微观经济学英文教材
(微观经济学英文课件)Chap10 Externalities
mand-and-Control Policies
Usually take the form of regulations（laws）:
Forbid certain behaviors.
Example:The Market for steel...
Price
Supply (private cost)
Equilibrium
Demand (private value)
0
QMARKE
Quantity
T
Pollution and the Social Optimum...
Price
Cost of pollution
Immunizations Restored historic buildings Research into new technologies
1. Negative Externalities in Production
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Unit 1 Externalities and Market Inefficiency
1.Negative Externalities in Production 2.Positive Externalities in Production 3.Consumption Externalities...
平狄克-微观经济学-英文-第7版-课件-ch13
Nash Equilibrium:
I’m doing the best I can given what you are doing. You’re doing the best you can given what I am doing.
The Product Choice Problem
Two breakfast cereal companies face a market in which two new variations of cereal can be successfully introduced.
You (Company A) will not know the results of the exploration project when submitting your price offer, but Company T will know the results when deciding whether to accept your offer. Also, Company T will accept any offer by Company A that is greater than the (per share) value of the company under current management.
You are considering price offers in the range $0/share (i.e., making no offer at all) to $150/share. What price per share should you offer for Company T’s stock?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
范里安微观经济学英文课件Ch01
Modeling Apartment Demand
The lower is the rental rate p, the larger is the quantity of close apartments demanded
p QD .
The quantity demanded vs. price graph is the market demand curve for close apartments.
Modeling the Apartment Market
How are apartment rents determined? Suppose
apartments are close or distant, but otherwise identical
distant apartments rents are exogenous and known
Market Supply Curve for Apartments
p
100
QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
“low” rental price quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available price will rise.
--- John Maynard Keynes
Economic Modeling
What causes what in economic systems?
At what level of detail shall we model an economic phenomenon?
825微观经济学参考书目
825微观经济学参考书目
关于微观经济学的参考书目，我可以向您推荐以下一些经典的教材和参考书籍：
1. 《微观经济学》（作者，Hal R. Varian），这本书是微观经济学领域的经典教材，涵盖了微观经济学的基本理论和应用，适合初学者阅读。
2. 《高级微观经济学》（作者，Geoffrey A. Jehle 和
Philip J. Reny），这本书更适合有一定经济学基础的读者，深入探讨了微观经济学的高级话题和数学模型。
3. 《微观经济学原理》（作者，N. Gregory Mankiw），由著名经济学家 N. Gregory Mankiw 所著，该书以清晰易懂的语言介绍了微观经济学的基本原理和现代应用。
4. 《微观经济学分析，市场、政府和企业》（作者，Walter Nicholson 和 Christopher M. Snyder），这本书通过案例分析和实际数据，帮助读者理解微观经济学在市场、政府和企业层面的应用。
以上书目涵盖了微观经济学的基础知识和高级话题，适合不同水平和需求的读者参考。
希望能够对您有所帮助。
曼昆微观经济学经济学十大原理 英文版
教材（英文版）：Principles of Economics, 7ed.
written by N. Gregory Mankiw
中文版：《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》，梁小明、
梁砾译，北京大学出版社
参考书：《经济学原理学习指南》，大卫· 哈克斯著，梁小
民译，北京大学出版社；《曼昆<经济学原理（微观经济学 分册）>笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解》，圣才考研 网主编，中国石化出版社
万美元时，高中篮球明星科 比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入 职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）。
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
11
Examples:
Choice A B C D E Revenue 200$ 150$ 180$ 201$ 200$ opportunity cost 201$ 201$ 201$ 200$ 201$
1
CHAPTER
1
Ten Principles of Economics （经济学十大原理）
Economics
PRINCIPLES OF
N. Gregory Mankiw
© 2015 CUFE
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
society gets the most from its scarce resources
Equality:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 when
prosperity is distributed uniformly among society’s members.
