Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争

1460年7月10日的北安普敦战役（Battle of Northampton） 对于兰开斯特家族是灾难性的。沃里克伯爵理查·内维尔带 领的约克军队，在兰开斯特家族的叛军的帮助下，抓住了 亨利国王并作为俘虏带往伦敦。
Act of Accord
调解法案

A compromise was struck in October 1460 with the Act of Accord, which recognised York as Henry's successor, disinheriting Henry's sixyear-old son, Edward. York accepted this compromise as the best offer.
House of Lancaster
Richard, Duke of York(Killed in action)
Edward IV of England Richard III of England
(Killed in action)
Henry VI of England Margaret of Anjou Edward of
1455-1460 In the initial stage
The main stages of the armed conflict between the Wars of the Roses occurred in 1455 and 1485.
蔷薇战争的主要武装冲突阶段发生在1455年和1485年之间。
The battle of Bosworth
In 1471-1483, the country restored peace. Edward IV (Yorkist) punished the big nobles cruelly for their disobedience.
Edward IV’s brother, Richard III(1483-1485) became king after he died in April 1483. he continued the brutal practice of Edward IV, which pushed the Lancaster and York joined together around Harri Tudor, Earl of Richmond to go against him.
Aftermath and effects
1485年，亨利·都铎的军队在Bosworth Field之战击败理查的 军队，亨利成了国王亨利七世。然后亨利通过娶爱德华四世 的长女，约克家族最佳的继承人约克的伊丽莎白为妻来巩固 他的统治。这样，他重新统一了两个王族，把红玫瑰和白玫 瑰这两个对立的符号合并到红白都铎玫瑰的徽章中。
In August 1485, Richard III was defeated by Tudor in the battle of Bosworth. Richard III died in the battle and the War of the Roses ended eventually.
Westminster(Killed in action) Henry VII of England
Fight for succession
Richard II
Origins 1433
Henry IV
Henry of Bolingbroke had established the House of Lancaster on the throne in 1433 when he deposed his cousin Richard II and was crowned as Henry IV.
PPT制作：zs 演讲：
Name and symbols
The White Rose of the House of York
约克家族白蔷薇
The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster
兰开斯特家族红蔷薇
Commanders and leaders
House of York
ordered the heads of all three placed on the gates of York.
1460年圣诞，理查在韦克平原附近的桑德尔城堡采取守势。虽 然玛格丽特的军队的人数是理查的军队的两倍以上，12月30日， 约克还是下令他的部队离开城堡出击。他的军队在韦克菲尔德 战役中惨败。理查在战斗中被杀，而萨尔茨堡和理查17岁的儿
Edward IV's official coronation took place in June 1461 in London where he received a rapturous welcome from his supporters.
1469–1471年间冲突的继 续

Warwick's rebellion and the death of Henry VI
Henry VII
Henry VII (Harri Tudor) strengthened his very tenuous Lancastrian claim to the throne by promptly marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. This union of the Houses of Lancaster and York was marked by a new symbol, the Tudor Rose. This remarkable man began a line of remarkable rulers, known as Tudors.
1455年5月22日，约克公爵理查领一支小部队 前往伦敦，在伦敦北面的圣奥尔本斯碰到赶来 的亨利六世的部队。相对规模较小的第一次圣 奥尔本斯战役是内战的第一次公开冲突。
Summary of events
York returned to the country and became Protector of England, but was dissuaded from claiming the throne. Margaret and the irreconcilable Lancastrian nobles gathered their forces in the north of England, and when York moved north to suppress them, he and his second son Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460.
北方组织起一支庞大的军队。
The death of Richard,
Duke of York 兰开斯特家族的反击

On 30 December, York’s forces left the castle and attacked the Lancastrians in the open, although outnumbered. The ensuing Battle of Wakefield was a complete Lancastrian victory. Richard of York was slain in the battle, and both Salisbury and York's 17-year-old second son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, were captured and executed. Margaret
Consequences
Many English noblemen were killed in a chain of important events called the War of the Roses;
English control of France was nearly eliminated;
伦敦塔，以当时而言，他受到了相当的优待。
1464年又有两次兰开斯特叛乱。第一次冲突是4月25日的Hedgeley荒 原战役，第二次是5月15日的Hexham战役。两次叛乱都由沃里克的 弟弟约翰·内维尔(John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu)所平定。
Edward IV
Buckingham's revolteign.
1469–1471
Richard III
Having been crowned in a lavish ceremony on 6 July, Richard then proceeded on a tour of the Midlands and the north of England, dispensing generous bounties and charters and naming his own son as the Prince of Wales.
子鲁特兰伯爵埃德蒙被捕并被砍头。
Yorkist triumph 约克家族的胜利

爱德华四世的正式加冕于1461年6月在伦敦举行。在北方，爱德华在 1464年之前没有取得完全的控制，除了几次叛变，几个兰开斯特指 挥官占据了几个城堡数年。最后一个投降的兰开斯特的城堡是强大 的堡垒Harlech(在威尔士)。废黜了的国王亨利在1465年被捕，囚于
It gave him much of what he wanted, particularly since he was also made Protector of the Realm and was able to govern in Henry's name.