾语）- 在非限制性定语从句（从句与主句之间用逗号隔开）中，只能用which，不能用that。
Unit11英语定语从句翻译PPT课件
详细描述：直译法是指将英文定语从句按照原文的句式和结 构进行翻译，尽可能保留原文的表达方式和意义。这种方法 能够保持原文的语气和风格，但有时可能会显得生硬或不够 流畅。
Free translation method
总结词：意译法
详细描述：意译法是指将英文定语从句按照汉语的表达习 惯进行翻译，不拘泥于原文的句式和结构，以传达原文的 含义和精神为主。这种方法能够使译文更加流畅自然，但 有时可能会牺牲原文的一些细节或风格。
translating attributive clauses • Translation exercise and answer analysis of
relative clauses
01
Introduction to relative clauses
The definition of attributive clauses
ellipsis
总结词：省略法
VS
详细描述：省略法是指将英文定语从 句中的某些成分进行省略或简化，以 使译文更加简洁明了。这种方法适用 于一些较为冗长或复杂的定语从句， 能够减少译文的篇幅和复杂度。需要 注意的是，省略法可能会牺牲原文的 一些信息或风格，因此在使用时需要 谨慎考虑。
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Translation Practice of Attributive Clause
Answer Analysis: The correct translation of this sentence is " 中了彩票的那个人现在成了百万 富翁。" The relative clause "who won the lottery" modifies "person". In Chinese, we use "那" to indicate the specific person, and "中了彩票 的" as the modifying phrase.
定语从句专项笔记总结
定语从句专项笔记总结定语从句专项笔记总结定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰名词或代词的从句，是一种形容词性的从句。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
1．关系代词：who whom whose which that关系代词引导从句，代替先行词，在从句中充当一个成分，如：主语、宾语、定语等，所以在作主语时，动词的数要和先行词的数保持一致。
who----可作主语、宾语，作主语时，只能用who, who作宾语时是非正式This is the man who helped me.whom---作宾语（正式用法），在介词后只能用whom人 This is the man whom I met in the street yesterday. (正式用法)This is the man who I met in the street yesterday. (非正式用法)whose-who的属格形式，用来指人，也可以用来指物that--- 可代替who ,whomWhich----可作主语，宾语物 eg. The watch which was lost has been found.eg. The fish (which) we bought were not freshthat-------可作主语，宾语eg. The letter that I receive was from my father.当关系代词充当介词宾语时，可以把介词提前，也可以不提前，但是在含有介词的动词固定搭配中，介词只能放在原来的位置eg. This is the teacher whom he worked with .This is the teacher with whom he worked .eg. This is the book for which you asked.This is the book which you asked for.eg. This is the pen which he has been looking for. (look for词组中for不能提前)先行词是人时，常用who而不用that 的情况：a. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who，eg. I will pardon him who is honest.b. 先行词为 all one ones anyone those 等时，eg. All who heard the news were excited.c. 在以there be 开头的句子中，eg. There is a girl who wants to see you.d. 当先行词后有较长的修饰语时，eg. He met a boy in the street yesterday who could speak English fluently.先行词指物的特殊情况：1．必须用that的情况：a. 先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时，eg. This is the first job that I have taken up.This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read.b. 先行词是不定代词,something somebody nothing anything 等或是 all little much 时，eg. There is something that I want to tell you.c. 先行词被all any every each few little no some much only none both either neither 等修饰时，eg. I have read all the books that you lent me.d. 先行词被the only, the last, the very…修饰时,eg. This is the only method we can use.e. 先行词又有人又有物时，eg. They talked about things and persons that they know in the school.f. 主句以who 或which开头时，eg. Who is the old man that speak to you just now ?g. 先行词指物时，且在There be 句型引导的定语从句中，eg. There is a house that has three windows.h. 关系代词作表语时，eg. China is no longer the place that it used to be.2. 必须用which 的情况：a. 个非限制性定语从句，b. 句子末尾的介词提前时，只能用which,c. 关系代词后有插入语时,eg. This is the book which, as I have told you, will help you to improve your English.（这就是我跟你说过的，能帮你学好英语的那本书。
定语从句详解
定语从句详解英语中，将在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的某名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常放在定语从句之前。
引导定语从句的引导词（也叫关联词）可以是关系代词（如that, which, who, whom, whose 等）或者关系副词（如when, where, why等）。
引导词通常位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的某个句子成分。
