2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

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山东大学外科学(普外)2012年考博真题试卷

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山东பைடு நூலகம்学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释（3分*6）
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1、血管源性休克；2、纵隔扑动；3、倾倒综合征；4、腕管综合症；5、克罗恩病；6、 TIPS。二、简答题（10分*6） 1、肿瘤手术切除的原则； 2、肝外胆管结石所致的胆管炎与急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎临床表现有何不同？ 3、如何做直腿抬高实验及加强实验，及其阳性标准？ 4、下肢深静脉血栓治疗的方法选择。 5、甲状腺癌病理类型及其特点。 6、左半结肠癌及右半结肠癌临床表现、治疗原则。三、论述题（11分*2） 1、腹部闭合性损伤时，小肠破裂及结肠破裂的临床表现及手术原则有何不同？ 2、手术预防性应用抗菌药的原则。

2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解

20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。

Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。

医学博士考试01-06试题加详解

2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。

2012医学考博试题

2012上海交大瑞金医院病理生理试题一、名词解释1.DIC2.ARF3.MS4.saline resistance alkalosis5.endoplasnic reticulum stress6.false neurotransmitterpensatory antiinflammation response syndrome8.oncosis?二、判断（全英文，10分）三、单项选择?（30个，30分）1.dehydration分型的依据：细胞外液渗透压?2.Rb蛋白功能丧失会导致：细胞增殖异常?3.P53突变会引起：我好像选的B?4.细胞调亡的内源性诱导因子：细菌病毒?5.炎症反应的共同信号机制是：TNF-?α6.容易导致脑静脉破裂的是：高渗性脱水7.GAS警觉期分泌减少的是：胰岛素?8.Acute phase protein能清除异物和坏死组织的是：CRP?9.通过吸氧能明显改善的是:功能性分流（还有选项循环性缺氧，这个不确定）10.高温持续期的热代谢特点：～平衡?11.IRI的始动环节：自由基损伤12.细胞损伤会出现：胞内Na浓度升高?13.MODS的主要原因：感染、休克?14.心律失常导致心衰的机制：心肌舒缩功能不协调15.Obstructive ventilation disorder的原因：非弹性阻力增加（不确定）?16. COPD导致呼吸困难的机制：呼气时等压点上移17.ARDS不会出现的病理特征：肺组织坏死?18.呼衰导致肾功能障碍的机制：肾血管反射性收缩19.肝功能障碍导致出血的机制：凝血因子合成减少?20.不是脑血管兴奋与抑制神经递质的是：NE?21.与肝纤维化最密切的是：星状细胞?22.Keto-acidosis常见于：严重饥饿和酒精中毒?23.低钾血症引起心肌兴奋性增高的机制：purkinje静息电位负值减小24.一患者?PH 7.48 PaCO2 22.6 HCO3 19,见于哪种酸碱平衡：混合型（呼碱合并代酸）四、多选1.CO中毒导致缺氧的机制2.reperfution arrthymia 的影响因素3.胰岛素信号传导障碍可以见于哪些环节4.CRP致AS的机制五、简答题1.DIC晚期导致出血的原因和机制（4分）2.内毒素血症导致MODS的原因和机制（4分）3.脂毒素增多见于哪些情况，有哪些机体代谢变化（6分）4.休克代偿期的定义（2分），动脉血氧分压<80mmHg，导致ARF的机制和尿成分变化（4分）六、病例分析（全英文，10分）我再补充一下：二、英文判断题：具体内容记不清，一共10个，能记起来的大概相关题目是：高血钾时心电图的变化；发热与EP的概念；紫绀的概念；心肌顿抑的相关内容；肾性贫血的原因五、简答还有一个：心肌细胞肥大导致心脏收缩功能减低的机制六：病例分析，全英文，用中文回答：10分。

