生物制药工程专业英语
制药工程专外
制药工程专业英语Unit 1production of drugs P1单词Compound 化合物intermediate 中间产物alkaloids 生物碱enzymes酶peptide 肽hormones 荷尔蒙modification 修饰chloramphenicol 氯霉素metabolites 代谢物substitute 替代品derivative衍生物active 活性absorption 吸收extraction 提取Recombinant 重组insulin 编码neuroactive 神经活性start materials 起始原料recrystallization 重结晶methanol 甲醇Ethanol 乙醇isopropanol 异丙醇butanol 丁醇benzene 苯翻译Known examples are the enzymatic cleavage of racemates of N-acetyl-D, L-amino acids to give L-amino acids, the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from benzylpenicillin by means of penicillinamidase and the aspartase-catalysed stereospecific addition of ammonia to fumaric acid in order to produce L-aspartic acid.著名的例子是对N -乙酰- D，L -氨基酸消旋给予L -氨基酸酶裂解，从青霉素生产8 -氨基青霉烷酸的青霉素酰胺酶手段和天冬氨酸酶，催化氨立体除了富马酸为了酸生产L -天门冬氨酸。
Reading material 1 p7Antagonist 抑制剂receptor 受体clinical investigation 临床研究antibacterial抗菌的inhibition 抑制mercurial 水银dominate 占主导Unit 3 chemotherapy: an introduction P29单词chemotherapy化学治疗superstition 迷信pathogenic 致病的翻译The activity of the arsenical drugs is explained as due to a blocking of essential thiol groups.For example, lipoic acid dehydrogenase contains two cysteine molecules, while are kept near each other by folding of the molecule. As a result, an arsenical can react with these thiol groups and inactivate the molecule, as show in equation.对含砷药物活性被解释为由于阻塞必不可少的巯基。
生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译
Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic. Inorg anic compounds are defined as molecules, usually small, that typically lack carbon and in which io nic bonds may play an important role. Inorganic compounds include water, oxygen, carbon dioxid e, and many salts, acids, and bases.生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。
无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。
无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。
All living organisms require a wide variety of inorganic compounds for growth, repair, maintenan ce, and reproduction. Water is one of the most important, as well as one of the rmost abundant, of t hese compounds, and it is particularly vital to microorganisms. Outside the cell, nutrients are disso lved in water, which facilitates their passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell , water is the medium for most chemical reactions. In fact, water is by far the most abundant component of almost all living cells. Water makes up 5% to 95% or more of each cell, the average being betwee n 65% and 75%. Simply stated, no organism can survive without water 所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。
制药工程专业英语--1单元
Unit 11.Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be splitinto three groups: Totally synthetic material (synthetics) Naturalproducts ,and Product from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products)依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：I.完全的合成材料（人工合成材料），II.天然产物，和III.源自部分合成的产品（半合成产品）。
2.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds ofgroups I and III-thus Drug synthesis.翻译：所以本书的重点是I和III部分的药物合成。
本书的重点是在于Ⅰ和Ⅲ类中最重要的化合物——药物合成。
3.This does not mean, however , that natural products or other agents are lessimportant.然而这并不意味着，天然产物和其他试剂不重要。
4.they can serve as valuable lead structures,and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.它们可以作为有价值的先导结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。
5：Table1gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.表1列出了获取药物制剂的不同方法的概述。
生物制药专业英语
6、The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumption on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 物理学家不敢做精确的论证，因为一个只有当它是精确 的时候才令人信服的论证，如果作为它的基础的假设发生 了一点点变化，就失去了其全部的说服力；而一个尽管不 很精确但是令人信服的论证，当作为它的基础的假设稍有 波动时，仍有可能是稳定的。
heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
真核生物细胞中蛋白质的合成与原核生物中的区别在 于真核生物染色体的初级转录本并不是mRNA，而是一 个高分子量的不均一核RNA。
11、The Kjedahl method is less general than of Duma’s, but it is useful for the rapid analysis of specific groups of low nitrogen content, for example protein.