定语从句的基本结构是：先行词+ 引导词+ 定语从句。
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类别：限制性定语从句是先行词必不可少的定语，与主句关系十分密切，如果被删去，则主句的意义就不完整甚至失去意义，书写时主从句之间不可以用逗号分开。
非限制性定语从句是对先行词附加的文字说明作用，与主句关系不是很密切，如果被删去，也并不影响逐句的意思和完整性，书写时主从句之间往往用逗号分开。
定语从句这个语法项目中，最复杂也是最关键的知识就属关联词了。
要掌握好定语从句的引导词的用法，我们必须从下面的这些方面入手。
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1. 形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。
如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。
(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。
(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)3. 翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。
定语从句11
定语从句定语从句whose 是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语，相当于my，his，her，its，their 等修饰人或物。
of which 可以代替whose 指物，词序一般是名词＋of which 或of which ＋名词。
of whom 可以代替whose 指人，词序是名词＋of whom。
(2009·安徽卷)Many children，whose parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village.父母亲在大城市里打工的许多孩子在村庄里被照顾的非常好。
(2010·江苏卷)The newly-built cafe，the walls of which are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.这家新建的墙体被涂成浅绿色的咖啡厅对我们而言确实是个安静场所，尤其是在辛苦工作之后。
1.(2010·北京卷)Children who are not active or________diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.A．what B．whoseC．which D．that解析：句意为：一些不是很活跃，或者他们的饮食中热量太高的孩子会很快长胖。
本题考查定语从句。
先行词为children，or 连接两个并列的定语从句，第一个定语从句的引导词为who，第二个引导词为考查点，先行词children在第二个定语从句中与从句中的主语diet形成所属关系：children’s diet，故选择B项。
答案： B2．(2010·陕西卷)The old temple________roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair. A．where B．whichC．its D．whose解析：句意为：那座在暴风雨中屋顶受损的古庙现在正在维修当中。
大学英语语法之定语从句
是表示“时间/地点/原因”的名词。
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定语从句的分类
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最本质的区别在于前面的先行词的范围是否明确， 是否需要修饰限定。
would pay, … (2010) 12. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the
humanities is nine years. (2011)
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时（及物动词后的宾语或介词后的宾语）， 可以省略。
2. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. (2006)
8. But there are few places w__h_e__reclients have more grounds for complain than America. (2014)
9. That’s one reason _w__h_y_ we have launched Arc, a new publication
二的，e.g. the Great Wall, mother, father, the universe…，此时 要使用非限定性定语从句； 2. 先行词范围“相对明确”，也就是说根据上下文可以判断这个名 词的范围是否明确，此时也可以使用非限制性定语从句
大学英语语法专题之定语从句
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2 关系副词
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when
用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定 语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代 词”。如：
I still remember the day when (= on which) I first came to Nanjing. My father was born in the year when (= in which) World War Ⅱ broke out.
先行词
关系代词
University is the palce where they got poisoned.
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University is a place where they got poisoned.
先行词
关系副词
三 关系词的实质
关系代词的实质
1.A plane is a machine that can fly.
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰 时只能用that引导
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5. I know all people ___ are from that village. A. who B. that C. whose 6. There is no water ___ is needed badly. A. which B. who C. that 7. Please take any seat ___ is free. A. which B. that C. in which
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why
用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语 从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代 词”。如： There are several reasons why (= for which) the boys should be punished. Tom couldn’t give the teacher the reason why (= for which) he was late for school.