西南大学考博英语真题2012年真题详解

西南大学博士入学考试英语试题（2012）Part I V ocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the. following sentences. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet1.A broadcasting station will sometimes to its listeners a programme whichit has received from another station.A. relyB. relayC. relateD. reside2.The United Nations Conference on Drug Abuse, which took place earlier this yearin Vienna, was a very meeting.A. productiveB. overwhelmingC. compulsoryD. protective3.A person who studies ___ learns how to express numbers approximately andhow to calculate ratios and averages.A. staticB. statisticC. statisticsD. status4.If you ______ someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so thatyou assume that they will behave in a particular way.A. assimilateB. simulateC. stereotypeD. subordinate5.Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking thatmakes what we read ours.A. rectifiesB. prolongsC. furnishesD. minimizes6.Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when _____ in the middleof the Pacific, businessman can contact their offices as if they were next door.A. glidingB. cruisingC. pilotingD. patrolling7.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostlyfrom _______ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination8.Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, havebeen able to dispel ideas about these creatures.A. erroneousB. misdemeanorsC. misgivingsD. misdirection9.development.A. evolutionB. survivalC. rivalryD. dignity10.To avoid an oil shortage, we should advocate that more machines must _____ oflife in a short time, and this made others astonished.（原题有误）A. accelerateB. operateC. generateD. utilize11.Japanese leaders aboard the U. S. battleship Missouri and signed the ____surrender, which ended World War Two in 1945.A. conditionalB. infiniteC. everlastingD. unconditional12.It is a _____ that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people whocould hardly keep their body and soul together.A. hypothesisB. paradoxC. conflictD. dispute13.The _____ effects of many illnesses made him a weak man and he still didn’twant to do sports every day.A. cumulativeB. formidableC. eternalD. prospective14.The robbers broke into the bank, _____ the clerics with revolvers and forced themto give money just as they were about to knock off.A. shotB. frightenedC. amusedD. menaced15. This pair of boots cost much less than yours for I bought them when thedepartment store made a _____ of the stored goods.A. clearanceB. reductionC. fortuneD. deal16. Technology has _____ the sharing information and the storage and delivery ofinformation, thus making more information available to more people.A. formulatedB. facilitatedC. furnishedD. functioned17. Language, culture and personality may be considered _____ of each other I thought,but they are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently18. More than 85 percent of French Canada’s population speaks French as a mothertongue and _____ to the Roman Catholic faith.A. catersB. adheresC. ascribesD. subscribes19. There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods inEnglish teaching.A. sponsorsB. contributorsC. advocatesD. performers20. The ______ of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed inunderstanding the universe.A. essenceB. contentC. textureD. threshold Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Spread across the United States are about 500,000 doctors, cheeked by jowl, in the big cities and thin on the ground in isolated small towns. In June 1986, the secretary of health and human services, Dr. Otis Bowen, passed on a view of his experts: 5%-15% of America’s 500,000 doctors should be candidates for disciplinary action, many of them because of drug taking or alcoholism. Others give their patients poor care because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with developments in medicine.The granting, or withdrawal, of licenses to practice is in the hands of state medical boards, but they are overwhelmed with complaints and lack the money to handle even a fraction of them. Recently , however, things have been changing. In 1985, 406 doctors lost their licenses (compared with 255 in 1984), nearly 500 were placed on probation and nearly 1,000 received reprimands or had their right to practice curtailed. The federal inspector general demanded, and won the right far the states and the federal government, which provide health care for the elderly and for the poor under the Medicare and Medicaid programme, to refuse payment to the doctors considered unsatisfactory .Y et putting these powers into practice is proving to be far from easy . Of the 35 doctors so far denied reimbursement from Medicare, almost all work in lightly populated rural areas. On March 27th, their indignation and that of their patients were a sympathetic hearing by the Senate Finance Committee. Rural doctors may not be as up to date as those in the big towns, but they are often the only source of medical help for miles around and their patients are loyal to them. Members of the review boards, which are paid by the government, insist, however, that elderly and poor people should not be forced to receive (and the state to pay for) inferior care.An innovation is on the horizon in Texas, the most under-doctored state in the country (with only one doctor for every 1,100 residents). Lubbock University is setting up a computer network that will enable country doctors to obtain medical expertise and access to medical records in a hurry. The aim is to reduce the isolation of the country doctors and thus, in the long run, to attract more young doctors to rural areas.21.The main topic of the passage is .A.the present situation of American doctorsB.the legislation on rural medical servicesC.the problems of country doctors and possible solutionsD.some factors of disqualification of country doctors22.According to the text, disciplinary action should be taken against those who give patients poor care because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A.taking drugs and drinking alcoholB.feeling remorse of their bad behaviorC.being professional unskillfulD.being sick and conservative23.Which of the following is true about the unfit doctors?A.1,500 doctors were deprived of the right to practice medicine.B.The federal government has got the right to deny reimbursement to those unqualified doctors.C.Almost all the doctors who fail to get payment from Medicare work in densely populated urban areas.D.Patients in the rural areas complain about the poor treatment their doctors give them.24.It can be inferred from the text that in the near future .A.there will be more qualified doctors in rural areasB.there will be an even more serious imbalance of the number of rural and urban doctorsC.country doctors are competitive in breaking medical recordsD.more patients will go to rural areas for medical treatment25.The paragraph following the text would probably discuss .A.problems of urban doctorsB.other solutions to improve the present situationC.research in medical scienceD.reduction of staff in rural hospitalsQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus, if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tall.Even with an ordinal microscopy, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking “hairs” called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, whileothers can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. To a bacterium, water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them.Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.26. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A. The characteristics of bacteriaB. How bacteria reproduceC. The various functions of bacteriaD. How bacteria contribute to disease27. Bacteria are measured in __________.A. InchesB. CentimetersC. MicronsD. millimeters28. Which of the following is the smallest?A. A p inheadB. A rounded bacteriumA.tiny dotsB.small “hairs”rge rodsof the following?A. A rider jumping on a horse’s backB. A ball being hit by a batC. A boat powered by a motorD. A door closed by a gust of wind.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing, realization that the only effective way to achieve, further reductions in vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile-is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if and, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, whichhave multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks-a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.31. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with __________.A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.32. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur withgasoline than with an alternative fuel because: __________.A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions.C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.33. The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution?A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will nothelp lower urban air-pollution levels.B. Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicleemits have been largely unsuccessful.C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutantsemitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical sourceof urban air pollution.34. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature ofmethanol?A. It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B. It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distributionsystem.C. It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.D. Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.35. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticismof methanol in the last paragraph as __________.A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.B. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments.C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.D. invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Tests of reaction times seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres differed in their processing styles. Researchers used to believe that an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global image.Still more startling, researchers found that the same appeared to hold for the brains of chimps and perhaps other primates. The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits---part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, amphibians and whales. And in the past few years, some psychologists have tested chimps and baboons and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing style.Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of the momentThe next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to produce these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons in the left cortex might make sparse, short-range connections with their neighbors, while cells on the other side would be more richly and widely connected The result would be that the representation of sensations and memories would be confined lo smallish, discrete areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic pattern of activity.Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why left brain language areas are so good at precise representation of words and word sequences while the right brain seems to supply a wider sense of context and meaning.A striking finding from some people who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences-their l e f t brain can still decode the w o r d s---b u t they can no longer get jokes or allusions. Asked to explain even a common proverb, such as “a stitch in time saves nine”, they can only say it must have something to do with sewing. An intact right brain is needed to make the more playful connections.36. The local or global image is more quickly and accurately identified in the brain if _______.A. tests of reaction times back up the notion of the two hemispheresB. an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brainC. the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match upD. the person can match the image with an object37. Handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits, as is shown in ________.A. the brains of chimps and perhaps other primatesB. the fact that the great brain reorganization allowed our ancestor to use toolsC. the fact that human beings alone can use tools, speak and think rationallyD. the two brain hemispheres of chimps and baboons38. According to the text, a smart brain has all the following characteristics EXCEPT _________.A. with different processing style39. What is the problem of the people who suffer right-brain strokes?A. They can hardly understand the literal meaning of sentences.B. Their left brain can still decode the words.C. They do not understand the common proverb “a stitch in time saves nine”.D. They cannot grasp the meaning of jokes or allusions.40. The best title for the text may be __________.A. Left Brain, Right BrainB. The Local of Global ImageC. Human Brain and Animal BrainD. The Smart BrainQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.（此文不全）The Du Pont Company, the 13th largest employer in the U.S., routinely gives pre-employment blood tests to all blacks who apply for jobs to determine who might be a carrier of the trait for sickle-cell anemia, even though the trait is regarded as largely harmless. Although there are other genetically transmitted blood diseases and metabolic disorders that predominate in racial or ethnic groups, blacks are the only ones to be identified with a disease and examined for it at Du Pont. In a three month study of genetic screening in the American lace, the New York Times found no other instance of an ethnic or racial group singled out in or company.Du Pont officials emphasize that the sickle trait tests do not represent discriminationchemicals. Ycompanies doing genetic screening and thus is at the center of the debate over this area of science, debate so intense, so broad, that even medical directors from other companies lieve possibilities of genetic screening want no part of it. Atat Du a leader in the chemical industry with annualturn the distrust into achievement. Ifdetermine why some workers get sicker faster and why others seem to have more tolerance for industrial poisons. And so the company is looking beyond the skills and loyalty of its workers to ery genetic structure.The sickle-cell trait is not the same as sickle-cell anemia. The anemia is rare but debilitating disorder found in fewer than 50,000 American blacks, about two-tenths of a percent of the black population. Perhaps two million other blacks are carriers ofthe trait -- they are heterozygous; that ing a gene for sickle-cell anemia from one parent. Virtually all the carriers can lead very active lives and show no symptoms of the disease.41. What does the author say about Du Pont?A. It examined the blood of some blacksB. It examined some blacks for their knowledge of blood.C. It discovered that some blacks have blood illness.D. It discovered the blood of some blacks containing industrial chemicals.42. What do Du Pont officials say?A.They are trying to protect blacks form health threats.B.They can prove that blacks are likely to have health problems.C.They regard the skills of workers as the most important matter.D.They hope that other companies can follow their example.43. What is true about genetic screening?A.It often aims at black employees.B.Its focus is often on sickle-cell anemia.C.Some companies do not want to do it.D.The US government strongly supports it.44. The underlined word “toxic” in the third paragraph probably means _____.A.powerful.plex.C.thick.D.poisonous.45. What can we learn about the carriers of sick-cell trait?A. Their number is about 50,000.B. They usually seem to have normal lives.C. They include over half of the black population.D. They do not seem to be affected by industrial chemicals.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Teenagers are spending more money than ever. Just last year, 31.6 million teens spent 155 billion, according to the Northbrook, Illinois-based market research group Teenage Research Unlimited. Much of that money, of course, comes from parents.Shocked at how much money kids spend? Maybe you haven’t cheeked the price tags lately on some of the younger generation’s must-haves.To some, such extravagant spending on the notoriously fickle young might seem outrageous. Why do some parents give in?One factor is surely the sheer power of marketing through mass media. According to the group Adbusters, teenagers are exposed to an estimated 3,000 advertisements each day. Combine the ads with programming itself, like the fashion-, music-，and skin-filled shows on MTV and y o u’ve got a barrage of messages telling kids what they should own if they want to fit in.“The pressures on parents today are enormous,” says Tom V ogele, a single father of twin 18-year-old girls in Newport Beach, Calif. “I truly believe it is harder today to raise children without spoiling them, not because parents are less capable or lazy, but because so many forces are working against me.”Many working parents probably compensate by spending money on their kids, says Timothy Marshall, an associate professor of developmental psychology at Christopher Newport University in Virginia. For some, there is probably some guilt involved in not spending enough time at home. But, adds Marshall, spending money is also often more convenient in our fast-paced society than going to baseball gamesor other activities.“It’s easier to say let’s go out and spend some money , in terms of finding time in a busy schedule to spend with kids,55 Marshall said.For many families, of course, keeping up with their children’s costly demands for designer clothing, CDs, and concert tickets is a financial impossibility . Even for those families who can afford such lavish spending, striking a compromise between spoiling the kids and denying them is tricky , but possible.Teaching kids how to budget and save is key , Marshall says. Instead of just giving children the toys or clothing they desire, give them an allowance and show them how they can save up for whatever they want, he says.And don’t be afraid to just say no, Marshall adds. “We need to step up and tellA. a market research company based in IllinoisB. a spokesman for the Teenage Research UnlimitedC. the base of the Teenage Research UnlimitedD. the city where the spending survey was carried out. 47. Some people find it outrageous that .A. some parents indulge their children in extravagant spendingB. some younger generation’s must-haves could cost so muchC. some parents are ignorant about their children’s spendingD. some children disregard their notorious spending habits48. What is the effect of marketing through mass media?A. It fills the market with ads beyond the young’s understanding.B. It directs not only the trend but also the ways of advertising.C. It stuffs all kinds of ads into TV shows and radio programs.D. It triggers young people’s desire to keep up with the trend.49. According to Marshall, parents prefer to spend money on their children mainly because __.A. they can’t afford the time to stay with their children.B. they want to make up their guilt for their children.C. they find it more convenient than going out with the children.D. they feel it is hard to raise children without indulging them50. What does Marshall think parents should do with the children’s spending habit?A. They should refuse to pay for their lavish spending.B. They should restrain the children’s spending within limits.C. They should be responsible for providing for the children.D. They should draw up a budget plan for the children.Part III Cloze (10 points)Directions: It is a commonplace among moralists that you cannot get happiness by pursuing it. This is only true if you pursue it _51_. Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money , and most of them lose it instead, but there are other ways of pursuing money , which often _52_. So it is with happiness. If you pursue it _53_ drink, you are forgetting the hang-over. Epicurus pursue it by living only in congenial society and eating only dry bread, __54_ by a little cheese on feast days. His method proved successful in his case, but he was a valetudinarian, and most people would need something more _55_. For most pe o p le , the pursuit of happiness, _56_ supplemented in various ways, is too Read the following text. Choose the best word((s) for each numbered bland and mark A, B, C, or D on Answer Sheet.abstract and theoretical to be _57_ as a personal rule of life. But I think that _58_ personal rule of life you may choose it should not, except in rare and heroic cases, be _59_ with happiness.There are a great many people who have all the _60_ conditions of happiness, i.e. health and a sufficient income, and who, _61_, a re profoundly unhappy. In such cases it would seem as if the _62_ must lie with a wrong theory as to how to live. In one sense, we may say that any theory as to how to live is wrong. We imagine ourselves long as external conditions are _64_. If you have a cat it w i l l enjoy life if it has foodour needs are more。

复旦大学2012年考博英语真题+答案(修订版)