Tradeoff: To achieve greater equality, income could be
微观经济学教材推荐
经济学 专业 必读书目
一、入门教材：
1、曼昆《经济学原理》上下册，88元。梁小民教授翻译。曼昆为哈佛高才生，天才横溢，属新古典凯恩斯主义学派，研究范围偏重宏观经济分析。 该书为大学一年级学生而写，主要特点是行文简单、说理浅显、语言有趣。界面相当友好，引用大量的案例和报刊文摘，与生活极其贴近，诸如美联储为何存在，如何运作，Greenspan 如何降息以应付经济低迷等措施背后的经济学道理。该书几乎没有用到数学，而且自创归纳出“经济学10大原理”，为初学者解说，极其便利完全没有接触过经济学的人阅读。学此书，可了解经济学的基本思维，常用的基本原理，用于看待生活中的经济现象。可知经济学之功用及有趣，远超一般想象之外。推荐入门首选阅读。目前国内已经有某些教授依据此书编著《西方经济学》教材，在书中出现“经济学10大原理”一词，一眼便可看出是抄袭而来。
金庸小说与梁羽生小说恰恰相反，往往开头平淡中孕育玄机，随着情节逐步展开，人物越来越多，故事越来越纷纭复杂，但又环环入扣，引人入胜，如同烧一壶水，火越来越旺，水越来越沸腾。mas-colell，whiston,green合著的<微观经济学〉就深得其趣。全书结构博大雄浑，几乎涉及到了微观经济学的各个大小领域，但其结构安排井然有序，娓娓道来，绝对不失散乱。开篇高屋建瓴，给出了消费者理论的两种研究方法，选择法与偏好法同等对待，并行不悖，详细的论述了两种方法个中联系，逐步添加假设，以得出更深层次之结论，让读者对各假设与定义之来龙去脉了然于胸，而不仅是概念之堆积（varian之偏好假设部分似有此嫌）。这部分的特色还在于作出了总需求的推导，并分析了个人需求叠加为总需求后需求函数性质保留问题，让读者心安理得。此书厂商理论虽仍有其特色，终究失之薄弱。这也是一般高级微观通病，消费者理论先述，厂商理论与之相似处，尽量都省去。（但不知怎的，这本书连替代弹性这类定义也付之阙如，幸好varian的高级微观是厂商理论打头，至为详备，可以参考）。紧接着赶在均衡理论之前叙述博弈论，作为后面分析的工具之一，然后是局部均衡理论和市场失灵理论。第二册一开始，就进入了全书的高潮阶段：一般均衡，这的确是全书的精华之处，正如〈天龙八部〉第五册开篇的少林寺之会一样，几乎所有重要人物都在此先后登场，故事波澜壮阔，情节诡秘怪谲，在此书一般均衡的阐述中，几乎所有前述重要理论都在此重新出现，各显神通，层层递进，作出一个又一个假设，得出一个又一个结论，让人当叹鬼斧神工，叹为观止。在“均衡与时间”章，动态规划、索洛模型也杀将进来，加入消费者理论、生产者理论、博弈论、不确定性理论之战团，让人惊叹宏观乎？微观乎？当真是汪洋恣肆，横无际涯！紧接高潮之后，作者运用一般均衡理论，对社会福利与社会选择作出了分析。全书在个人需求的分析中开始，在全社会的福利分析中结束。
微观经济学课件英文版En-micro02
D
S
Surplus E Shortage
O
100
200
300
Q
03:49
21
Equilibrium of Demand and Supply
Effect of a shift in supply or demand
Shifts in demand
P D1 S
D0 D2
E1
P1
P0 P2
E2
E0
中文版
Contents
Basic Elements of Demand
Demand, demand schedule and demand curve
Demand
Other things being constant, the quantity that consumers can and are willing to buy depends on its price .
03:49
5
Basic Elements of Demand
Behind the demand curve and Demand function
Demand Function
The relationship between demand and the factors affecting demand is called demand function.
P P1 A Income Increasing Income D0 Decreasing D O Q1 Q2 Qd O D1 Qd D2 P
P2
B
a
03:49
b
10
Basic Elements of Supply
《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版全套课件(101页)
2.E.1 ): individual’s choice depends only on the set of feasible points. It satisfies Walras’ law ( Definition 2.E.2 ): the consumer fully expends his wealth. Exercise 2.E.1
微观经济学
Microeconomics
Hale Waihona Puke ECON501 Lecture Note 1
Preference and Choice
Structure
Preference relation Choice rules The link between preference and choice
Preference Relations
X RL {x R : xl 0 for l 1,..., L}
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
x y u(x) u( y)
A preference relation can be represented by a utility function only if it is rational
Choice Rules
A choice structure ( ,C())
Budget sets B
Intuition: Figure 2.F.1
微观经济学垄断行为（英文版）MonopolyBehavior
Lecture 22: Monopoly Behavior. 2007 Jeffrey A Mir on Outline1. Quantity and Quality Discounts2. Group Discounts3. Bundling4. Two-Part Tariffs1 IntroductionWe have so far studied two key components of the theory of the firm: pure competition and pure monopoly. These two extremes are important and interesting because they provide theoretical benchmarks and key insights;In general, however, we think of markets as being “in between”these two extremes in various ways. One way that real markets differ from these idealized theoretical markets is that the degree of market power is in between these extremes. Virtually every firm has some degree of market power–it can raise its price without losing all its customers–and virtually every firm faces some degree of competition from other firms.In particular, once one departs from the assumptions of perfect competition, where all firms make identical products, a host of other decisions becomes available to firms: what combination of quality and quantity to produce; how much to advertise; whether to bundle differentproducts together as one purchase; whether to offer different prices for different size purchases or to different groups, and so on.2 Quantity and Quality DiscountsOne interesting aspect of firm pricing decisions is variation in the price per unit of quantity or quality. This is one example of what is known as second-degree price discrimination. It is often referred to as non-linear pricing since the price per unit purchased is not constant, but depends on how much a given customer buys. In particular, a given customer can pay different amounts per unit depending on how much is purchased at one time. As a simple example, consider different sized bottles of ketchup. The price per ounce of ketchup differs substantially between large bottles and small bottles. Some of this difference could reflect differences in the costs of the bottles, or in handling costs related to the different sizes. But the differences are too large to be due mainly to difference in costs, and for simplicity, we ignore the possibility of cost differences here. Assume there are two different kinds of consumers, with demand curves given as follows:Graph: Demand Curves for High and Low WTP ConsumersOne kind of consumer has a high WTP, while the other has a low WTP. Ideally, the monopolist would like to identify which kind of consumer is which, keep the two kinds of consumers separate, and set different prices for the two groups. This means the monopolist would have to be able to prevent re-sale. If the monopolist cannot engage in perfect price discrimination but can separate consumers, the outcome might look like this (MC has been set