mRNA被传送出细胞核到达细胞质，然后被一种我
们称之为核糖体的细胞器翻译成它所编码的蛋白质,该 细胞器把氨基酸以mRNA分子中碱基的序列所规定的 次序串联在一起。
生物与制药工程专业英语第三单元翻译
Apparatus--A specification for a definite size or type of container or apparatus in a test or assay is given solely as a recommendation, Where volumetric flasks or other exact measuring, weighing, or sorting devices are specified, this or other equipment of at least equivalent accuracy shall be employed. 仪器——为了一个明确的尺寸或规格类型的容器或设备在测验或分析给出了建议,纯粹,在培养皿或其他精确测量体积、计量、或排序装置是在合同中规定的;这个或其他设备至少应当使用等效精度。
Where low-actinic or light-resistant containers are specified, clear containers that have been rendered opague by application of a suitable coating r wrapping may be used. Where an instrument for physical measurement, such as a spectrophotometer, is speci fied in a test or assay by its distinctive name, another instrument of equivalent or greater sensitivity and accuracy may be used. In order to obtain solutions having concentrations that are adaptable to the working range of the instrument being used, solutions of proportionate. ly higher or lower concentrations may be prepared according to the solvents and proportions there of that are specified for the procedurecu .仪器——为了一个明确的尺寸或规格类型的容器或设备在测验或分析给出了建议,纯粹,在培养皿或其他精确测量体积、计量、或排序装置是在合同中规定的;这个或其他设备至少应当使用等效精度。
制药工程专业英语--1单元
制药工程专业英语--1单元Unit 11.Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be splitinto three groups: Totally synthetic material (synthetics) Naturalproducts ,and Product from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products)依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：I.完全的合成材料（人工合成材料），II.天然产物，和III.源自部分合成的产品（半合成产品）。
2.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compoundsof groups I and III-thus Drug synthesis.翻译：所以本书的重点是I和III部分的药物合成。
本书的重点是在于Ⅰ和Ⅲ类中最重要的化合物——药物合成。
3.This does not mean, however , that natural products or other agents areless important.然而这并不意味着，天然产物和其他试剂不重要。
4.they can serve as valuable lead structures, and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates fo r important synthetic products.它们可以作为有价值的先导结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。
5：Table1gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.表1列出了获取药物制剂的不同方法的概述。
生物制药专业英语
生物制药专业英语English:Biopharmaceuticals, also known as biologic drugs, are medicinal products derived from living organisms or their components. These drugs are produced through biotechnological processes involving genetic manipulation, recombinant DNA technology, and cell culture techniques. Biopharmaceuticals encompass a wide range of products, including therapeutic proteins, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapies. Due to their complex nature and manufacturing process, biopharmaceuticals often require stringent regulation and specialized facilities for production. The development of biopharmaceuticals involves multiple stages, including discovery, preclinical research, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and commercialization. These drugs have revolutionized the treatment of various diseases, offering targeted therapies with high efficacy and reduced side effects compared to traditional pharmaceuticals.中文翻译:生物制药品，又称生物制剂，是从活体生物或其组成部分衍生出来的药品。
制药工程专业英语--13单元
P131-Unit1314制药工程-专英作业1.Sterile product are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganismsTranslations:无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂型。
2.Principally，these include parenteral,ophthalmic,and irrigating preparations。
主要包括非肠道，眼药，冲洗制剂3.Of these , parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugs because they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment.其中，肠外给药在药物剂型中是独特的，因为它们是通过皮肤或粘膜注射到体内的4.Thus, because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense, the skin and mucous membranes, they must be free from microbial, contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally highly level of purity.因此，因为它们穿过了人体的第一道防线，皮肤和粘膜，所以它们必须没有微生物的污染和有毒成分，以及具有非常高的纯度水平。
5.原文：All compontents and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate,as much as possible, contamination of all types,whether of physical,chemical,or microbiologic origin.翻译：在产品制备中涉及的所有组分和工艺流程必须要筛选和设计以尽可能消除各种类型的污染，无论是来自物理的，化学的，还是微生物的。
专业英语试卷-生物制药
生物与制药工程专业英语期末考试学院: 姓名:____________________班级: 学号:一、Translate the following terms into Chinese（1）agrochemical （6）fluidisation 农业化学的流态化（2）cytotoxic （7）periplasmic细胞毒素的原生质外的（3）pharmacognosy （8）cardiovascular生药学心血管的（4）toxicological （9）hepatic毒理学的肝脏的（5）bead （10）adaptability珠子，水珠适应性二、Translate the following terms into English（1）浓度（6）杂质concentration impurity（2）中性（7）成分与性状neutrality discription（3）极易溶解（8）药理作用very soluble phamacological actions（4）定量分析（9）气相色谱quantitative analysis gas chromatography（5）等当点（10）离子色谱equivalent point ion chromatograph三、Word Building（答够十个得满分）anti-antibiotic antibiotic抗生素；抗菌的antifoam 消泡剂antitussive止咳药antihistaminic抗组胺剂antineoplastic抗肿瘤的antidepressant抗抑郁剂antianginal抗心绞痛antibody抗体anticoagulant抗凝血剂antifoaming防沫的antifungal抗真菌的anti-infectives抗感染药物antioxidant抗氧剂antithrombin抗凝血酶antitode 解毒剂等四、Translate the following sentences into Chinese（1）Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic.生物学家和化学家将化合物分为两类，无机和有机。
生物制药专业英语
4 Sample Sample must must must be be be treated treated treated with with with some some some organic organic organic solvent, solvent, solvent, previous previous previous to to to or or or simultaneously simultaneously simultaneously with with saponification or extraction process, in order to disrupt the structures where vitamin E can be associated to (membranes, lipoproteins, fat droplets . . . ), to eliminate interferences from big molecules molecules such such such as as as proteins or proteins or carbohydrates, carbohydrates, that that that are are are non-soluble non-soluble non-soluble in in in organic organic organic phases, phases, phases, and and to provide a medium in which analytes can be freely soluble. 样品在皂化或提取的时候，样品在皂化或提取的时候，或在此之前，或在此之前，必须用某些有机溶剂进行处理，必须用某些有机溶剂进行处理，其目的是为了破坏其目的是为了破坏VE 和细胞膜、脂蛋白、脂肪滴等之间的结合；消除蛋白质或碳水化合物等大分子的干扰，这些大分子在有机相中都是不可溶的；以及为被分析物提供能在其中充分溶解的介质。
生物与制药工程专业英语第五单元翻译
A The Microbial WorldA microbe or microorganism is a member of a large , extremely diverse , group of organisms that are lumped together on the basis of one property-the fact that, normally, they are all that they cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. 细菌或微生物是一个大的、极其多样化、一个性质的集合在一起的生物体。
事实上,通常情况下,他们都说他们不使用显微镜不能观察到。
The word is therefore used to describe viruses bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae: the relative sizes and nature of these are shown in Table 5-1,因此,这个词是用来形容病毒细菌、真菌、原生动物和一些藻类相对大小和特性的显示于表格5:1,However, there are a few exceptions for example, the fruiting bodies of many fungi such as mushrooms are frequently visible to the naked eye；equally, some algae can grow to meters in length. Generally, microbes may be considered as fairly simple organisms.然而,有少数例外,例如,果期的尸体等许多真菌蘑菇经常是肉眼能看得见的;同样,有些藻类能长到米长。
生物与制药工程专业英语第二单元翻译
Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic. Inorganic compounds are defined as molecules, usually small, that typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role. Inorganic compounds include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many salts, acids, and bases.生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。
无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。
无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。
All living organisms require a wide variety of inorganic compounds for growth, repair, maintenance, and reproduction. Water is one of the most important, as well as one of the rmost abundant, of these compounds, and it is particularly vital to microorganisms. Outside the cell, nutrients are dissolved in water, which facilitates their passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell , water is the medium for most chemical reactions. In fact, water is by far the most abundant component of almost all living cells. Water makes up 5% to 95% or more of each cell, the average being between 65% and 75%. Simply stated, no organism can survive without water 所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。
生物制药专业英语presentation
③ Skin and mucosal immunity
Skin immune is the naked plasmid DNA or cationic liposome（阳离子脂质体） DNA complexes on the surface of the skin. Plasmid DNA is absorbed into the skin and even the skin cells by skin’ sweat glands（汗 腺）、hair follicles（毛囊） and the tiny cleft（裂缝） of skin.