定语从句知识点总结
定语从句知识点总结定语从句是英语中用来修饰名词或代词的从句，它紧跟在被修饰的名词或代词后面，起到形容词的作用。
以下是定语从句的知识点总结：1. 定语从句的构成：定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，它们在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语或状语。
2. 关系代词：关系代词包括who, whom, whose, which, that，它们用来指代先行词，并在从句中担任相应的语法角色。
- who：指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语。
- whom：指代人，在从句中作宾语。
- whose：表示所有格，指代人或物。
- which：指代物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
- that：既可以指代人也可以指代物，在从句中作主语或宾语。
3. 关系副词：关系副词包括where, when, why，它们在从句中作状语，分别表示地点、时间、原因。
4. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，不可省略；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，可以省略。
5. 先行词：先行词是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，它在句子中的位置通常在定语从句之前。
6. 定语从句的位置：定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后，但如果先行词是句子的主语，定语从句可以放在主句的末尾。
7. 定语从句的时态：定语从句的时态通常与主句的时态保持一致，但也可以根据不同的语境进行调整。
8. 定语从句的省略：在某些情况下，定语从句中的某些成分可以省略，尤其是当关系代词在从句中作宾语时。
9. 定语从句的分隔：有时，为了强调或避免混淆，定语从句可以被分隔开来，即先行词和定语从句之间插入其他成分。
10. 定语从句的复杂结构：在复杂句中，定语从句可以嵌套使用，即一个定语从句内部还可以包含另一个定语从句。
掌握定语从句的这些知识点，可以帮助我们更准确地理解和使用英语中的定语从句，从而提高英语表达的准确性和丰富性。
大学英语语法 定语从句_祥解
2.他戴着你昨天买的同样手表。
He is wearing the same watch as you bought yesterday.
介词+关系代词 提醒: 介词﹢关系代词(whom/which)引导的定语从句, 关键是判断介词的选择. The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming. This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live. 方法一:根据从句中动词的习惯搭配 This is the man with whom you talked yesterday. 方法二:根据先行词的习惯搭配 The speed at which light travels is 3000,000km per second. 方法三:根据句子所需要的意思 The colorless gas is called oxygen, without which we could not live.
关系代 词
在从句中所 作的成分 主语或
指代 指物
例
句
that
宾语
A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 指人 The girl(that)we saw yesterday was jim’s sister. 作宾语时可以省略 The computer which is being used here is made in Beijing. The letter(which)I received was from my brother. 用作宾语时可以省略
As is reported in the newspaper
英语定语从句用法详解
英语定语从句用法详解在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。
1.由who引导的定语从句中， who用作主语，如： This is the boy who often helps me.2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.3.由whose引导的定语从句中， whose用作定语，如： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.The river which is in front of my house is very clean.This is the pen which you want.注意：(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时，介词可放在 whom、which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。
如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lostmy bag, which I like very much.(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。
大学英语语法11-定语从句
• A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time.
• (As “brother” has a modifier “long-lost”, it is still clear without the clause.)
• She forgot the name of the store. • At that store, her father bought her an MP4. • She forgot the name of the store where her father bought her
an MP4. • (where = at which; which = store; as an adverbial of the clause.)
2. Kinds Adjective clauses can be divided into two kinds: restrictive and nonrestrictive. A restrictive adjective clause gives essential information. Without the clause, the complete meaning of the sentence would not be expressed clearly. A restrictive adjective clause should not be set off by commas.
meaning of the sentence clear.)
When an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to express the complete meaning of a sentence, it is called a nonrestrictive adjective clause. It can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. It should be set off by commas.
Unit 11 英语定语从句的翻译
四、状译法 英语的定语从句，它从语法上看是 修饰定语从句的先行词的，但实际上限定作用不强，而是修饰 主句的谓语或全句的，起状语作用。也就是说，有些定语从句 兼有状语从句的职能，在意义上与主句有状语关系，表明原因、 结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。在这种情况下，需要灵活处 理，在准确理解英语原文的基础上，弄清楚逻辑关系，然后把 英语中的这些定语从句翻译成各种相应的分句。
我试图提出一种理论，这种理论就我所知，还未曾 有人提出过，那就是：只有能说话的动物才能笑。 人是惟一能说话的动物，所以也是惟一能笑的动物。
定语从句单独成句,这种翻译技巧在非限制性定语从句中常 见.