2012年复旦大学博士招生入学考试英语试题Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）Directions：There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2.Mississippi also up K olds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectableIf she is stupid,she’s_____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4.The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5.In your teens,peer-group friendships may_____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take overParents often faced the___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemmaThere have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidatedIt has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilit\to use language,is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10.Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however,he responded_____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively_______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13.In both America and Europe,it is_____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from10% to20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental bo X ndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15.As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16.His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17.They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18.The poor old man was_____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to_______the marriage.A terminateB initiateC consummateD separate20.Jo K n said that the richer countries of the world should make a_____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21.The problem is inherent and_______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22.As is known to all,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23.It would be_____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtleB feebleC nastyD naïveIt is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD conveyed25.Hummans are___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26.More than100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused pani F.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher,aiming at truth,must not____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29.I found the subject very difficult,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to_____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenactPart II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are four reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)In1896a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family,there was no liability for damages.In contrast,lessthan a century later,in1979,the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of$750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book,Pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century, she argues,the concept of the"useful"child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the"useless"child who,though producing no income for,and indeed extremely costly to,its parents,is yet considered emotionally "priceless."Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's,this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the O ate-nineteenth DQG early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex.The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy,the decline in birth and death rates,especially in child mortality,and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth.Yet "expulsion of children from the'cash nexus,'……although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic,occupational,and family structures,"Zelizer maintains."was also part of a cultural process'of sacral-ization'of children's lives."Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans,she suggests;this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth.Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new"sociological economics,"who have analyzed such tradi-tionally sociological topics as crime,marriage,educa-tion,and health solely in terms of their economic deter-minants.Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences,"these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is highly critical of this approach,and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon:the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms,she argues,their"exchange"or" sur-render"value on the market,that is,the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms,became much greater.31.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in america during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on theA.earnings of the person at time of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD.amount of money that had been spent on the person killed32 ,t can be inferred from the passage that in the early1800's children were generally regarded by their families as individuals whoA.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.present the central thesis a recent bookD.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon33which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because paraents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of human L tiarian ideals resulted in a whole VF ale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply,and thus raised thd costs,of available child labor.34 7he prima U\purpose of the passage is toA.review the literature in a new academic subfieldB.present the central thesis of a recent bookC.contrast two approaches to analyzing historical changeD.refute a traditional explanation of a V ocial phenomenon35=elizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children's worth except changes inA.the mortality rateB.the nature of industryC.the nature of the familyD.attitudes toward reform movements(2)A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself.It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians,but she replied:'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.'It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road,then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos.Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere.Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket,and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means.It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved,the liberties of everybody must be curtailed.When the policeman,say,at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand,he is the symbol not of tyranny,but of liberty.You may not think so.You may,being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office,feel that your liberty has been outraged.How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway?Then,if you are a reasonable person,you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you,he would interfere with no one,and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all.You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only,but a social contract.It is an accommodation of interests.In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty,of course,I may be as free as I like.If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay?You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you.And ifI have a fancy for dyeing my hair,or waxing my moustache(which heaven forbid),or wearing an overcoat and sandals,or going to bedlate or getting up early,I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission.I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton.And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that,whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth,or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one's leave.We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose,be wise or ridiculous,harsh or easy,conventional or odd.But directly we step out of that kingdom,our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning.If I went on to the top of Everest to do it,I couldplease myself,but ifI doitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andif Idoitoutinthestreets theneighborswill remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone mustnot interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world,and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this,and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own.A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct,in the observance of the rule of the road,that we pass judgment upon ourselves,and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized.The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare.It is the little habits of commonplace intercoursethat make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.36.The author might have stated his‘rule of the road’asA.do not walk in the middle of the roadB.follow the orders of policemenC.do not behave inconsiderately in publicD.do what you like in private37.The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveD.supportive38Asituationanalogous to the‘insolence of office’described inparagraph2would beA.a teacher correcting grammar errorsB.an editor shortening the text of an articleC.a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD.an army office giving orders to a soldier39The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA.all matters of dress and foodB.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC.anything that is not against the lawD.his own home40In the sentence‘We are all liable....’the author isA.pointing out a general weaknessB.emphasizing his main pointC.countering a general misconceptionD.suggesting a remedy(3)The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea.Had she died-as she nearly did-upon her return to England,her reputation would hardly have been different;her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today-that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari.Yet,as a matter of fact,she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War;and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could,indeed,hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs;but it was certainly more important.The true history was far stranger even than the myth.In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident-scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career.It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world;but it was only the fulcrum.For more than a generation she was to sit in secret,working her lever:and her real life began at the very moment when,in popular imagination,it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health.The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system;her heart was affected;she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration.The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her-a complete and prolonged rest.But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do.She had never been in the habit of resting;why should she begin now?Now,when her opportunity had come at last;now,when the iron was hot,and it was time to strike?No;she had work to do;and,come what might,she would do it. The doctors protested in vain;in vain her family lamented and entreated,in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course.Madness?Mad-possessed-perhaps she was.A frenzy had seized upon her.As she lay upon her sofa,gasping,she devoured blue-books, dictated letters,and,in the intervals of her palpitations,cracked jokes.For months at a stretchshe never lefther bed.But she would not rest.At this rate,the doctors assuredher,even if she did not die,she would become an invalid for life.She could not help that;there was work to be done;and,as for rest,very likely she might rest...when she had done it.Wherever she went,to London or in the country,in the hills of Derbyshire,or among the rhododendrons at Embley,she was haunted by a ghost.It was the specter of Scutari-the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital.She would lay that phantom,or she would perish.The whole system of the Army Medical Department,the education of the Medical Officer,the regulations of hospital procedure...rest?How could she rest while these things were as they were,while,if the like necessity were to arise again,the like results would follow?And,even in peace and at home,what was the sanitary condition of the Army?The mortality in the barracks,was,she found,nearly double the mortality in civil life.'You might as well take1, 100men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,'she said.After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham,she smiled grimly.'Yes,this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea,put to death16,000men.'Scutari had given her knowledge;and it had given her power too:her enormous reputation was at her back-an incalculable force.Other work, other duties,might lie before her;but the most urgent,the most obvious,of all was to look to the health of theArmy.41.According to the author,the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was,when compared with her work in the Crimea,all of the following exceptA.less dramaticB.less demandingC.less well-known to the publicD.more important42Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA.mentally shatteredB.stubborn and querulousC.physically weak but mentally indomitableD.purposeful yet tiresome43.The primary purpose of paragraph3is toA.account for conditions in the armyB.show the need for hospital reformC.explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD.argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions44The author's attitude to his material isA.disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB.over-inflation of a reputationC.debunking a mythD.interpretation as well as narration45In her statement Miss Nightingale intended toA.criticize the conditions in hospitalsB.highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD.ridicule the dangers of army life(4)How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems?This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.In many ways,our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship.Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners,when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence,and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.Increasing affluence,the riseof families with morethan one wage earner,the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed,and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship.Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level,the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner,relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force,so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support.Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month,those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment,even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies,there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work,or else outside the laborforce but wanting a job.Finally,income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly,disabled,and dependent,neglecting the needs of the working poor,so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence,itis uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions,and,hence,whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debateâ€”that the existing poverty,employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications,measuring the consequences of labor market problems.46Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?A.What causes labor market pathologies that resultin sufferingB.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of povertyC.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty,employment,and earnings figuresD.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities47The author uses“labor market problems”in lines1-2to refer to which of the following?A.The overall causes of povertyB.Deficiencies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income48Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.49The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt byA.the employed poorB.dependent children in single-earner familiesC.workers who become disabledD.retired workers50According to the passage,one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is theA.recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workersB.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per workerC.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poorD.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statisticsPaper TwoPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer SheetⅡ.As children we start__ ___a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends_ __oursociety recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so__ ___of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it___ ___we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved___ __the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are__ __play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing.We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success.We have__ __to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common__ __very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.PartⅣTranslation(20%)Directions:Put the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer SheetⅡ.由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

博大考神2012年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题及参考答案

博大考神2012年职称英语考试卫生类A级试题及参考答案收集：博大教育专家来源：/article-5950.html?page=4第三篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind."Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food.” said Hayes. "Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. "For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color."Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter." he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness.”41. John Hayes points out in a recent study thatA. it is healthy to eat food without salt.B. many people reject low-salt food completely.C. food with less salt tastes better.D. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly.【答案】：D42. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. the purpose of the study.B. the analysis of the research results.C. the research methodology.D. the conclusion of the study.【答案】：C43. The article argues that supertastersA. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.B. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.C. consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes.D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters.【答案】：A44. In paragraph 6, the word "pronounced" is closest in meaning toA. weary.B. strong.C. weak.D. strange.【答案】：B45. The last two paragraphs illustrate that taste acuity isA. developed over time after birth.B. related to one's eye and hair color.C. still unknown to scientists.D. genetically determined.【答案】：D第5部分：补全短文(第46~50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。

2012年中山大学考博英语试题及答案

2012年中山大学考博英语试题回忆中山大学2012年博士入学考试于3月10日11日两天结束。

一直比较懒，现在看到群里在讨论，整理如下。

根据考场，大体估计有三千来人参加考试。

你有心的话，就去看看官网上排的考场吧。

我看大约一百多个。

考试地点在海珠校区一号教学楼和逸夫楼。

提醒各位，如果要报的话，在那两天想住的好点就要定房的。

大体介绍题型：一。

阅读理解，共30分，六篇，每篇5个小题，每个小题1分。

难度低于六级。

有两篇考研真题。

二。

完型填空，共10分，二十个空，而且是不带选择项的。

每空0.5分。

难度一般。

三。

排序题，共15分，十个选项(a-j)中选出五个来，每个3分。

有些难。

内容是关于剑桥大学。

四。

英译汉,共15分，从一段文章中划出五句话来，每句话3分。

难度一般。

五。

汉译英，共10分，一小段，大约有连着的五句话。

国内政治方面的内容。

内容记住的一点点是：关于社会稳定，人民生活水平提高了，收入差距拉大，但是，仍然没有造成大的社会不稳定，也是由于穷人的生活水平也相应提高了。

(这是大意，不是原句子，有心的可以去网上找找有没有相关内容。

)六。

作文，共20分。

有两个话题，只能选一个回答。

今年的是views contradict .第二个话题的，没怎么懂意思。

根据我的理解是和自己看法一致的意见容易接受，看法不一致的不容易接受。

你同意哪种观点。

(我没看懂。

)下面，把自己还能记住的，还有在群里收集到的相关内容贴出来。

我的大脑不是硬盘，总会记忆有出入，如果给各位造成了误导，请尊重下我整理资料的辛苦。

同时，如果今年参加考试的战友，欢迎帮我改正。

下面是在群里看到大家找的回忆版：现贴出来：阅读理解的(没有按试卷题号排)阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changedin the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2(这个是考研题)American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”.A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English[A]. is inevitable in radical education reforms.[B]. is but all too natural in language development.[C]. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.[D]. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotes[A]. modesty.[B]. personality.[C]. liveliness.[D]. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B]. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C]. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D]. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's[A]. interest in their language.[B]. appreciation of their efforts.[C]. admiration for their memory.[D]. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as[A]. “temporary” is to “permanent”.[B]. “radical” is to “conservative”.[C]. “functional” is to “artistic”.[D]. “humble” is to “noble”难句解析：①In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.该句子的主干是John McWhorte sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。