epidermal scratch（皮肤划痕） and intraperitoneal injection（腹腔注射）
② Particle bomne gun devices inject gold particle（颗 粒） which contain prepared objective DNA, this method is simple and high safety.
The mucosal（粘膜的） immune is through intranasal inhalation(鼻腔 吸入)、nasal drops（滴鼻 ）、rectal administration （直肠内给药）、eye drops（滴眼）、taking orally（口服） and intraoral injection（口内喷 射）to vaccinate.
4. The advantages and disadvantages of DNA vaccine
The advantages of DNA vaccine
1.Avoid the "cross" phenomenon 2. Avoid potential risk and the incomplete of immune response
生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译
Biologists?and?chemists?divide?compounds?into?two?principal?classes,?inorgan ic?and?organic.?Inorganic?compounds?are?defined?as?molecules,?usually?small, ?that?typically?lack?carbon?and?in?which?ionic?bonds?may?play?an?important?r ole.?Inorganic?compounds?include?water,?oxygen,?carbon?dioxide,?and?many?sal ts,?acids,?and?bases.??生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。
无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。
无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。
???All?living?organisms?require?a?wide?variety?of?inorganic?compounds?for?grow th,?repair,?maintenance,?and?reproduction.?Water?is?one?of?the?most?importan t,?as?well?as?one?of?the?rmost?abundant,?of?these?compounds,?and?it?is?parti cularly?vital?to?microorganisms.?Outside?the?cell,?nutrients?are?dissolved?i n?water,?which?facilitates?their?passage?through?cell?membranes.?And?inside? the?cell?,?water?is?the?medium?for?most?chemical?reactions.?In?fact,?water?i s?by?far?the?most?abundant?component?of?almost?all?living?cells.?Water?makes ?up?5%?to?95%?or?more?of?each?cell,?the?average?being?between?65%?and?75%.?S imply?stated,?no?organism?can?survive?without?water?所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。
制药工程专业英语Unit21
Interpretation of important policies and regulations: Detailed interpretation of important policies and regulations in the field of drug supervision, such as the Drug Administration Law and the Drug Registration Management Measures.
Conduct in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety evaluations to provide data support for clinical trials.
Clinical trial application
Raw material control: Strictly control the quality of raw materials to ensure their quality and stability.
Intermediate control: Quality control of intermediates generated during the production process to ensure their quality and stability.
生物制药专业英语_3
Enterobacteria，肠细菌 Salmonella， 沙门氏菌
hydrophilic antibiotic，亲水性的抗生素 Staphylococcus aureus, 金黄色葡萄球菌 Salmonella typhi，伤寒沙门氏菌 Escherichia coli，埃希氏大肠杆菌
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NRM) 核磁共振(光谱)分析 X-rays crystallographic analyses， X射线晶体学分析
Hydroxylase， 羟化酶 Hydroxylating，（使）羟（基）化 Acetylation， 乙酰化作用 Analogously，类似，相似 Chromosomes，染色体
progenitor strain, 起源菌株 tandem repeats， 衔接重复
syphilis, \ sif-(ə-)ləs\ 梅毒
* Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud.
** Departamento de Biotecnología. *** Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción. Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. Mexico, DF., Mexico.
