主谓一致(二)大学版

主谓一致一．以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1.以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称⏹英语中有一些疾病名称是以-s结尾的，如arthritis（关节炎）, bronchitis（支气管炎）, rickets（软骨病）, mumps（腮腺病）, diabetes（糖尿病）, phlebitis（静脉炎）等，这类名词通常作单数用，例：Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.⏹但也有一些疾病名称如measles（麻疹）, rickets（佝偻病）既可作单数也可作复数用，例：Generally, measles occurs in children.Measles are sometimes caused by a tapeworm（绦虫）.Rickets is /are caused by malnutrition（营养不良）.●表示游戏名称的名词，如：darts（投镖游戏）, marbles（打弹子游戏）等，通常作单数用。

●但也有个别表示游戏名称的名词，如：cards（打纸牌），作复数用。

●当darts, marbles等用于做这些游戏所用的镖或子弹等意义时，其复数形式仍作复数用，例：Three darts（三只镖）are thrown at each turn.Marbles（各种子弹）vary in kind and quality.2.以-ics结尾的学科名称◆某些以-ics结尾的学科名称，如physics（物理学）, mathematics（数学）,mechanics（机械学）, optics（光学）, acoustics（声学）, politics（政治学）, statistics（统计学）, economics（经济学）, linguistics（语言学）, athletics （体育学）, tactics（兵法）等，通常作单数用。

◆但若这类名词表示“学科”以外的其他意义，便可作复数用，例：My mathematics（运算能力）is /are rather shaky.Athletics（体育运动）have been greatly promoted at this college.The acoustics（音响效果）in the new concert hall are faultless.The tactics（策略）employed in this campaign were above reproach.（无可指责）The economics（经济意义）of the project are still being considered.3.以-s结尾的地理名称✧某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States, the UnitedNations（联合国）,the Netherlands（荷兰）等，尽管带有复数词尾，但系单一政治实体，故作单数用。

✧但若不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用，如：the West Indies（西印度群岛）, the Bahamas（巴拿马群岛）, the Himalayas（喜马拉雅山脉）, the Straits Gibraltar（直布罗陀海峡）, the Niagara Falls（尼亚加拉大瀑布）等。

4.其他以-s结尾的名词⏹英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称通常是以-s结尾，如scissors（剪子）,pincers（钳子）,glasses, shorts, trousers, suspenders（吊带裤）等。

这类名词，如果不带“一把”、“一副”、“一条”等单位词而单独使用，通常作复数，例：The sugar-tongs are not in the sugar bowl.⏹如果带有单位词，则由单位词的单复数形式决定动词的单复数形式，例：One pairs of scissors isn’t enough.Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.●英语中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如archives（档案）, arms（武器）,clothes, contents（内容，目录）, eaves（屋檐）, fireworks, goods（货物）, minutes（记录）, morals（道德，品行）, remains（遗体）, stairs （楼梯）, suburbs（郊区）, thanks（谢意）, wages（工资）等，通常作复数。

●但也有少数这类名词作单复数均可：whereabouts（行踪）,dramatics（舞台艺术）◆凡是以-ings结尾的名词，如clippings（剪下来的东西）, diggings（掘出的东西）, earnings（收入）, filings（锉屑）, lodgings（租住的房间）, surroundings（环境）, sweepings（扫拢的垃圾）等，通常作复数用。

◆但也有例外，如tidings（消息）既可作复数，也可作单数用，例：Good tidings have cheered them up.The tidings has come a little too late.✧还有一些以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词，如barracks（营房）,headquarters（总部）, means（方法，手段）, series（系列）, species（种类）, works（工厂）等，随后动词的单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数，例：A barracks was stormed by the enemy.Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded.✧但也有少数这类名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同，如odds（单：小事，复：机会），例：What’s the odds?有什么要紧？The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。

二.以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题1. 通常作复数的集体名词：police, people, cattle, militia（民兵）,poultry（家禽）,vermin（害虫）等。

2.通常作不可数名词的集体名词：foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise（商品）等,随后动词用单数。

3.既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词：audience, committee, class（班级）, crew（全体船员或机组人员）, family, government, public（公众）等。

如将各该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数。

如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数。

4.a committee of等+复数名词如果主语是由“a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of + 复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数，例：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.三．以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题1.由and /both … and连接的并列主语由and /both … and连接的并列结构作主语，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数，例：The fishing and the hunting in Arizona were good that year.如果作主语的并列结构不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则动词用单数。

有一些带连词and的省略结构形似单数，而意义为复数，随后的动词用复数，例：Good and bad taste are inculcated by example.What I say and think are no business of yours.上述两例中，good and bad taste = good taste and bad taste；what I say and think = what I say and what I think当and连接的并列名词词组带有each, every,或者many a等限定词时，随后的动词通常用单数，例：Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.也有一些由and连接的并列主语，其单复数意义不很明确，这就只能根据上下文判定。

2.由or /nor /either … or等连接的并列主语由or, nor, either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。

3.主语+as much as等当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定，例：Some of the workers as much as the managers were responsible for the loss.His brother rather than his parents is to blame.4.主语+as well as等当主语后面跟有由as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式也取决于主语本身的形式（随前原则），例：The manager with some workers was working during the holidays.四．以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题1.以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语a)如果数量概念被看作一个整体，动词用单数；如果被看作组成该数量的一个个的个体，则动词用复数，例：Six months is too short a time, General Westmoreland warned.Five hours is needed to complete the outline.There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.b)如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数（或百分数）+of-词组”构成，其动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定，例：Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.Thirty-five percent of the doctors were women.c)两数相减或相除，动词用单数;两数相加或相乘，动词用单复数均可，例：Forty minus fifteen (40-15) leaves twenty-five.Forty divided by eight (40÷8) is five.Seven plus /and five (7+5) makes /make twelve.Five times eight (5×8) is /are forty.d)如果主语由“one of /one out of +复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数，例：One in ten students has failed the exam.One out of twenty was badly damaged.比较：One in ten students have failed the exam.One out of twenty were badly damaged.2.以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语a)如果主语是all of …, some of …, none of …, half of …, most of …等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定，例：Some of the money has been stolen.Some of the books were lost.b)如果主语是由“lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of +名词”构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也依of-词组中名词类别而定，例：Lots of food is going to waste.Lots of people are waiting outside.c)如果主语是由“a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名词”构成，不管名词的类别为何，动词通常用单数，例：A series of accidents has been reported.d)如果主语是由“限定词+ kind /type /sort of +名词”构成，随后的动词形式按以下规则：①在a kind /sort /type of, this kind /sort /type of之后通常跟单数或不可数名词，动词用单数。