to zero for ease of presentation): Graph: Monopoly Pricing with Two Identifiable Groups of ConsumersIf the monopolist can perfectly price discriminate in each sub-market, then the outcome might look like this instead:Graph: Perfect Price Discrimination with Two Identifiable Groups of ConsumersIn this case, the monopolist extracts all the surplus and also produces the efficient outcome: MC is zero, and the monopolist sells to each kind of consumer up to the point where all consumers with positive W T P for the good have purchased. In many instances, however, a monopolist can often not tell which kind of consumer is which. It can therefore not separate the consumers into two groups and set a different price for each, so, a fortiori, it cannot perfectly price discriminate.It is possible, however, to solve this dilemma. The approach consists of the monopolist offering the good in two different quantities at twodifferent prices, and then letting consumers select which (quantity, price) combination to purchase. This does not exactly replicate the solution where the monopolist can tell which kind of consumer is which, but it goes a long way in that direction. The key insight is that different kinds of consumers self-select into purchasing the appropriate package. Consider the following figure:Graph: Overlaid Demand Curves for Two Kinds of Consumersy=8 –x y=5 –xThe critical assumption is that the monopolist is now going to offer only predetermined amounts of the good. To understand exactly what is being assumed, imagine that a store sold ketchup the way gasoline stations sell gas: it has a “ketchup” pump ,and the consumer can buy oneounce, two ounces, three ounces, and so on.That is, the monopolist posts a price per unit, and the consumers decide exactly how many units to buy. In fact, ketchup and many other products are not offered this way. When you go to a grocery store, you must choose between a small-sized bottle and a large-sized Bottle .Even if you would like to buy only a tiny amount at the price per ounce of a small bottle, you have to buy the small bottle anyway. This situation occurs widely.Given this type of strategy, he monopolist has several possible choices.Pricing Strategy 1: The monopolist could offer to sell the quantity x1 at price A. That is, it only sells amounts that are “pre-packaged” to have x1 units of the good. Then type 1 consumers buy x1 and get zero surplus, while type 2 consumers buy x1 and get B as surplus. The monopolist gets 2A in profits.Graph; Pricing Strategy 1y=8 x ，y=5 xPricing Strategy 2: The monopolist could offer to sell the quantity x1 at price A, and the quantity x2 at price A+B+C. That is, it sells the good only in the amounts x1 and x2, at two different prices. As an example, think of large and small bottles of ketchup, or large and small ice cream cones. Graph: Pricing Strategy 2The problem with this strategy is that the type 2 consumers will not want to purchase the quantity x2 at price A+B+C.A type 2 consumer who made that purchase would receive zero surplus, whereas buying the quantity x1 yields surplus B. So, both types of consumers would purchase the quantity x1, and the monopolist would still get a profit of only 2A. Pricing Strategy 3: The monopolist could instead offer to sell the quantity x1 at price A, and the quantity x2 at price A+C. Type 1 consumers would continue to purchase x1.But now, type 2 consumers would be willing to purchase x2 units because that provides a surplus of B.(The surplus is the same as buying x1 units, so presumably the monopolist makes the price just a tad less than A+C.)The monopolist prefers this strategy to strategy 2 because the monopolist’s pro fit increases to 2A+C.Graph: Pricing Strategy 3Pricing Strategy 4: The monopolist can in fact do even better than strategy 3.Imagine lowering the price to type 1consumers just a bit, by the triangle labeled D. Type 1 consumers will then buy the amount x0 at price A and get zero surplus. The monopolist gets the amount A; so it receives a bit less profit from the type 1consumers. But type 2 consumers are now willing to pay A0+C+D+E0 for x2 units. This still gives a strictly positive surplus of B0.The monopolist’s pro…t increases by the amount of the trapezoid D+E.Graph: Pricing Strategy 4Continuing in this way, the monopolist will end up offering a quantity X m at price A m, and the quantity xx at price A m+ C m+ D m+ E m. One can write all this out algebraically and solve for the optimum values of each of these pieces. A different interpretation of this model is that the monopolist offers two different qualities of the good.An interesting question is whether this kind of price discrimination increases or decreases consumer plus producer surplus. In particular, what would happen if the monopolist were forced to offer only one price? The short answer is, “it depends.”One possibility is that the monopolist offers a price above the level that the low demand consumers are willing to pay, so this group is priced out of the market.3 Different Prices for Different Groups (Third-Degree PriceDiscrimination)Still another kind of price discrimination occurs when the potential customers for a given product fall into two or more readily identifiable groups, and the monopolist can easily set a different price for each of the different groupsThe different