Words
Penicillin，青霉素 cephalosporin，头孢菌素 staphylococci，葡萄球菌的
staphylococcus, 葡萄球菌属 streptococcus, 链球菌属 pneumococcus, 肺炎球菌 gonococcus， 淋菌
制药工程专业英语--11单元
P117——14制药专英作业Unit111。
The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effectsTranslations：口服给药是通过给药途径产生系统效应中最重要的方法。
2.Except in cases of Insulin therapy，the parenteral route is not routinely used for self—administration of medication除了胰岛素疗法之外，肠外给药途径通常不适用于患者自主用药。
3.The topic route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects ，with two classes of marketed products ：Nitroglycerin for the treatment of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.局部给药这种途径只是近年来才被用于把药物送到人体内从而产生系统效应,采用这种给药方式的药物有两种已经上市:用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和治疗晕动症的莨岩胺。
4.Other drugs are certain to follow ，but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现，但是局部给药的途径在药物有效吸收从而产生药物系统效应方面仍有其局限性.5.原文：5The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose or cannot swallow，and inproviding various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients.在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中，肠外给药途径是很重要的，同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。
生物制药专业英语词汇手册
生物制药专业英语词汇手册生命科学学院2009年2月Aabsolute lethal dose; LD100绝对致死剂量absorption rate constant吸收速率常数accelerated testing加速试验acetylcholinesterase乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acrylic acid resin丙烯酸树酯activation激活作用activator激活剂active targeting preparation主动靶向制剂acute toxicity test急性毒性实验additive effect累加效应additive附加剂adenosine phosphate腺苷磷酸adhersive strength粘附力adhesion粘附性adhesives粘合剂adjuvant佐剂adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能神经adrenergic receptor肾上腺素能受体adverse reaction不良反应aerogel气凝胶aerosil微粉硅胶aerosol of micropowders for inspiration 吸入粉雾剂aethylis oleas油酸乙酯agglomerate聚结物aggregation聚集air suspension空气悬浮法albumin microballoons白蛋白微球制剂alkaloid生物碱alkalosis;alkali-poisoning碱中毒allergy; allergic reaction变态反应allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer药品负责期all-trans全反式alterntae addition method两相交替加入法amebocyte lysate变形细胞溶解物amorphous forms无定型anaphylactic drug reaction过敏性药物反应anaphylatoxin过敏毒素anatoxin;toxoid类毒素angle of repose休止角antagonism拮抗作用antiadherent抗粘剂antibacterial spectrum抗菌谱antibody抗体antigen抗原antioxidants抗氧剂antipode对映体antisepesis防腐antiserum抗血清antitoxin抗毒素apparent solubility表现溶解度aprotinin抑酞酶aromatic compound芳族化合物aromatic waters芳香水剂Arrhenius 方程阿仑尼乌斯方程artificial antigen人工合成抗原artificial immunization人工免疫aseptic technique无菌操作法astringent收敛药autoimmunity自身免疫Bbactericidal activity杀菌活性bactericidal effect杀菌作用bacteriophage噬菌体bacteriostatic activity抑菌活性bactriostasis抑菌作用ball mill球磨机base adsorption基质吸附率bases基质beeswax蜂蜡bending弯曲力bioavailability生物利用度bioavailability生物利用度biochemical approach生物学方法biochemistry生物化学biogenic amine生物胺biological half life生物半衰期biological product生物制品biometrics;biometry生物统计学biopharmacy生物药剂学blood coagulation血液凝固blood concentration血药浓度blood products血液制品blood volume expander血容量扩充剂blood-cerebral barrier血脑屏障body fluid体液body surface area体表面积bound water结合水分breakage (Bk)脆碎度broad-spectrum antibiotic广谱抗生素bulk density松密度、堆密度burst effect突释效应Ccaking结饼capillary state毛细管状capsules胶囊剂carcinogenic test致癌实验carcinogen致癌物carrier载体catecholamine儿茶酚胺CD圆二色谱法cellular immunity细胞免疫cellulose acetate (CA)醋酸纤维素chelating agent螯合剂chemical analysis化学分析chemical disinfection化学消毒法chemical physics化学物理学chemotherapy化学药物治疗chewable tablets咀嚼片chiral drug手性药物Chitosan壳聚糖chlinical pharmacy临床药学cholinesterase胆碱酯酶chronaxia;chronaxy时值chronic toxicity test; long term toxicity test慢性毒性实验chronopathology时辰病理学chronopharmacology时辰药理学chronosusceptability时间感受性chronotherapy时间治疗cipher prescription协定处方Clausius-Clapeyron方程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙方程clinical pharmaceutics临床药剂学clinical pharmacology临床药理学cloud point对聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂CMC-Na羧甲基纤维素纳CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉钠coagulation聚沉coated tablets包衣片coating material表材cocoa butter可可豆脂coefficient of diffusion扩散系数coenzyme辅酶cohesion凝聚性、粘着性cohesive strength内聚力cold compression method汽压法cold-homogenization冷却一匀化法cold-storage冷藏colon-targeted capsules结肠靶向胶囊剂compactibility成形性complement system补体系统complement补体complete antigen完全抗原complex coacervation复凝聚法complex solubilizer助溶剂compliance顺应性compressed tablets普通片compressibility压缩度compressibility压缩性compression压缩力compressive