全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题

2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按"考场指令"要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好;2. 试卷一Paper One答案和试卷二PaperTwo答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上;3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净;书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域;4. 标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分;5. 听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间;国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension 30%Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all dayQuestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerfindings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. . D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary 10%Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the wordorphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilize33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze 10%Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth, 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father, 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism , 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. who54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension 30%Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percentAsk Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug or in this case a drug cocktail is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary informationWho's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question_ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the ., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guaranteea transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructureof a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold 支架 with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplantBut the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic,but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intendedtoA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the .D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratchA. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liverA. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study,the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, therestored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passageA. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burnsA. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approachA. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew methodA. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail 开创, after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based projectA. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologistsA. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies。

北京大学2012年考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

北京大学2012年考博英语真题及详解Part One:Listening Comprehension(略)Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(15%)Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.11.A survey has found that three quarters of men quite enjoy their food shoppingexperience and are happy to_____their way around the aisles searching out products.A.driveB.steerC.navigateD.voyage【答案】C【解析】句意：一项调查发现，四分之三的男性相当享受自己购买食物的过程，而且喜欢在超市过道来回穿梭搜寻产品。

navigate绕过；导航。

steer引导；驾驶。

voyage远航；旅行。

12.We’ve seen a_____trend of consumers saying they will spend more,fromholiday shopping to2012travel plans,and spending plans for Feb14are no exception.A.consistentB.persistentC.insistentD.resistant【答案】A【解析】句意：我们已经看到，无论是假日购物还是2012年旅游计划，消费者一致倾向于消费更多，并且2月14日的消费计划也不例外。

2012年英语试博士试题

Ⅰ.Complete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (0.5’*40)1.Until he took off his glasses __________.A. I didn’t recognize himB. I hadn’t recognized himC. didn’t I recognize himD. hadn’t I recognized him2.We can __________ that after some time our farmers will be able to __________ international competition.A. expect; fit themselvesB. presume; adjust toC. assume; adapt toD. suppose; get used to3. A good reader can tell the difference between words that sound __________, and know ____________ to usethem.A. like; why and howB. alike; why and whereC. like how and whereD. alike; when and how4.90 percent of all English writing ____________ 1,000 basic words.A. is consistedB. consist ofC. consists ofD. consisted5.____________ to develop his talent, Adam could become an excellent artist.A. AllowedB. AllowingC. Being allowedD. Have been allowed6.Don’t ever drive past a hitchhiker, ____________?A. will youB. don’t youC. do youD. can you7.As a senior professor she should have known better ____________ to get involved in such a scandal.A. and notB. but notC. thanD. than not8.His power was seriously ____________ by a succession of crises, and when he died, a bitter power struggle____________.A. weakened; was ensuedB. eroded; ensuedC. damaged; followedD. reduced; occurred9.Leonardo da Vinci ____________ caged birds in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A. was said to buyB. is said to buyC. has said to buyD. is said to have bought10.In China, customers pay far less for a DVD than ____________ countries.A. those in manyB. in manyC. those in many otherD. in many other11.____________dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However12.The party, ____________I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which13.If only I ____________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might14.It’s high time we ____________ cutting down the rainforests.A. stoppedB. had to stopC. shall stopD. stop15.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____________ impossible to comprehend.A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find16.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone____________ an opportunity to hear the speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have17.I am surprised____________ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking18.Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not____________ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough19.It is imperative that the government ____________ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has tond belongs to the city; there is ____________ thing as private ownership of land.A. no such aB. not suchC. not such aD. no such21.My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk____________far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as22.The statistics ____________ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. provesB. is provingC. are provingD. prove23.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____________ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having not counted24.It was ____________we had hopedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as25.There used to be a petrol station near the park, ____________?A. didn’t itB. doesn’t thereC. usedn’t it?D. didn’t there26.It is an offence to show ____________ against people of different races.A. distinctionB. differenceC.separationD. discrimination27.A great amount of work has gone into ____________ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.A. refreshingB. restoringC. renovatingD. renewing28.The thieves fled with the local police close on their ____________.A. backsB. necksC. toesD. heels29.The economic recession has meant that job____________ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness30.Many people nowadays save money to ____________ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip31.The tone of the article ____________ the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated32.The job of a student accommodation officer____________ a great many visits to landladies.A. concernsB. offersC. asksD. involves33.Our family doctor’s clinic ____________at the junction of two busy roads.A. restsB. standsC. staysD. seats34.She was so fat that she could only just ____________ through the door.A. assembleB. appearC. squeezeD. gather35.After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was ____________.A. leakingB. tricklingC. prominentD. noticeable36.The reception was attended by ____________ members of the local community.A. excellentB. conspicuousC. prominentD. noticeable37.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ____________slightly in the afternoon.A. regainedB. recoveredC. restoredD. revived38.His ____________ brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.A. richB. quickC. productiveD. fertile39.The couple has donated a not____________ amount of money to the foundation.A. inconsiderableB. inconsiderateC. inaccurateD. incomparable40.I hear that it is estimated that the number of people ____________ less than one dollar a day has____________ one billion worldwide.A. relying on; gone up toB. living on; exceededC. depending on; reached overD. living with; surpassedⅡ.Proofreading and error correction (1’*10)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “︿” sign and write the missing word in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary w ord with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Many artist today are in what is called applied art. They usetheir ability in advertise, interior decoration, or some similar job. 41. ________ But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of wok 42. ________say that simple artist ability is not enough. There are lots of young 43. ________people who have that. But not enough of them who know anything 44. ________about physics, or mechanical things, or math.To be a druggist you have to study chemistry. You can’t learnchemistry without knowing something about algebra.How about a nurse? One of the requiring subjects in a course of 45. ________nursing is known to “materia medica”. In “materia medica” you’ll46. ________learn how to figure out doses and prepare for medicines. Algebra is 47. ________important in doing the figuring. Too many student nurses flunk outof the course because of their weak math.It’s the same for many trades. If you want to be a crafts-man, 48. ________a machinist, a molder, and a patternmaker, you’ll need algebra and49. ________geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself, you’ll need50. _______math. Business today, whether it is running a little gas station or abig factory, takes good management. Good management takes mathematics.Ⅲ.Reading comprehension (2*20)Text AAmerica’s most relentless examiner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-minute essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more then a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of pregraded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and contents. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frede ric McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. One the other hand, E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: a pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two read ers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrel Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plussubject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsman, a professor of English education at Teachers Colleges of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore”, and the computers just might think you’re Dickens.51.E-Rater is described as __________.A. a substitute for GMATB.America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system52.In paragraph two, the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to __________.A.understand student essaysB.report scoresC.recognize a wrong bubbleD.judge a person’s creativity53.Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would __________.A.get a top gradeB.get an average gradeC.be at an advantageD.be at a disadvantage54.It seems that Professor Schaafsman agrees with __________.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kplan course designers55.What is the implied meaning of “the computer just might think you’re Dickens”?A.It thinks you are great at tests.B.It thinks you are doing great.C.It thinks your essay is with great wording.D.It thinks your essay is written by Dickens himself.Text BAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like theU.S., thin is “in”, fat is “out”.It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.56. From the passage we can infer taboo is__.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in society’s eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.57. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” __ in American society.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.58. The topic of fat is __ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than.59. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is__.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.Text CA 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catc h traffic violators.”Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,” says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual… Passing laws is one thing,” it admits, “applying them another.”It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid-1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens’ awareness about public safety, by improving residents’ attitudes and behavior in reporting crime and suspicious events in the neighborhood and byreducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.”Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper the indep endent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.” And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique me thods of carrying on criminal activity” that “the training of law enforcement personnel” cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.”60. What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?A.there are not enough policemenB.they do not trust the rule of lawC.the police force is inefficientD.security devices do not work61. A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all the following EXCEPT ___________A. helping to install anti-theft devicesB. raising citizens’ consciousness of community safetyC. helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD. encouraging citizens to report suspicious events62. According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _______________A.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak63. According to the Time Magazine, the measures taken by governments in Latin America _____________.A. will have much effect at onceB. focuses on increasing the size of the police forceC. are intended to catch more traffic violatorsD. are seemingly strong but will have little effectText DIt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation,the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on t he Sun’s magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.64. The author focuses primarily on ______________ .A.two competing scientific models concerning the sun’s magnetic fieldB.an overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physicsC.the reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solvedD.the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial climate with solar activity65. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons are the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records important?A.They contradict the theory of the Maunder minimumB.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climateC.They verify the existence of a span of unusual cold worldwide during the Maunder minimumD.They show that the European observations are of dubious statistical significance66. On which of the following assumptions is based the belief that tree-ring thicknesses show links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate?A.Solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the period in questionB.Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to speciesC.Tree-ring thickness varies with changes in terrestrial climateD.Both terrestrial climate and solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thicknessText EThe first time I saw Stephen Leacock at close quarters he came swinging into a classroom in Moyse Hall, the serenely ugly old Arts Building of McGill University in Montreal. The room was packed with undergraduates like me who had come with huge curiosity to listen to their first lecture on political science by a man whose humorous writing had rocked the English-speaking world with laughter, but who was a campus character for very different reasons.Leacock enjoyed a reputation for eccentricity and for an impish individualism that expressed itself in blunt speech on every subject. Naturally we looked him carefully.What we saw was a shock of graying hair crowning a rugged face that wore a friendly smile, emphasized by crinkles of mirth about the ey es. I remember thinking, “He could use a haircut.” His necktie had slipped its moorings, and his tweedy suit looked slept-in. Across his vest his watch chain had come apart in the middle and had been put together with a safety pin. The effect was of a man who gave no thought to his appearance. But his manner was far too buoyant to suggest the absent-minded professor.His apparel was topped by one of those loose, black gowns professors wore in those days. Leacock’s had been acquired about the time he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1903. Even though the garment was showing signs of wear in 1914, it was still one of the essential properties of his play-acting. At least a dozen times during every lecture it would slip off his shoulders and seize him by the crook of his elbows. Without pause in the flow of talk and motion——he was a walking lecturer——a great shrug of the shoulders would hoist the gown part way into place.Leacock was tremendously proud of his Chicago Ph. D., but it was inescapably in character that he must spoof it. “The meaning of this degree,” he quipped in a lecture, “is that the recipient has been examined for the last time in his life and pronounced full. After this, no new ideas can be imparted to him.” In similar vein, after returning from a holiday abroad he told his class, “I was sitting quietly in my cabin when a steward knocked and, after making sure I am called Doctor, asked if I would come and look at the stewardess’s knee. I was off like a shot, but another fello w got there ahead of me. He was a Doctor of Divinity.”What came through to me, even in the first lecture, was Leacock’s warmth and humanness. I knew I was listening to a man who loved young people and was determined to give them as much wisdom as he could. His teaching methods were unconventional. He couldn’t resist the temptation to explore bypaths. In discussing the days of Queen Victoria, he mentioned Disraeli, and this set him off to talk about the man rather than the Prime Minister——his way of living, his quick mind, his dilettantism, his great love affair with his wife. The digression lifted the great statesman into a framework of his own and, when Leacock returned to the main line of his subject, the listener understood, in a way no textbook could inform him, how such a man could bring off the coup which gave Britain control of the Suez Canal and made the Empire impregnable for decades to come.67. Stephen Leacock could be described as all the following EXCEPT _____________.A.careless about his appearanceB.witty and eloquentC.an inspiring professorD.an absent-minded person68. Leacock’s account of being summoned to look at a stewardess’s knee _________________.A.tells us that he was always ready to help othersB.indicates that he was an incompetent doctorC.reveals that he was very proud of his degreeD.shows that he could playful sometimes69. Speaking of Disraeli, a conventional professor would probably have ______________.A.focused on his accomplishments as a statesmanB.talked about his family lifeC.explored the little-known aspects of the personD.looked at him from a fresh perspective70. Which of the following statements about Disraeli is NOT true?A. Disraeli once served as Prime Minister in the days of Queen Victoria.B. Disraeli was the biggest shareholder of the Suez Canal CompanyC. Disraeli contributed to making the British Empire the most powerful countryD. Disraeli was instrumental in Britain’s successful control of the Suez CanalⅣ.Translation (15’)Chinese-to- English translation. (8’)澳门在地理位置上靠近港、台地区及东南亚各国。