groups might correspond to different aged customers (senior citizen discounts at movie theaters; student discounts at museums); customers living in different geographic areas residents of different countries who pay different prices for prescription drugs); customers of different gender (ladies night at baseball games); and so on.To see how this works, assume two distinct groups. The monopolist can set a different price for the two groups and faces no risk of re-sale from one group to the other(this assumption applies better in some settings than others; for example, prescription drugs sold at low prices in Canada are routinely re-exported to the United States).The inverse demand functions of the two groups are:p1(y) p2(y) and monopolist’s cost function is c (y1+y2)The monopolist’s problem is thereforeMax y1; y2p1 (y1)y1+p2(y2)y2 c(y1+y2)with FOC isThat is, the MC of producing an extra unit must be the same as the MR in each market. The monopolist accomplishes this by offering different amounts for sale in the two markets. To get more intuition about how this works, it is useful to re-write these conditions in terms of elasticities. Applying our earlier formulas, we getThus, if demand is less elastic in market 1 than in market 2(1>2),then it turns out that p1>p2.The market in which demand is(relatively)inelastic is the market with the higher price.4 BundlingA still different kind of price discrimination can occur when firms sell goods in bundles. Standard examples include software suites; hardware sold with software loaded; sets of golf clubs; vacation packages consisting of air fare, car, and hotel; and so on.One possible reason for bundling is costs; in some instances, it is cheaper to sell the two different goods jointly. Relatedly, in some instances, two goods are highly complementary; for example, a spell-checker and a word-processor. In fact, bundling is far and away the norm. Think about a computer; it bundles memory chips, cables, diskdrives, and so on. One can, in fact, buy all these things separately and assemble one’s own computer.Or think about ice cream; it is just a particular bundling of cream, sugar, chocolate (no raisins), and so on. Viewed in this way, everything is a “bundled” good to some degree .Cost considerations (and comparative advantage)unquestionably play a key role in determining which bundles are provided in the market place. Dell has a big comparative advantage over most of us in assembling computer parts to make a computer. But bundling can also be the profit-maximizing response to certain kinds of consumer preferences. To see this, consider the following table:WP SpreadsheetType A 120 100Type B 100 120The table shows the W T P of type A and type B consumers for a word processing program and a spreadsheet program. We assume that the MC of producing either kind of program is zero and that the W T P for a bundle is exactly the sum of the two W T P s.The question is how a monopolist selling these two programs should market them.Strategy 1: The monopolist could simply sell each item separately. The profit maximizing price is$100 for each of the two programs. The monopolist sells one unit of each kind of software to each type ofconsumer and earns a profit of$400.Strategy 2: The monopolist could instead sell the two programs bundled for a price of$220.Type A and type B consumers will each buy one bundle. The monopolist makes a profit of$440.The key is that when a monopolist sells to different people, and it sells to everyone at the same price, the price is determined by the lowest W T P. The greater the dispersion in W T P, the lower the maximum price the monopolist can charge will be.By bundling, the monopolist, in effect, reduces the dispersion in W T P.5 Two-Part TariffsAnother common kind of price discrimination is two-part tariffs. This means a pricing structure in which customers pay a fixed fee to get access to the good in question and then a marginal fee per unit of the good actually purchased.The classic illustration is amusement parks (Disneyland).A consumer pays a fixed amount (e.g.,$100)to enter the park, and then a marginal fee(in the case of Disneyland,$0)per ride.In other applications, the marginal fee is not necessarily zero, but it is small compared to the entry fee. For example, the initiation fee at a country club might be$100,000, while the cost per round of golf is only$20.Other examples of two-part tariffs include razors and razor blades; cameras and film; and so on.We can model this as follows.Graph: Two Part TariffsThis portrays an individual consumer’s demand.The monopolist could set a price above p, but this would not extract all the surplus from this consumer.So, instead, the monopolist can charge a fixed fee equal to the value of area A, and then set a marginal fee equal to marginal cost.In this manner, the monopolist extracts all the surplus (and also provides the efficient quantity of rides).6 SummaryThis has been a quick overview of the most common forms of price discrimination and related monopoly behavior. The examples show first that a variety of common business practices make sense as ways that monopoly sellers can enhance their profit.。
平狄克微观经济学(英文)01PPT课件
• A company must understand who its actual and potential
competitors are for the various products that it sells or might sell in the future.