work压缩功concentration浓度cone and plate viscometer圆椎平板粘度计consistency curve稠度曲线content uniformity含量均匀度controllability可控性controlled release preparation控释制剂controlled release tablets控释片controlled-release preparation 控释制剂convective mixing对流混合convective transport传递透过coordination number配位数core material表心物cosolvency潜溶cosolvent潜溶剂coulter counter method库尔特计数法count basis个数基准covalent bond共价键cracemization外消旋作用critical relative humidity（CRH）临界相对湿度critical velocity临界速度crude drugs; natural drugs天然药物crude drugs生药crushing粉碎crystal form晶型crystal habit晶态、晶癖、结晶习性cumulative size distribution 累积分布cumulative urinary excretion curves累积尿排泄曲线cutting剪切力cyclodextrin (CYD)环糊精cylinder model圆栓体模型cytotoxic hexitols己糖醇细胞毒剂cytotoxicity细胞素Ddecoction汤剂degree of circularity圆形度degree of sphericility球形度delipidization角质层去脂质化desiccant; drying agent干燥剂detoxication解毒作用dextrin糊精dextrorotatory form右旋体dextrose右旋糖dialysis cell method渗析池法dicetyl phosphate磷酸二鲸蜡脂dielectric constant介电常数differential scanning calorimetry DSC差示扫描显热法Differential thermal analysis DTA差示热分析法diffusion扩散diffusive mixing扩散混合dilatant flow胀性流动diluents稀释剂、填充剂dimethicone (silicones)二甲基硅油、硅油、硅酮directed pharmaceutical preparations定向药物制剂discontinuous sterilization间歇灭菌法disinfection消毒disintegrants崩解剂disintegration崩解度disk assemble method圆盘法dispensing pharmacy调剂学disperse medium分散介质disperse phase分散相disperse system分散体系dispersed phase分散相、内相、非连续相dispersible tablets分散片displacement value (DV)置换价dissolution; dissolving溶解distilled water蒸馏水DLVO理论引力势能与斥力势能DME二甲醚DMSO二甲基亚矾dosage form剂型dosage regimen or dose rate给药方案或给药速度dosage; dose剂量dose or concentration dependency剂量或浓度的依存性dosing interval给药间隔double-blind technique双盲法drop dentifrices滴牙剂drug absorption药物吸收drug accumulation药物蓄积drug administration law药品管理法drug batch number药品批号drug carrier药物载体drug combination合并用药drug distribution药物分布drug elimination药物消除drug excretion药物排泄drug interaction药物相互作用drug metablic enzyme药物代谢酶drug metabolism药物代谢drug reaction药物反应drug sensitive test药敏试验Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准drug standard药品质量标准drug tolerance耐药性drug-induced diseases药源性疾病drug-loading rate载药量drug-time curve药—时曲线dry bulb temperature干球温度dumping effect突释效应Eear drops滴耳剂effective concentration有效浓度effective halt有效半衰期effective rate有效率effectiveness有效性effector效应器effector效应物effect效应effervescent disintegrants泡腾崩解剂effervescent tablets泡腾片elastic deformation弹性变形elastic recovery (E R)弹性复原率elastic work弹性功elasticity弹性electrolyte电解质electrolyzation电解electroporesis电致孔法electuary煎膏剂elimination rate constant消除速率常数emulsifer in water method 水中乳化剂法、湿胶法emulsifier in oil method油中乳化剂法、干胶法emulsions乳剂emulsion普通乳enamine烯胺endocytosis内呑endotoxin内毒素enteric coated tablets肠溶衣片enteric coating肠溶衣enteric controlled release tablets肠溶控释片enterohepatic circulation肠肝循环entrapment rate包封率environmental pharmacology环境药理学epidermis表皮epimerization差向异构作用equilibrium solubility平衡溶解度equilibrium water平衡水分essential aminoacid必需氨基酸essential drugs基本药物essential fatty acid必需脂肪酸ethical (prescription) drug处方药ethnopharmacology人种药理学ethycellulose (EC)乙基纤维素etiological treatment对因治疗evaporation蒸发excipients辅料excitability兴奋性exotoxin外毒素expiry date; date of expiration药品有效期external phase分散介质、外相、连续相extracts浸膏剂extravascular administration血管外给药eye drop滴眼剂eye ointments眼膏剂Ffactorial design析因设计fatal dose; lethal dose致死量fatty oils脂肪油fermentation发酵fillers填充剂film coated tablets薄膜衣片film dispersion method薄分散法film-coating薄膜衣films膜剂filter aid助滤剂filtration过滤first pass effect of hepar肝首过效应first-pass effect首过效应fliud extracts流浸膏剂flocculation value絮凝度flocculation絮凝flow curve流动曲线flow velocity流出速度flowability流动性fluid-energy mills流能磨、气流式粉碎机fluidity buffer流动性缓冲剂fluidized bed coating流化床包衣法free water自由水分freely movable liquid自由流动液体freezing; refrigeration冷冻frequency size distribution 频率分布funicular state索带状fusion融合Ggas analysis气体分析gas permeability method气体透过法GCP药物临床试验管理规范gelatin glycerin甘油胫胶gelatinization糊化gelatin明胶general acid-base catalysis广义酸碱催化Geneva nomenclature日内瓦命名法geometric diameter几何学粒子径geometric isomerization几何异构ghost cell影细胞glidants助流剂GLP药物非临床研究管理规范gluconeogenesis糖异生作用glycerins甘油剂glyceryl monostearate硬脂酸、甘油酯glycolic acid羟基乙酸glycolysis酵解GMP药品生产质量管理规范granule density颗粒密度granules颗粒剂growth curve生长曲线guest molecules客分子Hhalf lethal dose ; median lethal dose; LD50半数致死剂量half-life period; half life