2012首都医科大学医学考博试题解析

2012首都医科大学医学考博试题解析2012 首医普外科考博专业基础及专业课真题系统解剖学名词解释：1.阴部管；2.Glisson system；3.Sympathetic trunk；4.chorda tympani；5.房室交界区；6.vincula tendinum；7.Mesenteric sinus；8.Dentale line；9.Cisterna chyli；10.Ansa cervicalis；简答题：1.人体器官中有哪些器官有三个狭窄，其临床意义分别是什么？2.髋关节的构成及运动。

3.男性尿道的特点，与女性尿道的区别，4.维持子宫位置的装置有哪些。

5.咽肌及吞咽动作。

6.胃的毗邻和动脉供应，7.眶上孔、食管裂孔及梨状肌下孔分别有何组织穿过。

论述题：1.简述肺门、肺根及肺段的概念及其组成。

2.肾窦、肾段及肾蒂的概念与组成。

二、解剖名词解释1 翼点2 肾窦3 气管杈4 蛛网膜粒5 肩袖6 局部淋巴结7 Nelaton线8 Gllison系统9 胸膜顶10 会阴浅隙11 内囊12 窦房结（太多了还有3个记不得了）问答题1鼻旁窦的组成及开口2舌神经的支配及分布3躯体四肢痛觉的传递线路4手背静脉药物注射到达阑尾的途径5肝外胆道组成及胆汁排出途径还有1、2个分析题1、关于腹股沟斜疝气形成的解剖基础；手术部位；切口经过的层次；手术修补材料2、甲状腺随吞咽上下移动的解剖基础；甲状腺手术的手术切口选择；手术经过的解剖层次；手术注意避免损伤的组织器官。

福建医科大学心胸外科第一部分为外科总论单选题40分第二部分为专业问答题60分1、右室双出口室间隔缺损的解剖特点。

2、代偿性酸中毒的治疗原则。

3、食管癌术后吻合口瘘的原因及治疗原则。

4、左向右分流的先心病有哪些，其病理生理特点。

5、冠心病冠脉搭桥手术的手术指针及急诊搭桥手术的手术指针。

6、主动脉夹层的分型及治疗原则。

有两道不会，记得比较清楚，Hybrid技术在心脏外科的应用进展10分；心房纤颤射频消融术的线路用图表或文字表述；ECMO（名词解释）武汉大学心胸外科名词解释：OPCABG，鲁登巴，SWITCH，BARETT食管，TAUSSIG-BING畸形简答：何为右向左分流心脏病，举例５个深低温停循环的概念并举例说明其意义食管癌的转移途径主动脉夹层的DEBAKEY分型问答；主动脉夹层的外科治疗进展纽约心功能分级及心衰分级的临床表现2012武汉大学第一临床学院心胸外科专业试题没有总论的部分，全部是心胸外科专业的题目一名词解释漏斗胸马方综合征连枷胸心肌缺血再灌注艾森门格尔综合症二问答题开放性气胸的急救要点易于和肺癌混淆的疾病有哪些急诊开胸的手术指针吞咽困难的检查方法法洛四联症的病理解剖和症状ERC的适应症和并发症(结肠代食管术）微创心胸外科的应用有哪些同济医科大学2001年胸心外科（博士）一必答题（15*2）1 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题（每人必选一题，但是不能选本专业试题，否则没有分数10分/题）1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病？如何诊治？4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求（六）胸心外科一名词解释（4分/题）1 胸出口综合征2 肺错构溜 3 血气胸4 法乐四联症5 Edstein畸形二问答题1 试述心肌保护方法的新进展（12分）2食管癌的临床病理分期和外科治疗的原则（15分）3 急性胸部损伤的综合处理原则（13分）同济医科大学2002年胸心外科（博士）外科学总论一必答题（30分）一名词解释（3分/题）1 脑再灌注损伤 2 中厚皮片二问答题（12分/题）1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段？各阶段的主要特点是什么？2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素心胸外科一名词解释（4分/题）1 LABP 2 De Bakey(II)3 INR 4双向Glenn术5 Rastellir术6Bentall术二写出下列名词的正常值（2分/题）1激活凝血时间2 二尖瓣面积（成人）3 碱剩余4 潮气量5 全肺阻力6 尿游离血红蛋白7 左心射血分数二问答题（8分/题）1矫正型大血管转位传导系统的解剖特点？2比较法乐氏四联症与右心室双向出口的异同点？3 冠状搭桥术前危险因素的评估包哪些内容？4婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点有哪些？同济医科大学2003年胸心外科（博士）一名词解释（5*2） 1 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）2全身性炎症反应综合征（SIRS）3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡二问答题（5*6）1 灭菌与消毒有何区别？2 高钾血症的原因有哪些？如何诊断和处理？3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症？如何处理？4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物？5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段？简述其修复过程？胸心外科一名词解释（5*3）1急性排斥反应2 DebakeyIII型3 组织工程心脏瓣膜二问答题1 完全性大动脉错位的手术方式有哪些？（10分）2 气管。