Market Price
● market price Price prevailing in a competitive market.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
10 of 18
1.2 WHAT IS A MARKET?
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
微观经济学双语课件
Checkpoint 1.1
5. Sort the following issues into microeconomics and macroeconomics. a. People must install catalytic（催化的） convert in their cars. b. U. S. unemployment should be much lower. c. Your local country opens a neighborhood gym（体育馆 gymnasium ） for teenager. 6. Match the following headlines with the What, How, and For whom questions. a. With more researches, we will cure cancer.（how） b. A good education is the right of every child.（whom） c. What will the government do with its budget surplus?（what）
1.2 ECONOMICS: A SOCIAL SCIENCE
Goal of economists is to discover how the economic world works. Economists distinguish between:
• Positive statements（实证经济学）: What is • Normative statements（规范经济学）: What ought to be The task of economic science:
1.1 DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS
《微观经济学》教学大纲(英文版)
Syllabus for MicroeconomicsThe Nature of the Course：Specialized required courseSuitable Specialty: International economy and trade Marketing AccountingInformation Management and Systems Business AdministrationFinancial AdministrationCredit： 4Class Hours：64Authors：yijun liu ling langT he Purpose and Tasks of the CourseThis course is a basic professional course for undergraduate in the School of Business and Management. Through this course, students have a more comprehensive understanding of basic issues and basic viewpoints on the microeconomics. They can grasp the basic concepts of microeconomics, the basic idea, the basic analytical methods and basic theory as well. More important, lay ing a theoretical foundation for the further study of other professional courses.The Basic Requirements of the Course1．Require students to grasp the basic concept, the basic thought, the basic analysis method and the elementary theory of microeconomics.2．Require students to conduct self-study, and students are encouraged to widely read reference books to make it more understanding of basic economic theory and its application in all respects.3．Require teachers to pay close attention to using graphic tools and using mathematical tools properly.4．The advance curriculum is the higher mathematics.Outline the Content and Hours Allocation Recommendations Chapter 1Introduction 6 Class Hours §1 Ten Principles of Economics1.How People Make Decisions2. How People Interact3.How the Economy as a Whole Works§2 Thinking Like an Economist1.The Economist as a Scientist2. The Economist as a Policy Adviser3.Why Economist Disagree§3 the Using of Graphs in Economics （#）1.Graphic Drawing and Graphics Type in Economic Analysis2.Slope and Elasticity3. Note for Graphics Use in Economic Analysis§4 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade1.The Production Possibilities Frontier、Specialization and Tradeparative Advantage3.Applications of Comparative AdvantageChapter 2Supply and Demand（Ⅰ）：How Markets Work 8 Class Hours §1Markets and Competitionpetitive Market2.Other Markets§2 law of demand1.Demand and the Demand Curve2.Shifts in the Demand Curve and Shift of the Demand Curve3.Market Demand and Individual Demand§3 law of supply （#）1. Supply and the Supply Curve2. Shifts in the Supply Curve and Shift of the Supply Curve3.Market Supply and Individual Supply§4 Supply and Demand Model1.The Conditions of Supply and Demand Model2.Supply and Demand Model3.What happens to equilibrium when supply and demand shifts?4.Cobweb Theory （☆）§5Elasticity and The Applications of Elasticity Theory1.the Elasticity of Demand and Its Application2.the Elasticity of Supply and Its Application（#）§6Supply、Demand and Government Policies1.Controls on prices （#）2.How Taxes Affect Market Outcomes3.Can Good News for Farming Be Bad News for Farmers?Exercise classes 2Class Hours Chapter 3 Supply and Demand（Ⅱ）：Market and Welfare 16 Class Hours §1 The Theory of Consumer Choice 4 Class Hours1.Cardinal Utility Theory2. Preference Theory3.Application of The Theory of Consumer Choice§2 The Theory of Producer Choice 6 Class Hours1.The Organization of Production （#）2. Production Function and Factor Inputs3. The Cost Theory§3 Consumer Surplus 2Class Hours1.Willingness to Paying the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus3.How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplus§4 Producer Surplus（#）1.Cost and the Willingness to Sell2. Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus3. How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus§5 Market Efficiency 2 Class Hours1.The Concept of Efficiency2.The Equilibrium Efficiency of the Competitive Firm(1)3.The conditions of the Efficient Competitive Firm§6 Application：The Cost of Taxation 2 Class Hours1.The Deadweight Loss of Taxation2.The Determinants of the Deadweight Loss3. Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxes Vary§7 Application：International Trade （#）1.The Determinants of Trade2.The Winners and Losers from Trade3.The Arguments for Restricting TradeExercise classes 3 Class Hours Discussion class 1 Class Hour Chapter 4The Economics of the Public Sector 4 Class Hours §1 Externalities1.Externalities and Market Inefficiency2.Private Solutions to Externalities3.Public Policies toward Externalities§2 Public Goods and Common Resources1.The Different Kinds of Goods2.Public Goodsmon Resources§3 The Design of the Tax System（#）1.Taxes and Efficiency2.Taxes and EquityChapter 5 Supply and Demand（Ⅲ）：Enterprise behavior and industrial organization8 Class Hours§1Types of Market （#）§2 Firms in Competitive Markets 4 Class Hours1. The Demand Curve and Revenue Curve of the Competitive Firm2. The Short-run Decision and the Supply Curve of the Competitive Firm3. The Short-run Supply Curve of the Competitive Market4.The Competitive Firm's Long-run Decision5.The Long-run Supply Curve of the Competitive Firm6.The Equilibrium Efficiency of the Competitive Firm(2)§3 Monopoly 4 Class Hours1.Why Monopolies Arise2.The Demand Curve and Revenue Curve of the Monopolistic Firm3.The Monopolistic Firm's Short-run and Long-run Decision4.The Welfare Cost of Monopoly5.Public Policy toward Monopolies6.Price Discrimination§4 Oligopoly （#）1.Markets with Only a few Sellers2.Game Theory and the Economics of Cooperation3.Public Policy toward Oligopolies§5 Monopolistic Competition（#）1.The Demand Curve and Revenue Curve of The MonopolisticCompetitive Firm2. The Monopolistic Competitive Firm in the Short-run and Long-run3. Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society4.AdvertisingExercise classes 1 Class Hour Discussion class 1 Class Hour Chapter 6 Supply and Demand（Ⅳ）：The Markets for the factors of production6 Class Hours§1 How Markets Determine Incomes1. Income and Wealth （#）2. Marginal Productivity Determines the Prices of Inputs§2 The Economics of Labor Market1.The Demand and Supply for Labor （#）2.Equilibrium in the Labor Market （#）3. Some Determinants of Equilibrium Wages4.The Economics of Discrimination§3 The Land Market and The Capital Marketnd and Rent2.Capital and Interest§4 Income Distribution （#）1.The Measurement of Inequality2.The Political Philosophy of Redistributing Income3.Policies to Reduce PovertyDiscussion class 2 Class Hours Chapter 7 Supply and Demand（Ⅴ）：(General equilibrium) Market and Welfare （☆）§1 General equilibrium1.Meaning of the Equilibrium2. The Equilibrium Model of Léon Walras3. The Two-sector Model of General Equilibrium§2 Welfare Economics1.The Social Welfare Function2.Equity and EfficiencyChapter 8Uncertainty and Information （☆）§1 Uncertainty in the Economy1. Uncertainties and Risks2. The Effectiveness of Property3. Measurement of Risk Cost§2 Information, Risk and Markets1. Insurance and Risk-sharing2. Private Information and Market3. Risk Management in the Financial MarketsReview class 2 Class Hours Flexible time 4 Class Hours note：（#）Expressed that students learn these contents on its own, and they are included in the scope of examination.（☆）Expressed that students can choose according to their interest in reading, but not included in the scope of examination.Recommended Teaching Materials and Major Reference Books1．[美]曼昆著，梁小民译，《经济学原理（第5版）》，机械工业出版社，2009年2．[美]保罗·萨缪尔森、威廉·诺德豪斯著，萧琛主译，《经济学（第18版）》，人民邮电出版社，2008年3．刘毅军主编，《经济学基础》，石油工业出版社，2006年。
微观经济学高级版英文原版课件
Chapter1:Key conceptsFebruary19,20131IntroductionEconomics is the study of choice under scarcity.Typically,consumers want more goods and services than they can afford to buy.Similarly,businesses face constraints in terms what funds and resources that they can ernments and countries also face the same type of problem:a government might want to address a large number of social problems,but they have limited resources with which to do so.Economics is about understanding how a party deals with the fact that when they use their resources to pursue one option,they cannot use those resources to do something else.And so,a consumer may have to choose between a new pair of shoes or a textbook,afirm may have to choose between developing a new product or launching a marketing campaign, and the government may have to choose between improving education or targeting crime.To understand these issues,economics has developed a set of tools that can be used to analyze these problems.This book provides an introduction to those tools.They can be used to help understand economic problems wherever they arise,be it businesses understanding the markets they compete in,or governments trying to develop social policy,or families trying to manage their households.These tools are not meant to capture everything that is occurring in any given situation.Rather,they are designed to simplify(or to model)a complicated and potentially messy real-world issue into a tractable form that can provide valuable insights.Given that resources are limited,the key questions that an economy needs to‘decide’are:(a)what to produce;(b)how to produce it;and(c)who should get what is made.In modern economies,the answers to these questions are largely determined by the market –that is,by the interaction of sellers and buyers in the market.1Sometimes,however, the government also helps determine the answer to these questions,by regulating or intervening in the market.Consequently,our focus in this microeconomics text will be on the study of individuals(consumers,firms,and governments)and their interaction in markets.This chapter provides a few key concepts that underpin the analysis in the rest of the book,as well as economics analysis in general.1By‘market’,we simply mean a place where buyers and sellers of a particular good or service meet, such as a traditional bazaar or an online trading site.12Scarcity and opportunity costAs noted above,it is usually the case that resources are limited,so that not all wants can be met.We call this situation scarcity.Scarcity also means that individuals,businesses and societies face tradeoffs;by choos-ing one thing,a person must give up or miss out on another thing.For