跨文化心理学-参考资料

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一、名词解释

ratchet effect 棘轮效应

The concept that humans continually improve on improvements, that they do not go backward or revert to a previous state. Progress occurs because improvements move themselves upward, much like a ratchet.

人类在改善的基础上不断改善，不会倒退或回到原先状态。之所以会出现这种发展进程是因为改善驱使人类不断前行，就像棘轮一样。这个现象叫做棘轮效应。

back translation 回译

A technique of translating research protocols that involves taking the protocol as it was developed in one language, translating it into the target language, and having someone else translate it back to the original. If the back-translated version is the same as the original, they are generally considered equivalent. If it is not, the procedure is repeated until the back-translated version is the same as the original.

将文稿由第一语言翻译成第二语言以后，让另一个人（这个人没有看过第一语言版本）将第二语言版本翻译回到第一语言。第一语言的两个版本如果意思相同，就可以认为翻译是对等的。如果意思不同，还需要重新进行翻译。这种翻译技术叫做回译。

cultural attribution fallacies 文化归因谬误

A mistaken interpretation in cross cultural comparison studies. Cultural attribution fallacies occur when researchers infer that something cultural produced the differences they observed in their study, despite the fact that they may not be empirically justified in doing so because they did not actually measure those culture factors.

研究人员在研究过程中发现了差异，就认为这些差异是由文化差异造成的，而事实上研究者并没有对文化因素进行测量，没有就心理差异和文化差异之间的关系进行探讨。跨文化研究中的这种错误叫做文化归因谬误。

equivalence 对等性，等价，等值，对等

Equivalence is a state or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures that allows comparison to be meaningful.

为了使跨文化比较有意义，必须使不同文化中的概念意义和研究方法达到基本相同，这个状态叫做对等。

acculturation 跨文化融入（跨文化适应，文化融合）

The process of adapting to, and in many cases adopting, a different culture from the one in which

a person was enculturated.

个体在第一文化中受到文化化（文化濡化）而成长起来，后来遇到了与第一文化不同的第二文化，个体适应第二文化，在很多情形中接受第二文化。

enculturation 文化化（文化濡化）

The process of learning about and being indoctrinated into a culture.

个体学习和接受某一文化的过程。

stereotype threat 刻板印象威胁

The threat that others’ judgments or one’s own actions will negatively stereotype one in a domain (such as academic achievement).

担心自己的判断或者行为会加深外群体成员对本群体的消极刻板印象，这种担心就叫做刻板印象威胁。

gender-role ideology 性别角色观（社会性别角色观）

Judgments about what gender roles in a particular culture ought to be.

关于性别角色的理想状态（应该如何）的判断叫做性别角色观。

ingroup advantage 内群体优势（内群体情绪辨认优势）

The ability of individuals from a certain cultures to recognize emotions of others of the same culture relatively better than of those from a different culture.

个体对自己文化中的他人的情绪的辨认能力比较高，而对其他文化中的人的情绪的辨认能力比较低。这个现象叫做内群体优势。

same-race bias in the ability to recognize faces

面孔识别能力的同种族偏向

Same-race bias in the ability to recognize faces: Observers recognized individuals of their own race better than they did people of the other race.

观察者识别同种族面孔的效果要优于识别其他种族。

code frame switching (cultural frame switching) 规则框架切换（文化框架切换）

Code frame switching is the process by which bilinguals switch between one cultural meaning system and another when switching language.

Cultural frame switching is the ability of bicultural individuals to have multiple cultural systems in their minds, and to access one or the other depending on the context they are in.

规则框架切换：双语个体从说第一种语言转换成说第二种语言的时候，他头脑中的文化意义系统也发生了转换。这个转换过程叫做规则结构转换。

文化框架切换：双语个体的头脑中拥有多个文化系统，在不同情景中使用不同文化系统。这个转换过程叫做文化结构转换。

上述两种说法可以合并为：双语个体的头脑中拥有两个文化系统。当所用语言发生切换，或