2012医博统考听力题及原文

2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷试卷一(Paper One)Part ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. Aider you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I fell faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● DNow let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. The woman’s condition is critical.B. The woman has been picking up quite well.C. The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D. The woman won’t see the doctor any more.2. A. A broken finger. B. A terrible cough.C. Frontal headaches.D. Eye problem.3. A. She needs a physical examination. B. She is in good health.C. It’s good to have a doctor friend.D. It’s good to visit the doctor.4. A. He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B. He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C. He doesn’t mind eating a lot every day.D. He is overcautious sometimes.5. A. The blouse is a bargain. B. The blouse is too expensive.C. The blouse is colorful.D. The blouse is so fashionable.6. A. To queue for a ticket. B. To take man’s offer.C. To buy a ticket online.D. To try an agency.7. A. She disagrees with the man.B. She couldn’t agree with the man more.C. It’s hard for them to fulfill thei r plans.D. It’s impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A. One minute. B. Fifteen minutes.C. Half an hour.D. Five minutes.9. A. She is freezing cold. B. She is crazy about ice cream.C. She has a headache.D. She has brain fever.10. A. She can’t wait for the man. B. She is very eager to see the man.C. She will go to the USA with the man.D. She expects the man to stay.11. A. A cold. B. A headache.C. A hoarse voice.D. Insomnia.12. A. To go to Susan for advice. B. To try to think like Susan.C. To break up with Susan.D. To have a date with Susan.13. A. She will become a famous singer soon. B. She will become an American idol.C. She will sign up for a talent show.D. She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A. To take a month off work. B. To rest in bed as much as possible.C. To take some herbal medicine.D. To put on plaster.15. A. The Chinese face cream. B. The American face cream.C. The French perfume.D. The medication.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. White blood cell count. B. Red blood cell count.C. X-ray.D. ECG17. A. Too much work to do. B. A heavy load of studying.C. Her daughter’s sickness.D. Her insufficient income.18. A. Leukemia. B. Gastric ulcer.C. Immune disease.D. Gastric influenza.19. A. Take the white tablets three times a day. B. Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C. Take one or two white tablets at a time.D. Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A. Stay off work. B. Drink plenty of liquids.C. Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D. Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A. 35million. B. 34million. C. 25million. D. 20million.22. A. Author, professor and dreamer. B. Writer, professor and insomniac.C. Author, psychologist and insomniac.D. Dramatist, psychologist and scientist.23. A. Sleeping in 8-hour consolidated blocks. B. Sleeping during day time.C. Going to bed soon after dark.D. Two blocks of 4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A. Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B. Because they sleep very little.C. Because they are insensitive.D. Because they can’t complain.25. A. Sleep is highly variable, and wears out with age. B. Falling asleep is a gradual process.C. Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D. People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A. Eight-year-olds. B. Twelve-year-olds.C. Seventeen-year-olds.D. Adults.27. A. The use of f MRI. B. The use of computer tasks.C. The three-way division of the subjects.D. The instructions given to the subjects.28. A. 12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B. 12-year-olds function the same as 8-year-olds.C. 8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D. 12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A. Not bad. B. Excellent.C. Not so good.D. Got it wrong this time.30. A. Scientists. B. The general public.C. Teachers at the kindergarten.D. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder. 2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案与解析Pan ⅠListening ComprehensionSection A1. 【B】此题考点为细节信息再现。

博大考神2012年职称英语考试卫生类C级试题及参考答案

博大考神2012年职称英语考试卫生类C级试题及参考答案收集：博大教育专家来源：/article-5948.html?page=4第四部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。

请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇Genetic EngineeringGenetic engineering began when the DNA molecule(分子), the most basic unit of life, was first described in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick. An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction. Experiments with altering human cells began in 1970. In one of the first experiments, patients were injected with a virus that would produce alife-saving enzyme, but their bodies would not accept it. In 1980 patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology. Another failure.Genetic engineering got a legal boost(激励) in 1980. The U.S. Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered "oil-eating" bacterium(细菌). This bacterium would help clean up oil spills. The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms, and three important medical products were quickly developed.l Human interferon(干扰素)-- a possible solution to some cancers and viral disease. A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product. This new product reduced the cost of interferon.l Human growth hormone-- for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height. An expensive growth hormone(荷尔蒙) was previously produced from human cadavers, but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E. coli, and affordable growth hormone could be produced.l Human insulin(胰岛素)-- for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef- or pork-based product until 1982. Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.Advances in genetic engineering have continued, though they constantly must be weighted against the safety of procedures. There is clearly much more to discover.31. This passage is mainly aboutA. the effects of altering cells.B. the human growth hormone.C. insulin resistance.D. U.S. Supreme Court rulings.【答案】：A32. Genetic enginerring may be defined asA. the altering of normal cell reproductionB. a branch of applied chemistry.C. a procedure that holds little promise.D. a study on life-saving enzymes.【答案】：A33. According to the passage, human interferonA. is a hormone that causes disease.B. could be used to treat cancer.C. is a viral diseaseD. has been cured【答案】：B34. In this passage, the three genetically engineered medical products are presentedA. as a process.B. in a simple list.C. from earliest to latest.D.as a story.【答案】：B35. In the last paragraph, the word "weighed" has the cloest meaning withA. had great influenceB. became a burden.C. considered carefully.D. measured accurately.【答案】：C第二篇Puerto Rican Cuisine(菜肴)Puerto Rico, a Caribbean (加勒比海区) island rich in history and remarkable natural beauty, has a cuisine all its own. Immigration(移民) to the island has helped to shape its cuisine, with people from all over the world making various contributions to it. However, before the arrival of these immigrants, the Taino people lived on the island of Puerto Rico. Taino cuisine included such foods as rodents (啮齿动物), fresh shellfish and fish fried in corn oil.Many aspects of Taino cuisine continue today in Puerto Rican cooking, but it has been heavily influenced by the Spanish, who invaded Puerto Rico in 1508, and Africans, who were initially brought to Puerto Rico to work as slaves. Taino cooking styles were mixed with ideas brought by the Spanish and Africans to create new dishes. The Spanish extended food choices by bringing cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep to the island. Africans also added to the island's food culture by introducing powerful, contrasting tastes in dishes. In fact, much of the food Puerto Rico is now famous for - coffee, coconuts, and oranges - was actually imported by foreigners to the island.A common assumption many people make about Puerto Rican food is that it is very spicy(辛辣的). lt's true that chili peppers are popular; aij caballero in particular is a very hot chili pepper that Puerto Ricans enjoy. However, milder(微辣的) tastes are popular too, such as sofrito. As the base of many Puerto Rican dishes, sofrito is a sauce made from chopped onions, green bell peppers, sweet chili peppers, and a handful of other spices. It is fried in oil and then added to other dishes.36、who lived in Puerto Rico firstA.the AfricansB.the SpanishC.the AmericansD.the Taino people【答案】：D37、In the first paragraph the word “it” refers toA.immigrationB.Caribbean historyC.the island’s natural beautyD.Puerto Rican cuisine【答案】：D38、what is the main idea of the second paragraph?A.Taino dishes are important in Puerto Rican cookingB.Food imported by foreigners isn’t really Puerto RicanC.Puerto Rican cooking has many outside influencesD.African foods have probably had the most influence 【答案】：C39、How is sofrito used?A.It is eaten before mealsB.It is added to other dishesC.It is used where foods are too spicyD.It is eaten as a main dish【答案】：B40、 which of the following is NOT true?A.softito is a type of extremely spicy foodB.Many people think Puerto Rican food is spicyC.Puerto Rican cuisine uses a lot of chili peppersD.Aij caballero is a type of chile pepper【答案】：A第三篇Eat healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-pla te club1!’’ Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it’s accompanied by an appeal：“Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!2" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites3. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.4 Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University; told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began (o grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can’t afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.It’s not that working class Americans don’t want to eat healthy. It’s just that, "after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their platehardly seems like a good deal.5 They live frompaycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year’s Christmas presents.41、Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenA.not to waste food at mealsB.to save food for tomorrowC.to wash the dishes cleanD.not to eat too much at meals【答案】：A42、American restaurants serve large portions because AmericansA.have big belliesB.value quantityC.want enough nutritionD.are mostly rich【答案】：B43、what happened in America in the 1970S?A.The restaurants began to serve smaller portionsB.Health experts advised people to eat lessC.May American tried to get slimD.the America waistline started to expand【答案】：D44、what does the survey indicate?A.20 percent Americans want smaller portionsB.57 percent Americans earn $150.000 per yearC.Low-income American prefer large portionsD.23 percent Americans earn less than $25.000per year【答案】：C45、which of the following is NOT true of walking class Americans?A.they live from paycheck to paycheckB.they don’t have the habit of saving moneyC.they work long hoursD.the want to be healthy eaters【答案】：B服务：博大考神作为专业的职称英语培训中心，结合多年的培训经验，提供职称英语考试全套信息服务和考试资料。