example,if a consumer uses their money to buy product X,they cannot then use that same money to buy something else.2We use the concept of opportunity cost to measure that tradeoff. Thus,the opportunity cost of any choice is the value of the best forgone alternative. In the example above,if the consumer buys product X,and the next best thing they could have done is buy product Y,the opportunity cost of buying X is forgoing Y.Individuals also face opportunity costs in terms of their time–that is,if a person spends his time doing one thing,he cannot also spend that time doing another.Example.Suppose Andrew prefers to spend his Saturday afternoon walk-ing.The next best thing that he could have done is to sleep,and his thirdbest choice is to go swimming.Therefore,if Andrew goes for a walk,the op-portunity cost of going for a walk is not sleeping,as this is his best foregoneopportunity.The option of swimming is not relevant here because it is notthe next best opportunity.Opportunity costs include both explicit costs and implicit costs.Explicit costs are costs that involve direct payment(or,in other words,would be considered as costs by an accountant).Implicit costs are opportunities that are forgone,but do not involve an explicit cost.3Example.Suppose Stephen decides to go to university,and his next bestoption is to work at a construction site and earn$80K over the year.Theexplicit costs are those that Stephen must directly pay to go to university,such as student fees,the cost of textbooks,and so on.The implicit costsare the opportunities that Stephen must forgo–that is,working at theconstruction site and earning$80K.It is important to note that opportunity cost only includes costs that could change if a different decision were made.Opportunity cost does not include sunk(or unrecoverable) costs.Sunk costs are costs that have been incurred and cannot be recovered no matter what.For example,if Katrien spends the weekend reading an accounting textbook, no matter what she does(such as whether or not she decides to continue studying accounting),she cannot get that time back.Similarly,if a business spent$100K on an advertising campaign last year,regardless of what they decide to do this year,that money(and effort)cannot be recovered.2It is common to hear people refer to the‘economics’of a particular thing.This colloquial statement really means that,given the limited resource available,a choice had to be made and something(possibly worthwhile)could not be done.3Sometimes,economists distinguish between‘economic costs’and‘accounting costs’.Economic costs is just another term for opportunity costs,and therefore includes explicit and implicit costs. Accounting costs refers to explicit costs only.23Marginal analysisTypically,we assume that economic agents are rational and act to maximize their benefits from their economic transactions.4For example,consumers seek to maximize their benefits from consumption andfirms seek to maximize their profits from production. One way that economic agents can solve this maximization problem is by considering the additional benefit or additional cost of any action.This sort of analysis is referred to as marginal analysis and it is a recurring theme both in this book and economics generally.For instance,consider a consumer faced with the decision of whether to buy one more unit of a particular good.That consumer might consider the extra benefit he derives from buying that extra unit;this is referred to as the marginal benefit of that extra unit of the good.The consumer might also consider the additional cost of buying one more unit;this is referred to as the marginal cost of purchasing another unit,which is typically the price of the good.In making theirfinal decision,the consumer will weigh the marginal benefit against the marginal cost of buying that extra unit.For example, if a consumer is considering buying another cup of coffee,and the marginal benefit is$5 and the marginal cost is$3,the consumer will be better offby buying the extra coffee.Each of the marginal terms noted above,and many others,will be discussed at length throughout the book.What is crucial to note is that the term‘marginal’simply means means additional or extra.That is,we interested to see what happens if we increase things(such as the number of coffees bought)by a small amount.4Ceteris paribusThe notion of ceteris paribus is also an important foundation of economic analysis.As noted,because the real world is often complicated and messy,it is often necessary to simplify real-world situations into tractable economic models,in order to better analyze them.Thus,in order to determine the effect of a particular thing,economists tend to examine the impact of one change at a time,holding everything else constant.This is often called ceteris paribus,which roughly means‘other things equal’.For instance,suppose we are interested in how a change in price will affect the quantity demanded of a good.However,in reality,demand for a good can be affected by a number of other factors,such as changes in the tastes or income of consumers,or the availability or price of substitute goods.Therefore,in order to isolate the effect of price upon quantity demanded,we need hold everything else constant.This is not to deny that in the real world multiple changes can occur at a time–they often do.Rather, to fully understand the relationship between price and demand,it is essential to isolate that relationship from other events that might also be occurring.For example,afirm 