time半衰期halogenide卤化物haptene半抗原hard capsules硬胶囊剂hardness硬度hemolysis溶血histamine组胺holonzyme and prosthetic group全酶与辅基hormone激素host molecules主分子humidity湿度humoral immunity体液免疫hydration of stratum corneum 角质层的水化作用hydrogel水性凝胶hydrolysis水解（作用）hydrophile-lipophile balance 亲水亲油平衡值hydrotropy agent助溶剂hydrotropy助溶hydroxypropyl methylcellulose羟丙甲纤维素hygroscopicity吸湿性hyperreactivity高敏性hypodermic tablets皮下注射用片IIDDS植入给药系统IEC离子交换色谱法IEF等电点聚焦immobile liquid不可流动液体immunoenhancement免疫增强剂immunogenicity免疫原性immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor免疫抑制剂impact mill冲击式粉碎机impact冲击力implant tablets植入片implants埋植剂inclusion compound包含物incomplete antigen不完全抗原indirect carcinogenesis间接致癌individual differences; individual variation个体差异性industrial pharmacy工业药剂学infusion solution输液inhalation吸入法injection注射液in-liquid drying液中干燥法（乳化－溶剂挥发法）innocuity test method安全试验法interface polycondensation 界面缩聚法intermediate中间体intoxication; poisoning中毒intra-arterial route动脉内注射intracorporal process of drugs药物的体内过程intradermal (ID) route皮内注射intramuscular (IM) route肌肉注射intrathecal injection鞘内注射intravascular administration血管内给药intravenous (IV) route静脉注射intrinsic dissolution rate特性溶出速率inverse targeting反向靶向iontophoresis离子渗透法IR红外光谱isoclectric focusingIEF等电点聚焦isomerase异构酶isoosmotic solution等渗溶液isotonic solution等张溶液isotope同位素lag time时滞large unilamellar vesicles大单室脂质体least significant difference最小显著差数length basis长度基准levorotatory form左旋体levulose左旋糖light quantum光量子limit date of using a drug after its production药品使用期Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin内毒素鲎试剂测定法limulus lysate test鲎试验法linear correlation直线相关liniments搽剂liposome脂质体liquid immersion method 液浸法liquid injection无针液体注射器liquid paraffin液体石碏long term toxicity test长期毒性实验long-circulating liposomes 长循环脂质体long-term testing长期试验lotions洗剂low density lipoprotein低密度脂蛋白lubricants润滑剂lysozyme溶菌酶Mmacromolecule大分子magnetic controlled release dosage form磁性控释制剂magnetic medicinal preparations磁性药物制剂martin diameter定方向等分径mass basis质量基准matrix type骨架型maxial noneffective dose; EDO最大无作用剂量maximal tolerable dose; LDO最大耐受剂量maximum additive concentration MAC最大增溶浓度mechanical interlocking bonds 粒子间机械镶嵌mediator; transmitter; medium介质medical colloidal solution胶体溶液型药剂medicinal liquor酒剂melt-homogenization熔融－匀化法membrane wall表膜壁壳membrane-moderated type TTS 膜控释型TTSmesomer内消旋体methyl acrylate-methacrylate co 甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸甲酯micellar emulsion胶团乳micelle胶束microcapsules微表microemulsion微乳microencapsulation微型包表术、微表化micromeritics粉体学microreservoir-type TTS微贮库型microscropic method显微镜法microsomal enzyme微粒体酶Microspheres微球microstreaming超微束minimal effective dose最小有效量minimal lethal dose;MLD最小致死剂量minitablet小片mixture合剂moistening agent润湿剂moisture absorption吸湿性mol fraction concentration摩尔分数浓度molar volume;mole volume摩尔分子体积molarity摩尔浓度molecular biology分子生物学molecular capsules分子囊molecular disease分子病molecular pharmacology分子药理学molecular solution分子溶液mole摩尔monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体multifunctional enzyme多功能酶multilamellar vesicles多宝脂质体multilayer tablets多层片multiorfice-centrifugal process多孔离心法multiple dose administration多剂量给药mutation突变Nnacent soap method新生皂法nanocapsules纳米囊nanoemulsion纳米乳nanoliposomes纳米脂质体nanospheres纳米球naonparticle纳米粒nasal drops滴鼻剂natural antibody天然抗体natural antigen天然抗原natural immunity天然免疫neurotoxin神经毒素newtonian equation牛顿粘度定律newtonian fluid牛顿流体niosomes类脂质体，泡囊nitrite poisoning亚硝酸盐中毒nonbound water非结合水分nondepolarizer非去极化型肌松药non-essential amino acid非必需氨基酸nonionic surfactant vesicles 非离子表面活性剂囊泡non-Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体nonprescription drug非处方药nucleation theory成核作用理论nucleotide核苷酸nutrient营养素Oocular inserts眼用膜剂official formula法定处方ointments软膏剂oligosaccharides低聚糖opitical isomerization光学异构oral administration口腔内给药ORD旋光色散orthologonal design区交设计osmotic pressure渗透压OSSDDS口服定位释药系统over the counter (OTC)非处方药oversize distribution筛上分布Ppacking fraction充填章paints涂剂paints涂膜剂pan coating锅包衣法paraffin石蜡particle size distribution粒度分布partition coefficient (P)分配系数parts per billion concentration PPB浓度parts per hundred concentration PPH浓度parts per hundred million concentration pphm浓度parts per million concentration ppm浓度passive immunity被动免疫passive targeting preparation 被动靶向制剂passive transport被动转运peak concentration of drug药峰浓度peak time of drug药峰时间pendular state钟摆状penetration