2000-2012医博统考英语听力题解析原文汇总

2000-2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题此汇总一共12套，98页查找规律，找到应试感觉2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension ( 10 % )Section ADirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there arethree or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefullyand choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer onthe ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B C DTalk One1.A. Heart attacks B. Strokes C.Drug addiction D.Cerebral haemorrhage2.A. About 860, 000 B.About 1. 5 millionC.About 1/2 of the total populationD.About 2/3 of the total population3.A. Easy to use B.Safe C.Economical D.Fast actingTalk Two4.A. Students B.Teachers C.Social workers D.Doctors5.A. They took a long-term course of social sciencesB.They took a one-day course of psychologyC.They rendered assistance to the disabledD, They explored the world of the handicapped6.A. To understand the handicapped B.To create compassion for the neededC.To share difficulties with the poorD.To take care of the disabled7.A. An insight into the psychology of the disabledB.More knowledge about needs and feelings of the handicappedC.Respect for the disabled for their abilitiesD.All of the aboveTalk Three8.A. The President and the hospital B.A visit to the hospitalC.President Abraham LincolnD.Lincoln and a wounded soldier9.A. Writing down a letter for him B.Dictating a letter for himC.Typing a letter for himD.Posting a letter for him10.A. The President signed the letterB.The President held the soldier’s hand tightlyC.The young man went peacefully through to his end.D.The young man recognized Lincoln.2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there arethree or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefullyand choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B C DTalk OneAn important new study reports that doctors now have a new drug called TPA for heart attacks. It may be better than any other heart drugs. Many doctors have been using a drug called streptokinase, which sometimes causes problems to patients. It can even cause bleeding in the brain. Streptokinase can save about 1/3 of the people with heart attack. But TPA will save about2/3. This means many people. About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year.One reason TPA can help more people is because of time. This new drug is easier and faster to use. It will give doctors more time in hospitals. Then they can study the problem well. People with heart problems can also keep some TPA at home. When a heart attack starts, they can take some TPA right away. Then they will have time to get to the hospital. This is important because about 860, 000 people in the United States die before they get to the hospital.There is another reason why TPA is good news for people with heart attacks. According to the study, it is much safer. It does not cause other problems like streptokinase. TPA works only on the heart. It does not have an effect on the blood or cause bleeding.Doctors plan to do more studies about TPA. They need to test this new drug on many more people with heart attacks. But in a few years, many doctors and hospitals will probably start using this exciting new drug.1. What problem can streptokinase cause?2. According, to the talk, how many Americans have heart attacks every year?3. Which is at mentioned as an advantage of TPA?Talk TwoSitting in wheelchairs, limping in special shoes and wearing glasses which stop them from seeing properly, thirty students from the City University of Hong Kong spent a day exploring the world of the handicapped. They were taking part in a one-day course journey into compassion, to help them to understand the problems faced daily by the handicapped. Student affairs officer, Rebecca Chen said it would help create a caring campus community. Ms Chen was inspired by a magazine article on how doctors and hospital in the United States were able to appreciate the psychology of the patients better after they themselves were treated as patients. The idea is that the direct experience of the situation should be the first step to learning rather than study theory.Students were sent out in pairs, one handicapped and one observer, to complete a list of every-day tasks. This included borrowing books from a library, exchanging money at a bank and buying a ticket at a railway station. Social work student, Carina Lin, said she could never have imagined how simple task become real challenges for the disabled. "After sharing some of their experiences today, I have become much more aware of the needs and feelings of the handicapped". Another student said that the experience has taught her to appreciate the ability of the handicapped. Many on the course seemed to have gained an insight into the psychology of the physically handicapped. But there was still much work to be done.4. Who were the participants of the program?5. What did they do according to the talk?6. Why did they take part in the program?7. What did the young people gain in the program?Talk ThreePresident Abraham Lincoln often visited hospitals to talk with wounded soldiers during the Civil War. Once doctors pointed out a young soldier who was near death and Lincoln went over to his bedside."Is there anything I can do for you?" asked the President.The soldier obviously didn’t recognize Lincoln, and with some effort, he was able to whisper: "Would you please write a letter to my mother?"A pen and paper were provided and the President carefully began writing down what the young man was able to say:"My dearest mother, I was badly hurt while I was doing my duty. I’ m afraid I’ m not going to recover. Don’t grieve too much for me, please. Kiss Mary and John for me. May God bless you and father. "The soldier was too weak to continue, so Lincoln signed the letter for him and added, "Written for your son by Abraham Lincoln. "The young man asked to see the note and was astonished when he discovered who had written it. "Are you really the President?" he asked."Yes, I am, " Lincoln replied quietly. Then he asked if there was anything else he could do."Would you please hold my hand?" the soldier asked. "It will help me to see it through to the end. "In the hushed room, the tall gaunt President took the boy’s hand in his and spoke warm words of encouragement until death came.8. What is the story about?9. What did the president do for the young man?10. What happened at the end of the story?Section B Spot Dictation ( 10 %)Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear one passage. The passage will be read three times. On your answer sheet, you will read the same passage with 20 words missing. As you listen, read the passage on your ANSWER SHEET and fill in the blanks with the exact words on the tape. There might be more than one word in a blank.When someone asks you to his or her home, it is very clear who is the guest and who is the host, but invitations to restaurant for lunch, dinner, coffee, a drink, etc, sometimes present problems, and the customs vary in different parts of the United States.In many instances it is the inviter who pays, as one would expect, but in some instances each one pays his or her own check: You "go Dutch. " This is often the case with friends in informal situations, such as "Let’s go get a beer" or "Want a cup of coffee T" In some parts of the country, however, some people like to entertain friends by taking them to a restaurant for a dinner instead of having dinner at home. In this case, the host expects to pay and the guest may offer to leave the tip, which may be declined by the host. If so, just let the matter drop, If the invitation is expressed in fairly casual terms, such as: "Let’s go to Green willow for dinner", it may be more of a suggestion than an invitation, so you should be prepared to pay your part of the bill. If you want to invite someone for a meal at a restaurant, be explicit: "I’d like to take you to Green willow. " Americans should be explicit also, but they often assume you know the local customs in the matter. Ask a friend’s advice if you are not sure.2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart Ⅰ ListeningSection A Listening Comprehension ( 10 % )Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the fight answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B C DTalk One1. A. It’s a symbol of strength and courage. B. It’s a symbol of power and independence.C. It’s a symbol of competence and courage. D It’s a symbol of strength and confidence.2. A. The polluted fish killed 3, 000 of them. B. Insects poisoned so many of them.C. Pollution greatly reduced their number.D. Pesticides made them extinct.3. A. The bird is not adored any more.B. The bird does not eat the poisonous fish.C. The bird begins to lay fewer and fewer eggs.D. Measures are being taken to save the bird.Talk Two4. A. To go sightseeing in the town-center. B. To lose his way intentionally.C. To pay a visit to the suburb.D. To wander about the streets.5. A. To know more of the city. B. To practice the language.C. To get to know his way around the suburb.D. To while away the hours.6. A. He was unable to find his way back.B. A policeman could help him with his problem.C. He failed to communicate with the policeman.D. All of the above.7. A. The policeman showed him the railway station.B. He found the place where he lived.C. He was misled to a wrong place.D. He decided to stay in the country.Talk Three8. A. A case of active euthanasia. B. A case of passive euthanasia.C. A case of prostate cancer.D. A case of community medical service.9. A. His prostate cancer. B. The right time.C. His wife’s idea.D. Three signatures.10. A. Painfully. B. Apathetically. C. Peacefully. D. Angrily.Section B Spot Dictation ( 10 % )Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear one passage. The passage will be read three times. On your answer sheet, you will read the same passage with 20 words missing. As you listen, read the passage on your ANSWER SHEET and fill in the blanks with the exact words read on the tape. There might be more than one word in a blank.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediateattractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always 1 for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds 2 by industry—which is naturally far more concerned with 3 because these increase profits quickly—the funds the U. S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to 4 . Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, "Development will 5 prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making 6 will be lost. Un-fortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon 7 science, tend to 8 the quality of the nation’s technology in the long run, rather than to improve it. "2001全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ ListeningSection ATalk One1. A 录音讲到美国获得独立之后American leaders将bald eagle定为a symbol of their country，因为it’s a bird of strength and courage。

2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Grammar 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingGrammar1．All the major cities of the United States, ______the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade.A．and to includeB．which includingC．includedD．including正确答案：D解析：本题考查句子结构和动词形式。

根据题干，主语为cities，谓语为began，可初步判断空格处应该填入非谓语动词形式或者从句。

B选项中which可引导定语从句，但including为非谓语形式，不可充当定语从句的谓语，故不能选。

由此可知，including为现在分词结构，表示“包含”，符合句法要求。

2．Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became______.A．the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB．the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC．it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD．so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构。

该句空格处应该填入became的表语，只有A和B符合要求。

B选项of结构表达错误，故本题正确答案为A。

3．Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine______they are heading.A．the direction in whichB．to where the directionC．that direction of whichD．where the direction正确答案：A解析：本题考查句子结构和定语从句。