4We are not suggesting that,in the real word,consumers are always fully rational or thatfirms do not sometimes have other objectives.Rather,we adopt this simplifying assumption because it allows us to analyze the behaviour of economic agents in markets.Such analysis will be fairly accurate,provided that on average individual consumers andfirms act more or less in their own interest.3might be interested in the effect of advertising on demand for its product.To understand the impact of advertising,it is crucial to remove other factors that could affect demand, otherwise advertising could be attributed too much(or too little)influence,which could lead to poor decision-making by thefirm regarding its next advertising campaign.5Correlation and causationAnother factor to keep in mind is the difference between correlation and causation. Correlation refers to a situation in which two or more things are observed to move together(or against each other).On the other hand,causation refers to a situation where changes in one thing brings about or causes change in another thing.To make statements about causation requires an economic theory about how the world works, rather than just observing a statistical relationship between several variables.Sometimes,when we observe correlation between two variables,A and B,it is because one causes the other.Sometimes,it is because a third factor causes changes in A and B(like a rising tide causing two boats to rise in their moorings).Sometimes,there is no connection between the two variables and it is just by chance that we observed the change in both variables at the same time.Without a theory about how a change in one variable affects the other,it is not possible to say which is the case.4。
尼克尔森微观经济学英文版11版
尼克尔森微观经济学英文版11版
《尼克尔森微观经济学》是一本非常经典的经济学教材，被广泛应用于经济学教育和研究。
如果您需要《尼克尔森微观经济学（第11版）》（英文版），可以尝试通过一些途径获取：
1. 购买原版书籍：您可以在网上或实体书店购买《尼克尔森微观经济学（第11版）》的原版书籍。
请注意，购买时需要确认书籍的版本和作者，以确保您购买的是第11版的正确书籍。
2. 下载电子版：您可以在网上搜索《尼克尔森微观经济学（第11版）》的电子版，并下载到您的电子设备中。
请注意，下载时需要确保来源可靠，以避免侵权问题。
3. 图书馆借阅：如果您在图书馆工作或学习，可以尝试在图书馆的藏书中寻找《尼克尔森微观经济学（第11版）》的英文版，并进行借阅。
需要注意的是，《尼克尔森微观经济学（第11版）》是一本比较经典的教材，但其英文原版可能比较难以找到。
如果您无法获得英文原版，可以考虑寻找其他版本的教材或参考书籍，如中文版或第12版等。
同时，您也可以尝试通过学术搜索引擎、图书馆、学术机构等途径获取相关的学术资料和研究成果，以帮助您更好地理解和掌握微观经济学的知识。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
微观经济学英文教材
In the realm of economics, microeconomics stands as a foundational pillar, delving into the intricate interplay of individual decision-making, market forces, and resource allocation. As an indispensable tool for understanding the behavior of consumers, producers, and the dynamics of supply and demand, a comprehensive English textbook on microeconomics becomes an invaluable asset for students and scholars alike. This text aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the core concepts, theoretical frameworks, and practical applications that shape the ever-evolving landscape of microeconomics.
Drawing from a wealth of scholarly research and real-world examples, this textbook offers a multifaceted perspective on the decision-making processes of economic agents, shedding light on their motivations, constraints, and the consequences of their choices. It meticulously dissects the role of utility maximization in consumer behavior, unveiling the intricacies of indifference curves, budget constraints, and the intricate dance between preferences and resource allocation. Furthermore, it delves into the realm of production theory, examining the factors that influence firm behavior, cost minimization strategies, and the pursuit of profit maximization.
The text also explores the intricate dynamics of market structures, from the idealized realms of perfect competition to the complexities of imperfect competition, monopolies, and oligopolies. It illuminates the mechanisms that govern pricing strategies, market entry and exit decisions, and the delicate balance between efficiency and equity. Additionally, it tackles the multifaceted dimensions of market failures, externalities, and the role of government intervention through policies and regulations.
Moreover, this textbook embraces a global perspective, recognizing the interconnected nature of modern economies. It examines the intricate web of international trade, the impact of globalization on domestic markets, and the challenges posed by cross-border economic activities. By integrating theoretical concepts with empirical evidence and case studies, this text empowers readers to grasp the practical implications of microeconomic principles in diverse real-world contexts.
Throughout its chapters, this English microeconomics textbook emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, quantitative analysis, and the application of mathematical models to facilitate decision-making processes. It equips readers with the analytical tools necessary to navigate the complexities of resource allocation, market equilibrium, and the intricate interplay between economic agents. By
fostering a deep understanding of microeconomic principles, this text empowers individuals to make informed decisions, evaluate public policies, and contribute to the ongoing discourse on economic efficiency and societal well-being.
Ultimately, this comprehensive English textbook on microeconomics serves as an invaluable resource for students, educators, and professionals alike, offering a gateway to the fascinating world of individual decision-making, market dynamics, and the intricate tapestry of economic interactions that shape our modern world.。