enhancers穿透促进剂penetration enhancers经皮吸收促进剂percentage concentration百分浓度phagocytosis吞噬作用pharmaceutical analysis药物分析pharmaceutical chemistry制药化学pharmaceutical engineering 制剂学pharmaceutical equivalence药剂等效性pharmaceutical manufacturing制剂pharmaceutical preparation 药物制剂pharmaceutics药剂学pharmacia淀粉微球pharmacodynamics药效动力学pharmacogenetics药物遗传学pharmacokinetics model药物动力学模型pharmacokinetics药物动力学pharmacological availability 药理利用度pharmacology药理学phase inversion critical point 转相临界点phase separation相分离法（物理化学法）phase transition temperature 相转变湿度phase volume ratio相比phonophoresis超声波法photodegradation光化降解physical dependence身体依赖性physical pharmaceutics物理药剂学pill滴丸剂placebo安慰剂plasma protein binding ratio血浆蛋白结合率plasma substitute血浆代用液plasma血浆plaster硬膏剂plastic deformation塑性变形plastic viscosity塑性粘度plastisity塑性polymerization聚合polymers in pharmaceutics 药用高分子材料学polymorphism多晶型polyose多糖polypeptide多肽porosity空隙率potency unit效价单位potency效价potency效价强度powder injection无针粉未注射器powders散剂powerful drug剧药preformulation处方前工作pregelatinized starch淀粉、预胶化淀粉、可压性淀粉preparation制剂prescription;recipe处方preservative防腐剂pressure sensitive adhersive 压敏胶pressure-sensitive tape council剥离实验prickle cell layer棘层primary particle一级粒子prodrug前体药物proenzyme酶原prohormone激素原prolonged action preparation长效制剂propellents抛射剂propylene glycol丙二醇prosthetic group辅基pseudo steady state伪稳态pseudoplastic flow假塑性流动psychic dependence精神依赖性pulsed/pulsatile release脉冲释药pycnometer比重瓶pyrogen热原Qquantum pharmacology量子药理学quasi-viscous flow假粘性流动Rraceme外消旋体racemization外消旋化作用radiopharmaceutics放射药剂学radiotoxicology放射毒理学raman拉曼random floc不规则絮凝物rate of shear剪切速度、切速率、速度梯度receptor antagonist受体拮抗剂receptor stimulant受体激动剂receptor感受器receptor受体rectal administration直肠给药relative dosage interval相对给药间隔relative humidity (RH)相对湿度resistance to drugs抗药性response surface methodology效应面优化法restrictive holagogue限制性剧药retardants阻滞剂reverse osmosis反渗透rheology流变学ribonucleic acid; RNA核糖核酸rolling ball tack test滚球试验RP-HPLC反相高效液相色潽法rubbing研磨力Ssafety coefficient安全系统safety range安全范围safety安全性safflower藏红花油saponins皂甙saturated solution饱和溶液second particle二级粒子sedimentation method沉降法sedimentation rate沉降容积比selectivity选择性self-adjusted system自调式释药系统semi-logarithmic curve of drug-time药—时半对数曲线semisynthetic antibiotics半合成抗生素SEM扫描电镜sensitivity敏感性sensitization test致敏试验sensitization敏化作用sensitization致敏作用sequential design序贯设计serum血清settling velocity diameter 有效径shape factor形状系数shear mixing剪切混合shearing force剪切应力、剪切力、切力short term carcinogenic test短期致癌实验side effect副作用sieving diameterDa，筛分径sieving method筛分法simple coacervation单凝聚法simplex method单纯形优化法single unilamellar vesicles 小单室脂质体sink condition漏槽skin and mucocutaneous administration皮肤、粘膜表面给药slow pathway慢通道soft capsules软胶囊剂soft paraffin软石蜡solid bridges粒子间固体桥solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) 固体脂质纳米粒solubility parameter溶解度参数solubility溶解度solubilization增溶solubilizer增溶剂solute溶质solution tablets溶液片solutions溶液剂solvent; dissolvent溶剂solvent-nonsolvent溶剂－非溶剂法soybean-derived sterol大豆甾醇specific acid-base catalysis 专属酸碱催化specific surface area method 地表面积法specific surface area地表面积specific volume松比客spermaceti鲸蜡spirits醑剂spongia, spongc海绵剂spray congealing喷雾凝结法spray drying喷雾干燥法State food and drug administration SFDA国家食品药品管理局steady state plasma concentration稳态血药浓度sterility无菌sterilization灭菌steroid withdrawal syndrome类固醇停药综合征sticky powder粘性粉体stress relaxation应力缓和stress testing影响因素试验、强化试验striping of stratum corneum 去除角质层subacute intoxication;subacute poisoning亚急性中毒subcutaneous (SC) route皮下注射sublingual tablets舌下片subnanoemulsion亚纳米乳sugar coated tablets糖衣片supercritical Fluid (SCF)超临界流体（萃取）superinfection二重感染superoxide过氧化物suppositories栓剂surface activity表面活性surface basis面积基准surface tension表面张力suspending agents助悬剂suspending agent助悬剂Suspensions混悬剂suspension悬浮液Sustained release tablets缓释片Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂symptomatic treatment对症治疗synergism协同作用synergists协同剂synthesis of bioconvertible Prod 生物转化前体药物的合成synthesis of lipophilic analogs 脂质类物质的合成Synthesis of prodrugs前体药物的合成synthetic drugs合成药物syrups糖浆剂Ttablet hardness片剂硬度tablets片剂tachyphylaxis快速耐受tacking strength快粘力talc滑石粉tap density振实密度target cell靶细胞targetable drug delivery向靶给药targeting drug system (TDS) 靶向给药系统TDDS经皮传递系统technology of pharmaceutics制剂学TEM透射电镜tensile strength (Ts)抗张强度teratogenic test致畸试验teratogen致畸物the Merck index默克索引the technique of