This system is often referred to as the “free enterprise system” and can be contrasted to a socialist economy, which depends heavily on government planning and on public ownership of the means of production.
（二）省略先行词 如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，在“通顺、完整” 的前提下，有时候可以不用重复先行词。
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。 They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他们制定出一种新方案，采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。 After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night. 饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。
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Unit 11
Clause: Adjective clauses
• Grammar: Adjective clauses • Writing:
Correcting: Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement Rewriting: Inter-sentence coherence
• Why did he fail? • The reason is still obscure. • The reason why he failed is still obscure. • (why = for which; which = reason; as an adverbial of the clause.)
• He was really alive all the time.
• A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time.
• (As “brother” has a modifier “long-lost”, it is still clear without the clause.)
• The sun had set. • We returned to our hotel at once. • As soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel at
once.
• Now he knew it. • He would be able to reach the South Pole. • The South Pole was 300 miles away. • He now knew that he would be able to reach the South
Clauses
There are two kinds of clauses: main clause and subordinate clause. A main clause (or a simple sentence) contains a complete thought and therefore can stand alone as a sentence. Every sentence must contain at least one main clause (MC).
3. Introducers
3.1. In restrictive adjective clauses
The following relative pronouns are used to introduce restrictive adjective clauses.
Subject Object Possessive
• She forgot the name of the store. • At that store, her father bought her an MP4. • She forgot the name of the store where her father bought her
an MP4. • (where = at which; which = store; as an adverbial of the clause.)
Introducer + (subject) + predicate + …
• He picked up a long pipe. • The pipe was covered with coins. • He picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins. • (which = pipe, as a subject of the adjective clause.)
• A clown is a person. • He makes you laugh. • A clown is a person who makes you laugh. • (Without the clause, “A clown is a person” doesn’t make sense.) • Let’s go to a country. • In the country, the sun always shines. • Let’s go to a country where the sun always shines. • (Without the clause, “Let’s go to a country” doesn’t make the
Person who/that whom, who, that/ø whose
Things which/that which, that/ø whose
The following subordinating conjunctions are used in restrictive adjective clause.
• We were worried about our nearest neighbors.
• They were newcomers to the district.
• We were worried about our nearest neighbors, who were newcomers to the district.
• (As “our nearest neighbors” are clear, the sentence makes sense without the clause.)
• A brother was lost for a long time.
• People presumed him to be dead.
2. Kinds Adjective clauses can be divided into two kinds: restrictive and nonrestrictive. A restrictive adjective clause gives essential information. Without the clause, the complete meaning of the sentence would not be expressed clearly. A restrictive adjective clause should not be set off by commas.
• We waited for half an hour. • Nothing happened. • We waited for half an hour, but nothing happened.
A subordinate clause also has a subject and a predicate, but it cannot stand alone to make sense. It needs a main clause to complete its meaning. A subordinate clause is usually introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.
4. whom is very formal and is only used in written English. In spoken English, that is usually replaced by who/that, or nothing (ø).
5. that is usually used after the words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all and superlatives. There is something that we will never forget. That was the most exciting news that I have ever heard.
Pole, which was 300 miles away.
1. Functions and forms
An adjective clause is a sentence clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun as an adjective does. Both relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that and which) and the subordinating conjunctions (where, when and why) may be used as introducers to begin adjective clauses.
• He caught sight of a figure. • He immediately recognized it. • It was our local grocer. • He caught sight of a figure whom he immediately
recognized as our local grocer. • (whom = figure, as an object of the adjective clause.)
• I can not remember the day. • At that day, they got engaged. • I can not remember the day when they got engaged.. • (when = at which; which = day; as an adverbial of the clause.)
meaning of the sentence clear.)
When an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to express the complete meaning of a sentence, it is called a nonrestrictive adjective clause. It can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. It should be set offe