中南大学2012级博士研究生英语考试

English Test Paper for Doctoral Candidates (A)Dec. 23, 2012Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A ConversationDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center ( on Answer Sheet I ).1. A. She has missed too many classes.B. She finds the course very difficult.C. She is hardly able to finish the reading.D. She doesn’t like the professor and his lecture.2. A. The woman cannot find the piece of paper.B. The woman will go to see Mr. Brown.C. The man has agreed to give the woman a call.D. The man will ask Mr. Brown to call the woman.3. A. She is unable to help the man.B. She offers to collect data for the man.C. She has never lived in that small city.D. She will tell the man her childhood stories.4. A. It is canceled.B. It is delayed.C. It will take off soon.D. It has a technical problem.5. A. Bank accounts closed.B. Money overdrawn.C. Vacation plans.D. Daily expenses.Section B PassageDirections: In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center ( on Answer Sheet I ).Passage 16. A. Deteriorating memory.B. Insufficient preparation.C. Uncontrollable tension.D. Education background.7. A. She would fail to recall anything.B. She would become absent-minded.C. She would sit down and rest.D. She would copy the answers.8. A. To help students become smarter.B. To help students prepare for tests.C. To help students follow instructions.D. To help students control anxiety.Passage 29. A. Water could be found in a nearby river.B. The river water could be used for irrigation.C. The water could be saved for future use.D. Villagers could carry the water to the fields.10. A. The job would take several months.B. The villagers had never done the job before.C. The job was too great and costly.D. There wasn’t enough labor to do the job.Section C SummaryDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. Then you are asked to write a summary about 60 words on it (on Answer Sheet II ).Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet ( on Answer Sheet I ).11.A speaker who makes more eye contact is perceived as _________ and responsible.A. virtualB. confidentC. intrusiveD. innocent12. The book is a(n) __________ of tapescripts of some famous speeches.A. imageB. featureC. collectionD. encryption13. The treaty created the European Union, the world’s largest trading __________.A. blocB. blockC. bulkD. Bond14. The museum _________ the different tastes and needs of different people.A. caters forB. results inC. stems fromD. conforms to15. Information considered to be pornographic includes _________ explicit materials.A. personallyB. politicallyC. sexuallyD. racially16. Indian women have few ________ for relaxation and recreation.A. outletsB. choresC. phasesD. scores17. The assumption is rooted in a Cold War _________ or viewpoint.A. perspectiveB. prospectiveC. retrospectiveD. introspective18. Precautionary _________ must be taken to prevent wildfires.A. institutionsB. measuresC. gadgetsD. assets19. Technology has _________ the sharing, storage and delivery of information.A. facilitatedB. furnishedC. functionedD. fascinated20. The carcinogenic pollutants inhaled are the ________ of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day.A. equivalentB. formulaC. qualityD. priceSection BDirections: There are a number of sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best suits the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet ( on Answer Sheet I ).21. Should universities give priority to undergraduate education?A. attach importance toB. make reference toC. pay attention toD. give respect to22. A typical woman in a developed country puts on 22 pounds during pregnancy.A. winsB. gainsC. toleratesD. estimates23. Birmingham, Alabama, was once the most racially segregated city in America.A. intenseB. diverseC. variedD. separated24. The thermostat will gauge the temperature and control the heat.A. measureB. reduceC. adjustD. raise25. I’ve been smoking pot for three years, and now it is making me sick.A. marijuanaB. nicotineC. cocaineD. heroin26. In the late 1980s, TB resurged or returned with a vengeance.A. periodicallyB. sporadicallyC. assuredlyD. fiercely27. Just now the little girl was throwing up in the hallway of the school.A. vomitingB. spinningC. leapingD. trolling28. The movable-type printing press is one of the seminal achievements in history.A. controversialB. indispensableC. time-honoredD. groundbreaking29. Given that chimpanzees are endangered, stop using them in biomedical research.A. BecauseB. ThoughC. UnlessD. While30. The potential for falsification of documents has never been greater.A. fabricationB. interceptionC. transactionD. DisseminationPart III Cloze (10%)Directions : There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offence. Capital punishment (31)_______ murder and rape was widely (32)________ in ancient Greece. The Romans also used it for a wide (33)________ of offenses. It also has been (34)_________ at one time or another by most of the world’s major religions.Death was formerly the penalty for a large number of offenses in England during the 17th and 18th century, but (35) ________ was never applied as widely as the law provided. As in other countries, many offenders who (36) _______ capital crimes escaped the death penalty, either because juries or courts would not convict them (37) _______ because they were pardoned, usually on condition that they agreed to banishment; some were sentenced to the (38) _______ punishment of transportation to the then American (39) ________ and later to Australia.From ancient times until well into the 19th century, many societies administered exceptionally(40) ________ forms of capital punishment. In Rome the condemned for parricide (杀父母亲人)(41) ________ drowned in a sealed bag with a dog. Executions in ancient China were carried (42) ________ by many painful methods, such as sawing the condemned in half, flaying him while still (43) _________, and boiling. By the end of the 20th century many jurisdictions had adopted lethal injection.Historically, executions were public (44) ________, attended by large crowds, and the mutilated bodies were often displayed (45) ________ they rotted. Public executions were banned in England in 1868, (46) ________ they continued to take place in parts of the United States until the 1930s. In the last half of the 20th century, there was considerable debate (47) ________ whether executions should be (48) _________ on television. Since the mid-1990s public executions have taken place in (49) _________ 20 countries, though the practice has been condemned by the United Nations Human Rights Committee as “incompatible with human (50)_________”.Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.Passage 1All around us is a world of tiny living things called microbes. They are everywhere --- in the air, in the soil, in the water we drink. They are on our food, hands, clothes, and everything we touch. The dust that settles on the furniture carries them. They are on walls, ceiling, floors. Theymay be very tiny --- most of them too small to be seen --- but they are constantly doing things all about us. Some of the things they do are very useful. The cheese and bread that we eat have become the foods they are because of the work of microbes. We owe our sauerkraut, pickles, vinegar, sour cream, and favorite kinds of sour milk to microbes. Our earth stays fertile because of the activity of the billions of microbes in the soil.Microbes are responsible, too, for some annoying things that happen every day in your home. If you forget to change the water in a vase of flowers, it begins to smell; microbes are at work. Bread left in a package too long get moldy. Your clothes my mildew. Your food may spoil. All of these things mean microbes at work.Microbes are also at work when people get sick. In fact, most people think of microbes as something to be destroyed. It is true that certain microbes do cause disease, but they are a very small part of the microbe population. Out of every thirty thousand of microbes, the chances are that just one is harmful and likely to cause disease. Most microbes are harmless. And some microbes themselves produce the most powerful weapons we have yet found to conquer disease. The “wonder drugs” such as penicillin and streptomycin are products of the activity of microbes.51. According to the passage, microbes are __________.A. both dynamic and staticB. both powerful and controllableC. both widespread and confinedD. both detrimental and beneficial52. Owing to the work of microbes, we can eat all of the following EXCEPT ___________.A. milkB. picklesC. cheeseD. sauerkraut53. It is stated in the passage that ______________.A. one out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes turns out to be harmlessB. some microbes produce the most powerful weapons such penicillinC. microbes are so small that they cannot be seen by naked eyeD. microbes can do annoying things and should be destroyed54. The underlined word “mildew” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by _________.A. be dampB. wear outC. get moldyD. become smelly55. ________ is the scientific study mainly concerning microbes.A. BiochemistryB. InsectologyC. BacteriologyD. ZoologyPassage 2Nobody ever went into academic circles to make a fast fortune. Professors, especially those in medical- and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive: the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly 6 pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one whodoesn’t? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?Now Columbia pans to go beyond the typical “”model, free sites listing courses and professors’ research interests. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will grow into an independent company. Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear: It is going to take the best minds on camps to find a new balance between profit and purity.56. Big money flowing into the ivory tower has _____________.A. brought about news concernsB. yielded fat profits for administratorsC. benefited both the faculty and studentsD. altered the nature of higher education57. The survey found that 132 universities made huge profits by __________.A. helping corporations develop high-tech productsB. selling their patents or marketing their inventionsC. conducting research with the industrial sectorD. playing a leading role in academic research58. Some faculty members are worried about __________.A. the professors in profitable fieldsB. the credibility of researchersC. the way of profits are dividedD. the trend of profit-making59. The underlined word “toiling” most likely means ______________.A. struggling aloneB. working hardC. specializingD. exploring60. What is the new plan of Columbia University?A. To find a new balance between profit and purity.B. To offer free courses and research services on line.C. To provide academic resources on a profit-earning basis.D. To run a company by making use of its faculty expertise.Passage 3In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. But if the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important --- and that has happened in some cases --- we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism”--- but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit --- nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze a man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, andthe ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only to a healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.61. Paragraph 1 suggests that in the family ___________.A. male superiority should be maintainedB. men’s role should be correctly definedC. fathers are badly off as beforeD. husbands are not treated equal62. Some people start to realize that bringing up children __________.A. is not just the responsibility of the momB. should be a major job or task of the dadC. entails tiring household tasksD. involves happiness and pains63. Men’s place in the family is __________ to the healthy growth of the child.A. paramountB. acceptableC. dominantD. relevant64. To run the co-operative enterprise of the family, husband and wife should ________.A. avoid conflictsB. lay down rulesC. make joint effortsD. consult specialists65. Equality is beneficial to a healthy family, so is it to a healthy _________.A. childB. businessC. nationD. civilizationPassage 4Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.Labor’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects to employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the “improvement factor”, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly in reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.66. Automation aims to ______________.A. increase productivityB. promote employmentC. reduce labor’s distressD. carry out technical reform67. Automation causes concern among workers or employees because they ________.A. are not well protected by new policiesB. are losing benefits and financial interestsC. are resistant to new technology and skillsD. are not ready to cope with changes in jobs68. Despite labor’s concern, automation may eventually _________.A. increase employment in industriesB. reduce permanently dismissed workersC. help laid-off workers acquire new skillsD. benefit employees no less than their employers69. _________ require(s) that money or wages be paid on the basis of length of service.A. Supplementary unemployment benefitsB. Dismissal pay agreementsC. The “improvement factor”D. New installation plans70. Workers can expect to share or enjoy the fruits of automation to the full extent with ________.A. the increased productivity and lowered production costsB. the least inconvenience and stress in the technical transitionC. less time at work, more time at play and higher incomesD. increased wages in proportion to the increase in productivityPassage 5There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units ( state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status ) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses --- all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level --- variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum --- or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible from the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make productions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficientto question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.71. In paragraph 1, “mother”and “father”are used as ________ for modern descriptive andinferential statistics.A. a simileB. an analogyC. an overtureD. a euphemism72. What is TRUE about descriptive statistics?A. It leads to increased variability.B. It solves major numerical problems.C. It keeps orderly records of variables.D. It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.73. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of variables?A. Gender.B. Character.C. Occupation.D. Intelligence.74. The passage suggests that ____________.A. both descriptive and inferential statistics are methods of data assemblyB. ordering, tabulating, and depicting are associated with inferential statisticsC. descriptive and inferential statistics are traced back to two different sourcesD. prediction on the basis of a sample is characteristic of descriptive statistics75. The passage is mainly concerned with ________ of statistics.A. originalsB. theoriesC. categoriesD. applicationsPart V Translation (20%)Section ADirections: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese, and write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.At present, if I, in Australia, were to be gullible enough to fall victim to a fraudulent investment scheme originating in Albania, I suspect that I could count on very little help from authorities in either jurisdiction.In furtherance of electronic crime control, it is imperative to foster international co-operation. Steps taken following the G-8 Birmingham meeting in May 1998 for nations to designate liaison offices which will be on call on a 24-hour basis, illustrates the need for prompt concerted response to the problem of transnational digital crime.This unprecedented co-operation between nations will inevitably generate tensions arising from differences in national values. Even with nations, tensions between such values as privacy and the imperatives of law enforcement will be high on the public agenda. And new organizational forms will emerge to combat new manifestations of criminality.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English, and write your English version on Answer Sheet II.每年，大约一千名企业高管、政府官员、知识分子和媒体记者，从几十个国家聚集到瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛。

全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerADNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.D.The math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.Say no to your teen when necessary.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Mich ael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, ormiddle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,” says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering(争吵).81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see .A. the integration of theory with practiceB. the enthusiasm for breadth of knowledge。

重庆大学考博真题英语 2012 部分试题

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts
exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.