sterilization 灭菌技术theory of depletion stabilization 空缺稳定理论therapeutic action治疗作用therapeutic dose治疗量therapeutic drug monitoring; TDM治疗药物临测therapeutic equivalence治疗等效（值）therapeutic index TI治疗指数thermal energy温热热能法threshold dose阈剂量thumb tack test拇指实验time clock定时钟time controlled explosive system 时控-突释系统time-effect relationship时效关系tincture酊剂tincture酊剂titer抗体滴度titration curve滴定曲线titration滴定tolerance耐受性topochemical reactions局部化学反应toroches口含片toxic response; toxic reaction毒性反应toxicology毒理学trace element微量元素transdermal therapeutic system 反向靶向transfersome传递体transmitter递质tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环true density真密度TTS经皮治疗制剂tween聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Uunder distribution筛下分布uniform design均匀设计Vvaginal tablets阴道片vander walls 力范德华力vaselin凡士林vertebra caval route脊椎腔注射viscoelasticity粘弹性viscosity coefficient粘度系数viscosity curve粘度曲线viscosity粘度viscosity粘性void ratio空隙比volume basis体积基准volume by volume concentration体积比浓度Wwet bulb temperature湿球温度Wet granulation湿法制粒wetting润湿性wool fat anhydrous无水羊毛脂wool fat羊毛脂World Health Organization; WHO世界卫生组织。
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As time passed ,the art of the apothecary became combined with priestly functions , and among the early civilizations the priest-magician or priest-physician became the healer of the body as well as of the soul . Pharmacy and medicine are indistinguishable in their early history , since their practice was generally the function of the tribal religious leaders.随
着随着时间的推移,药剂师的制造工艺以及结合祭司的功能,以及早期文明的药剂魔法或魔术师成为身体以及灵魂的治疗。
制药和医学在早期历史上是没有区别的,因为他们的做法通常是部落宗教领袖的功能。
civilizations n. 文明indistinguishable adj. 不能区别的，不能辨别的；不易察觉的
Early Drugs 早期的药品
Due to the patience and intellect of the archeologist ,the types and
the specific drugs employed in the early history of drug therapy are not as
indefinable as one might suspect .Numerous ancient tables ,scrolls,and
other relics dating as far back as 3000 B.C.have been uncovered and
deciphered by archeologic scholars to the delight of historians of both
medicine and pharmacy ,for contained in these ancient documents are
specific associations with our common heritage.
由于考古学家的耐心和智慧,早期使用的类型和特定的药物药物治疗的历史不像人们所怀疑的那样不确定，无数古老的表、卷轴和其他文物约在公元前3000年被发现和被考古学家破译，令人高兴的是在这些远古的文献中的历史学家医学和制药包含特定的药物是我们的共同遗产。
Perhaps the most famous of these surviving memorials Papyrus
Ebers ,a continuous scroll some 60 feet long and a foot wide dating back
to the 16th century before Christ. This document ,which is now preserved
at the University of Leipzig , is named for the noted German Egyptologis,George Ebers, who discovered it in the tomb of a mummy and partly translated it during the last half of the nineteenth century . Since that time many scholars have participated in the translation of the document’s challenging hieroglyphics, and although they are not unanimous in their interpretations there is little doubt that by 1550 B.C .the Egyptians were using some drug formulas ,with more than 800 formulas or prescriptions being described and over 700 different drugs being mentioned .The drugs referred to are chiefly botanic ,although mineral and animal drugs are also noted.Such currently used botanic drugs as acacia , castor bean （from which we express castor oil ）, and fennel are mentioned along with apparent references to such minerals as iron oxide ,sodium carbonate ,sodium chloride ,and sulfur.Animal excrements were also employed in drug therapy.
也许这些幸存的最著名的纪念碑纸《莎草·埃伯斯》,连续滚动大约60英尺长,一英尺宽,可追溯到16世纪在基督。
在这个文档之前,目前保存在莱比锡大学由著名的德国埃及古物学者乔治·埃伯斯所命名的,有人发现了一具木乃伊的坟墓,部分在19世纪后半叶翻译出来。
从那时起,许多学者参与的翻译文档是富有挑战性的象形文字,尽管他们有争议，但是他们没有怀疑,人们都知道。
在公元前1550年,埃及人使用一些药物配方,有超过800种处方和制备方法和超过700种不同的药物被提及,相关的药品大多数是植物,虽然矿产和动物药物也被提及.当前使用的植物药物比如有阿拉伯树胶,蓖麻(就是我们表达的蓖麻油),和茴香另外提到的一些氧化铁等矿物质,比如碳酸钠、氯化钠、硫磺、动物的粪便也用于药物治疗。
The formulative vehicles of the day were beer ,wine ,milk ,and honey .Many the pharmaceutic formulas employed two dozen or more different medicine agents a type of preparation later referred to as a
“polypharmacal”, Mortars ,hand mills, sieves , and balances were commonly use by the Egyptians in their compounding of suppositories ,gargles ,pills ,inhalations,troches , lotions ointments ,plasters ,and enema
药物的配方常用啤酒、酒、牛奶、和蜂蜜。
许多制药处方使用2打或更多不同的药物的一种制备后称为“复方”、研钵、离粉机,筛子,和天平常常被埃及人用来做复合栓剂,肛门塞药,漱口药,药丸,吸入剂、洗液、软膏剂、橡皮膏剂、灌肠剂。